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Radford-Smith D, Ng TT, Yates AG, Dunstan I, Claridge TDW, Anthony DC, Probert F. Ex-Vivo 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Rodent Brain: TNF Restricts Neuronal Utilization of Astrocyte-Derived Metabolites. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3383-3392. [PMID: 38943617 PMCID: PMC11301676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has well-established roles in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the effect of TNF on the biochemistry of brain cells remains poorly understood. Here, we microinjected TNF into the brain to study its impact on glial and neuronal metabolism (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase pathways) using 13C NMR spectroscopy on brain extracts following intravenous [1,2-13C]-glucose (to probe glia and neuron metabolism), [2-13C]-acetate (probing astrocyte-specific metabolites), or [3-13C]-lactate. An increase in [4,5-13C]-glutamine and [2,3-13C]-lactate coupled with a decrease in [4,5-13C]-glutamate was observed in the [1,2-13C]-glucose-infused animals treated with TNF. As glutamine is produced from glutamate by astrocyte-specific glutamine synthetase the increase in [4,5-13C]-glutamine reflects increased production of glutamine by astrocytes. This was confirmed by infusion with astrocyte substrate [2-13C]-acetate. As lactate is metabolized in the brain to produce glutamate, the simultaneous increase in [2,3-13C]-lactate and decrease in [4,5-13C]-glutamate suggests decreased lactate utilization, which was confirmed using [3-13C]-lactate as a metabolic precursor. These results suggest that TNF rearranges the metabolic network, disrupting the energy supply chain perturbing the glutamine-glutamate shuttle between astrocytes and the neurons. These insights pave the way for developing astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating effects of TNF to restore metabolic homeostasis in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radford-Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Pharmacology
Department, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Tang T. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Abi G. Yates
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- Pharmacology
Department, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Isobel Dunstan
- Pharmacology
Department, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | | | | | - Fay Probert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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2
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Arron HE, Marsh BD, Kell DB, Khan MA, Jaeger BR, Pretorius E. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386607. [PMID: 38887284 PMCID: PMC11180809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, debilitating disease characterised by a wide range of symptoms that severely impact all aspects of life. Despite its significant prevalence, ME/CFS remains one of the most understudied and misunderstood conditions in modern medicine. ME/CFS lacks standardised diagnostic criteria owing to variations in both inclusion and exclusion criteria across different diagnostic guidelines, and furthermore, there are currently no effective treatments available. Moving beyond the traditional fragmented perspectives that have limited our understanding and management of the disease, our analysis of current information on ME/CFS represents a significant paradigm shift by synthesising the disease's multifactorial origins into a cohesive model. We discuss how ME/CFS emerges from an intricate web of genetic vulnerabilities and environmental triggers, notably viral infections, leading to a complex series of pathological responses including immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic disturbances. This comprehensive model not only advances our understanding of ME/CFS's pathophysiology but also opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic strategies. By integrating these disparate elements, our work emphasises the necessity of a holistic approach to diagnosing, researching, and treating ME/CFS, urging the scientific community to reconsider the disease's complexity and the multifaceted approach required for its study and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Arron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Benjamin D. Marsh
- MRCPCH Consultant Paediatric Neurodisability, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Asad Khan
- Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Beate R. Jaeger
- Long COVID department, Clinic St Georg, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Uchida Y, Ferdousi F, Takahashi S, Isoda H. Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Antioxidant Activities by Glutathione in Human HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:1090. [PMID: 38474603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has long been recognised for its antioxidant and detoxifying effects on the liver. The hepatoprotective effect of GSH involves the activation of antioxidative systems such as NRF2; however, details of the mechanisms remain limited. A comparative analysis of the biological events regulated by GSH under physiological and oxidative stress conditions has also not been reported. In this study, DNA microarray analysis was performed with four experiment arms including Control, GSH, hydrogen peroxide (HP), and GSH + HP treatment groups. The GSH-treated group exhibited a significant upregulation of genes clustered in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation, particularly those related to MAPK, when compared with the Control group. Additionally, liver functions such as alcohol and cholesterol metabolic processes were significantly upregulated. On the other hand, in the HP-induced oxidative stress condition, GSH (GSH + HP group) demonstrated a significant activation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and various signalling pathways (including TGFβ, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and HIF-1) in comparison to the HP group. Furthermore, several disease-related pathways, such as chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species and fibrosis, were significantly downregulated in the GSH + HP group compared to the HP group. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of GSH under both physiological and oxidative stress conditions. Our study provides essential insights to direct the utilisation of GSH as a supplement in the management of conditions associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Uchida
- Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Corporation Life Sciences Ltd., 1-1-3 Yurakucho, Tokyo 100-0006, Japan
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Takahashi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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4
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Zhou J, Hong H, Zhao J, Fang R, Chen S, Tang C. Metabolome analysis to investigate the effect of heavy metal exposure and chemoprevention agents on toxic injury caused by a multi-heavy metal mixture in rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167513. [PMID: 37783434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a significant threat to both the environment and living organisms. This is especially vital considering the persistent and cumulative nature of heavy metal exposure, which can lead to severe and chronic health consequences for individuals. Therefore, implementing effective treatments is critical to addressing the serious public health issues posed by heavy metal pollution. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics was carried out to investigate the metabolic changes associated with long-term low-dose intake of mixed heavy metal pollutants (MHMPs) in liver, kidney, and plasma samples of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with and without treatment to reveal the underlying toxic effects of MHMPs and the effects of chemoprevention agents, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD), and glutathione (GSH). In the liver, kidney, and plasma, we observed a total of 21, 69, and 16 metabolites, respectively, exhibiting significant differences (P < 0.05, fold change >1.2 or <0.83, and VIP ≥ 1) between the control group and the mixture group. The findings demonstrated that exposure to MHMPs leads to the dysregulation of numerous metabolic pathways, with a particular emphasis on purine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis with upregulated renal purine metabolites and downregulated hepatic purine metabolites as well as renal aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis-related metabolites. However, the application of chemical protectants was shown to partially restore the metabolic alterations induced by MHMPs, particularly purine metabolism-related metabolites, including hepatic adenine and renal adenine, guanine, guanosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and hypoxanthine. In addition, liver adenosine, kidney inosine and L-phenylalanine were considered the main regulated sites based on their significant correlations with multiple heavy metals. Our study provides crucial insights into the toxicological mechanisms of heavy metal pollution and has the potential to guide the development of effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Zhou
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hang Hong
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Rui Fang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shushu Chen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chunlan Tang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Li T, Yan X, Dong X, Pan S, Tan B, Zhang S, Suo X, Huang W, Zhou M, Yang Y. Effects of choline supplementation on growth performance, liver histology, nonspecific immunity and related genes expression of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatu) fed with high-lipid diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108815. [PMID: 37216997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary choline levels on growth performance, liver histology, nonspecific immunity and related gene expression of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) fed with high-lipid diets. The fish (initial body weight 6.86 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets containing different choline levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg, named D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively) for 8 weeks. The results showed that:(1) dietary choline levels had no significant effect on final body weight (FBW), feed conversion rate (FCR), visceral somatic index(VSI) and condition factor (CF) compared with the control group (P > 0.05). However, the hepato somatic index (HSI) in the D2 group was significantly lower than that in the control group and the survival rate (SR) in the D5 group was significantly lower (P < 0.05). (2) with dietary choline level increasing, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of serum showed a tendency to increase and then decrease, and the maximum values were obtained in the D3 group, but the contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly (P < 0.05). (3) Immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozyme (LYZ), catalase (CAT), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), and SOD in the liver all showed a trend of first increase and then decrease with the dietary choline level increased, and all of them achieved the maximum value at D4 group (P < 0.05), while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver decreased significantly (P < 0.05). (4) results from liver sections suggest that appropriate levels of choline can improve cell structure, compared with the control group, the damaged histological morphology of the liver was relieved and even returned to normal in D3 group. (5) in the D3 group, choline significantly upregulated the expression of hepatic sod and cat mRNA, whereas the expression of cat in the D5 group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05); And the supply of choline stimulated a significant down-regulation of interleukin 6 (il6), myeloid differentiation factor 8 (myd88), toll-like receptor 22 (tlr22) mRNA expression levels in liver, while the expression of cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53) and interleukin 10 (il10) showed an upward and then downward trend (P < 0.05). In general, choline can improve the immunity of hybrid grouper by regulating non-specific immune-related enzyme activity and gene expression and reducing oxidative stress induced by high-lipid diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Xiaobo Yan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524000, China.
| | - Simiao Pan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524000, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524000, China
| | - Xiangxiang Suo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Weibin Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Menglong Zhou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
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Dos Santos BL, Dos Santos CC, Soares JRP, da Silva KC, de Oliveira JVR, Pereira GS, de Araújo FM, Costa MDFD, David JM, da Silva VDA, Butt AM, Costa SL. The Flavonoid Agathisflavone Directs Brain Microglia/Macrophages to a Neuroprotective Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant State via Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051410. [PMID: 37242652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Agathisflavone, purified from Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro models of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and inflammatory damage. However, the potential role of microglial regulation by agathisflavone in these neuroprotective effects is unclear. Here we investigated the effects of agathisflavone in microglia submitted to inflammatory stimulus in view of elucidating mechanisms of neuroprotection. Microglia isolated from cortices of newborn Wistar rats were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL) and treated or not with agathisflavone (1 µM). Neuronal PC12 cells were exposed to a conditioned medium from microglia (MCM) treated or not with agathisflavone. We observed that LPS induced microglia to assume an activated inflammatory state (increased CD68, more rounded/amoeboid phenotype). However, most microglia exposed to LPS and agathisflavone, presented an anti-inflammatory profile (increased CD206 and branched-phenotype), associated with the reduction in NO, GSH mRNA for NRLP3 inflammasome, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF, CCL5, and CCL2. Molecular docking also showed that agathisflavone bound at the NLRP3 NACTH inhibitory domain. Moreover, in PC12 cell cultures exposed to the MCM previously treated with the flavonoid most cells preserved neurites and increased expression of β-tubulin III. Thus, these data reinforce the anti-inflammatory activity and the neuroprotective effect of agathisflavone, effects associated with the control of NLRP3 inflammasome, standing out it as a promising molecule for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Lino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- College of Nursing, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janaina R P Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina C da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria R de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriele S Pereira
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arthur Morgan Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
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7
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Kim S, Oh D, Choi H, Kim M, Cai L, Jawad A, Haomiao Z, Lee J, Kim E, Hyun SH. The effect of C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 supplementation on in vitro maturation of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes and subsequent developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1136705. [PMID: 36992978 PMCID: PMC10040565 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1136705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine embryos are used for a variety of applications. However, the maturation rate in vitro remains low, and novel in vitro maturation (IVM) techniques that facilitate the collection of mature oocytes are necessary. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a key periovulatory chemokine present in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). We aimed to examine the effects of CCL2 supplementation during IVM on oocyte maturation and embryonic development. The CCL2 concentration was significantly higher in porcine follicular fluid (pFF) derived from follicles >8 mm in size than in pFF derived from smaller follicles. There was a significant increase in CCL2 mRNA levels in all follicular cells after IVM compared with that before IVM. We analyzed the localization of CCL2 and its receptor, the CCL2 receptor, in follicular cells. During IVM, different concentrations of CCL2 were added to COCs cultured in a maturation medium. After IVM, the group treated with 100 ng/mL CCL2 showed significantly higher metaphase II rates than the control group. All CCL2-treatment groups showed a significant increase in intracellular glutathione levels and a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species levels, compared to the control. In CCs treated with 100 ng/mL CCL2, the mRNA levels of BAX, CASP3, and NPR2 were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of SOD1, SOD2, and CD44 were significantly increased. In oocytes treated with 10 ng/mL CCL2, mRNA levels of BAX and CASP3 were significantly decreased, whereas, NRF2 and NPM2 were significantly increased. ERK1 exhibited significantly increased mRNA expression in both CCs and oocytes treated with 10 ng/mL CCL2. The protein expression ratio of phosphorylated ERK1/2 to total ERK1/2 was significantly increased in CCs treated with 10 ng/mL CCL2. After parthenogenetic activation, cleavage rates were significantly improved in the 100 ng/mL CCL2 treatment group, and blastocyst formation rates were significantly enhanced in the 10 ng/mL CCL2 treatment group. Overall, our results suggest that IVM medium along with CCL2 improves porcine oocyte maturation and the development of parthenogenetically-activated embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian Cai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Jawad
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Haomiao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Eunhye Kim
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Sang-Hwan Hyun
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8
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Prasad KN. A micronutrient mixture with collagen peptides, probiotics, cannabidiol, and diet may reduce aging, and development and progression of age-related alzheimer's disease, and improve its treatment. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 210:111757. [PMID: 36460123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human aging involves gradual decline in organ functions leading to organ specific age-related chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although advances in the development of new drugs, novel surgical procedures, improved diet and lifestyle, have resulted in doubling of lifespan of humans, the quality of life in many cases remains poor because of increased incidence of age-related chronic diseases. Using experimental models of accelerated aging, several cellular defects associated with aging and AD have been identified. Some cellular defects due to increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, autophagy defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, and imbalances in the composition probiotics in favor of harmful bacteria over beneficial bacteria are common to both aging and AD, while others such as telomere attrition, loss of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid, failure of DNA repair system, and impaired immune function are unique to aging; and some such as increased production of beta-amyloids, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and abnormal behaviors are unique to AD. It is suggested that supplementation with a micronutrient mixture, probiotics, collagen peptides, CBD, and modifications in the diet and lifestyle may reduce the aging processes, and the development, progression of AD, and improve the treatments of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar N Prasad
- Engage Global, Inc. 245 El Faisan Dr., San Rafael, CA 94903, USA.
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Li Z, Long L, Jin X, Li Y, Wu Q, Chen X, Geng Z, Zhang C. Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1107798. [PMID: 36761883 PMCID: PMC9902377 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1107798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Clostridium butyricum on the growth performance, meat quality and intestinal health of broilers. A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to two groups with 16 replicates of 25 broilers per group and fed with a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 × 109 cfu/kg C. butyricum and 5 × 108 cfu/kg C. butyricum at 1-21 d and 22-42 d, respectively (CB). The results indicated that C. butyricum significantly increased the final body weight, average daily gain at 1-42 d in the growth performance of broilers (P < 0.05). Moreover, C. butyricum significantly increased a 24 h * value and pH24h value of breast meat but reduced the drip loss and shear force (P < 0.05). Regarding serum antioxidant indices, C. butyricum significantly increased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and total antioxidative capacity activities and reduced the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the broilers in the CB demonstrated an increase in jejunal lipase and trypsin activities, villus height (VH) and VH-to-crypt depth ratio at 42 d compared with those in the CON (P < 0.05). C. butyricum also upregulated the intestinal mRNA levels of zonula occludens-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), SOD1 and interleukin-10 in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05), but it downregulated the mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). These results indicate that C. butyricum can improve the growth performance and meat quality of broilers. In particular, C. butyricum can improve the intestinal health of broilers, which is likely to be related to the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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10
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Zhang R, Zhao J, Li L. Metabolic phenotype analysis of Trichophyton rubrum after laser irradiation. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:24. [PMID: 36681800 PMCID: PMC9862980 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological phenotypes are important characteristics of microorganisms, and often reflect their genotype and genotype changes. Traditionally, Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) phenotypes were detected using carbon source assimilation tests, during which the types of tested substances are limited. In addition, the operation is complicated, and only one substance can be tested at once. To observe the changes of the metabolic phenotype of T. rubrum after laser irradiation, a high-throughput phenotype microarray system was used to analyze the metabolism of different carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur source substrates in a Biolog metabolic phenotyping system. RESULTS The strain of T. rubrum used in this study can effectively utilize 33 carbon, 20 nitrogen, 16 phosphorus, and 13 sulfur source substrates prior to laser irradiation. After laser irradiation, the strain was able to utilize 10 carbon, 12 nitrogen, 12 phosphorus, and 8 sulfur source substrates. The degree of utilization was significantly decreased compared with the control. Both groups efficiently utilized saccharides and organic acids as carbon sources as well as some amino acids as nitrogen sources for growth. The number of substrates utilized by T. rubrum after laser irradiation were significantly reduced, especially carbon substrates. Some substrates utilization degree in the laser treated group was higher than control, such as D-glucosamine, L-glutamine, D-2-Phospho-Glyceric Acid, D-glucosamine-6-phosphate, and D-methionine. CONCLUSION Laser irradiation of T. rubrum may lead to changes in the metabolic substrate and metabolic pathway, thus weakening the activity of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China.
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11
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Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Carrara A, Pola I, Floris E, Ricevuti G, Chirumbolo S, Pascale A. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer's Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:180. [PMID: 36671042 PMCID: PMC9855271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although substantial research has been conducted to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of AD, the therapeutic approach still has limited efficacy in clinical practice. Oxidative stress (OS) has been established as an early driver of several age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration. In AD, increased levels of reactive oxygen species mediate neuronal lipid, protein, and nucleic acid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel antioxidant molecules capable of detecting, preventing, and counteracting AD onset and progression is of the utmost importance. However, although several studies have been published, comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of the principal anti-AD agents harboring antioxidant properties remain scarce. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, mitochondria-targeting molecules, organosulfur compounds, and carotenoids as non-enzymatic antioxidants with AD diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential, thereby offering insights into the relationship between OS and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Adelaide Carrara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pola
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Floris
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Cheng D, Li P, Xu Z, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu M, Yao S. Signal On-Off Electrochemical Sensor for Glutathione Based on a AuCu-Decorated Zr-Containing Metal-Organic Framework via Solid-State Electrochemistry of Cuprous Chloride. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2465-2474. [PMID: 35973222 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel signal on-off glutathione (GSH) electrochemical sensor was developed based on a AuCu bimetal-decorated Zr-containing metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF), in which a signal amplification strategy promoted by solid-state electrochemistry of cuprous chloride (CuCl) was used. The Zr-MOF with a large surface area can be effectively used as the substrate for the in situ growth of AuCu bimetals to obtain the Zr-MOF@AuCu nanocomposite. The interaction between Cu in Zr-MOF@AuCu and Cl- in the solution accompanied with the formation of CuCl displays an enlarged stable oxidation current, which greatly declines with the addition of GSH owing to the specific Cu-GSH interaction. The conversion of CuCl into Cu-GSH triggered the "crowding-out effect" and resulted in a sharp drop in the peak current of CuCl, which can realize the ultrasensitive and selective detection of GSH. The detection mechanism was investigated, and the detection range was 10 pM-1 mM with the detection limit as low as 2.67 pM. The special response mechanism for the detection of GSH allows the highly selective detection of GSH in various real samples with reliable results, endowing the proposed electroanalysis sensor with broad application prospects in biological and food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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13
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Kwizera EA, Ou W, Lee S, Stewart S, Shamul JG, Xu J, Tait N, Tkaczuk KHR, He X. Greatly Enhanced CTC Culture Enabled by Capturing CTC Heterogeneity Using a PEGylated PDMS-Titanium-Gold Electromicrofluidic Device with Glutathione-Controlled Gentle Cell Release. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11374-11391. [PMID: 35797466 PMCID: PMC9649890 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The circulating tumor cells (CTCs, the root cause of cancer metastasis and poor cancer prognosis) are very difficult to culture for scale-up in vitro, which has hampered their use in cancer research/prognosis and patient-specific therapeutic development. Herein, we report a robust electromicrofluidic chip for not only efficient capture of heterogeneous (EpCAM+ and CD44+) CTCs with high purity but also glutathione-controlled gentle release of the CTCs with high efficiency and viability. This is enabled by coating the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface in the device with a 10 nm gold layer through a 4 nm titanium coupling layer, for convenient PEGylation and linkage of capture antibodies via the thiol-gold chemistry. Surprisingly, the percentage of EpCAM+ mammary CTCs can be as low as ∼35% (∼70% on average), showing that the commonly used approach of capturing CTCs with EpCAM alone may miss many EpCAM- CTCs. Furthermore, the CD44+ CTCs can be cultured to form 3D spheroids efficiently for scale-up. In contrast, the CTCs captured with EpCAM alone are poor in proliferation in vitro, consistent with the literature. By capture of the CTC heterogeneity, the percentage of stage IV patients whose CTCs can be successfully cultured/scaled up is improved from 12.5% to 68.8%. These findings demonstrate that the common practice of CTC capture with EpCAM alone misses the CTC heterogeneity including the critical CD44+ CTCs. This study may be valuable to the procurement and scale-up of heterogeneous CTCs, to facilitate the understanding of cancer metastasis and the development of cancer metastasis-targeted personalized cancer therapies conveniently via the minimally invasive liquid/blood biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyahb A Kwizera
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wenquan Ou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sojeong Lee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nancy Tait
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Katherine H R Tkaczuk
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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The Inhibitory Effect of Corni Fructus against Oxidative Stress-induced Cellular Damage in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Ayesha A, Bahnson EM, Kayashima Y, Wilder J, Huynh PK, Hiller S, Maeda-Smithies N, Li F. Vitamin B12 does not increase cell viability after hydrogen peroxide induced damage in mouse kidney proximal tubular cells and brain endothelial cells. ADVANCES IN REDOX RESEARCH 2022; 4:100029. [PMID: 35515703 PMCID: PMC9067605 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (B12) is an essential co-factor for two enzymes in mammalian metabolism and can also act as a mimetic of superoxide dismutase (SOD) converting superoxide (O2 •‒) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). High oral dose B12 decreases renal O2 •‒ and post-ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice and protects against damage induced by hypoxia/reperfusion in mouse kidney proximal tubular cells (BU.MPT). O2 •‒ is unstable and rapidly converted to H2O2. H2O2 mediates oxidative stress associated with O2 •‒. Whether B12 protects against damage induced by H2O2 is unknown. Both BU.MPT cells and mouse brain endothelial cells (bEdn.3) were applied to test the effects of B12 on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Both types of cells were treated with different doses of H2O2 with or without different doses of B12. Cell viability was analyzed 24 h later. H2O2 caused cell death only at a very high dose, and high pharmacological dose of B12 did not prevent this detrimental effect in either cell type. In bEnd.3 cells, transcriptional levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased, while nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) decreased by H2O2. The levels of transcripts were not affected by the B12 treatment. We conclude that the cytotoxic effects of exogenous H2O2 in BU.MPT and bEdn.3 cells are not prevented by B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azraa Ayesha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edward M Bahnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yukako Kayashima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Phillip K Huynh
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 703 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg, CB # 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Ho T, Ahmadi S, Kerman K. Do glutathione and copper interact to modify Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis? Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:180-196. [PMID: 35092854 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder first described in 1906 that is currently estimated to impact ∼40 million people worldwide. Extensive research activities have led to a wealth of information on the pathogenesis, hallmarks, and risk factors of AD; however, therapeutic options remain extremely limited. The large number of pathogenic factors that have been reported to potentially contribute to AD include copper dyshomeostasis as well as increased oxidative stress, which is related to alterations to molecular antioxidants like glutathione (GSH). While the individual roles of GSH and copper in AD have been studied by many research groups, their interactions have received relatively little attention, although they appear to interact and affect each other's regulation. Existing knowledge on how GSH-copper interactions may affect AD is sparse and lacks focus. This review first highlights the most relevant individual roles that GSH and copper play in physiology and AD, and then collects and assesses research concerning their interactions, in an effort to provide a more accessible and understandable picture of the role of GSH, copper, and their interactions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Ho
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Soha Ahmadi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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17
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Ebanks B, Chakrabarti L. Mitochondrial ATP Synthase is a Target of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:854321. [PMID: 35237666 PMCID: PMC8882969 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.854321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase is responsible for the production of cellular ATP, and it does so by harnessing the membrane potential of the mitochondria that is produced by the sequential oxidation of select cellular metabolites. Since the structural features of ATP synthase were first resolved nearly three decades ago, significant progress has been made in understanding its role in health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is common to neurodegeneration, with elevated oxidative stress a hallmark of this dysfunction. The patterns of this oxidative stress, including molecular targets and the form of oxidative modification, can vary widely. In this mini review we discuss the oxidative modifications of ATP synthase that have been observed in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Oxidative modifications of ATP synthase in Alzheimer’s disease are well-documented, and there is a growing body of knowledge on the subject in Parkinson’s disease. The consideration of ATP synthase as a pharmacological target in a variety of diseases underlines the importance of understanding these modifications, both as a potential target, and also as inhibitors of any pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Ebanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Brad Ebanks,
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Wu W, Huang K, Dong G, Chen X, Xu C, Ni Y, Fu J. Untargeted metabolomics reveals gender- and age- independent metabolic changes of type 1 diabetes in Chinese children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037289. [PMID: 36619558 PMCID: PMC9813493 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic condition associated with multiple complications that substantially affect both the quality of life and the life-span of children. Untargeted Metabolomics has provided new insights into disease pathogenesis and risk assessment. METHODS In this study, we characterized the serum metabolic profiles of 76 children with T1D and 65 gender- and age- matched healthy controls using gas chromatography coupled with timeof-flight mass spectrometry. In parallel, we comprehensively evaluated the clinical phenome of T1D patients, including routine blood and urine tests, and concentrations of cytokines, hormones, proteins, and trace elements. RESULTS A total of 70 differential metabolites covering 11 metabolic pathways associated with T1D were identified, which were mainly carbohydrates, indoles, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and organic acids. Subgroup analysis revealed that the metabolic changes were consistent among pediatric patients at different ages or gender but were closely associated with the duration of the disease. DISCUSSION Carbohydrate metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and gut microbial metabolism were identified as distinct metabolic features of pediatric T1D. These metabolic changes were also associated with T1D, which may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of the complications associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Shaoxing Women and Children Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuifang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Ni, ; Junfen Fu,
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Ni, ; Junfen Fu,
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Probiotics for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010020. [PMID: 35010895 PMCID: PMC8746506 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorders affecting mostly the elderly. It is characterized by the presence of Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), resulting in cognitive and memory impairment. Research shows that alteration in gut microbial diversity and defects in gut brain axis are linked to AD. Probiotics are known to be one of the best preventative measures against cognitive decline in AD. Numerous in vivo trials and recent clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of selected bacterial strains in slowing down the progression of AD. It is proven that probiotics modulate the inflammatory process, counteract with oxidative stress, and modify gut microbiota. Thus, this review summarizes the current evidence, diversity of bacterial strains, defects of gut brain axis in AD, harmful bacterial for AD, and the mechanism of action of probiotics in preventing AD. A literature search on selected databases such as PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Nature, and Springer link have identified potentially relevant articles to this topic. However, upon consideration of inclusion criteria and the limitation of publication year, only 22 articles have been selected to be further reviewed. The search query includes few sets of keywords as follows. (1) Probiotics OR gut microbiome OR microbes AND (2) Alzheimer OR cognitive OR aging OR dementia AND (3) clinical trial OR in vivo OR animal study. The results evidenced in this study help to clearly illustrate the relationship between probiotic supplementation and AD. Thus, this systematic review will help identify novel therapeutic strategies in the future as probiotics are free from triggering any adverse effects in human body.
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Liang YY, Zhang LD, Luo X, Wu LL, Chen ZW, Wei GH, Zhang KQ, Du ZA, Li RZ, So KF, Li A. All roads lead to Rome - a review of the potential mechanisms by which exerkines exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1210-1227. [PMID: 34782555 PMCID: PMC8643060 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.325012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have become a critical public health issue due to the significantly extended human lifespan, leading to considerable economic and social burdens. Traditional therapies for AD such as medicine and surgery remain ineffective, impractical, and expensive. Many studies have shown that a variety of bioactive substances released by physical exercise (called “exerkines”) help to maintain and improve the normal functions of the brain in terms of cognition, emotion, and psychomotor coordination. Increasing evidence suggests that exerkines may exert beneficial effects in AD as well. This review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of exerkines in AD, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanism and the dynamic expression of exerkines after physical exercise. The findings described in this review will help direct research into novel targets for the treatment of AD and develop customized exercise therapy for individuals of different ages, genders, and health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yao Liang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Hao Wei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai-Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-An Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ren-Zhi Li
- International Department of the Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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21
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Shen P, Qi H. Cell Models to Evaluate Antioxidant Properties of the Phlorotannins in Brown Seaweed: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
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22
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Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Can a Micronutrient Mixture Delay the Onset and Progression of Symptoms of Single-Point Mutation Diseases? J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:489-498. [PMID: 34227926 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1910592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-point mutation diseases in which substitution of one nucleotide with another in a gene occurs include familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD), familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), and familial Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (fCJD) as well as Huntington's disease (HD), sickle cell anemia, and hemophilia. Inevitability of occurrence of these diseases is certain. However, the time of appearance of symptoms could be influenced by the diet, environment, and possibly other genetic factors. There are no effective approaches to delay the onset or progression of symptoms of these diseases. The fact that increased oxidative stress and inflammation significantly contribute to the initiation and progression of these point mutation diseases shows that antioxidants could be useful. The major objectives are (a) to present evidence that increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are associated with selected single-point mutation diseases, such as fAD, fPD, and fCJD, HD, sickle cell anemia, and hemophilia; (b) to describe limited studies on the role of individual antioxidants in experimental models of some of these diseases; and (c) to discuss a rationale for utilizing a comprehensive mixture of micronutrients, which may delay the development and progression of symptoms of above diseases by simultaneously reducing oxidative and inflammatory damages.Key teaching pointsSelected single-point mutation diseases and their pattern of inheritanceCharacteristics of each selected single-point mutation diseaseEvidence for increased oxidative stress and inflammation in each diseasePotential reasons for failure of single antioxidants in human studiesRationale for using a comprehensive mixture of micronutrients in delaying the onset and progression of single-point mutation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Li K, Zheng Y, Wang X. Self-Regulation of Cerebral Metabolism and Its Neuroprotective Effect After Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury: Evidence From 1H-MRS. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:672412. [PMID: 34220456 PMCID: PMC8247914 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.672412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1H-MRS technology can be used to non-invasively detect the content of cerebral metabolites, to assess the severity of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, and to predict the recovery of compromised neurological function. However, changes to the cerebral self-regulation process after HI are still unclear. This study investigated the changes in cerebral metabolites and the potential relationship with the number of neurons and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) using 1H-MRS, and finally clarifies the self-regulation of cerebral metabolism and neuroprotection after HI injury. Newborn Yorkshire pigs (28 males, 1.0–1.5 kg) aged 3–5 days were used for the HI model in this study. The pigs were randomly divided into the HI group (n = 24) and the control group (n = 4), then the experimental group was subdivided according to different recovery time after HI into the following groups: 0–2 h (n = 4), 2–6 h (n = 4), 6–12 h (n = 4), 12–24 h (n = 4), 24–48 h (n = 4), and 48–72 h (n = 4). Following the HI timepoints, 1H-MRS scans were performed and processed using LCModel software, and brain tissue was immunohistochemically stained for Nestin and NeuN. Immunofluorescence staining of creatine phosphokinase-BB (CK-BB), N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthetase (NAAGS), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP-II), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutathione synthase (GS), and excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) was then performed. The 1H-MRS results showed that cerebral N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), glutathione (GSH), and creatine (Cr) content reached their peaks at 12–24 h, which was consistent with the recovery time of hippocampal NSPCs and neurons, indicating a potential neuroprotective effect of NAAG, GSH, and Cr after HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, He Y, Wan H, Li C. Analogs of imine resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via activation of Nrf2. FEBS Open Bio 2021. [PMID: 34056861 PMCID: PMC8329772 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely associated with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Resveratrol and related compounds have shown great potential as antioxidants via either direct scavenging of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) or activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-antioxidant response elements pathway. In the present study, we evaluated imine resveratrol analogs (IRAs) for their neuroprotective effects against ROS in PC12 cells, which are a commonly employed model system for studies of neuronal development and function. We identified that IRA-3 (4-[[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino]-phenol) was more potent than resveratrol at rescuing PC12 cells from H2 O2 -induced oxidative damage, exhibiting a recovery percentage of 60.4% at 50 μm. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effect of IRA-3 was achieved via multiple routes, including direct scavenging of ROS, rescue of endogenous antioxidants and activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-antioxidant response elements pathway. Our results suggest that IRA-3 may have potential for development into a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiong Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Astrocyte-specific hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) does not disrupt the endothelial barrier during hypoxia in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33736658 PMCID: PMC7977259 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes (AC) are essential for brain homeostasis. Much data suggests that AC support and protect the vascular endothelium, but increasing evidence indicates that during injury conditions they may lose their supportive role resulting in endothelial cell activation and BBB disturbance. Understanding the triggers that flip this switch would provide invaluable information for designing new targets to modulate the brain vascular compartment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has long been assumed to be a culprit for barrier dysfunction as a number of its target genes are potent angiogenic factors. Indeed AC themselves, reservoirs of an array of different growth factors and molecules, are frequently assumed to be the source of such molecules although direct supporting evidence is yet to be published. Being well known reservoirs of HIF-1 dependent angiogenic molecules, we asked if AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling drives brain EC disturbance during hypoxia. METHODS First we collected conditioned media from control and siRNA-mediated HIF-1 knockdown primary rat AC that had been exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The conditioned media was then used to culture normoxic and hypoxic (1% O2) rat brain microvascular EC (RBE4) for 6 and 24 h. Various activation parameters including migration, proliferation and cell cycling were assessed and compared to untreated controls. In addition, tight junction localization and barrier stability per se (via permeability assay) was evaluated. RESULTS AC conditioned media maintained both normoxic and hypoxic EC in a quiescent state by suppressing EC metabolic activity and proliferation. By FACs we observed reduced cell cycling with an increased number of cells in G0 phase and reduced cell numbers in M phase compared to controls. EC migration was also blocked by AC conditioned media and in correlation hypoxic tight junction organization and barrier functionality was improved. Surprisingly however, AC HIF-1 deletion did not impact EC responses or barrier stability during hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling does not contribute to AC modulation of EC barrier function under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Thus other cell types likely mediate EC permeability in stress scenarios. Our data does however highlight the continuous protective effect of AC on the barrier endothelium. Exploring these protective mechanisms in more detail will provide essential insight into ways to prevent barrier disturbance during injury and disease.
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26
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Jia R, Du J, Cao L, Feng W, He Q, Xu P, Yin G. Immune, inflammatory, autophagic and DNA damage responses to long-term H 2O 2 exposure in different tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143831. [PMID: 33248772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a stable reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aquatic environment, and high concentration of ambient H2O2 may directly or indirectly affect aquatic animal health. However, the response mechanism of fish to ambient H2O2 has not been well studied yet. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the immune, inflammatory, autophagic and DNA damage responses to long-term H2O2 exposure in different tissues of common carp. The results showed that H2O2 exposure induced a significant immune response, with alterations in the levels of immune parameters including AKP, ACP, LZM, C3, HSP90 and HSP70 in different tissues. The inflammatory response evoked by H2O2 exposure was associated with the activations of TLRs and NF-κB (P65) in the majority of tested tissues. The autophagy process was significantly affected by H2O2 exposure, evidenced by the upregulations of the autophagy-related genes in liver, gills, muscle, intestines, heart and spleen and the downregulations in kidney. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of atm, a primary transducer of DNA damage response, was upregulated in liver, gills, intestines and spleen, and the DNA damage was evidenced by increased 8-OHdG level in intestines after H2O2 exposure. Moreover, cell cycle regulation-related genes, including cyclin A1, B and/or E1, highly expressed in all tested tissues except heart after H2O2 exposure. Interestingly, IBR analysis exhibited that immune, inflammatory, autophagic and DNA damage responses to H2O2 exposure were in a dose-dependent and tissue-specific manner. These data may contribute to understanding H2O2 toxicity for fish and assessing potential risk of H2O2 in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wenrong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Guojun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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27
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Yang T, Zhang F. Targeting Transcription Factor Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) for the Intervention of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:97-116. [PMID: 33054394 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is an age-related, mild to severe mental disability due to a broad panel of cerebrovascular disorders. Its pathobiology involves neurovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter damage, microRNAs, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota alterations, etc. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is the master regulator of redox status and controls the transcription of a panel of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory genes. By interacting with NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), Nrf2 also fine-tunes the cellular oxidative and inflammatory balance. Aging is associated with Nrf2 dysfunction, and increasing evidence has proved the role of Nrf2 in mitigating the VCID process. Based on VCID pathobiologies and Nrf2 studies from VCID and other brain diseases, we point out several hypothetical Nrf2 targets for VCID management, including restoration of endothelial function and neurovascular coupling, preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity, reduction of amyloidopathy, promoting white matter integrity, and mitigating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Collectively, the Nrf2 pathway could be a promising direction for future VCID research. Targeting Nrf2 would shed light on VCID managing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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28
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McMahan RH, Afshar M, Amedee AM, Bishehsari F, Carr RM, Coleman LG, Herrnreiter CJ, Lewis SL, Mandrekar P, McCullough RL, Morris NL, Vasiliou V, Wang HJ, Yeligar SM, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ. Summary of the 2019 alcohol and immunology research interest group (AIRIG) meeting: Alcohol-mediated mechanisms of multiple organ injury. Alcohol 2020; 87:89-95. [PMID: 32353591 PMCID: PMC7483664 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
On November 15, 2019, the 24th annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite conference during the annual Society for Leukocyte Biology meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The 2019 meeting focused on alcohol, immunity, and organ damage, and included two plenary sessions. The first session highlighted new research exploring the mechanisms of alcohol-induced inflammation and liver disease, including effects on lipidomics and lipophagy, regulatory T cells, epigenetics, epithelial cells, and age-related changes in the gut. The second session covered alcohol-induced injury of other organs, encompassing diverse areas of research ranging from neurodegeneration, to lung barrier function, to colon carcinogenesis, to effects on viral infection. The discussions also highlighted current laboratory and clinical research used to identify biomarkers of alcohol use and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Majid Afshar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA; Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology and the Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Faraz Bishehsari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rotonya M Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline J Herrnreiter
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sloan L Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Niya L Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Joe Wang
- Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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29
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Hashim Z, Ilyas A, Zarina S. Therapeutic effect of hydrogen peroxide via altered expression of glutathione S-transferase and peroxiredoxin-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:258-265. [PMID: 32284258 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high incidence and mortality that epitomizes one of the prominent causes of cancer-related death globally. Novel therapeutic approaches are therefore required. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for maintaining cell cycle. Although ROS is involved in HCC progression, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has anti-proliferative effect on HCC. METHOD HCC Huh-7 cells were cultured and incubated with various concentrations of H2O2. Paraoxonase activity, levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione and protein oxidation were measured in treated and untreated Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, untreated and treated Huh-7 cells were subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified protein spots which were differentially expressed by LC-MS/MS analysis. qRT-PCR was performed to validate the identified proteins. RESULTS H2O2 depleted glutathione (GSH) with the concomitant up-regulation of GSTP1 and Prx2. H2O2 also increased malondialdehyde and protein oxidation, decreased the activity of paraoxonase in Huh-7 cells. CONCLUSION H2O2 could be used as a novel therapeutic agent that might be beneficial in inducing cell cytotoxicity and hence suppress HCC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hashim
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Amber Ilyas
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shamshad Zarina
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Astrocyte glutathione maintains endothelial barrier stability. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101576. [PMID: 32502899 PMCID: PMC7267730 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment clearly accelerates brain disease progression. As ways to prevent injury-induced barrier dysfunction remain elusive, better understanding of how BBB cells interact and modulate barrier integrity is needed. Our metabolomic profiling study showed that cell-specific adaptation to injury correlates well with metabolic reprogramming at the BBB. In particular we noted that primary astrocytes (AC) contain comparatively high levels of glutathione (GSH)-related metabolites compared to primary endothelial cells (EC). Injury significantly disturbed redox balance in 10.13039/501100000780EC but not AC motivating us to assess 1) whether an AC-10.13039/501100000780EC GSH shuttle supports barrier stability and 2) the impact of GSH on 10.13039/501100000780EC function. Using an isotopic labeling/tracking approach combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS) we prove that AC constantly shuttle GSH to EC even under resting conditions - a flux accelerated by injury conditions in vitro. In correlation, co-culture studies revealed that blocking AC GSH generation and secretion via siRNA-mediated γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase (GCL) knockdown significantly compromises EC barrier integrity. Using different GSH donors, we further show that exogenous GSH supplementation improves barrier function by maintaining organization of tight junction proteins and preventing injury-induced tight junction phosphorylation. Thus the AC GSH shuttle is key for maintaining EC redox homeostasis and BBB stability suggesting GSH supplementation could improve recovery after brain injury. Astrocytes maintain better redox homeostasis during injury conditions than brain endothelial cells. Astrocyte-secreted glutathione abrogates injury-induced endothelial permeability. Exogenous GSH prevents injury-induced tight junction disruption. Better understanding of metabolic paracellular crosstalk could offer more opportunities to safeguard BBB integrity.
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31
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Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Oxidative and Inflammatory Events in Prion Diseases: Can They Be Therapeutic Targets? Curr Aging Sci 2020; 11:216-225. [PMID: 30636622 PMCID: PMC6635421 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190111100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of incurable infectious terminal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the aggregated misfolded PrPsc in selected mammals including humans. The complex physical interaction between normal prion protein PrPc and infectious PrPsc causes conformational change from the α- helix structure of PrPc to the β-sheet structure of PrPsc, and this process is repeated. Increased oxidative stress is one of the factors that facilitate the conversion of PrPc to PrPsc. This overview presents evidence to show that increased oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the progression of this disease. Evidence is given for the participation of redoxsensitive metals Cu and Fe with PrPsc inducing oxidative stress by disturbing the homeostasis of these metals. The fact that some antioxidants block the toxicity of misfolded PrPc peptide supports the role of oxidative stress in prion disease. After exogenous infection in mice, PrPsc enters the follicular dendritic cells where PrPsc replicates before neuroinvasion where they continue to replicate and cause inflammation leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, reducing levels of oxidative stress and inflammation may decrease the rate of the progression of this disease. It may be an important order to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation at the same time. This may be achieved by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes by activating the Nrf2 pathway together with simultaneous administration of dietary and endogenous antioxidants. It is proposed that a mixture of micronutrients could enable these concurrent events thereby reducing the progression of human prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar N Prasad
- Engage Global, 245 El Faison Drive, San Rafael, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Sannasimuthu A, Sharma D, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Arockiaraj J. Intracellular oxidative damage due to antibiotics on gut bacteria reduced by glutathione oxidoreductase-derived antioxidant molecule GM15. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1127-1133. [PMID: 32060599 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut consists of > 1000 different bacterial species for the smooth functioning of the gut. In normal conditions, the antioxidant system present in cells minimize the effects of reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to antibiotics, there is a rise in ROS level which induces oxidative stress to the cells, ultimately killing the cells. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics, streptomycin and gentamicin at a concentration of 50 µM and 25 µM, were treated with Bacillus subtilis SRMIST201901 (MN726522) and B. cereus SRMIST201902 (MN726923); the treatment reduced the cell counts. Considering the bacterial defense property which relies on the antioxidant mechanism, in this study, we have reported an antioxidant peptide (GM15) derived from glutathione oxidoreductase of spirulina (or called cyanobacteria) Arthrospira platensis (Ap) which reduced the intracellular oxidative stress. Cellular ROS detection was confirmed by fluorescent-associated cell sorting (FACS) using the DCFDA dye. Resazurin dye test also confirmed the activity of peptide on the growth of the Bacillus sp. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the intracellular oxidative stress on treating with GM15 peptide. Overall, the study indicates the influence of antioxidant peptide on the intracellular oxidative stress, leading to the development of an antioxidant drug from glutathione oxidoreductase of A. platensis against oxidative-related stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbazahan Sannasimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Dhrubjyoti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India.
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Alamu O, Rado M, Ekpo O, Fisher D. Differential Sensitivity of Two Endothelial Cell Lines to Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity: Relevance for In Vitro Studies of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020403. [PMID: 32050666 PMCID: PMC7072657 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been linked to blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction which in turn has been implicated in the initiation and propagation of some neurological diseases. In this study, we profiled, for the first time, two endothelioma cell lines of mouse brain origin, commonly used as in vitro models of the blood–brain barrier, for their resistance against oxidative stress using viability measures and glutathione contents as markers. OS was induced by exposing cultured cells to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and fluorescence microscopy/spectrometry was used to detect and estimate cellular glutathione contents. A colorimetric viability assay was used to determine changes in the viability of OS-exposed cells. Both the b.End5 and bEnd.3 cell lines investigated showed demonstrable content of glutathione with a statistically insignificant difference in glutathione quantity per unit cell, but with a statistically significant higher capacity for the b.End5 cell line for de novo glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, the b.End5 cells demonstrated greater oxidant buffering capacity to higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide than the bEnd.3 cells. We concluded that mouse brain endothelial cells, derived from different types of cell lines, differ enormously in their antioxidant characteristics. We hereby recommend caution in making comparisons across BBB models utilizing distinctly different cell lines and require further prerequisites to ensure that in vitro BBB models involving these cell lines are reliable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Alamu
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Anatomy Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210241, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Rado
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - Okobi Ekpo
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-2185
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Oxidative stress facilitates cell death by inhibiting Orai1-mediated Ca 2+ entry in brain capillary endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:153-158. [PMID: 31839216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and play an essential role in the regulation of its functions. Oxidative stress accumulates excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitates the death of BCECs, leading to a dysfunctional BBB. However, the mechanisms underlying the death of BCECs under oxidative stress remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of oxidative stress on cell viability, ROS production, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and protein expression were examined using a cell line derived from bovine BCECs, t-BBEC117. When t-BBEC117 cells were exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 10-100 μM), cell growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Oxidative stress by 30 μM H2O2 increased the production of ROS and its effects were blocked by the ROS scavenger, 10 mM N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). In addition, oxidative stress reduced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and this decrease was recovered by NAC or the Orai channel activator, 5 μM 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB). The siRNA knockdown of Orai1 revealed that Orai1 was mainly responsible for SOCE channels and its activity was decreased by oxidative stress. However, the protein expression of Orai1 and STIM1 was not affected by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-induced cell death was rescued by 2-APB, NAC, or the STIM-Orai activating region. In conclusion, oxidative stress reduces Orai1-mediated SOCE and, thus, facilitates the death of BCECs.
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Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamate: Potential preventive and therapeutic targets for hearing disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 185:111191. [PMID: 31765645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hearing disorders constitute one of the major health concerns in the USA. Decades of basic and clinical studies have identified numerous ototoxic agents and investigated their modes of action on the inner ear, utilizing tissue culture as well as animal and human models. Current preventive and therapeutic approaches are considered unsatisfactory. Therefore, additional modalities should be developed. Many studies suggest that increased levels of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and glutamate play an important role in the initiation and progression of damage to the inner ear leading to hearing impairments. To prevent these cellular deficits, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antagonists of glutamate receptor have been used individually or in combination with limited success. It is essential, therefore, to simultaneously enhance the levels of antioxidant enzymes by activating the Nrf2 (a nuclear transcriptional factor) pathway, dietary and endogenous antioxidant compounds, and B12-vitamins in order to reduce the levels of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and glutamate at the same time. This review presents evidence to show that increased levels of these cellular metabolites, biochemical or factors are involved in the pathogenesis of cochlea leading to hearing impairments. It presents scientific rationale for the use of a mixture of micronutrients that may decrease the levels of oxidative damage, chronic inflammation, and glutamate at the same time. The benefits for using oral administration of proposed micronutrient mixture in humans are presented. Animal and limited human studies indirectly suggest that orally administered micronutrients can accumulate in the inner ear. Therefore, this route of administration may be useful in prevention, and in combination with standard care, in improved management of hearing problems following exposure to well-recognized and studied ototoxic agents, such as noise, cisplatin, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadar N Prasad
- Engage Global, 245 El Faisan Drive, San Rafael, CA, 94903, United States.
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1830, United States
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Luo S, Yin J, Peng Y, Xie J, Wu H, He D, Li X, Cheng G. Glutathione is Involved in Detoxification of Peroxide and Root Nodule Symbiosis of Mesorhizobium huakuii. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:1-10. [PMID: 31624868 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixation root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The contribution of glutathione (GSH) to this symbiosis and anti-oxidative damage was investigated using the M. huakuii gshB (encoding GSH synthetase) mutant. The gshB mutant grew poorly with different monosaccharides, including glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or mannitol, as sole sources of carbon. The antioxidative capacity of gshB mutant was significantly decreased by these treatments with H2O2 under the lower concentrations and cumene hydroperoxide (CUOOH) under the higher concentrations, indicating that GSH plays different roles in response to organic peroxide and inorganic peroxide. The gshB mutant strain displayed no difference in catalase activity, but significantly lower levels of the peroxidase activity and the glutathione reductase activity than the wild type. The same level of catalase activity could be associated with upregulation of the transcriptional activity of the catalase genes under H2O2-induced conditions. The nodules infected by the gshB mutant were severely impaired in abnormal nodules, and showed a nodulation phenotype coupled to a 60% reduction in the nitrogen fixation capacity. A 20-fold decrease in the expression of two nitrogenase genes, nifH and nifD, is observed in the nodules induced by gshB mutant strain. The symbiotic deficiencies were linked to bacteroid early senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Luo
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hetao Wu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Donglan He
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Guojun Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Cai Z, Zheng F, Ding Y, Zhan Y, Gong R, Li J, Aschner M, Zhang Q, Wu S, Li H. Nrf2-regulated miR-380-3p Blocks the Translation of Sp3 Protein and Its Mediation of Paraquat-Induced Toxicity in Mouse Neuroblastoma N2a Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:515-529. [PMID: 31368498 PMCID: PMC6760285 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratorial and epidemiological research has established a relationship between paraquat (PQ) exposure and a risk for Parkinson's disease. Previously, we have investigated the effects of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and microRNAs in PQ-induced neurotoxicity, addressing the function of miR-380-3p, a microRNA dysregulated by PQ, as well as Nrf2 deficiency. Nrf2 is known to mediate the expression of a variety of genes, including noncoding genes. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified the relationship between Nrf2 and miR-380-3p in transcriptional regulation. qRT-PCR, Western blots, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that miR-380-3p blocked the translation of the transcription factor specificity protein-3 (Sp3) in the absence of degradation of Sp3 mRNA. Results based on cell counting analysis, annexin v-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-staining assay, and propidium iodide staining showed that overexpression of miR-380-3p inhibited cell proliferation, increased the apoptotic rate, induced cell cycle arrest, and intensified the toxicity of PQ in mouse neuroblastoma (N2a [Neuro2a]) cells. Knockdown of Sp3 inhibited cell proliferation and eclipsed the alterations induced by miR-380-3p in cell proliferation. Two mediators of apoptosis and cell cycle identified in previous studies as Sp3-regulated, namely cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) and calmodulin (CaM), were dysregulated by PQ, but not Sp3 deficiency. In conclusion, Nrf2-regulated miR-380-3p inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced the PQ-induced toxicity in N2a cells potentially by blocking the translation Sp3 mRNA. We conclude that CaM and p21 were involved in PQ-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Center for Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation
- Research of Guangdong Institute of Applied Bio-resources, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanting Zhan
- Department of Management, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou 350101, China
| | - Ruijie Gong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
| | - Jing Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
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38
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Glutathione Induced Immune-Stimulatory Activity by Promoting M1-Like Macrophages Polarization via Potential ROS Scavenging Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090413. [PMID: 31540482 PMCID: PMC6770173 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the immunomodulatory activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) by assessment of the macrophage polarization (MP)-mediated immune response in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we identified the signal pathway associated with immune regulation by GSH. The expressions of MP-associated cytokines and chemokines were assessed using cytokine array, nCounter Sprit platform, ELISA and immunoblotting. Phagocytosis activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorter. As results of the cytokine array and nCounter gene array, GSH not only up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also overexpressed neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Furthermore, GSH significantly stimulated the production of immune mediators, including nitric oxide and PGE2, as well as phagocytosis activity through nuclear factor kappa B activation. In addition, GSH significantly decreased LPS-induced ROS generation, which was associated with an activation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Our results suggest that GSH has potential ROS scavenging capacity via the induction of Nrf2-mediated HO-1, and immune-enhancing activity by regulation of M1-like macrophage polarization, indicating that GSH may be a useful strategy to increase the human defense system.
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Ahmad S, Kindelin A, Khan SA, Ahmed M, Hoda MN, Bhatia K, Ducruet AF. C3a Receptor Inhibition Protects Brain Endothelial Cells Against Oxygen-glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:216-228. [PMID: 31138990 PMCID: PMC6526115 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a central component of innate immunity which plays a critical role in brain inflammation. Complement C3a receptor (C3aR) is a key mediator of post-ischemic cerebral injury, and pharmacological antagonism of the C3a receptor is neuroprotective in stroke. Cerebral ischemia injures brain endothelial cells, causing blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption which further exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury. In this study, we used an in vitro model of ischemia (oxygen glucose deprivation; OGD) to investigate the protective effect of a C3aR antagonist (C3aRA, SB290157) on brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3). Following 24 hours of reperfusion, OGD-induced cell death was assessed by TUNEL and Caspase-3 staining. Western blot and immunocytochemistry were utilized to demonstrate that OGD upregulates inflammatory, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers (ICAM-1, Cox-2, Nox-2 and MnSOD) in endothelial cells and that C3aRA treatment significantly attenuate these markers. We also found that C3aRA administration restored the expression level of the tight junction protein occludin in endothelial cells following OGD. Interestingly, OGD/reperfusion injury increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and C3aR inhibition significantly reduced the activation of ERK suggesting that endothelial C3aR may act via ERK signaling. Furthermore, exogenous C3a administration stimulates these same inflammatory mechanisms both with and without OGD, and C3aRA suppresses these C3a-mediated responses, supporting an antagonist role for C3aRA. Based on these results, we conclude that C3aRA administration attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, ERK activation, and protects brain endothelial cells following experimental brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ahmad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Adam Kindelin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.,Oman Medical College, Muscat 130, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Maaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhatia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.,School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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Park C, Cha HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim BW, Jeon YJ, Choi YH. Protective Effect of Phloroglucinol on Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis through Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040225. [PMID: 31013932 PMCID: PMC6520966 DOI: 10.3390/md17040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloroglucinol (PG) is a component of phlorotannins, which are abundant in marine brown alga species. Recent studies have shown that PG is beneficial in protecting cells from oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of PG in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes stimulated with oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). The results showed that PG significantly inhibited the H2O2-induced growth inhibition in HaCaT cells, which was associated with increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). PG remarkably reversed H2O2-induced excessive ROS production, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Additionally, H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was related to a decrease in ATP levels, and in the presence of PG, these changes were significantly impaired. Furthermore, the increases of cytosolic release of cytochrome c and ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 by the H2O2 were markedly abolished under the condition of PG pretreatment. However, the inhibition of HO-1 function using zinc protoporphyrin, a HO-1 inhibitor, markedly attenuated these protective effects of PG against H2O2. Overall, our results suggest that PG is able to protect HaCaT keratinocytes against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea.
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea.
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Protective Effect of Glutathione against Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through Activating the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040082. [PMID: 30939721 PMCID: PMC6523540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), products of oxidative stress, contribute to the initiation and progression of the pathogenesis of various diseases. Glutathione is a major antioxidant that can help prevent the process through the removal of ROS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of glutathione on ROS-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in RAW 264.7 macrophages and to investigate the role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. The results showed that the decrease in the survival rate of RAW 264.7 cells treated with H2O2 was due to the induction of DNA damage and apoptosis accompanied by the increased production of ROS. However, H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation were significantly reversed by glutathione. In addition, the H2O2-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was related to a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and these changes were also significantly attenuated in the presence of glutathione. These protective actions were accompanied by a increase in the expression rate of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage by the inactivation of caspase-3. Moreover, glutathione-mediated cytoprotective properties were associated with an increased activation of Nrf2 and expression of HO-1; however, the inhibition of the HO-1 function using an HO-1 specific inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX, significantly weakened the cytoprotective effects of glutathione. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the exogenous administration of glutathione is able to protect RAW 264.7 cells against oxidative stress-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis along with the activity of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Akhtar F, Rouse CA, Catano G, Montalvo M, Ullevig SL, Asmis R, Kharbanda K, Maffi SK. Acute maternal oxidant exposure causes susceptibility of the fetal brain to inflammation and oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:195. [PMID: 28962577 PMCID: PMC5622443 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal exposure to environmental stressors poses a risk to fetal development. Oxidative stress (OS), microglia activation, and inflammation are three tightly linked mechanisms that emerge as a causal factor of neurodevelopmental anomalies associated with prenatal ethanol exposure. Antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and CuZnSOD are perturbed, and their manipulation provides evidence for neuroprotection. However, the cellular and molecular effects of GSH alteration in utero on fetal microglia activation and inflammation remain elusive. Methods Ethanol (EtOH) (2.5 g/kg) was administered to pregnant mice at gestational days 16–17. One hour prior to ethanol treatment, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) were administered to modulate glutathione (GSH) content in fetal and maternal brain. Twenty-four hours following ethanol exposure, GSH content and OS in brain tissues were analyzed. Cytokines and chemokines were selected based on their association with distinctive microglia phenotype M1-like (IL-1β, IFN γ, IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, CCL-7, CCL9,) or M2-like (TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, CCL2, CCL22, CXCL10, Arg1, Chi1, CCR2 and CXCR2) and measured in the brain by qRT-PCR and ELISA. In addition, Western blot and confocal microscopy techniques in conjunction with EOC13.31 cells exposed to similar ethanol-induced oxidative stress and redox conditions were used to determine the underlying mechanism of microglia activation associated with the observed phenotypic changes. Results We show that a single episode of mild to moderate OS in the last trimester of gestation causes GSH depletion, increased protein and lipid peroxidation and inflammatory responses inclined towards a M1-like microglial phenotype (IL-1β, IFN-γ) in fetal brain tissue observed at 6–24 h post exposure. Maternal brain is resistant to many of these marked changes. Using EOC 13.31 cells, we show that GSH homeostasis in microglia is crucial to restore its anti-inflammatory state and modulate inflammation. Microglia under oxidative stress maintain a predominantly M1 activation state. Additionally, GSH depletion prevents the appearance of the M2-like phenotype, while enhancing morphological changes associated with a M1-like phenotype. This observation is also validated by an increased expression of inflammatory signatures (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL9, CXCR2). In contrast, conserving intracellular GSH concentrations eliminates OS which precludes the nuclear translocation and more importantly the phosphorylation of the NFkB p105 subunit. These cells show significantly more pronounced elongations, ramifications, and the enhanced expression of M2-like microglial phenotype markers (IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β, CXCL10, CCL22, Chi, Arg, and CCR2). Conclusions Taken together, our data show that maintaining GSH homeostasis is not only important for quenching OS in the developing fetal brain, but equally critical to enhance M2 like microglia phenotype, thus suppressing inflammatory responses elicited by environmental stressors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0965-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Akhtar
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A Rouse
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences & Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel Catano
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcus Montalvo
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Ullevig
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kusum Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Health Science Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shivani K Maffi
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA.
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The Role of Nrf2 in Cardiovascular Function and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9237263. [PMID: 29104732 PMCID: PMC5618775 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9237263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen peroxide play an important role in both intracellular and intercellular signaling; however, their production and quenching need to be closely regulated to prevent cellular damage. An imbalance, due to exogenous sources of free radicals and chronic upregulation of endogenous production, contributes to many pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease and also more general processes involved in aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2; commonly known as Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in the dynamic regulation of a network of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, through binding to and activating expression of promoters containing the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2 activity is regulated by many mechanisms, suggesting that tight control is necessary for normal cell function and both hypoactivation and hyperactivation of Nrf2 are indicated in playing a role in different aspects of cardiovascular disease. Targeted activation of Nrf2 or downstream genes may prove to be a useful avenue in developing therapeutics to reduce the impact of cardiovascular disease. We will review the current status of Nrf2 and related signaling in cardiovascular disease and its relevance to current and potential treatment strategies.
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Cai S, Ichimaru N, Zhao M, Fujino M, Ito H, Ota U, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Nonomura N, Li XK, Takahara S. Prolonged Mouse Cardiac Graft Cold Storage via Attenuating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Using a New Antioxidant-Based Preservation Solution. Transplantation 2017; 100:1032-40. [PMID: 26845308 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major events in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced heart injury in cardiac transplantation is the generation of reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that a novel preservation solution called SBI-SEIIKU II (SS-II) contains 3 antioxidant reagents: L-cysteine, glycine, ascorbic acid/ascorbic acid-2-phosphate magnesium, which can block the generation of reactive oxygen species to result in a prolongation of the cold storage time via attenuating I/R injury. METHODS C57BL/6CrSlc(B6) mice underwent syngeneic mice heterotopic heart transplantation, and the animals were derived into 3 groups: recipients with nonpreserved grafts (control group), recipients with grafts preserved in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) for 24 and 48 hours (HTK group), and recipients with grafts preserved in SS-II for 24 and 48 hours (SS-II group). RESULTS After 48 hours of preservation, there were no grafts that survived in the HTK group; however, the SS-II group had a high survival rate. After 24 hours of preservation, SS-II decreased the oxidative damage, myocardial apoptosis, and the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the cardiac grafts in the early phase and suppressed the development of myocardial fibrosis in long-term grafts compared with HTK. CONCLUSIONS The SS-II prolongs the acceptable cold storage time and protects the myocardium from I/R injury via inhibiting oxidative stress-associated damage. We believe that this novel preservation solution may be simple and safe for use in the clinical transplantation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Cai
- 1 Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. 2 Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. 3 AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. 4 SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 5 Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Nrf2-ARE signaling provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury via modulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:32-44. [PMID: 28465088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway exhibits protective effects in a variety of neurological diseases. However, the role of this pathway in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not fully understood. This study investigates whether the Nrf2-ARE pathway provides neuroprotection following TBI via regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), and examines the involvement of this pathway in redox homeostasis. We found that activation the Nrf2-ARE pathway can mitigate secondary brain injury induced by TBI. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting the Nrf2-ARE pathway weakened the UPS following TBI. Treatment of TBI with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, increased neuronal apoptosis, and evidence of brain water content was found. These data suggest that the Nrf2-ARE pathway provides neuroprotection following TBI via modulation of the UPS. In addition, the results indicated that the content of glutathione (GSH) was significantly increased after activation of Nrf2, and the level of ROS decreased; however, this effect contradictory in the Nrf2 knockout mice. Further studies found that treatment with the ROS agonist, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), resulted in additional damage exerted by the ubiquitin proteasome pathways, and a significant increase in the amount of ubiquitinated proteins. In contrast, the activity of the ubiquitin proteasome pathways was vastly enhanced, and the level of ubiquitination proteins was significantly decreased following treatment with the inhibitor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The above mentioned results were also verified in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, the activation the Nrf2-ARE pathway improves neurological impairment caused by TBI via modulation of the UPS, and the redox homeostasis is one of the vital regulatory mechanisms.
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Panieri E, Santoro MM. Data on metabolic-dependent antioxidant response in the cardiovascular tissues of living zebrafish under stress conditions. Data Brief 2017; 12:427-432. [PMID: 28516138 PMCID: PMC5426027 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we used transgenic zebrafish lines that express compartment-specific isoforms of the roGFP2-Orp1 and Grx1-roGFP2 biosensors, described in Panieri et al (2017) [1], to test the contribute of the pentose phosphate pathway and of the glutathione biosynthesis in the antioxidant capacity of myocardial and endothelial cells in vivo. The transgenic zebrafish embryos were subdued to metabolic inhibition and subsequently challenged with H2O2 or the redox-cycling agent menadione to respectively mimic acute or chronic oxidative stress. Confocal time-lapse recordings were performed to follow the compartmentalized H2O2 and EGSH changes in the cardiovascular tissues of zebrafish embryos at 48 h post fertilization. After sequential excitation at 405 nm and 488 nm the emission was collected between 500–520 nm every 2 min for an overall duration of 60 min. The 405/488 nm ratio was normalized to the initial value obtained before oxidants addition and plotted over time. The analysis and the interpretation of the data can be found in the associated article [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Iwayama K, Kusakabe A, Ohtsu K, Nawano T, Tatsunami R, Ohtaki KI, Tampo Y, Hayase N. Long-term treatment of clarithromycin at a low concentration improves hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in human small airway epithelial cells by increasing Nrf2 mRNA expression. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:15. [PMID: 28235416 PMCID: PMC5326501 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clarithromycin (CAM), a representative macrolide antibiotic, has been used widely at low doses for long-term therapy of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics were first discovered in clinical practice. Although oxidative stress is known as a key pathogenesis factor in chronic airway inflammatory diseases, the mechanism of action of low-dose, long-term CAM therapy remains unclear. We aimed to examine the cytoprotective action of CAM against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell dysfunction, focusing on CAM dose and treatment duration, and using human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), the main cells involved in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Methods SAECs were pretreated with CAM (1, 5 or 10 μM) for 24, 48 or 72 h, and were subsequently exposed to H2O2 for 0.5–4 h. Levels of interleukin (IL)-8, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and the activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) were assayed using specific methods. IL-8 mRNA and NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression were measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used for analysis of statistical significance. Results Pretreatment with low-dose (1 or 5 μM), long-term (72 h) CAM inhibited H2O2-induced IL-8 levels, NF-κB activity, and IL-8 mRNA expression, and improved the GSH/GSSG ratio via the maintenance of γ-GCS expression levels. Similar to its enhancing effect on the GSH/GSSG ratio, pretreatment with low-dose CAM for 72 h significantly increased Nrf2 mRNA expression (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). In contrast, these alterations were not observed after pretreatment with high-dose (10 μM) or short-term (24 and 48 h) CAM. Conclusions CAM is efficacious against cell dysfunction caused by oxidative stress under low-dose, long-term treatment conditions. This effect depended on the suppression of NF-κB activation and improvement of the H2O2-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that is achieved by increasing Nrf2 mRNA expression in SAECs. The present study may provide the first evidence of why low-dose, long-term administration of macrolides is effective for treating chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-017-0119-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuninori Iwayama
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kusakabe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Shin-Sapporo Towakai Hospital, Sapporo, 004-0041, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohtsu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Dispensary, Rainbow Community Pharmacy, Sapporo, 062-0012, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nawano
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tatsunami
- Department of Public & Health, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Ko-Ichi Ohtaki
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tampo
- Department of Public & Health, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hayase
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8590, Japan.
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Murakami S, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Neuroprotective effect of fermented papaya preparation by activation of Nrf2 pathway in astrocytes. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:176-184. [PMID: 27841081 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1253171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in astrocyte plays important roles in brain homeostasis. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory properties. The present study investigated the effects of FPP on activation of Nrf2 and release of Nrf2-regulated neuroprotective antioxidants and detoxifying molecules. METHODS Primary cultured astrocytes from rat embryos were treated with FPP for 6 or 24 hours. The expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2-regulated molecules were determined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Glutathione levels were measured in cells and medium. Dopaminergic neurons were exposed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with/without pre-treatment with FPP astrocytes. Mice were treated orally with FPP for 2 weeks. RESULTS FPP increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in striatal astrocytes, induced up-regulation of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1, glutathione-S transferase and hemeoxygenase-1, and increased glutathione level and the percentage of metallothionein-expressing astrocytes. Moreover, FPP suppressed 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in not only neuron-astrocyte mixed culture, but also neuron-rich cultures pre-treated with glial conditioned medium. Two-week oral treatment of mice with FPP resulted in Nrf2 activation and increase in glutathione level in striatum. DISCUSSION The results indicated that FPP enhances the anti-oxidative capacity through activation of Nrf2 in astrocytes, suggesting it may provide neuroprotection in oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinki Murakami
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b SAIDO Corporation , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- a Department of Medical Neurobiology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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Chen IC, Hsiao IL, Lin HC, Wu CH, Chuang CY, Huang YJ. Influence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on in vitro blood-brain barrier permeability. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:108-118. [PMID: 27664952 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model being composed of co-culture with endothelial (bEnd.3) and astrocyte-like (ALT) cells was established to evaluate the toxicity and permeability of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs; 8nm) and TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs; 6nm and 35nm) in normal and inflammatory central nervous system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was pre-treated to simulate the inflammatory responses. Both AgNPs and Ag ions can decrease transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value, and cause discontinuous tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and zonula occludens-1) of BBB. However, only the Ag ions induced inflammatory cytokines to release, and had less cell-to-cell permeability than AgNPs, which indicated that the toxicity of AgNPs was distinct from Ag ions. LPS itself disrupted BBB, while co-treatment with AgNPs and LPS dramatically enhanced the disruption and permeability coefficient. On the other hand, TiO2NPs exposure increased BBB penetration by size, and disrupted tight junction proteins without size dependence, and many of TiO2NPs accumulated in the endothelial cells were observed. This study provided the new insight of toxic potency of AgNPs and TiO2NPs in BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ho-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hou Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Jeen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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