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Couture Y, Keys D, Summers S. Comparison of hematologic variables between dogs with congenital intrahepatic and extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1458-1464. [PMID: 38699882 PMCID: PMC11099786 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS) are predisposed to gastrointestinal inflammation, ulceration, and bleeding, unlike dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS). Limited information is available about hematologic differences between dogs with IHPSS and dogs with EHPSS. OBJECTIVE Compare hemogram variables between dogs with IHPSS and EHPSS. We hypothesized that hematologic variables would differ between the 2 populations, with a higher frequency and severity of anemia and microcytosis in dogs with IHPSS. ANIMALS Twenty-six client-owned dogs with IHPSS and 35 client-owned dogs with EHPSS. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study. Dogs were included if a CBC was performed before shunt attenuation. Contingency analysis was performed to determine if the frequency of clinical signs and of hematologic variables below the reference range differed between groups. Hematologic and selected biochemical variables were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance with age as a covariate. RESULTS Gastrointestinal clinical signs (IHPSS, 81% vs EHPSS, 34%; P = .01), anemia (31% vs 6%; P = .01), microcytosis (77% vs 29%; P = .002), and hypochromia (77% vs 49%; P = .03) were more common in dogs with IHPSS than in dogs with EHPSS. Dogs with IHPSS had lower packed cell volume (34% vs 41%, P = .04), hemoglobin concentration (11.5 g/dL vs 13.7 g/dL, P = .03), mean corpuscular volume (57 fL vs 65 fL; P = .001), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (32 g/dL vs 33 g/dL; P = .04) than dogs with EHPSS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dogs with IHPSS had a higher frequency of anemia, microcytosis, and hypochromia and exhibited more gastrointestinal clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanick Couture
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Stacie Summers
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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2
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Zelmer KLC, Moritz A, Bauer N. Evaluation of canine and feline leukocyte differential counts obtained with the scil vCell 5 compared to the Advia 2120 hematology analyzer and a manual method. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:679-697. [PMID: 37612877 PMCID: PMC10621549 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231187899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vCell 5 (scil Animal Care), a point-of-care hematology analyzer (POCA), was recently introduced to veterinary laboratories. This laser- and impedance-based analyzer is capable of providing a CBC with 5-part WBC differential count (Diff) along with WBC cytograms and flags serving as interpretation aids for numerical results. We compared the scil POCA-Diff to reference methods (i.e., manual differential count, Advia 2120 hematology analyzer [Siemens]) for canine and feline blood samples and considered WBC cytograms and flags. Total observed error (TEo), calculated from CV and bias%, was compared to total allowable error (TEa). Data were analyzed before and after a review process (exclusion of flagged and samples with invalid cytograms). For both species, correlation was good-to-excellent (rs = 0.81-0.97) between both analyzers for all variables, except for feline monocytes (rs = 0.21-0.63) and canine monocyte% (rs = 0.50). Smallest biases were seen for neutrophils (dog: -5.7 to 0.8%; cat: 1.5-9.4%) with both reference methods. Quality requirements (TEo < TEa) were fulfilled for canine and feline neutrophils (TEo = 5.3-10.6%, TEa = 15%) and eosinophils (TEo = 67.1-83%, TEa = (90)-50%) considering at least one reference method. Our review process led to mildly higher rs-values for most variables. Although not completely satisfactory, the scil POCA provides reliable results in compliance with ASVCP quality goals for canine and feline neutrophils and eosinophils. Analyzer flag and cytogram analysis served as useful tools for QA, indicating the necessity for manual review of blood smears, and contributed to improvement of scil POCA performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Reinhart B, Gilroy C, Clancey N, Burton S, Stull JW, Bishop N, Thakur K. Impact on canine neutrophil preservation with the addition of bovine serum albumin to K 3 -EDTA whole blood samples. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:396-401. [PMID: 37369632 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular deterioration occurs with blood sample aging, impacting white blood cell (WBC) identification and differential accuracy. This may be exacerbated in samples from patients experiencing inflammation. Previously, bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been shown to improve cellular preservation of blood and other samples, but the effect on cell preservation in canine blood has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the effects of BSA on neutrophil nuclear area when added to potassium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (K3 -EDTA)-anticoagulated canine blood prior to blood smear preparation. We evaluated the impact of inflammatory leukograms, sample storage temperatures (4° and 20°C), and time on outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Canine K3 -EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples stored at 4° and 20°C were used from unique patients, 10 with and 10 without inflammatory leukograms. Blood smears were prepared from aliquots with or without the addition of 22% BSA at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. The nuclear area was measured for 25 randomly selected neutrophils per slide using Fiji software. Mixed-effect linear regression modeling was performed (significance: P < 0.05). RESULTS Nuclear area increased over time with and without added BSA. Both sample storage temperatures and the presence or absence of an inflammatory leukogram significantly impacted neutrophil nuclear area. Samples with added BSA had slightly higher predicted nuclear areas than those without BSA, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS BSA did not significantly impact neutrophil nuclear area and did not improve neutrophil preservation in canine blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Reinhart
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Cornelia Gilroy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Noel Clancey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Shelley Burton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jason W Stull
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Nicole Bishop
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Krishna Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Shan C, Yu F, Deng X, Ni L, Luo X, Li J, Cai S, Huang M, Wang X. Biogenesis aberration: One of the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100997. [PMID: 37020458 PMCID: PMC10067878 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of COVID-19, including thrombocytopenia, has not been fully clarified. The lungs are a major organ of platelet production and thrombocytopenia induced by severe COVID-19 was proposed. Methods: the change of platelet level was analysed with clinical parameters in 95 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan Third Hospital. The production of platelets in the lungs was explored in an ARDS rat model. Results: The level of platelets was negatively correlated with disease severity and was recovered with disease improvement. The non-survivors were accompanied by lower levels of platelet. The odds ratio (OR) of the valley level of the platelet count (PLTlow) was greater than 1, suggesting that PLTlow could be a death exposure factor. The platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was positively associated with severity of COVID-19, and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio threshold of 248.5 was best correlated with death risk (sensitivity 0.641 and specificity 0.815). To demonstrate the possible biogenesis aberration of platelet in lungs, an LPS-induced ARDS rat model was applied. Lower level of platelet in peripheral and less production of platelet from lungs in ARDS were demonstrated. Though megakaryocyte (MK) number in ARDS lungs is higher than controls, the immature platelet fraction (IPF) in postpulmonary blood is still at the same level as prepulmonary in ARDS rat, indicating that ARDS rats generated fewer platelets in lungs. Conclusion: Our data suggested that COVID-19-induced severe lung inflammation may impair platelet production in the lung. Thrombocytopenia may be mainly caused by platelet consumption for multiorgan thrombosis; however, biogenesis aberration of platelet in the lung induced by diffuse interstitial pulmonary damage cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiting Shan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital, China and Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ni
- Shanghai Putuo District People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuming Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital, China and Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Xiongbiao Wang, ; Mian Huang,
| | - Xiongbiao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiongbiao Wang, ; Mian Huang,
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5
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Zelmer KLC, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of the scil vCell 5, a novel laser- and impedance-based point-of-care hematology analyzer, for use in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:504-517. [PMID: 35331075 PMCID: PMC9066672 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel laser- and impedance-based point-of-care hematology analyzer (POCA), the vCell 5 (scil Animal Care), providing a complete blood count with 5-part leukocyte differential count has recently been introduced to veterinary laboratories. We evaluated the analyzer for use in dogs and cats including method comparison and assessment of linearity, carryover, and precision. Fresh blood samples from 192 healthy and diseased dogs and 159 cats were analyzed, and results were compared to reference methods (i.e., microhematocrit [PCV], Advia 2120 hematology analyzer). Total observed error (TEo) was calculated from CV, obtained at 3 concentrations, and bias%, and compared to total allowable error (TEa). For both species, excellent correlation (rs = 0.93-0.99) was seen between methods for WBC and RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet counts (PLT), except for feline PLT (rs = 0.79). Quality requirements (TEo < TEa) were fulfilled for WBC (TEo = 8.6-11.1%; TEa = 20%) and RBC (TEo = 3.5-7%; TEa = 10%), hematocrit (TEo = 5.7-9.4%; TEa = 10%), PCV (cat TEo = 7.8%; TEa = 10%), mean corpuscular volume (cat TEo = 5.1%; TEa = 7%), and PLT (TEo = 13.1-24.1%; TEa = 25%). Excellent linearity was demonstrated for WBC, RBC, and PLT, and hemoglobin. CVs of <2% for WBC, RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and of <5% (dog) and 8% (cat) for PLT were demonstrated for values within the RI. Except for calculated variables and well-known species-specific deviations in feline PLT, scil POCA results were correlated favorably with reference method results and complied with quality requirements for cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Arnold JE, Camus MS, Freeman KP, Giori L, Hooijberg EH, Jeffery U, Korchia J, Meindel MJ, Moore AR, Sisson SC, Vap LM, Cook JR. ASVCP Guidelines: Principles of Quality Assurance and Standards for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (version 3.0): Developed by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology's (ASVCP) Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) Committee. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 48:542-618. [PMID: 31889337 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Luca Giori
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jérémie Korchia
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Sisson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Linda M Vap
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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7
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Gautam A, Donohue D, Hoke A, Miller SA, Srinivasan S, Sowe B, Detwiler L, Lynch J, Levangie M, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Investigating gene expression profiles of whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells using multiple collection and processing methods. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225137. [PMID: 31809517 PMCID: PMC6897427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling using blood samples is a valuable tool for biomarker discovery in clinical studies. Different whole blood RNA collection and processing methods are highly variable and might confound comparisons of results across studies. The main aim of the current study is to compare how blood storage, extraction methodologies, and the blood components themselves may influence gene expression profiling. Whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected in triplicate from five healthy donors. Whole blood was collected in RNAgard® and PAXgene® Blood RNA Tubes, as well as in collection tubes with anticoagulants such as dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2EDTA) and Acid Citrate Dextrose Solution A (ACD-A). PBMCs were separated using sodium citrate Cell Preparation Tubes (CPT™), FICOLL™, magnetic separation, and the LeukoLOCK™ methods. After blood collection, the LeukoLOCK™, K2EDTA and ACD-A blood tubes were shipped overnight using cold conditions and samples from the rest of the collection were immediately frozen with or without pre-processing. The RNA was isolated from whole blood and PBMCs using a total of 10 different experimental conditions employing several widely utilized RNA isolation methods. The RNA quality was assessed by RNA Integrity Number (RIN), which showed that all PBMC procedures had the highest RIN values when blood was stabilized in TRIzol® Reagent before RNA extraction. Initial data analysis showed that human blood stored and shipped at 4°C overnight performed equally well when checked for quality using RNA integrity number when compared to frozen stabilized blood. Comparisons within and across donor/method replicates showed signal-to-noise patterns which were not captured by RIN value alone. Pathway analysis using the top 1000 false discovery rate (FDR) corrected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed frozen vs. cold shipping conditions greatly impacted gene expression patterns in whole blood. However, the top 1000 FDR corrected DEGs from PBMCs preserved after frozen vs. cold shipping conditions (LeukoLOCK™ preserved in RNAlater®) revealed no significantly affected pathways. Our results provide novel insight into how RNA isolation, various storage, handling, and processing methodologies can influence RNA quality and apparent gene expression using blood samples. Careful consideration is necessary to avoid bias resulting from downstream processing. Better characterization of the effects of collection method idiosyncrasies will facilitate further research in understanding the effect of gene expression variability in human sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Duncan Donohue
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Allison Hoke
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Fort Detrick, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacy Ann Miller
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Fort Detrick, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Seshamalini Srinivasan
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Bintu Sowe
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Fort Detrick, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Leanne Detwiler
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jesse Lynch
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Fort Detrick, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Levangie
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
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8
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Layssol-Lamour C, Lavabre T, Braun JP, Trumel C, Bourgès-Abella N. The effects of storage at 4°C and 20°C on the hemograms of C57BL/6 mice and Wistar rats using the IDEXX ProCyte Dx and blood smear evaluations. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:652-667. [PMID: 31657495 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed blood analysis might be unavoidable in laboratory practice, but little is known about rodent blood stability, especially cell morphology and scattergram results. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the stability of rodent blood cell counts and morphologies at different temperatures using the ProCyte Dx analyzer and performing manual observations. METHODS Ten Wistar rats and 10 C57bl/6 mice were sampled on EDTA tubes and aliquoted for storage (4°C, 20°C). Hematologic analyses were performed immediately and at T6h, T24h, T48h (rats and mice), and T72h (rats only) after storage. RESULTS In rats, at any temperature, red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels, and reticulocyte, white blood cell (WBC), eosinophil, and impedance platelet counts remained stable over time. The main changes were observed at 20°C for hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and WBC differential counts. Optical platelet counts (PLT-O) and platelet variables underwent changes at both temperatures from T24h. In mice, red blood cell counts by impedance (RBC-I), MCH, and WBC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and platelet counts, and plateletcrit (PCT) were stable over time and at all temperatures. As in rats, the most significant changes were observed at 20°C and concerned the optical RBC (RBC-O) counts, HCTs, MCVs, MCHCs, and reticulocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts. For both species, blood cell morphologies were altered from T24h at all temperatures, and platelet clumps were more numerous at 4°C. CONCLUSIONS When rodent blood analyses need to be delayed, storage at 4°C is preferred and should not exceed 24 hours. PLT counts should be interpreted cautiously in refrigerated specimens with mandatory blood smear evaluations when abnormal scattergrams are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Layssol-Lamour
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Typhaine Lavabre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Catherine Trumel
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Bourgès-Abella
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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