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Pazzin DB, Previato TTR, Budelon Gonçalves JI, Zanirati G, Xavier FAC, da Costa JC, Marinowic DR. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids in Advancing Neuropathology Research and Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:745. [PMID: 38727281 PMCID: PMC11083827 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the groundbreaking impact of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and three-dimensional organoid models in propelling forward neuropathology research. With a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, neuromotor disorders, and related conditions, iPSCs provide a platform for personalized disease modeling, holding significant potential for regenerative therapy and drug discovery. The adaptability of iPSCs, along with associated methodologies, enables the generation of various types of neural cell differentiations and their integration into three-dimensional organoid models, effectively replicating complex tissue structures in vitro. Key advancements in organoid and iPSC generation protocols, alongside the careful selection of donor cell types, are emphasized as critical steps in harnessing these technologies to mitigate tumorigenic risks and other hurdles. Encouragingly, iPSCs show promising outcomes in regenerative therapies, as evidenced by their successful application in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Bottega Pazzin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thales Thor Ramos Previato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Fernando Antonio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
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Shim G, Romero-Morales AI, Sripathy SR, Maher BJ. Utilizing hiPSC-derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin pathophysiology in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1322813. [PMID: 38273973 PMCID: PMC10808804 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in our central nervous system (CNS) by myelinating axons for faster action potential conduction, protecting axons from degeneration, structuring the position of ion channels, and providing nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and/or dysmyelination can contribute to a range of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Leukodystrophy (LD), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Common characteristics identified across these disorders were either an inability of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate after degeneration or defects in oligodendrocyte development and maturation. Unfortunately, the causal mechanisms of oligodendrocyte dysfunction are still uncertain, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. Many studies rely on the use of animal models to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these disorders, however, such studies face species-specific challenges and therefore lack translatability. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model neurological diseases is becoming a powerful new tool, improving our understanding of pathophysiology and capacity to explore therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on the application of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte model systems to model disorders caused by oligodendrocyte dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Shim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra I. Romero-Morales
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Srinidhi R. Sripathy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brady J. Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Sharma V, Nepovimova E, Adam V, Kuca K, Chopra C. Advances in Genetic Reprogramming: Prospects from Developmental Biology to Regenerative Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1646-1690. [PMID: 37138422 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230503144619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The foundations of cell reprogramming were laid by Yamanaka and co-workers, who showed that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells (induced pluripotency). Since this discovery, the field of regenerative medicine has seen advancements. For example, because they can differentiate into multiple cell types, pluripotent stem cells are considered vital components in regenerative medicine aimed at the functional restoration of damaged tissue. Despite years of research, both replacement and restoration of failed organs/ tissues have remained elusive scientific feats. However, with the inception of cell engineering and nuclear reprogramming, useful solutions have been identified to counter the need for compatible and sustainable organs. By combining the science underlying genetic engineering and nuclear reprogramming with regenerative medicine, scientists have engineered cells to make gene and stem cell therapies applicable and effective. These approaches have enabled the targeting of various pathways to reprogramme cells, i.e., make them behave in beneficial ways in a patient-specific manner. Technological advancements have clearly supported the concept and realization of regenerative medicine. Genetic engineering is used for tissue engineering and nuclear reprogramming and has led to advances in regenerative medicine. Targeted therapies and replacement of traumatized , damaged, or aged organs can be realized through genetic engineering. Furthermore, the success of these therapies has been validated through thousands of clinical trials. Scientists are currently evaluating induced tissue-specific stem cells (iTSCs), which may lead to tumour-free applications of pluripotency induction. In this review, we present state-of-the-art genetic engineering that has been used in regenerative medicine. We also focus on ways that genetic engineering and nuclear reprogramming have transformed regenerative medicine and have become unique therapeutic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Varun Sharma
- Head of Bioinformatic Division, NMC Genetics India Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ 613 00, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Tian G, Cao C, Li S, Wang W, Zhang Y, Lv Y. rAAV2-Mediated Restoration of GALC in Neural Stem Cells from Krabbe Patient-Derived iPSCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040624. [PMID: 37111381 PMCID: PMC10143348 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare neurodegenerative fatal disease. It is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC), which results in progressive accumulation of galactolipid substrates in myelin-forming cells. However, there is still a lack of appropriate neural models and effective approaches for Krabbe disease. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a Krabbe patient previously. Here, Krabbe patient-derived neural stem cells (K-NSCs) were induced from these iPSCs. By using nine kinds of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to infect K-NSCs, we found that the rAAV2 vector has high transduction efficiency for K-NSCs. Most importantly, rAAV2-GALC rescued GALC enzymatic activity in K-NSCs. Our findings not only establish a novel patient NSC model for Krabbe disease, but also firstly indicate the potential of rAAV2-mediated gene therapy for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Shuyue Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yafeng Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
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Smith MC, Belur LR, Karlen AD, Podetz-Pedersen K, Erlanson O, Laoharawee K, Furcich J, Lund TC, You Y, Seelig D, Webber BR, McIvor RS. Generation and characterization of an immunodeficient mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107539. [PMID: 37023503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome, MPS II) is an inherited X-linked recessive disease caused by deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), resulting in the accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparan and dermatan sulfates. Mouse models of MPS II have been used in several reports to study disease pathology and to conduct preclinical studies for current and next generation therapies. Here, we report the generation and characterization of an immunodeficient mouse model of MPS II, where CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to knock out a portion of the murine IDS gene on the NOD/SCID/Il2rγ (NSG) immunodeficient background. IDS-/- NSG mice lacked detectable IDS activity in plasma and all analyzed tissues and exhibited elevated levels of GAGs in those same tissues and in the urine. Histopathology revealed vacuolized cells in both the periphery and CNS of NSG-MPS II mice. This model recapitulates skeletal disease manifestations, such as increased zygomatic arch diameter and decreased femur length. Neurocognitive deficits in spatial memory and learning were also observed in the NSG-MPS II model. We anticipate that this new immunodeficient model will be appropriate for preclinical studies involving xenotransplantation of human cell products intended for the treatment of MPS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles C Smith
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrea D Karlen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelly Podetz-Pedersen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Olivia Erlanson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kanut Laoharawee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Justin Furcich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Troy C Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yun You
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davis Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Beau R Webber
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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6
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Poletto E, Silva AO, Weinlich R, Martin PKM, Torres DC, Giugliani R, Baldo G. Ex vivo gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders: future perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:353-364. [PMID: 36920351 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2192348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are a group of monogenic rare diseases caused by pathogenic variants in genes that encode proteins related to lysosomal function. These disorders are good candidates for gene therapy for different reasons: they are monogenic, most of lysosomal proteins are enzymes that can be secreted and cross-correct neighboring cells, and small quantities of these proteins are able to produce clinical benefits in many cases. Ex vivo gene therapy allows for autologous transplant of modified cells from different sources, including stem cells and hematopoietic precursors. AREAS COVERED Here, we summarize the main gene therapy and genome editing strategies that are currently being used as ex vivo gene therapy approaches for lysosomal disorders, highlighting important characteristics, such as vectors used, strategies, types of cells that are modified and main results in different disorders. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials are already ongoing, and soon approved therapies for LSD based on ex vivo gene therapy approaches should reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Poletto
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrew Oliveira Silva
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa/Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Davi Coe Torres
- Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa/Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Giordano AMS, Abou Alezz M, Merelli I, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. Protocol to differentiate monolayer human induced pluripotent stem cells into inflammatory responsive astrocytes. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102142. [PMID: 36881505 PMCID: PMC10009719 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia, and in particular astrocytes, are one of the major players in neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders. Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate inflammatory responsive astrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells in a monolayer culture. We describe steps for neural differentiation to reach a homogeneous population of neural progenitor cells, followed by their differentiation into neural/glial progenitors. Finally, we detail enrichment to a 90% pure inflammatory responsive astrocyte population. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Giordano et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sole Giordano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monah Abou Alezz
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Berg LJ, Brüstle O. Stem cell programming - prospects for perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2023:jpm-2022-0575. [PMID: 36809086 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Recreating human cell and organ systems in vitro has tremendous potential for disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. The aim of this short overview is to recapitulate the impressive progress that has been made in the fast-developing field of cell programming during the past years, to illuminate the advantages and limitations of the various cell programming technologies for addressing nervous system disorders and to gauge their impact for perinatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Berg
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Szymoniuk M, Litak J, Sakwa L, Dryla A, Zezuliński W, Czyżewski W, Kamieniak P, Blicharski T. Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Application of Multipotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 12:120. [PMID: 36611914 PMCID: PMC9818156 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a common neurological disorder with devastating psychical and psychosocial sequelae. The majority of patients after SCI suffer from permanent disability caused by motor dysfunction, impaired sensation, neuropathic pain, spasticity as well as urinary complications, and a small number of patients experience a complete recovery. Current standard treatment modalities of the SCI aim to prevent secondary injury and provide limited recovery of lost neurological functions. Stem Cell Therapy (SCT) represents an emerging treatment approach using the differentiation, paracrine, and self-renewal capabilities of stem cells to regenerate the injured spinal cord. To date, multipotent stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent the most investigated types of stem cells for the treatment of SCI in preclinical and clinical studies. The microenvironment of SCI has a significant impact on the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Therefore, a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI and molecular mechanisms through which stem cells act may help improve the treatment efficacy of SCT and find new therapeutic approaches such as stem-cell-derived exosomes, gene-modified stem cells, scaffolds, and nanomaterials. In this literature review, the pathogenesis of SCI and molecular mechanisms of action of multipotent stem cells including MSCs, NSCs, and HSCs are comprehensively described. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of multipotent stem cells in SCI treatment, an optimal protocol of stem cell administration, and recent therapeutic approaches based on or combined with SCT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szymoniuk
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Leon Sakwa
- Student Scientific Society, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technologies and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dryla
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zezuliński
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Czyżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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Pearse Y, Clarke D, Kan SH, Le SQ, Sanghez V, Luzzi A, Pham I, Nih LR, Cooper JD, Dickson PI, Iacovino M. Brain transplantation of genetically corrected Sanfilippo type B neural stem cells induces partial cross-correction of the disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:452-463. [PMID: 36419468 PMCID: PMC9672419 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome type B (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB) is a recessive genetic disorder that severely affects the brain due to a deficiency in the enzyme α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), leading to intra-lysosomal accumulation of partially degraded heparan sulfate. There are no effective treatments for this disorder. In this project, we carried out an ex vivo correction of neural stem cells derived from Naglu -/- mice (iNSCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) using a modified enzyme in which human NAGLU is fused to an insulin-like growth factor II receptor binding peptide in order to improve enzyme uptake. After brain transplantation of corrected iNSCs into Naglu -/- mice and long-term evaluation of their impact, we successfully detected NAGLU-IGFII activity in all transplanted animals. We found decreased lysosomal accumulation and reduced astrocytosis and microglial activation throughout transplanted brains. We also identified a novel neuropathological phenotype in untreated Naglu -/- brains with decreased levels of the neuronal marker Map2 and accumulation of synaptophysin-positive aggregates. Upon transplantation, we restored levels of Map2 expression and significantly reduced formation of synaptophysin-positive aggregates. Our findings suggest that genetically engineered iNSCs can be used to effectively deliver the missing enzyme to the brain and treat Sanfilippo type B-associated neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewande Pearse
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Don Clarke
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Shih-hsin Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- CHOC Research Institute, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Steven Q. Le
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Anna Luzzi
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Ivy Pham
- Department of Neurology, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Lina R. Nih
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Neurology, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Michelina Iacovino
- Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Nistor-Cseppentö DC, Jurcău MC, Jurcău A, Andronie-Cioară FL, Marcu F. Stem Cell- and Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:717. [PMID: 36421118 PMCID: PMC9687728 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second cause of disability worldwide as it is expected to increase its incidence and prevalence. Despite efforts to increase the number of patients eligible for recanalization therapies, a significant proportion of stroke survivors remain permanently disabled. This outcome boosted the search for efficient neurorestorative methods. Stem cells act through multiple pathways: cell replacement, the secretion of growth factors, promoting endogenous reparative pathways, angiogenesis, and the modulation of neuroinflammation. Although neural stem cells are difficult to obtain, pose a series of ethical issues, and require intracerebral delivery, mesenchymal stem cells are less immunogenic, are easy to obtain, and can be transplanted via intravenous, intra-arterial, or intranasal routes. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes have similar actions and are easier to obtain, also allowing for engineering to deliver specific molecules or RNAs and to promote the desired effects. Appropriate timing, dosing, and delivery protocols must be established, and the possibility of tumorigenesis must be settled. Nonetheless, stem cell- and cell-based therapies for stroke have already entered clinical trials. Although safe, the evidence for efficacy is less impressive so far. Hopefully, the STEP guidelines and the SPAN program will improve the success rate. As such, stem cell- and cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppentö
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Anamaria Jurcău
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioară
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Florin Marcu
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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12
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Hossain MA, Hasegawa-Ogawa M, Manome Y, Igarashi M, Wu C, Suzuki K, Igarashi J, Iwamoto T, Okano HJ, Eto Y. Generation and characterization of motor neuron progenitors and motor neurons using metachromatic leukodystrophy-induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100852. [PMID: 35782608 PMCID: PMC9248224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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13
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De Pasquale V, Scarcella M, Pavone LM. Molecular Mechanisms in Lysosomal Storage Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040922. [PMID: 35453672 PMCID: PMC9031509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80127 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.P.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Melania Scarcella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.D.P.); (L.M.P.)
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14
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Giordano AMS, Luciani M, Gatto F, Abou Alezz M, Beghè C, Della Volpe L, Migliara A, Valsoni S, Genua M, Dzieciatkowska M, Frati G, Tahraoui-Bories J, Giliani SC, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Ostuni R, D'Alessandro A, Di Micco R, Merelli I, Lombardo A, Reijns MAM, Gromak N, Gritti A, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. DNA damage contributes to neurotoxic inflammation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome astrocytes. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213058. [PMID: 35262626 PMCID: PMC8916121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant induction of type I IFN is a hallmark of the inherited encephalopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), but the mechanisms triggering disease in the human central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive. Here, we generated human models of AGS using genetically modified and patient-derived pluripotent stem cells harboring TREX1 or RNASEH2B loss-of-function alleles. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals that spontaneous proinflammatory activation in AGS astrocytes initiates signaling cascades impacting multiple CNS cell subsets analyzed at the single-cell level. We identify accumulating DNA damage, with elevated R-loop and micronuclei formation, as a driver of STING- and NLRP3-related inflammatory responses leading to the secretion of neurotoxic mediators. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of proapoptotic or inflammatory cascades in AGS astrocytes prevents neurotoxicity without apparent impact on their increased type I IFN responses. Together, our work identifies DNA damage as a major driver of neurotoxic inflammation in AGS astrocytes, suggests a role for AGS gene products in R-loop homeostasis, and identifies common denominators of disease that can be targeted to prevent astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sole Giordano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monah Abou Alezz
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Beghè
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucrezia Della Volpe
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Migliara
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Valsoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie Tahraoui-Bories
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Clara Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Brescia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Renato Ostuni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin A M Reijns
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalia Gromak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Sabitha KR, Chandran D, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Delineating the neuropathology of lysosomal storage diseases using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:221-238. [PMID: 35316126 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inherited metabolic diseases caused due to deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, essential for the normal development of the brain and other organs. Approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from LSD exhibit neurological deficits and impose an escalating challenge to the medical and scientific field. The advent of iPSC technology has aided researchers in efficiently generating functional neuronal and non-neuronal cells through directed differentiation protocols, as well as in decoding the cellular, subcellular and molecular defects associated with LSDs using two-dimensional cultures and cerebral organoid models. This review highlights the information assembled from patient-derived iPSCs on neurodevelopmental and neuropathological defects identified in LSDs. Multiple studies have identified neural progenitor cell migration and differentiation defects, substrate accumulation, axon growth and myelination defects, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered electrophysiological properties, using patient-derived iPSCs. In addition, these studies have also uncovered defective lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, autophagy and vesicle trafficking and signaling pathways, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, neurodegeneration, gliosis, altered transcriptomes in LSDs. The review also discusses the therapeutic applications such as drug discovery, repurposing of drugs, synergistic effects of drugs, targeted molecular therapies, gene therapy, and transplantation applications of mutation corrected lines identified using patient-derived iPSCs for different LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Texas A&M University College Station, 14736, College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States;
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
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16
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Luciani M, Garsia C, Mangiameli E, Meneghini V, Gritti A. Intracerebroventricular transplantation of human iPSC-derived neural stem cells (hiPSC-NSCs) into neonatal mice. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 171:127-147. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Ricci S, Cacialli P. Stem Cell Research Tools in Human Metabolic Disorders: An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102681. [PMID: 34685661 PMCID: PMC8534517 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are very common in the population worldwide and are among the diseases with the highest health utilization and costs per person. Despite the ongoing efforts to develop new treatments, currently, for many of these disorders, there are no approved therapies, resulting in a huge economic hit and tension for society. In this review, we recapitulate the recent advancements in stem cell (gene) therapy as potential tools for the long-term treatment of both inherited (lysosomal storage diseases) and acquired (diabetes mellitus, obesity) metabolic disorders, focusing on the main promising results observed in human patients and discussing the critical hurdles preventing the definitive jump of this approach from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ricci
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Pietro Cacialli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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18
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Global Transcriptional Analyses of the Wnt-Induced Development of Neural Stem Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147473. [PMID: 34299091 PMCID: PMC8308016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to neural stem cells (NSCs) is the key initial event in neurogenesis and is thought to be dependent on the family of Wnt growth factors, their receptors and signaling proteins. The delineation of the transcriptional pathways that mediate Wnt-induced hPSCs to NSCs differentiation is vital for understanding the global genomic mechanisms of the development of NSCs and, potentially, the creation of new protocols in regenerative medicine. To understand the genomic mechanism of Wnt signaling during NSCs development, we treated hPSCs with Wnt activator (CHIR-99021) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a chemically defined medium (N2B27) to induce NSCs, referred to as CLNSCs. The CLNSCs were subcultured for more than 40 passages in vitro; were positive for AP staining; expressed neural progenitor markers such as NESTIN, PAX6, SOX2, and SOX1; and were able to differentiate into three neural lineage cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. Our transcriptome analyses revealed that the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways regulate hPSCs cell fate decisions for neural lineages and maintain the self-renewal of CLNSCs. One interesting network could be the deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in CLNSCs via the downregulation of c-MYC, which may promote exit from pluripotency and neural differentiation. The Wnt-induced spinal markers HOXA1-4, HOXA7, HOXB1-4, and HOXC4 were increased, however, the brain markers FOXG1 and OTX2, were absent in the CLNSCs, indicating that CLNSCs have partial spinal cord properties. Finally, a CLNSC simple culture condition, when applied to hPSCs, supports the generation of NSCs, and provides a new and efficient cell model with which to untangle the mechanisms during neurogenesis.
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19
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Köse S, Aerts-Kaya F, Uçkan Çetinkaya D, Korkusuz P. Stem Cell Applications in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Progress and Ongoing Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:135-162. [PMID: 33977438 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are rare inborn errors of metabolism caused by defects in lysosomal function. These diseases are characterized by accumulation of completely or partially degraded substrates in the lysosomes leading to cellular dysfunction of the affected cells. Currently, enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs), treatments directed at substrate reduction (SRT), and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation are the only treatment options for LSDs, and the effects of these treatments depend strongly on the type of LSD and the time of initiation of treatment. However, some of the LSDs still lack a durable and curative treatment. Therefore, a variety of novel treatments for LSD patients has been developed in the past few years. However, despite significant progress, the efficacy of some of these treatments remains limited because these therapies are often initiated after irreversible organ damage has occurred.Here, we provide an overview of the known effects of LSDs on stem cell function, as well as a synopsis of available stem cell-based cell and gene therapies that have been/are being developed for the treatment of LSDs. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-related (gene) therapies. An overview of current research data indicates that when stem cell and/or gene therapy applications are used in combination with existing therapies such as ERT, SRT, and chaperone therapies, promising results can be achieved, showing that these treatments may result in alleviation of existing symptoms and/or prevention of progression of the disease. All together, these studies offer some insight in LSD stem cell biology and provide a hopeful perspective for the use of stem cells. Further development and improvement of these stem cell (gene) combination therapies may greatly improve the current treatment options and outcomes of patients with a LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Köse
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.,Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uçkan Çetinkaya
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development (PEDI-STEM), Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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Esmail S, Danter WR. Artificially Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Whole-Brain Organoid for Modelling the Pathophysiology of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy and Drug Repurposing. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040440. [PMID: 33923989 PMCID: PMC8073899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that results from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA). Worldwide, there are between one in 40,000 and one in 160,000 people living with the disease. While there are currently no effective treatments for MLD, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids have the potential to provide a better understanding of MLD pathogenesis. However, developing brain organoid models is expensive, time consuming and may not accurately reflect disease progression. Using accurate and inexpensive computer simulations of human brain organoids could overcome the current limitations. Artificially induced whole-brain organoids (aiWBO) have the potential to greatly expand our ability to model MLD and guide future wet lab research. In this study, we have upgraded and validated our artificially induced whole-brain organoid platform (NEUBOrg) using our previously validated machine learning platform, DeepNEU (v6.2). Using this upgraded NEUBorg, we have generated aiWBO simulations of MLD and provided a novel approach to evaluate factors associated with MLD pathogenesis, disease progression and new potential therapeutic options.
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21
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Li S, Zhao H, Han X, Ni B, He L, Mukama O, de Dieu Habimana J, Lin Z, Huang R, Huang H, Tian C, Tang F, Li Z. Generation of UCiPSC-derived neurospheres for cell therapy and its application. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:188. [PMID: 33736654 PMCID: PMC7977190 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy remains one of the most potential approaches for the treatment of neurological disorders. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and the establishment of hiPSC-derived human neural stem cells (hiNSCs) have revolutionized the technique of cell therapy. Meanwhile, it is often required that NSCs are stored and transported to a long distance for research or treatment purposes. Although high survival rates could be maintained, conventional methods for cell transportation (dry ice or liquid nitrogen) are inconvenient and expensive. Therefore, the establishment of a safe, affordable, and low-cost strategy to store and transport easily accessible hiPSCs and hiNSCs, with characteristics that match fetal hNSCs, is incredibly urgent. METHODS We reprogrammed human urinary cells to iPSCs using a non-integrating, virus-free technique and differentiated the iPSCs toward iNSCs/neurospheres and neurons, under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compatible conditions. The pluripotency of iPSCs and iNSCs was characterized by a series of classical methods (surface markers, karyotype analysis, and in vitro as well as in vivo differentiation capabilities, etc.). RESULTS Here, our results showed that we successfully generated hiNSCs/neurospheres from more available, non-invasive, and more acceptable urinary cells by a virus-free technique. Next, we demonstrated that the iNSCs differentiated into mature cerebral cortical neurons and neural networks. Interestingly, hiNSCs survived longer as neurospheres at ambient temperature (AT) than those cultured in a monolayer. Within 7 days approximately, the neural viability remained at > 80%, while hiNSCs cultured in a monolayer died almost immediately. Neurospheres exposed to AT that were placed under standard culture conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2) recovered their typical morphology, and retained their proliferation and differentiation abilities. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provided a simple method for the storage of NSCs as neurospheres at AT as an alternative method to more costly and inconvenient traditional methods of cryopreservation. This will enable hiNSCs to be transported over long distances at AT and facilitate the therapeutic application of NSCs as neurospheres without any further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Ni
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lang He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Omar Mukama
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Zuoxian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongqi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hualin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China. .,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Perrier S, Michell-Robinson MA, Bernard G. POLR3-Related Leukodystrophy: Exploring Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:631802. [PMID: 33633543 PMCID: PMC7902007 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.631802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a class of rare inherited central nervous system (CNS) disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, typically leading to progressive neurodegeneration and early death. Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies are characterized by the abnormal formation of the myelin sheath during development. POLR3-related or 4H (hypomyelination, hypodontia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) leukodystrophy is one of the most common types of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy for which no curative treatment or disease-modifying therapy is available. This review aims to describe potential therapies that could be further studied for effectiveness in pre-clinical studies, for an eventual translation to the clinic to treat the neurological manifestations associated with POLR3-related leukodystrophy. Here, we discuss the therapeutic approaches that have shown promise in other leukodystrophies, as well as other genetic diseases, and consider their use in treating POLR3-related leukodystrophy. More specifically, we explore the approaches of using stem cell transplantation, gene replacement therapy, and gene editing as potential treatment options, and discuss their possible benefits and limitations as future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perrier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie A. Michell-Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Montréal Children’s Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Jiao Y, Liu YW, Chen WG, Liu J. Neuroregeneration and functional recovery after stroke: advancing neural stem cell therapy toward clinical application. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:80-92. [PMID: 32788451 PMCID: PMC7818886 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a main cause of death and disability worldwide. The ability of the brain to self-repair in the acute and chronic phases after stroke is minimal; however, promising stem cell-based interventions are emerging that may give substantial and possibly complete recovery of brain function after stroke. Many animal models and clinical trials have demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the central nervous system can orchestrate neurological repair through nerve regeneration, neuron polarization, axon pruning, neurite outgrowth, repair of myelin, and remodeling of the microenvironment and brain networks. Compared with other types of stem cells, NSCs have unique advantages in cell replacement, paracrine action, inflammatory regulation and neuroprotection. Our review summarizes NSC origins, characteristics, therapeutic mechanisms and repair processes, then highlights current research findings and clinical evidence for NSC therapy. These results may be helpful to inform the direction of future stroke research and to guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu-Wan Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei-Gong Chen
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cells and Precision Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Sabitha KR, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Patient-derived iPSC modeling of rare neurodevelopmental disorders: Molecular pathophysiology and prospective therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:201-219. [PMID: 33370574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological alterations that manifest during the early embryonic development due to inherited and acquired factors trigger various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Besides major NDDs, there are several rare NDDs, exhibiting specific characteristics and varying levels of severity triggered due to genetic and epigenetic anomalies. The rarity of subjects, paucity of neural tissues for detailed analysis, and the unavailability of disease-specific animal models have hampered detailed comprehension of rare NDDs, imposing heightened challenge to the medical and scientific community until a decade ago. The generation of functional neurons and glia through directed differentiation protocols for patient-derived iPSCs, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and 3D brain organoid models have provided an excellent opportunity and vibrant resource for decoding the etiology of brain development for rare NDDs caused due to monogenic as well as polygenic disorders. The present review identifies cellular and molecular phenotypes demonstrated from patient-derived iPSCs and possible therapeutic opportunities identified for these disorders. New insights to reinforce the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders and prospective therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Morena F, Argentati C, Soccio M, Bicchi I, Luzi F, Torre L, Munari A, Emiliani C, Gigli M, Lotti N, Armentano I, Martino S. Unpatterned Bioactive Poly(Butylene 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylate)-Based Film Fast Induced Neuronal-Like Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9274. [PMID: 33291757 PMCID: PMC7729499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present poly(butylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PBCE) films characterized by an unpatterned microstructure and a specific hydrophobicity, capable of boosting a drastic cytoskeleton architecture remodeling, culminating with the neuronal-like differentiation of human bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). We have used two different filming procedures to prepare the films, solvent casting (PBCE) and compression-moulding (PBCE*). PBCE film had a rough and porous surface with spherulite-like aggregations (Ø = 10-20 μm) and was characterized by a water contact angle = 100°. PBCE* showed a smooth and continuous surface without voids and visible spherulite-like aggregations and was more hydrophobic (WCA = 110°). Both surface characteristics were modulated through the copolymerization of different amounts of ether-oxygen-containing co-units into PBCE chemical structure. We showed that only the surface characteristics of PBCE-solvent-casted films steered hBM-MSCs toward a neuronal-like differentiation. hBM-MSCs lost their canonical mesenchymal morphology, acquired a neuronal polarized shape with a long cell protrusion (≥150 μm), expressed neuron-specific class III β-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 neuronal markers, while nestin, a marker of uncommitted stem cells, was drastically silenced. These events were observed as early as 2-days after cell seeding. Of note, the phenomenon was totally absent on PBCE* film, as hBM-MSCs maintained the mesenchymal shape and behavior and did not express neuronal/glial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.M.); (C.A.); (I.B.); (C.E.)
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.M.); (C.A.); (I.B.); (C.E.)
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering–DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ilaria Bicchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.M.); (C.A.); (I.B.); (C.E.)
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.)
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.)
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering–DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.M.); (C.A.); (I.B.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari University of Venice, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy;
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering–DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (F.M.); (C.A.); (I.B.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Shaimardanova AA, Chulpanova DS, Solovyeva VV, Mullagulova AI, Kitaeva KV, Allegrucci C, Rizvanov AA. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Diagnosis, Modeling, and Treatment Approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:576221. [PMID: 33195324 PMCID: PMC7606900 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.576221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease, which is characterized by damage of the myelin sheath that covers most of nerve fibers of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The disease occurs due to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA) or its sphingolipid activator protein B (SapB) and it clinically manifests as progressive motor and cognitive deficiency. ARSA and SapB protein deficiency are caused by mutations in the ARSA and PSAP genes, respectively. The severity of clinical course in metachromatic leukodystrophy is determined by the residual ARSA activity, depending on the type of mutation. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Clinical cases of bone marrow or cord blood transplantation have been reported, however the therapeutic effectiveness of these methods remains insufficient to prevent aggravation of neurological disorders. Encouraging results have been obtained using gene therapy for delivering the wild-type ARSA gene using vectors based on various serotypes of adeno-associated viruses, as well as using mesenchymal stem cells and combined gene-cell therapy. This review discusses therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy, as well as diagnostic methods and modeling of this pathology in animals to evaluate the effectiveness of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysilu I Mullagulova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) and Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Luciani M, Gritti A, Meneghini V. Human iPSC-Based Models for the Development of Therapeutics Targeting Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:224. [PMID: 33062642 PMCID: PMC7530250 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare genetic conditions. The absence or deficiency of lysosomal proteins leads to excessive storage of undigested materials and drives secondary pathological mechanisms including autophagy, calcium homeostasis, ER stress, and mitochondrial abnormalities. A large number of LSDs display mild to severe central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Animal disease models and post-mortem tissues partially recapitulate the disease or represent the final stage of CNS pathology, respectively. In the last decades, human models based on induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been extensively applied to investigate LSD pathology in several tissues and organs, including the CNS. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) derived from patient-specific hiPSCs (hiPS-NSCs) are a promising tool to define the effects of the pathological storage on neurodevelopment, survival and function of neurons and glial cells in neurodegenerative LSDs. Additionally, the development of novel 2D co-culture systems and 3D hiPSC-based models is fostering the investigation of neuron-glia functional and dysfunctional interactions, also contributing to define the role of neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of the disease, with important implications in terms of timing and efficacy of treatments. Here, we discuss the advantages and limits of the application of hiPS-NSC-based models in the study and treatment of CNS pathology in different LSDs. Additionally, we review the state-of-the-art and the prospective applications of NSC-based therapy, highlighting the potential exploitation of hiPS-NSCs for gene and cell therapy approaches in the treatment of neurodegenerative LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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28
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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29
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Kido J, Nakamura K, Era T. Role of induced pluripotent stem cells in lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103540. [PMID: 32828964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolism inborn errors caused by defective enzymes in the lysosome, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded substrates. Many characteristic cell features have been revealed in LSDs, including abnormal autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) dramatically boosted research on LSDs, particularly regarding novel opportunities to clarify the disease etiology based on the storage of macromolecules, such as sphingolipids in lysosomes. iPSCs made from LSD patients (LSD-iPSCs) have been differentiated into neurons, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages, with each cell type closely resembling the primary disease phenotypes, providing new tools to probe the disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies. Abnormally accumulated substrates impaired autophagy and mitochondrial and synapse functions in LSD-iPSC-derived neurons. Reducing the accumulation with the treatment of drug candidates improved LSD-iPSC-derived neuron functions. Additionally, iPSC technology can help probe the gene expressions, proteomics, and metabolomics of LSDs. Further, gene repair and the generation of new mutations in causative genes in LSD-iPSCs can be used to understand both the specific roles of causative genes and the contributions of other genetic factors to these phenotypes. Moreover, the development of iPSC-derived organoids as disease models has bridged the gap between studies using cell lines and in vivo animal models. There are some reproducibility issues in iPSC research, however, including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal abnormalities, DNA mutations, and gene modifications via methylation. In this review, we present the disease and treatment concepts gathered using selected LSD-iPSCs, discuss iPSC research limitations, and set our future research visions. Such studies are expected to further inform and generate insights into LSDs and are important in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Ricca A, Cascino F, Morena F, Martino S, Gritti A. In vitro Validation of Chimeric β-Galactosylceramidase Enzymes With Improved Enzymatic Activity and Increased Secretion. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:167. [PMID: 32850960 PMCID: PMC7396597 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by inherited defects of the β-galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene. The infantile forms display a rapid and aggressive central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS) dysfunction. No treatments are available for GLD patients. Effective gene therapy (GT) strategies for GLD require a safe and widespread delivery of the functional GALC enzyme to all affected tissues/organs, and particularly to the CNS. The use of chimeric lysosomal enzymes with increased secretion and enhanced transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that boost the efficacy of GT approaches in pre-clinical models of similar neurodegenerative LSDs may benefit GLD as well. Here, we tested the safety and biological efficacy of chimeric GALC enzymes engineered to express an alternative signal peptide (iduronate-2-sulfatase - IDSsp) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)-binding domain from the Apolipoprotein E II (ApoE II) in GLD murine neural and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and progeny, which are relevant cells types in the context of in vivo and ex vivo GT platforms. We show that the lentiviral vector-mediated expression of the chimeric GALC enzymes is safe and leads to supranormal enzymatic activity in both neural and hematopoietic cells. The IDSsp.GALC shows enhanced expression and secretion in comparison to the unmodified GALC. The chimeric GALC enzymes produced by LV-transduced cells reduce intracellular galactosylceramide (GalCer) storage and effectively cross-correct GLD murine neurons and glial cells, indicating that the transgenic enzymes are delivered to lysosomes, efficiently secreted, and functional. Of note, the expression of LDLr and LDLr-related proteins in GLD neurons and glial cells supports the exploitation of this system to enhance the GALC supply in affected CNS cells and tissues. These in vitro studies support the use of chimeric GALC enzymes to develop novel and more effective GT approaches for GLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cascino
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Ren Y, Qiang Y, Duan X, Li Z. The distinct difference in azido sugar metabolic rate between neural stem cells and fibroblasts and its application for decontamination of chemically induced neural stem cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2344-2347. [PMID: 31993612 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In our report, we found a distinct difference in azido sugar metabolic rate between neural stem cells and fibroblasts, which can be used for selective removal of fibroblasts from neural stem cell mixtures. Chemically induced neural stem cells (ciNSCs) serve as a highly valuable source of NSCs. Incompletely induced fibroblasts could interfere with ciNSC differentiation and become tumorigenic. Herein, we applied our method for the decontamination of ciNSCs and it exhibited excellent selectivity for ciNSCs. The results demonstrate that the ciNSC population can be efficiently purified to 98.1%. As far as we know, this is the highest purity obtained so far. We envision that, in the future, our method could be used as a safe, effective, and chemically-defined tool for decontaminating ciNSCs in both fundamental research and clinical stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 Xi Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 Xi Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 Xi Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengping Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 Xi Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China.
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Morena F, Martino S. Harnessing the Potential of Stem Cells for Disease Modeling: Progress and Promises. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E8. [PMID: 32041088 PMCID: PMC7151621 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo cell/tissue-based models are an essential step in the workflow of pathophysiology studies, assay development, disease modeling, drug discovery, and development of personalized therapeutic strategies. For these purposes, both scientific and pharmaceutical research have adopted ex vivo stem cell models because of their better predictive power. As matter of a fact, the advancing in isolation and in vitro expansion protocols for culturing autologous human stem cells, and the standardization of methods for generating patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells has made feasible to generate and investigate human cellular disease models with even greater speed and efficiency. Furthermore, the potential of stem cells on generating more complex systems, such as scaffold-cell models, organoids, or organ-on-a-chip, allowed to overcome the limitations of the two-dimensional culture systems as well as to better mimic tissues structures and functions. Finally, the advent of genome-editing/gene therapy technologies had a great impact on the generation of more proficient stem cell-disease models and on establishing an effective therapeutic treatment. In this review, we discuss important breakthroughs of stem cell-based models highlighting current directions, advantages, and limitations and point out the need to combine experimental biology with computational tools able to describe complex biological systems and deliver results or predictions in the context of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Ilaria Tortorella
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (F.M.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Makhija EP, Espinosa-Hoyos D, Jagielska A, Van Vliet KJ. Mechanical regulation of oligodendrocyte biology. Neurosci Lett 2019; 717:134673. [PMID: 31838017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OL) are a subset of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord. The CNS environment is defined by complex biochemical and biophysical cues during development and response to injury or disease. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding some of the key biophysical factors in the CNS that modulate OL biology, including their key role in myelination of neurons. Taken together, those studies offer translational implications for remyelination therapies, pharmacological research, identification of novel drug targets, and improvements in methods to generate human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and OLs from donor stem cells in vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge of how various physical and mechanical cues affect OL biology and its implications for disease, therapeutic approaches, and generation of human OPCs and OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta P Makhija
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, 138602, Singapore
| | - Daniela Espinosa-Hoyos
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Anna Jagielska
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, 138602, Singapore; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
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Novel bicistronic lentiviral vectors correct β-Hexosaminidase deficiency in neural and hematopoietic stem cells and progeny: implications for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy of GM2 gangliosidosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104667. [PMID: 31682993 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The favorable outcome of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy approaches in several Lysosomal Storage Diseases suggests that these treatment strategies might equally benefit GM2 gangliosidosis. Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease (the main forms of GM2 gangliosidosis) result from mutations in either the HEXA or HEXB genes encoding, respectively, the α- or β-subunits of the lysosomal β-Hexosaminidase enzyme. In physiological conditions, α- and β-subunits combine to generate β-Hexosaminidase A (HexA, αβ) and β-Hexosaminidase B (HexB, ββ). A major impairment to establishing in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy for GM2 gangliosidosis is the need to synthesize the α- and β-subunits at high levels and with the correct stoichiometric ratio, and to safely deliver the therapeutic products to all affected tissues/organs. Here, we report the generation and in vitro validation of novel bicistronic lentiviral vectors (LVs) encoding for both the murine and human codon optimized Hexa and Hexb genes. We show that these LVs drive the safe and coordinate expression of the α- and β-subunits, leading to supranormal levels of β-Hexosaminidase activity with prevalent formation of a functional HexA in SD murine neurons and glia, murine bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and human SD fibroblasts. The restoration/overexpression of β-Hexosaminidase leads to the reduction of intracellular GM2 ganglioside storage in transduced and in cross-corrected SD murine neural progeny, indicating that the transgenic enzyme is secreted and functional. Importantly, bicistronic LVs safely and efficiently transduce human neurons/glia and CD34+ HSPCs, which are target and effector cells, respectively, in prospective in vivo and ex vivo GT approaches. We anticipate that these bicistronic LVs may overcome the current requirement of two vectors co-delivering the α- or β-subunits genes. Careful assessment of the safety and therapeutic potential of these bicistronic LVs in the SD murine model will pave the way to the clinical development of LV-based gene therapy for GM2 gangliosidosis.
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Argentati C, Morena F, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Porcellati S, Emiliani C, Martino S. Insight into Mechanobiology: How Stem Cells Feel Mechanical Forces and Orchestrate Biological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5337. [PMID: 31717803 PMCID: PMC6862138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between stem cells and their microenvironment has been shown to have a direct impact on stem cells' decisions about proliferation, growth, migration, and differentiation. It is well known that stem cells, tissues, organs, and whole organisms change their internal architecture and composition in response to external physical stimuli, thanks to cells' ability to sense mechanical signals and elicit selected biological functions. Likewise, stem cells play an active role in governing the composition and the architecture of their microenvironment. Is now being documented that, thanks to this dynamic relationship, stemness identity and stem cell functions are maintained. In this work, we review the current knowledge in mechanobiology on stem cells. We start with the description of theoretical basis of mechanobiology, continue with the effects of mechanical cues on stem cells, development, pathology, and regenerative medicine, and emphasize the contribution in the field of the development of ex-vivo mechanobiology modelling and computational tools, which allow for evaluating the role of forces on stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Ilaria Tortorella
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Serena Porcellati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Nagree MS, Scalia S, McKillop WM, Medin JA. An update on gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:655-670. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza S. Nagree
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
WI, USA
| | - Simone Scalia
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
WI, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
WI, USA
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Pereira IM, Marote A, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Filling the Gap: Neural Stem Cells as A Promising Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020065. [PMID: 31035689 PMCID: PMC6631328 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and social impairments having a huge impact on patients’ lives. The complex and time-dependent SCI pathophysiology has been hampering the development of novel and effective therapies. Current treatment options include surgical interventions, to stabilize and decompress the spinal cord, and rehabilitative care, without providing a cure for these patients. Novel therapies have been developed targeting different stages during trauma. Among them, cell-based therapies hold great potential for tissue regeneration after injury. Neural stem cells (NSCs), which are multipotent cells with inherent differentiation capabilities committed to the neuronal lineage, are especially relevant to promote and reestablish the damaged neuronal spinal tracts. Several studies demonstrate the regenerative effects of NSCs in SCI after transplantation by providing neurotrophic support and restoring synaptic connectivity. Therefore, human clinical trials have already been launched to assess safety in SCI patients. Here, we review NSC-based experimental studies in a SCI context and how are they currently being translated into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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38
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Attwood SW, Edel MJ. iPS-Cell Technology and the Problem of Genetic Instability-Can It Ever Be Safe for Clinical Use? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030288. [PMID: 30823421 PMCID: PMC6462964 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) as a source of autologous tissues shows great promise in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, several major challenges remain to be addressed before iPSC-derived cells can be used in therapy, and experience of their clinical use is extremely limited. In this review, the factors affecting the safe translation of iPSC to the clinic are considered, together with an account of efforts being made to overcome these issues. The review draws upon experiences with pluripotent stem-cell therapeutics, including clinical trials involving human embryonic stem cells and the widely transplanted mesenchymal stem cells. The discussion covers concerns relating to: (i) the reprogramming process; (ii) the detection and removal of incompletely differentiated and pluripotent cells from the resulting medicinal products; and (iii) genomic and epigenetic changes, and the evolutionary and selective processes occurring during culture expansion, associated with production of iPSC-therapeutics. In addition, (iv) methods for the practical culture-at-scale and standardization required for routine clinical use are considered. Finally, (v) the potential of iPSC in the treatment of human disease is evaluated in the light of what is known about the reprogramming process, the behavior of cells in culture, and the performance of iPSC in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Attwood
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Michael J Edel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, University of Western Australia, PO Box 404, Bull Creek, Western Australia 6149, Australia.
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Bayó-Puxan N, Terrasso AP, Creyssels S, Simão D, Begon-Pescia C, Lavigne M, Salinas S, Bernex F, Bosch A, Kalatzis V, Levade T, Cuervo AM, Lory P, Consiglio A, Brito C, Kremer EJ. Lysosomal and network alterations in human mucopolysaccharidosis type VII iPSC-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16644. [PMID: 30413728 PMCID: PMC6226539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient β-glucuronidase (β-gluc) activity. Significantly reduced β-gluc activity leads to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in many tissues, including the brain. Numerous combinations of mutations in GUSB (the gene that codes for β-gluc) cause a range of neurological features that make disease prognosis and treatment challenging. Currently, there is little understanding of the molecular basis for MPS VII brain anomalies. To identify a neuronal phenotype that could be used to complement genetic analyses, we generated two iPSC clones derived from skin fibroblasts of an MPS VII patient. We found that MPS VII neurons exhibited reduced β-gluc activity and showed previously established disease-associated phenotypes, including GAGs accumulation, expanded endocytic compartments, accumulation of lipofuscin granules, more autophagosomes, and altered lysosome function. Addition of recombinant β-gluc to MPS VII neurons, which mimics enzyme replacement therapy, restored disease-associated phenotypes to levels similar to the healthy control. MPS VII neural cells cultured as 3D neurospheroids showed upregulated GFAP gene expression, which was associated with astrocyte reactivity, and downregulation of GABAergic neuron markers. Spontaneous calcium imaging analysis of MPS VII neurospheroids showed reduced neuronal activity and altered network connectivity in patient-derived neurospheroids compared to a healthy control. These results demonstrate the interplay between reduced β-gluc activity, GAG accumulation and alterations in neuronal activity, and provide a human experimental model for elucidating the bases of MPS VII-associated cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Bayó-Puxan
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Terrasso
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sophie Creyssels
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Simão
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christina Begon-Pescia
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Lavigne
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Assumpció Bosch
- Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Levade
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, IFB, CHU Purpan, and Inserm 1037, CRCT, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse-III, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Philippe Lory
- IGF, CNRS, Inserm, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, NOVA University Lisbon, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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40
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Argentati C, Morena F, Bazzucchi M, Armentano I, Emiliani C, Martino S. Adipose Stem Cell Translational Applications: From Bench-to-Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3475. [PMID: 30400641 PMCID: PMC6275042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last five years, there has been a significantly increasing interest in adult adipose stem cells (ASCs) as a suitable tool for translational medicine applications. The abundant and renewable source of ASCs and the relatively simple procedure for cell isolation are only some of the reasons for this success. Here, we document the advances in the biology and in the innovative biotechnological applications of ASCs. We discuss how the multipotential property boosts ASCs toward mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal differentiation cell lineages and how their character is maintained even if they are combined with gene delivery systems and/or biomaterials, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University Largo dell'Università, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Rosati J, Ferrari D, Altieri F, Tardivo S, Ricciolini C, Fusilli C, Zalfa C, Profico DC, Pinos F, Bernardini L, Torres B, Manni I, Piaggio G, Binda E, Copetti M, Lamorte G, Mazza T, Carella M, Gelati M, Valente EM, Simeone A, Vescovi AL. Establishment of stable iPS-derived human neural stem cell lines suitable for cell therapies. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:937. [PMID: 30224709 PMCID: PMC6141489 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Establishing specific cell lineages from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is vital for cell therapy approaches in regenerative medicine, particularly for neurodegenerative disorders. While neural precursors have been induced from hiPSCs, the establishment of hiPSC-derived human neural stem cells (hiNSCs), with characteristics that match foetal hNSCs and abide by cGMP standards, thus allowing clinical applications, has not been described. We generated hiNSCs by a virus-free technique, whose properties recapitulate those of the clinical-grade hNSCs successfully used in an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) phase I clinical trial. Ex vivo, hiNSCs critically depend on exogenous mitogens for stable self-renewal and amplification and spontaneously differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons upon their removal. In the brain of immunodeficient mice, hiNSCs engraft and differentiate into neurons and glia, without tumour formation. These findings now warrant the establishment of clinical-grade, autologous and continuous hiNSC lines for clinical trials in neurological diseases such as Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosati
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 220126, Milan, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvia Tardivo
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ricciolini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Cell Factory e Biobank, Terni Hospital, Via Tristano di Joannuccio 1, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 220126, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela C Profico
- Production Unit of Advanced Therapies (UPTA), Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Pinos
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 220126, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Barbara Torres
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Binda
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit (ICS), Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Biostatistic Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamorte
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gelati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 220126, Milan, Italy.,Stem Cell Laboratory, Cell Factory e Biobank, Terni Hospital, Via Tristano di Joannuccio 1, 05100, Terni, Italy.,Production Unit of Advanced Therapies (UPTA), Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,IRCSS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale dei Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy. .,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 220126, Milan, Italy. .,Stem Cell Laboratory, Cell Factory e Biobank, Terni Hospital, Via Tristano di Joannuccio 1, 05100, Terni, Italy.
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42
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Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Aliphatic Polyesters: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Regenerative Medicine. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, biopolymer matrices reinforced with nanofillers have attracted great research efforts thanks to the synergistic characteristics derived from the combination of these two components. In this framework, this review focuses on the fundamental principles and recent progress in the field of aliphatic polyester-based nanocomposites for regenerative medicine applications. Traditional and emerging polymer nanocomposites are described in terms of polymer matrix properties and synthesis methods, used nanofillers, and nanocomposite processing and properties. Special attention has been paid to the most recent nanocomposite systems developed by combining alternative copolymerization strategies with specific nanoparticles. Thermal, electrical, biodegradation, and surface properties have been illustrated and correlated with the nanoparticle kind, content, and shape. Finally, cell-polymer (nanocomposite) interactions have been described by reviewing analysis methodologies such as primary and stem cell viability, adhesion, morphology, and differentiation processes.
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Ewart DT, Peterson EJ, Steer CJ. Gene editing for inflammatory disorders. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:6-15. [PMID: 30077989 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Technology for precise and efficient genetic editing is constantly evolving and is now capable of human clinical applications. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are chronic, disabling, sometimes life-threatening, conditions that feature heritable components. Both primary genetic lesions and the inflammatory pathobiology underlying these diseases represent fertile soil for new therapies based on the capabilities of gene editing. The ability to orchestrate precise targeted modifications to the genome will likely enable cell-based therapies for inflammatory diseases such as monogenic autoinflammatory disease, acquired autoimmune disease and for regenerative medicine in the setting of an inflammatory environment. Here, we discuss recent advances in genome editing and their evolving applications in immunoinflammatory diseases. Strengths and limitations of older genetic modification tools are compared with CRISPR/Cas9, base editing, RNA editing, targeted activators and repressors of transcription and targeted epigenetic modifiers. Commonly employed delivery vehicles to target cells or tissues of interest with genetic modification machinery, including viral, non-viral and cellular vectors, are described. Finally, applications in animal and human models of inflammatory diseases are discussed. Use of chimeric autoantigen receptor T cells, correction of monogenic diseases with genetically edited haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, engineering of induced pluripotent stem cells and ex vivo expansion and modification of regulatory T cells for a range of chronic inflammatory diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Ewart
- Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erik J Peterson
- Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Anderson RH, Francis KR. Modeling rare diseases with induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:52-59. [PMID: 29307697 PMCID: PMC6033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases, in totality, affect a significant proportion of the population and represent an unmet medical need facing the scientific community. However, the treatment of individuals affected by rare diseases is hampered by poorly understood mechanisms preventing the development of viable therapeutics. The discovery and application of cellular reprogramming to create novel induced pluripotent stem cell models of rare diseases has revolutionized the rare disease community. Through developmental and functional analysis of differentiated cell types, these stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become an invaluable tool for rare disease research. In this review article, we discuss the reprogramming of samples from individuals affected with rare diseases to induced pluripotent stem cells, current and future applications for this technology, and how integration of genome editing to rare disease research will help to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Morena F, Argentati C, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Martino S. Above the Epitranscriptome: RNA Modifications and Stem Cell Identity. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E329. [PMID: 29958477 PMCID: PMC6070936 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence databases and transcriptome-wide mapping have revealed different reversible and dynamic chemical modifications of the nitrogen bases of RNA molecules. Modifications occur in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs post-transcriptionally and they can influence the RNA structure, metabolism, and function. The result is the expansion of the variety of the transcriptome. In fact, depending on the type of modification, RNA molecules enter into a specific program exerting the role of the player or/and the target in biological and pathological processes. Many research groups are exploring the role of RNA modifications (alias epitranscriptome) in cell proliferation, survival, and in more specialized activities. More recently, the role of RNA modifications has been also explored in stem cell biology. Our understanding in this context is still in its infancy. Available evidence addresses the role of RNA modifications in self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation processes of stem cells. In this review, we will focus on five epitranscriptomic marks: N6-methyladenosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, Pseudouridine (Ψ) and Adenosine-to-Inosine editing. We will provide insights into the function and the distribution of these chemical modifications in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs. Mainly, we will emphasize the role of epitranscriptomic mechanisms in the biology of naïve, primed, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Frati G, Luciani M, Meneghini V, De Cicco S, Ståhlman M, Blomqvist M, Grossi S, Filocamo M, Morena F, Menegon A, Martino S, Gritti A. Human iPSC-based models highlight defective glial and neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 29899471 PMCID: PMC5997994 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological cascade leading from primary storage to neural cell dysfunction and death in metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been poorly elucidated in human-derived neural cell systems. In the present study, we have modeled the progression of pathological events during the differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs to neuroepithelial progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) and mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes at the morphological, molecular, and biochemical level. We showed significant sulfatide accumulation and altered sulfatide composition during the differentiation of MLD iPSC-NPCs into neuronal and glial cells. Changes in sulfatide levels and composition were accompanied by the expansion of the lysosomal compartment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The neuronal and glial differentiation capacity of MLD iPSC-NPCs was significantly impaired. We showed delayed appearance and/or reduced levels of oligodendroglial and astroglial markers as well as reduced number of neurons and disorganized neuronal network. Restoration of a functional Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme in MLD cells using lentiviral-mediated gene transfer normalized sulfatide levels and composition, globally rescuing the pathological phenotype. Our study points to MLD iPSC-derived neural progeny as a useful in vitro model to assess the impact of ARSA deficiency along NPC differentiation into neurons and glial cells. In addition, iPSC-derived neural cultures allowed testing the impact of ARSA reconstitution/overexpression on disease correction and, importantly, on the biology and functional features of human NPCs, with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Silvia De Cicco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Otfried-Müller Str.23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serena Grossi
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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Lotfipanah M, Azadeh F, Totonchi M, Omani-Samani R. Attitude of A Sample of Iranian Researchers toward The Future of Stem Cell Research. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:443-448. [PMID: 29845800 PMCID: PMC6005005 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective Stem cells that have unlimited proliferation potential as well as differentiation potency are considered to be a
promising future treatment method for incurable diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the future trend of stem
cell researches from researchers’ viewpoints.
Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study on researchers involved in stem cell research at
Royan Institute. We designed a questionnaire using a qualitative study based on expert opinion and a literature review.
Content validity was performed using three rounds of the Delphi method with experts. Face validity was undertaken by
a Persian literature expert and a graphics designer. The questionnaire was distributed among 150 researchers involved
in stem cell studies in Royan Institute biology laboratories.
Results We collected 138 completed questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 31.13 ± 5.8 years; most
(60.9%) were females. Participants (76.1%) considered the budget to be the most important issue in stem cell research,
79.7% needed financial support from the government, and 77.5% felt that charities could contribute substantially to
stem cell research. A total of 90.6% of participants stated that stem cells should lead to commercial usage which
could support future researches (86.2%). The aim of stem cell research was stipulated as increasing health status
of the society according to 92.8% of the participants. At present, among cell types, importance was attached to cord
blood and adult stem cells. Researchers emphasized the importance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) rather than
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs, 57.73%). The prime priorities were given to cancer so that stem cell research could
be directed to sphere stem cell research whereas the least preference was given to skin research.
Conclusion Regenerative medicine is considered the future of stem cell research with emphasis on application of
these cells, especially in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Lotfipanah
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Virtual School, Center for Excellence in E-Learning in Medical Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Fereydoon Azadeh
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Omani-Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang C, Quan R, Wang J. Development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies in genomic editing. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:R79-R88. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Renfu Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Borger DK, McMahon B, Roshan Lal T, Serra-Vinardell J, Aflaki E, Sidransky E. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of lysosomal storage disorders. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:691-704. [PMID: 28592657 PMCID: PMC5483008 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided new opportunities to explore the cell biology and pathophysiology of human diseases, and the lysosomal storage disorder research community has been quick to adopt this technology. Patient-derived iPSC models have been generated for a number of lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher disease, Pompe disease, Fabry disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, Niemann-Pick types A and C1, and several of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Here, we review the strategies employed for reprogramming and differentiation, as well as insights into disease etiology gleaned from the currently available models. Examples are provided to illustrate how iPSC-derived models can be employed to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders. We also discuss how models of these rare diseases could contribute to an enhanced understanding of more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and discuss key challenges and opportunities in this area of research. Summary: This Review discusses how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide new opportunities to explore the biology and pathophysiology of lysosomal storage diseases, and how iPSCs have illuminated the role of lysosomes in more common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Borger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Xu L, Long J, Shi C, Zhang N, Lv Y, Feng J, Xuan A, He X, Li Q, Bai Y, Liu S, Long D. Effect of leukocyte inhibitory factor on neuron differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursor cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2037-2049. [PMID: 29393372 PMCID: PMC5810244 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neural precursor cells and differentiation of these into neurons holds great promise in the cell therapy of neuro-degenerative diseases. However, the availability and survival rate of neurons requires improvement. In the present study, it was found that the addition of 5 ng/ml leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) during the process of differentiation significantly improved the expression of neuron-specific class III β-tubulin (TUJ1) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), as detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. In addition, LIF improved the cell viability, increased the expression of phosphorylated-protein kinase B (AKT), downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). After adding the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling inhibitor LY294002 or wortmannin to the LIF differentiation group, LIF-induced changes in the protein expression of TUJ1 and MAP2 were reversed, but this effect could not be prevented by rapamycin, a mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling inhibitor. The expression of cytokines associated with inflammation and cell viability was reversed by LY294002 and wortmannin, but not by rapamycin. In conclusion, LIF could improve neuronal differentiation and survival through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and the anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-inflammatory effect may be mediated by the activation of PI3K/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Chun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Junda Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yinshan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Dahong Long
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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