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Shiroshita Y, Yonezawa K, Ota E, Ozawa M. Effects of automatic heel lancet on invasiveness in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:1750-1756. [PMID: 38730307 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the invasiveness of automatic lancet devices, which can collect adequate amount of blood at shallow puncture depths, with conventional manual lance devices (lancet or needle) to statistically identify less invasive instruments for neonatal heel lance. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, and Ichushi databases for studies comparing the invasiveness between automatic lancet and manual lancet or needle in term and preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS This review included 9 out of 449 searched articles, with 673 neonates. Automatic lancet had significantly lower pain scores (standardised mean difference: -2.0, 95% confidence interval: -3.3 to -0.7), heart rate (mean difference: -8.0, 95% confidence interval: -13.8 to -2.1), cry duration (mean difference: -21.5, 95% confidence interval: -32.5 to -10.4), number of punctures (mean difference: -0.6, 95% confidence interval: -1.1 to -0.2), and duration of procedures (mean difference: -37.7, 95% confidence interval: -75.2 to -0.2) than manual lancet or needle. Furthermore, peripheral oxygen saturation was significantly higher in automatic lancet than in manual lancet or needle (mean difference: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.5-8.5). CONCLUSION Automatic heel lancet devices were less invasive than manual heel lance devices (lancet or needle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Shiroshita
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Yonezawa
- Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Ota
- Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Ozawa
- Department of Nursing Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Coviello C, Lori S, Bertini G, Montano S, Gabbanini S, Bastianelli M, Cossu C, Cavaliere S, Lunardi C, Dani C. Evaluation of the Relationship between Pain Exposure and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:676. [PMID: 38929255 PMCID: PMC11201689 DOI: 10.3390/children11060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM First, to compare somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in preterm newborns without major brain injury studied at term equivalent age (TEA) with a term historical control group. Second, to investigate the impact of pain exposure during the first 28 days after birth on SEPs. Third, to evaluate the association between SEPs and Bayley-III at 2 years corrected age (CA). METHODS Infants born at <32 weeks' gestational age (GA) were studied with continuous-SEPs. First, SEP differences between preterm and term infants were analyzed. Second, regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between SEPs and painful procedures, and then between SEPs and neurodevelopment. RESULTS 86 preterm infants were prospectively enrolled. Preterm infants exhibited prolonged N1 latencies, central conduction times (CCTs), lower N1-P1 amplitudes, and more recurrently abnormal SEPs compared to term infants. Higher pain exposure predicted longer N1 latency and slower CCT (all p < 0.005), adjusting for clinical risk factors. Younger GA and postmenstrual age (PMA) at SEP recording were associated with longer N1 latency and lower N1-P1 amplitude (all p < 0.005). A normal SEP at TEA positively predicted cognitive outcome at 2 years CA (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Pain exposure and prematurity were risk factors for altered SEP parameters at TEA. SEPs predicted cognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Coviello
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Silvia Lori
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.L.); (S.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Giovanna Bertini
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Simona Montano
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Simonetta Gabbanini
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.L.); (S.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Bastianelli
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.L.); (S.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Cesarina Cossu
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.L.); (S.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Cavaliere
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Department, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (S.L.); (S.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Clara Lunardi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Carlo Dani
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (C.D.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Selvanathan T, Miller SP. Brain health in preterm infants: importance of early-life pain and analgesia exposure. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03245-w. [PMID: 38806664 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
"Everyday" exposures in the neonatal period, such as pain, may impact brain health in preterm infants. Specifically, greater exposure to painful procedures in the initial weeks after birth have been related to abnormalities in brain maturation and growth and poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Despite an increasing focus on the importance of treating pain in preterm infants, there is a lack of consensus of optimal approaches to managing pain in this population. This may be due to recent findings suggesting that commonly used analgesic and sedative medications in preterm infants may also have adverse effects of brain maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This review provides an overview of potential impacts of pain and analgesia exposure on preterm brain health while highlighting research areas in need of additional investigations for the development of optimal pain management strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiviya Selvanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Ullsten A, Campbell-Yeo M, Eriksson M. Parent-led neonatal pain management-a narrative review and update of research and practices. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1375868. [PMID: 38689885 PMCID: PMC11058235 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1375868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research related to parent-led neonatal pain management is increasing, as is the clinical implementation. Skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding and parents' vocalizations are examples of pain reducing methods that give parents an opportunity to protect their infant from harm while alleviating their anxiety and developing their parenting skills. Methods In this paper we will provide a narrative review and describe the current research about parent-led neonatal pain management. Based on this we will discuss clinical challenges, implementation strategies and implications for future research. Results Parents express great readiness to embrace opportunities to increase their self-efficacy in their ability to address infant pain. Parent-led pain-reducing methods are effective, feasible, cost-effective, culturally sensitive, and can be individualized and tailored to both the parent's and infant's needs. Both barriers and facilitators of parent-led pain care have been studied in research highlighting structural, organizational, educational, and intra- and interpersonal aspects. For example, health care professionals' attitudes and beliefs on parent-led methods, and their concern that parental presence during a procedure increases staff anxiety. On the other hand, the presence of a local pain champion whose duty is to facilitate the adoption of pain control measures and actively promote parent-professional collaboration, is crucial for culture change in neonatal pain management and nurses have a key role in this change. The knowledge-to-practice gap in parent-led management of infants' procedure-related pain highlight the need for broader educational applications and collaborative professional, parental and research initiatives to facilitate practice change. Conclusion Parent-led neonatal pain management is more than simply a humane and compassionate thing to do. The inclusion of parent-led pain care has been scientifically proven to be one of the most effective ways to reduce pain associated with repeated painful procedures in early life and parents report a desire to participate. Focus on enablers across interprofessional, organizational and structural levels and implementation of recommended pediatric pain guidelines can support the provision of optimal evidence-based family-centered neonatal pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ullsten
- Center for Clinical Research and Education, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marsha Campbell-Yeo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- MOM-LINC Lab, IWK Health Halifax, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Calcaterra V, Zuccotti G, Pelizzo G. Controlling fetal stress for preventing adverse health conditions in neonates and children. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1265069. [PMID: 38638534 PMCID: PMC11024238 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1265069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Christoffel K, De Asis-Cruz J, Govindan RB, Kim JH, Cook KM, Kapse K, Andescavage N, Basu S, Spoehr E, Limperopoulos C, Du Plessis A. Central Autonomic Network and heart rate variability in premature neonates. Dev Neurosci 2024:000536513. [PMID: 38320522 DOI: 10.1159/000536513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Central Autonomic Network (CAN) is a hierarchy of brain structures that collectively influence cardiac autonomic input, mediating the majority of brain-heart interactions, but has never been studied in premature neonates. In this study, we use heart rate variability (HRV), which has been described as the "primary output" of the CAN, and resting state functional MRI to characterize brain-heart relationships in premature neonates. METHODS We studied premature neonates who underwent resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) at term, (37-weeks postmenstrual age [PMA] or above) and had HRV data recorded during the same week of their MRI. HRV was derived from continuous electrocardiogram data during the week of the rsfMRI scan. For rsfMRI, a seed-based approach was used to define regions of interest (ROI) pertinent to the CAN, and blood oxygen level-dependent signal was correlated between each ROI as a measure of functional connectivity. HRV was correlated with CAN connectivity (CANconn) for each region, and sub-group analysis was performed based on sex and clinical comorbidities. RESULTS Forty-seven premature neonates were included in this study, with a mean gestational age at birth of 28.1 +/- 2.6 weeks. Term CANconn was found to be significantly correlated with HRV in approximately one-fifth of CAN connections. Two distinct patterns emerged among these HRV-CANconn relationships. In the first, increased HRV was associated with stronger CANconn of limbic regions. In the second pattern, stronger CANconn at the precuneus was associated with impaired HRV maturation. These patterns were especially pronounced in male premature neonates. CONCLUSION We report for the first time evidence of brain-heart relationships in premature neonates and an emerging CAN, most striking in male neonates, suggesting that the brain-heart axis may be more vulnerable in male premature neonates. Signatures in the heart rate may eventually become an important non-invasive tool to identify premature males at highest risk for neurodevelopmental impairment.
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Zhou XC, Huang YB, Liu Z, Wu HJ, Huang HZ, Tian Y, Hong SW, Hu HJ, Lv LJ, Lv ZZ. Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies on Manual Therapy Analgesia from 2002-2022. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2115-2129. [PMID: 37361428 PMCID: PMC10289250 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s412658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the brain mechanisms underlying manual therapy (MT)-induced analgesia has been conducted worldwide. However, no bibliometric analysis has been performed on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of MT analgesia. To provide a theoretical foundation for the practical application of MT analgesia, this study examined the current incarnation, hotspots, and frontiers of fMRI-based MT analgesia research over the previous 20 years. Methods All publications were obtained from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) of Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). We used CiteSpace 6.1.R3 to analyze publications, authors, cited authors, countries, institutions, cited journals, references, and keywords. We also evaluated keyword co-occurrences and timelines, and citation bursts. The search was conducted from 2002-2022 and was completed within one day on October 7, 2022. Results In total, 261 articles were retrieved. The total number of annual publications showed a fluctuating but overall increasing trend. Author B. Humphreys had the highest number of publications (eight articles) and J. E. Bialosky had the highest centrality (0.45). The United States of America (USA) was the country with the most publications (84 articles), accounting for 32.18% of all publications. Output institutions were mainly the University of Zurich, University of Switzerland, and the National University of Health Sciences of the USA. The Spine (118) and the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (80) were most frequently cited. The four hot topics in fMRI studies on MT analgesia were "low back pain", "magnetic resonance imaging", "spinal manipulation", and "manual therapy." The frontier topics were "clinical impacts of pain disorders" and "cutting-edge technical capabilities offered by magnetic resonance imaging". Conclusion fMRI studies of MT analgesia have potential applications. fMRI studies of MT analgesia have linked several brain areas, with the default mode network (DMN) garnering the most attention. Future research should include international collaboration and RCTs on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chen Zhou
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bo Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jiao Wu
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhi Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Wei Hong
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jie Hu
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jiang Lv
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Lv
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Frohlich J, Bayne T, Crone JS, DallaVecchia A, Kirkeby-Hinrup A, Mediano PA, Moser J, Talar K, Gharabaghi A, Preissl H. Not with a “zap” but with a “beep”: measuring the origins of perinatal experience. Neuroimage 2023; 273:120057. [PMID: 37001834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
When does the mind begin? Infant psychology is mysterious in part because we cannot remember our first months of life, nor can we directly communicate with infants. Even more speculative is the possibility of mental life prior to birth. The question of when consciousness, or subjective experience, begins in human development thus remains incompletely answered, though boundaries can be set using current knowledge from developmental neurobiology and recent investigations of the perinatal brain. Here, we offer our perspective on how the development of a sensory perturbational complexity index (sPCI) based on auditory ("beep-and-zip"), visual ("flash-and-zip"), or even olfactory ("sniff-and-zip") cortical perturbations in place of electromagnetic perturbations ("zap-and-zip") might be used to address this question. First, we discuss recent studies of perinatal cognition and consciousness using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and, in particular, magnetoencephalography (MEG). While newborn infants are the archetypal subjects for studying early human development, researchers may also benefit from fetal studies, as the womb is, in many respects, a more controlled environment than the cradle. The earliest possible timepoint when subjective experience might begin is likely the establishment of thalamocortical connectivity at 26 weeks gestation, as the thalamocortical system is necessary for consciousness according to most theoretical frameworks. To infer at what age and in which behavioral states consciousness might emerge following the initiation of thalamocortical pathways, we advocate for the development of the sPCI and similar techniques, based on EEG, MEG, and fMRI, to estimate the perinatal brain's state of consciousness.
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Thill B. The fetal pain paradox. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1128530. [PMID: 37025166 PMCID: PMC10072285 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversy exists as to when conscious pain perception in the fetus may begin. According to the hypothesis of cortical necessity, thalamocortical connections, which do not form until after 24-28 weeks gestation, are necessary for conscious pain perception. However, anesthesiologists and neonatologists treat age-matched neonates as both conscious and pain-capable due to observable and measurable behavioral, hormonal, and physiologic indicators of pain. In preterm infants, these multimodal indicators of pain are uncontroversial, and their presence, despite occurring prior to functional thalamocortical connections, has guided the use of analgesics in neonatology and fetal surgery for decades. However, some medical groups state that below 24 weeks gestation, there is no pain capacity. Thus, a paradox exists in the disparate acknowledgment of pain capability in overlapping patient populations. Brain networks vary by age. During the first and second trimesters, the cortical subplate, a unique structure that is present only during fetal and early neonatal development, forms the first cortical network. In the third trimester, the cortical plate assumes this function. According to the subplate modulation hypothesis, a network of connections to the subplate and subcortical structures is sufficient to facilitate conscious pain perception in the fetus and the preterm neonate prior to 24 weeks gestation. Therefore, similar to other fetal and neonatal systems that have a transitional phase (i.e., circulatory system), there is now strong evidence for transitional developmental phases of fetal and neonatal pain circuitry.
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Srivastava G, Garg A, Chhavi N, Faridi M. Effect of kangaroo mother care on pain during orogastric tube insertion in low-birthweight newborns: An open label, randomised trial. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:2248-2253. [PMID: 36131630 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Non-pharmacological methods are commonly used to reduce the procedural pain in newborns. In this open label, randomised control trial, we studied the pain-reducing effect of kangaroo mother care (KMC) during orogastric tube insertion. METHODS Newborns, with birthweight 1500-2499 g and admitted to nursery, were randomised into control (no-KMC) or intervention (KMC) arms. In intervention arm, KMC was given for 60 min before and after the procedure. Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) score was used to assess the pain response and the pain severity was graded as minimal or no pain (≤6), mild-to-moderate (7-12) and severe (>12). The PIPP-R scoring was done before, during and at 3- and 15-min after procedure. Change in PIPP-R scores from baseline was calculated. RESULTS Newborns included in no-KMC (n = 40) or KMC (n = 40) arms were comparable for major confounders (P > 0.05). Pre-procedural pain scores were comparable (P = 0.72). Pain scores measured during and after procedure were significantly higher in no-KMC group than KMC arm. The KMC reduced the pain score by 39%, 32% and 30% during and at 3- and 15-min after procedure respectively as compared to control (P < 0.01). The increase in PIPP-R score from pre-procedural level was 40%, 35% and 31% lower in KMC than no-KMC arm (P < 0.01). A greater proportion of newborns had significantly less severe grades of pain in the intervention arm compared to the no-KMC arm (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Orogastric tube placement is a painful procedure. KMC significantly reduces periprocedural pain and its effect continues for at least 15 min after the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anantika Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nanda Chhavi
- Department of Pediatrics, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, India
| | - Mma Faridi
- Department of Pediatrics, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Mencía S, Alonso C, Pallás-Alonso C, López-Herce J. Evaluation and Treatment of Pain in Fetuses, Neonates and Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1688. [PMID: 36360416 PMCID: PMC9689143 DOI: 10.3390/children9111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is complicated, especially in neonates, infants and preschool-age children. Clinical scales adapted to age are the most used methods for assessing and monitoring the degree of pain in children. They evaluate several behavioral and/or physiological parameters related to pain. Some monitors detect the physiological changes that occur in association with painful stimuli, but they do not yet have a clear clinical use. Multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain treatment with non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. It is necessary to establish pharmacotherapeutic protocols for analgesia adjusted to the acute or chronic, type and intensity of pain, as well as age. The most used analgesics in children are paracetamol, ibuprofen, dipyrone, opioids (morphine and fentanyl) and local anesthetics. Patient-controlled analgesia is an adequate alternative for adolescent and older children in specific situations, such as after surgery. In patients with severe or persistent pain, it is very important to consult with specific pain services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mencía
- Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Marañón Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Alonso
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pallás-Alonso
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Herce
- Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Marañón Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Methods, Such as Breastfeeding, to Mitigate Pain in NICU Infants. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101568. [PMID: 36291504 PMCID: PMC9600280 DOI: 10.3390/children9101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neonates do experience pain and its management is necessary in order to prevent long-term, as well as, short-term effects. The most common source of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is caused by medically invasive procedures. NICU patients have to endure trauma, medical adhesive related skin injuries, heel lance, venipuncture and intramuscular injection as well as nasogastric catheterization besides surgery. A cornerstone in pain assessment is the use of scales such as COMFORT, PIPP-R, NIPS and N-PASS. This narrative review provides an up to date account of neonate pain management used in NICUs worldwide focusing on non-pharmacological methods. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have well established adverse side effects and opioids are addictive thus pharmacological methods should be avoided if possible at least for mild pain management. Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking as primary strategies for pain management in neonates are useful strategies to consider. The best non-pharmacological methods are breastfeeding followed by non-nutritive sucking coupled with sucrose sucking. Regrettably most parents used only physical methods and should be trained and involved for best results. Further research in NICU is essential as the developmental knowledge changes and neonate physiology is further uncovered together with its connection to pain.
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Jotwani ML, Wu Z, Lunde CE, Sieberg CB. The missing mechanistic link: Improving behavioral treatment efficacy for pediatric chronic pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:1022699. [PMID: 36313218 PMCID: PMC9614027 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1022699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric chronic pain is a significant global issue, with biopsychosocial factors contributing to the complexity of the condition. Studies have explored behavioral treatments for pediatric chronic pain, but these treatments have mixed efficacy for improving functional and psychological outcomes. Furthermore, the literature lacks an understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms contributing to pediatric chronic pain treatment response. In this mini review, we focus on how neuroimaging has been used to identify biobehavioral mechanisms of different conditions and how this modality can be used in mechanistic clinical trials to identify markers of treatment response for pediatric chronic pain. We propose that mechanistic clinical trials, utilizing neuroimaging, are warranted to investigate how to optimize the efficacy of behavioral treatments for pediatric chronic pain patients across pain types and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L. Jotwani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biobehavioral Pain Innovations Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ziyan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biobehavioral Pain Innovations Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Claire E. Lunde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biobehavioral Pain Innovations Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine B. Sieberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biobehavioral Pain Innovations Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Correspondence: Christine B. Sieberg
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Núñez-López I, Collados-Gómez L, Abalo R, Martínez-Pérez P, Moreno-Vicente Á, Cid-Expósito MG. Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) Pain Measurement Scale: Research Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12338. [PMID: 36231638 PMCID: PMC9566023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study is to validate the PIPP-R scale (Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised) for measuring neonatal pain in the Spanish hospital setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS The original scale will be translated from English into Spanish and a consensus translation will be prepared by the research team, which will be back-translated from Spanish into English. The content validity of the Spanish version of the scale will be measured using the Delphi method. Subsequently, a multicenter observational study will be conducted to assess construct validity, internal consistency, and intra-observer and inter-observer agreement. Pain will be assessed by comparing scores for a specific non-painful procedure with those for a specific painful procedure. The sample will include 300 subjects in intensive care and intermediate care units, who will be equally distributed among the participating hospitals. The subjects will be stratified into three groups by gestational age. DISCUSSION The original version of the PIPP-R scale is useful for objectively assessing neonatal acute and procedural pain from a gestational age of 25 weeks and over. It is important to culturally adapt the original validated scale and to test its validity and reliability in the Spanish healthcare context. The results of this study may represent significant progress in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Núñez-López
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Health Sciences, International PhD School, Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Collados-Gómez
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedicine and Nursing, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Invecuid Care Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- High Performance Research Group on Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of the Digestive Tract (NeuGut-URJC), Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- R & D & I Unit Associated with the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Pain Society Working Group on Basic Sciences in Pain and Analgesia, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Pain Society Working Group on Cannabinoids, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Martínez-Pérez
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Vicente
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Gema Cid-Expósito
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain
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Assessment of neonatal pain: uni- and multidimensional evaluation scales. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked. According to the status quo of neonatal pain management, commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain; details of the specific indicators, such as the applicable neonatal gestational age range, score, and the type of pain, for the domestic references are provided so as to provide reference for the proper evaluation and standardized management of neonatal pain, as well as to promote the management level of neonatal pain.
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Jones L, Verriotis M, Cooper RJ, Laudiano-Dray MP, Rupawala M, Meek J, Fabrizi L, Fitzgerald M. Widespread nociceptive maps in the human neonatal somatosensory cortex. eLife 2022; 11:71655. [PMID: 35451960 PMCID: PMC9090328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Topographic cortical maps are essential for spatial localisation of sensory stimulation and generation of appropriate task-related motor responses. Somatosensation and nociception are finely mapped and aligned in the adult somatosensory (S1) cortex, but in infancy, when pain behaviour is disorganised and poorly directed, nociceptive maps may be less refined. We compared the topographic pattern of S1 activation following noxious (clinically required heel lance) and innocuous (touch) mechanical stimulation of the same skin region in newborn infants (n = 32) using multioptode functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Within S1 cortex, touch and lance of the heel elicit localised, partially overlapping increases in oxygenated haemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbO]), but while touch activation was restricted to the heel area, lance activation extended into cortical hand regions. The data reveals a widespread cortical nociceptive map in infant S1, consistent with their poorly directed pain behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Verriotis
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Cooper
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pureza Laudiano-Dray
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Rupawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Meek
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Obstetric Wing, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Fabrizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Redirecting Care: Compassionate Management of the Sick or Preterm Neonate at the End of Life. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030344. [PMID: 35327716 PMCID: PMC8947574 DOI: 10.3390/children9030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary moral commitment of medical care has traditionally been based on a belief in the intrinsic value and significance of human life and a desire to protect the most vulnerable from harm. In this respect, the care of newborn infants who are at the border of viability is no different. Despite the intrinsic value of the life of every newborn, all agree that there is no moral duty of doctors to provide every possible treatment where the prognosis is hopeless. Instead, every action and treatment should be orientated towards the best interests of the individual child and towards the minimisation of serious harm. Decisions about the withholding or withdrawal of life-supportive treatment should be made collaboratively between professionals and parents, with discussion starting prior to delivery wherever possible. The goals of neonatal palliative care are to prevent or minimise pain and distressing symptoms and to maximise the opportunity for private, loving interaction between the dying baby and his or her parents and the wider family. Physical contact, gentle stroking, cuddles and tender loving care are of central importance for the dying baby. At the same time, we must provide psychological support for parents and family as they go through the profound and painful life experience of accompanying their baby to death. To enable a baby to die well, pain-free and in the arms of loving parents and carers is not a failure but a triumph of neonatal care.
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Bembich S, Saksida A, Mastromarino S, Travan L, Di Risio G, Cont G, Demarini S. Empathy at birth: Mother's cortex synchronizes with that of her newborn in pain. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1519-1531. [PMID: 35266192 PMCID: PMC9314789 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early neonatal relation with the caregiver is vital for newborn survival and for the promotion of an appropriate neural development. The aim of this study was to assess if the empathic cortical response of a mother to her baby's pain is synchronized with the neonatal cortical response to the painful stimulation. We used hyperscanning, a functional neuroimaging approach that allows studying functional synchronization between two brains. Sixteen mother-newborn dyads were recruited. Maternal and neonatal cortical activities were simultaneously monitored, by near-infrared spectroscopy, during a heel prick performed on the baby and observed by the mother. Multiple paired t test was used to identify cortical activation, and wavelet transform coherence method was used to explore possible synchronization between the maternal and neonatal cortical areas. Activations were observed in mother's parietal cortex, bilaterally, and in newborn's superior motor/somatosensory cortex. The main functional synchronization analysis showed that mother's left parietal cortex activity cross-correlated with that of her newborn's superior motor/somatosensory cortex. Such synchronization dynamically changed throughout assessment, becoming positively cross-correlated only after the leading role in synchronizing cortical activities was taken up by the newborn. Thus, maternal empathic cortical response to baby pain was guided by and synchronized to the newborn's cortical response to pain. We conclude that, in case of potential danger for the infant, brain areas involved in mother-newborn relationship appear to be already co-regulated at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bembich
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Amanda Saksida
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Simona Mastromarino
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Laura Travan
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Giovanna Di Risio
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Gabriele Cont
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
| | - Sergio Demarini
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child HealthIRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”TriesteItaly
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Yuan I, Nelson O, Barr GA, Zhang B, Topjian AA, DiMaggio TJ, Lang SS, Christ LA, Izzetoglu K, Greco CC, Kurth CD, Ganesh A. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess pain in neonatal circumcisions. Paediatr Anaesth 2022; 32:404-412. [PMID: 34747096 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain assessment is challenging in neonates. Behavioral and physiological pain scales do not assess neocortical nociception, essential to pain encoding and central pain pathway development. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can assess neocortical activation to noxious stimuli from changes in oxy-(HbO) and total-hemoglobin concentrations (HbT). This study aims to assess fNIRS nociceptive functional activation in the prefrontal cortex of neonates undergoing circumcision through changes in HbO and HbT, and the correlation between changes in fNIRS and Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), a behavioral pain assessment scale. METHODS In healthy term neonates, HbO, HbT, and NIPS were recorded during sequential circumcision events 1-Prep before local anesthetic injection; 2-Local anesthetic injection; 3-Prep before incision; 4-Oral sucrose; 5-Incision; 6-Gomco (hemostatic device) attached; 7-Gomco twisted on; and 8-Gomco removed. fNIRS and NIPS changes after each event were assessed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test and summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR). Changes in fNIRS vs. NIPS were correlated with Spearman coefficient. RESULTS In 31 neonates fNIRS increased (median [IQR] µmol/L) with noxious events: Local injection (HbO: 1.1 [0.5, 3.1], p < .001; HbT: 2.3 [0.2, 7.6], p < .001), Gomco attached (HbO: 0.7 [0.1, 1.7], p = .002; HbT: 0.7 [-0.2, 2.9], p = .02), and Gomco twisted on (HbO: 0.5 [-0.2, 1.7], p = .03; HbT: 0.8 [-0.1, 3.3], p = .02). fNIRS decreased with non-noxious event: Prep before incision (HbO: -0.6 [-1.2, -0.2] p < .001; HbT: -1 [-1.8, -0.4], p < .001). Local anesthetic attenuated fNIRS increases to subsequent sharp stimuli. NIPS increased with subsequent sharp stimuli despite local anesthetic. Although fNIRS and NIPS changed in the same direction, there was not a strong correlation between them. CONCLUSIONS During neonatal circumcision, changes in fNIRS differed between different types of painful stimuli, which was not the case for NIPS, suggesting that fNIRS may complement NIPS to assess the quality of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis A Topjian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theresa J DiMaggio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shih-Shan Lang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori A Christ
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kurtulus Izzetoglu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine C Greco
- Department of Neonatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles D Kurth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arjunan Ganesh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Campbell-Yeo M, Eriksson M, Benoit B. Assessment and Management of Pain in Preterm Infants: A Practice Update. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:244. [PMID: 35204964 PMCID: PMC8869922 DOI: 10.3390/children9020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infants born preterm are at a high risk for repeated pain exposure in early life. Despite valid tools to assess pain in non-verbal infants and effective interventions to reduce pain associated with medical procedures required as part of their care, many infants receive little to no pain-relieving interventions. Moreover, parents remain significantly underutilized in provision of pain-relieving interventions, despite the known benefit of their involvement. This narrative review provides an overview of the consequences of early exposure to untreated pain in preterm infants, recommendations for a standardized approach to pain assessment in preterm infants, effectiveness of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic pain-relieving interventions, and suggestions for greater active engagement of parents in the pain care for their preterm infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Campbell-Yeo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- IWK Health, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Mats Eriksson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Britney Benoit
- Rankin School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2N5, Canada;
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Mageswary MU, Ang XY, Lee BK, Chung YLF, Azhar SNA, Hamid IJA, Bakar HA, Roslan NS, Liu X, Kang X, Dai L, Sreenivasan S, Taib F, Zhang H, Liong MT. Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 treated and prevented acute RTI, reduced antibiotic use and hospital stay in hospitalized young children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1679-1691. [PMID: 34825264 PMCID: PMC8616720 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The development of probiotics has seen tremendous growth over the years, with health benefits ranging from gut health to respiratory. We thus aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 (2 × 1010 log CFU/day) against acute respiratory tract infections (RTI), use of antibiotics, hospitalization period and elucidate the possible mechanisms of action in hospitalized young children. Method A prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study was performed in RTI-hospitalized children. Patients were randomized to either the probiotic (n = 60, mean age 13.81 ± 0.90 months) or placebo (n = 60, mean age 12.11 ± 0.73 months) which were administered upon admission, continued during hospitalization and 4-week post-discharged. RTI and gut health parameters were assessed at these time points using validated questionnaires while concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were assessed via oral swabs. Results Probio-M8 reduced the duration of nasal, pharyngeal and general flu-like symptoms compared to the placebo during the hospitalization period and 4-week post-discharged (P < 0.05) as compared to the placebo, with a more prevalent effect against lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Probio-M8 reduced prescription of antibiotic (P = 0.037), prevented new prescription of antibiotic in non-prescribed patients (P = 0.024) and reduced hospitalization period in antibiotic-prescribed patients (P = 0.004) as compared to the placebo. Oral cytokine levels of TNF-α decreased in the Probio-M8 group (P = 0.001) accompanied by increased in IL-10 (P = 0.018) over 4-week post-discharged, while the placebo group did not exhibit such an effect. Increased IL-10 in the Probio-M8 group was correlated with decreased body ache (r = − 0.296, P = 0.001), headache (r = − 0.295, P = 0.001) and pain during swallow (r = − 0.235, P = 0.010). Conclusion Data from our present study show that B. lactis Probio-M8 could be a potential natural and non-drug strategy for the management of RTI in young children in a safe manner. Clinical trial registration Clinical studies (Approval No. USM/JEPeM/19030177) were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier No. NCT04122495) on September 30, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin-Yee Ang
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Kiat Lee
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Li Fiona Chung
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hafizi Abu Bakar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Xiaojun Liu
- Beijing Scitop Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Xiaohong Kang
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Shengle Economic Zone, Helingeer, Huhhot, 011500, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Shengle Economic Zone, Helingeer, Huhhot, 011500, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Sasidharan Sreenivasan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fahisham Taib
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia. .,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Health Campus, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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22
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Marchal A, Melchior M, Dufour A, Poisbeau P, Zores C, Kuhn P. Pain Behavioural Response to Acoustic and Light Environmental Changes in Very Preterm Infants. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8121081. [PMID: 34943277 PMCID: PMC8700556 DOI: 10.3390/children8121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Noise and high light illumination in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are recognized as stressors that could alter the well-being and development of vulnerable preterm infants. This prospective observational study evaluated the pain behaviours of very preterm infants (VPIs) to sound peaks (SPs) and light levels variations (LLVs) in the NICU. We measured spontaneously occurring SPs and LLVs in the incubators of 26 VPIs over 10 h. Their behavioural responses were analysed through video recordings using the "Douleur Aigue du Nouveau-né" (DAN) scale. We compared the maximum DAN scores before and after environmental stimuli and the percentage of VPIs with a score ≥ 3 according to the type of stimuli. A total of 591 SPs and 278 LLVs were analysed. SPs of 5 to 15 dBA and LLVs significantly increased the maximum DAN scores compared to baseline. The occurrence of DAN scores ≥ 3 increased with both stressors, with a total of 16% of SPs and 8% of LLVs leading to quantifiable pain behaviour. Altogether, this study shows that VPIs are sensitive to SPs and LLVs, with a slighter higher sensitivity to SPs. The mechanisms leading to pain behaviours induced by noise and light changes should be evaluated further in the context of VPIs brain development. Our results provide further arguments to optimize the NICU sensory environment of neonatal units and to adapt it to the expectations and sensory abilities of VPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Marchal
- Service de Médecine et Réanimation du Nouveau-né, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Meggane Melchior
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI, CNRS UPR-3212), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.M.); (P.P.)
| | - André Dufour
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA, CNRS UMR-7364), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Pierrick Poisbeau
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI, CNRS UPR-3212), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Claire Zores
- Service de Médecine et Réanimation du Nouveau-né, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.M.); (C.Z.)
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA, CNRS UMR-7364), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Pierre Kuhn
- Service de Médecine et Réanimation du Nouveau-né, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.M.); (C.Z.)
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI, CNRS UPR-3212), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.M.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-388127779
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Gomes CI, Barr GA. Local injury and systemic infection in infants alter later nociception and pain affect during early life and adulthood. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100175. [PMID: 34589906 PMCID: PMC8474633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns in intensive care are regularly exposed to minor painful procedures at developmental time points when noxious stimulation would be normally absent. Pain from these interventions is inconsistently treated and often exists concurrently with systemic infection, a common comorbidity of prematurity. Our understanding of the independent and combined effects of early painful experiences and infection on pain response is incomplete. The main goals of this research therefore were to understand how pain and infection experienced early in life influence future nociceptive and affective responses to painful stimuli. Rat pups were infected with E-coli on postnatal day 2 (PN2) and had left hind paw injury with carrageenan on PN3. Standard thermal tests for acute pain, formalin tests for inflammatory pain, and conditioned place aversion testing were performed at different ages to assess the nociceptive and affective components of the pain response. Early E-coli infection and early inflammatory injury with carrageenan both independently increased pain scores following hind paw reinjury with formalin on PN8, with effects persisting into adulthood in the carrageenan exposed group. When experienced concurrently, early E-coli infection and carrageenan exposure also increased conditioned aversion to pain in adults. Effect of sex was significant only in formalin testing, with males showing higher pain scores in infancy and females showing higher pain scores as adults. These findings demonstrate that infection experienced early in life can alter both the nociceptive and affective components of the pain response and that there is a cumulative effect of local and systemic pro-inflammatory processes on the aversive component of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly I Gomes
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S. University Avenue, Stephen A. Levin Building, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Salekin MS, Mouton PR, Zamzmi G, Patel R, Goldgof D, Kneusel M, Elkins SL, Murray E, Coughlin ME, Maguire D, Ho T, Sun Y. Future roles of artificial intelligence in early pain management of newborns. PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL PAIN 2021; 3:134-145. [PMID: 35547946 PMCID: PMC8975206 DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Sirajus Salekin
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | | | - Ghada Zamzmi
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Muma College of Business University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - Dmitry Goldgof
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - Marcia Kneusel
- College of Medicine Pediatrics USF Health University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | | | | | | | - Denise Maguire
- College of Nursing USF Health University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - Thao Ho
- College of Medicine Pediatrics USF Health University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
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Yoshida S, Funato H. Physical contact in parent-infant relationship and its effect on fostering a feeling of safety. iScience 2021; 24:102721. [PMID: 34235413 PMCID: PMC8250458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The infant-caregiver relationship involves physical contact for feeding, moving, and other cares, and such contact also encourages the infant to form an attachment, an emotional bond with the caregivers. Physical contact always accompanies somatosensory perception, which is detected by mechanosensory neurons and processed in the brain. Physical contact triggers sensorimotor reflexes such as Transport Response in rodent infants, and calm human infants while being carried. Tactile sensation and deep pressure in physical interactions, such as hugging, can function as emotional communication between infant and caregiver, which can alter the behavior and mood of both the infant and caregiver. This review summarizes the findings related to physical contact between the infant and the caregiver in terms of pleasant, noxious, and neutral somatosensation and discusses how somatosensory perceptions foster a feeling of safety that is important for infant's psychosocial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachine Yoshida
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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26
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Butkevich IP, Mikhailenko VA, Vershinina EA, Barr GA. The Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Inflammatory Pain on Cognitive Function and Stress Hormones Depend on the Heterogeneity of the Adolescent Period of Development in Male and Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:691578. [PMID: 34366805 PMCID: PMC8334561 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.691578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress at an early age programs the HPA axis which can lead to cognitive deficits in adults. However, it is not known whether these deficits emerge in adulthood or are expressed earlier in life. The aims of the study were to investigate (1) the immediate effects of early injury-induced stress in one-day-old (P1) and repeated stress on at P1 and P2 rat pups on plasma corticosterone levels; and (2) examine the subsequent long-term effects of this early stress on spatial learning and memory, and stress reactivity in early P26-34 and late P45-53 adolescent male and female rats. Intra-plantar injection of formalin induced prolonged and elevated levels of corticosterone in pups and impaired spatial learning and short- and long-term memory in late adolescent males and long-term memory in early adolescent females. There were sex differences in late adolescence in both learning and short-term memory. Performance on the long-term memory task was better than that on the short-term memory task for all early adolescent male and female control and stressed animals. Short-term memory was better in the late age control rats of both sexes and for formalin treated females as compared with the early age rats. These results are consistent with an impaired function of structures involved in memory (the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) after newborn pain. However, activation of the HPA axis by neonatal pain did not directly correlate with spatial learning and memory outcomes and the consequences of neonatal pain remain are likely multi-determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Butkevich
- Laboratory of Ontogenesis of the Nervous System, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Mikhailenko
- Laboratory of Ontogenesis of the Nervous System, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A. Vershinina
- Department of Information Technologies and Mathematical Modeling, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gordon A. Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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27
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Baxter L, Moultrie F, Fitzgibbon S, Aspbury M, Mansfield R, Bastiani M, Rogers R, Jbabdi S, Duff E, Slater R. Functional and diffusion MRI reveal the neurophysiological basis of neonates' noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2744. [PMID: 33980860 PMCID: PMC8115252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neurophysiology underlying neonatal responses to noxious stimulation is central to improving early life pain management. In this neonatal multimodal MRI study, we use resting-state and diffusion MRI to investigate inter-individual variability in noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity. We observe that cerebral haemodynamic responses to experimental noxious stimulation can be predicted from separately acquired resting-state brain activity (n = 18). Applying this prediction model to independent Developing Human Connectome Project data (n = 215), we identify negative associations between predicted noxious-stimulus evoked responses and white matter mean diffusivity. These associations are subsequently confirmed in the original noxious stimulation paradigm dataset, validating the prediction model. Here, we observe that noxious-stimulus evoked brain activity in healthy neonates is coupled to resting-state activity and white matter microstructure, that neural features can be used to predict responses to noxious stimulation, and that the dHCP dataset could be utilised for future exploratory research of early life pain system neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Baxter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Moultrie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean Fitzgibbon
- FMRIB, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Matteo Bastiani
- FMRIB, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- FMRIB, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eugene Duff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- FMRIB, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Cobo MM, Hartley C, Gursul D, Andritsou F, van der Vaart M, Schmidt Mellado G, Baxter L, Duff EP, Buckle M, Evans Fry R, Green G, Hoskin A, Rogers R, Adams E, Moultrie F, Slater R. Quantifying noxious-evoked baseline sensitivity in neonates to optimise analgesic trials. eLife 2021; 10:e65266. [PMID: 33847561 PMCID: PMC8087440 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of pain experienced by hospitalised neonates, there are few analgesics with proven efficacy. Testing analgesics in neonates is experimentally and ethically challenging and minimising the number of neonates required to demonstrate efficacy is essential. EEG (electroencephalography)-derived measures of noxious-evoked brain activity can be used to assess analgesic efficacy; however, as variability exists in neonate's responses to painful procedures, large sample sizes are often required. Here, we present an experimental paradigm to account for individual differences in noxious-evoked baseline sensitivity which can be used to improve the design of analgesic trials in neonates. The paradigm is developed and tested across four observational studies using clinical, experimental, and simulated data (92 neonates). We provide evidence of the efficacy of gentle brushing and paracetamol, substantiating the need for randomised controlled trials of these interventions. This work provides an important step towards safe, cost-effective clinical trials of analgesics in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Cobo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y AmbientalesQuitoEcuador
| | - Caroline Hartley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Deniz Gursul
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luke Baxter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Eugene P Duff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Miranda Buckle
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ria Evans Fry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Newborn Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Green
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Amy Hoskin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Rogers
- Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleri Adams
- Newborn Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiona Moultrie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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29
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Shedding light on excessive crying in babies. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1239-1244. [PMID: 32629458 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-1048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive and inconsolable crying behavior in otherwise healthy infants (a condition called infant colic (IC)) is very distressing to parents, may lead to maternal depression, and in extreme cases, may result in shaken baby syndrome. Despite the high prevalence of this condition (20% of healthy infants), the underlying neural mechanisms of IC are still unknown. METHODS By employing the latest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in newborns, we prospectively investigated whether newborns' early brain responses to a sensory stimulus (smell) is associated with a subsequent crying behavior. RESULTS In our sample population of 21 healthy breastfed newborns, those who developed IC at 6 weeks exhibited brain activation and functional connectivity in primary and secondary olfactory brain areas that were distinct from those in babies that did not develop IC. Different activation in brain regions known to be involved in sensory integration was also observed in colicky babies. These responses measured shortly after birth were highly correlated with the mean crying time at 6 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer novel insights into IC pathophysiology by demonstrating that, shortly after birth, the central nervous system of babies developing IC has already greater reactivity to sensory stimuli than that of their noncolicky peers. IMPACT Shortly after birth, the central nervous system of colicky infants has a greater sensitivity to olfactory stimuli than that of their noncolicky peers. This early sensitivity explains as much as 48% of their subsequent crying behavior at 6 weeks of life. Brain activation patterns to olfactory stimuli in colicky infants include not only primary olfactory areas but also brain regions involved in pain processing, emotional valence attribution, and self-regulation. This study links earlier findings in fields as diverse as gastroenterology and behavioral psychology and has the potential of helping healthcare professionals to define strategies to advise families.
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Shiroshita Y, Kirimoto H, Ozawa M, Watanabe T, Uematsu H, Yunoki K, Sobue I. Can Event-Related Potentials Evoked by Heel Lance Assess Pain Processing in Neonates? A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:58. [PMID: 33498331 PMCID: PMC7909417 DOI: 10.3390/children8020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the possibility of event-related potential (ERP) evoked by heel lance in neonates as an index of pain assessment, knowledge acquired by and problems of the methods used in studies on ERP evoked by heel lance in neonates were systematically reviewed, including knowledge about Aδ and C fibers responding to noxious stimuli and Aβ fibers responding to non-noxious stimuli. Of the 863 reports searched, 19 were selected for the final analysis. The following points were identified as problems for ERP evoked by heel lance in neonates to serve as a pain assessment index: (1) It is possible that the ERP evoked by heel lance reflected the activation of Aβ fibers responding to non-noxious stimuli and not the activation of Aδ or C fibers responding to noxious stimulation; (2) Sample size calculation was presented in few studies, and the number of stimulation trials to obtain an averaged ERP was small. Accordingly, to establish ERP evoked by heel lance as a pain assessment in neonates, it is necessary to perform a study to clarify ERP evoked by Aδ- and C-fiber stimulations accompanied by heel lance in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Shiroshita
- Division of Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.O.); (I.S.)
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (H.K.); (T.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Mio Ozawa
- Division of Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.O.); (I.S.)
| | - Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (H.K.); (T.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroko Uematsu
- School of Nursing, University of Human Environments, Aichi 474-0035, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Yunoki
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (H.K.); (T.W.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ikuko Sobue
- Division of Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.O.); (I.S.)
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31
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Miani A, Di Bernardo GA, Højgaard AD, Earp BD, Zak PJ, Landau AM, Hoppe J, Winterdahl M. Neonatal male circumcision is associated with altered adult socio-affective processing. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05566. [PMID: 33299934 PMCID: PMC7702013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal male circumcision is a painful skin-breaking procedure that may affect infant physiological and behavioral stress responses as well as mother-infant interaction. Due to the plasticity of the developing nociceptive system, neonatal pain might carry long-term consequences on adult behavior. In this study, we examined whether infant male circumcision is associated with long-term psychological effects on adult socio-affective processing. METHODS We recruited 408 men circumcised within the first month of life and 211 non-circumcised men and measured socio-affective behaviors and stress via a battery of validated psychometric scales. RESULTS Early-circumcised men reported lower attachment security and lower emotional stability while no differences in empathy or trust were found. Early circumcision was also associated with stronger sexual drive and less restricted socio-sexuality along with higher perceived stress and sensation seeking. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study relying on self-reported measures from a US population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings resonate with the existing literature suggesting links between altered emotional processing in circumcised men and neonatal stress. Consistent with longitudinal studies on infant attachment, early circumcision might have an impact on adult socio-affective traits or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Miani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emiilia, Italy
| | | | - Brian D. Earp
- Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul J. Zak
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Anne M. Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Hoppe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Winterdahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Duff EP, Moultrie F, van der Vaart M, Goksan S, Abos A, Fitzgibbon SP, Baxter L, Wager TD, Slater R. Inferring pain experience in infants using quantitative whole-brain functional MRI signatures: a cross-sectional, observational study. Lancet Digit Health 2020; 2:e458-e467. [PMID: 32954244 PMCID: PMC7480713 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background In the absence of verbal communication, it is challenging to infer an individual's sensory and emotional experience. In communicative adults, functional MRI (fMRI) has been used to develop multivariate brain activity signatures, which reliably capture elements of human pain experience. We aimed to translate whole-brain fMRI signatures that encode pain perception in adults to the newborn infant brain, to advance understanding of functional brain development and pain perception in early life. Methods In this cross-sectional, observational study, we recruited adults at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK) and infants on the postnatal wards of John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford, UK). Healthy full-term infants were eligible for inclusion if they were clinically stable, self-ventilating in air, and had no neurological abnormalities. Infants were consecutively recruited in two cohorts (A and B) due to the installation of a new fMRI scanner using the same recruitment criteria. Adults (aged ≥18 years) were eligible if they were postgraduate students or staff at the University of Oxford. Participants were stimulated with low intensity nociceptive stimuli (64, 128, 256, and 512 mN in adults; 64 and 128 mN in infants) during acquisition of fMRI data. fMRI pain signatures (neurologic pain signature [NPS] and stimulus intensity independent pain signature-1 [SIIPS1]), and four control signatures (the vicarious pain signature, the picture-induced negative emotion signature [PINES], the social rejection signature, and a global signal signature) were applied directly to the adult data and translated to the infant brain. We assessed the concordance of the signatures with the brain responses of adults and infants using cosine similarity scores, and we assessed stimulus intensity encoding of the signature responses using a Spearman rank correlation test. We also assessed brain activity in pro-pain and anti-pain components of the signatures. Findings Between May 22, 2013, and Jan 29, 2018, we recruited ten healthy participants to the adult cohort (five women and five men; mean age 28·3 years [range 23-36]), 15 infants to infant cohort A (six girls and nine boys; mean postnatal age 4 days [range 1-11]), and 22 infants to infant cohort B (11 girls and 11 boys; mean postnatal age 3 days [range 1-10]). The NPS was activated in both the adults and infants, and reliably encoded stimulus intensity. The NPS was activated in the adult cohort (p<0·0001) and both infant cohorts (p=0·048 for infant cohort A; p=0·001 for infant cohort B). The SIIPS1 was only expressed in adults. Pro-pain brain regions showed similar activation patterns in adults and infants, whereas responses in anti-pain brain regions were divergent. Interpretation Basic intensity encoding of nociceptive information is similar in adults and infants. However, translation of adult brain signatures to infants indicated substantial differences in infant cerebral processing of nociceptive information, which might reflect their absence of expectation, motivation, and contextualisation associated with pain. This study expands the use of brain activity pain signatures to non-verbal patients and provides a potential research approach to assess the impact of analgesic interventions on brain function in infants. Funding Wellcome Trust, Supporting the Sick Newborn and their Parents Medical Research Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Duff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Moultrie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sezgi Goksan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra Abos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Cognition, Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean P Fitzgibbon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Baxter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Fitzgibbon SP, Harrison SJ, Jenkinson M, Baxter L, Robinson EC, Bastiani M, Bozek J, Karolis V, Cordero Grande L, Price AN, Hughes E, Makropoulos A, Passerat-Palmbach J, Schuh A, Gao J, Farahibozorg SR, O'Muircheartaigh J, Ciarrusta J, O'Keeffe C, Brandon J, Arichi T, Rueckert D, Hajnal JV, Edwards AD, Smith SM, Duff E, Andersson J. The developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) automated resting-state functional processing framework for newborn infants. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117303. [PMID: 32866666 PMCID: PMC7762845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An automated and robust pipeline to minimally pre-process highly confounded neonatal fMRI data. Includes integrated dynamic distortion and slice-to-volume motion correction. A robust multimodal registration approach which includes custom neonatal templates. Incorporates an automated and self-reporting QC framework to quantify data quality and identify issues for further inspection. Data analysis of 538 infants imaged at 26–45 weeks post-menstrual age.
The developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) aims to create a detailed 4-dimensional connectome of early life spanning 20–45 weeks post-menstrual age. This is being achieved through the acquisition of multi-modal MRI data from over 1000 in- and ex-utero subjects combined with the development of optimised pre-processing pipelines. In this paper we present an automated and robust pipeline to minimally pre-process highly confounded neonatal resting-state fMRI data, robustly, with low failure rates and high quality-assurance. The pipeline has been designed to specifically address the challenges that neonatal data presents including low and variable contrast and high levels of head motion. We provide a detailed description and evaluation of the pipeline which includes integrated slice-to-volume motion correction and dynamic susceptibility distortion correction, a robust multimodal registration approach, bespoke ICA-based denoising, and an automated QC framework. We assess these components on a large cohort of dHCP subjects and demonstrate that processing refinements integrated into the pipeline provide substantial reduction in movement related distortions, resulting in significant improvements in SNR, and detection of high quality RSNs from neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Fitzgibbon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Samuel J Harrison
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Baxter
- Paediatric Neuroimaging Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emma C Robinson
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Bastiani
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Jelena Bozek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vyacheslav Karolis
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero Grande
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony N Price
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emer Hughes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonios Makropoulos
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andreas Schuh
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jianliang Gao
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Seyedeh-Rezvan Farahibozorg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK; Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Judit Ciarrusta
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Camilla O'Keeffe
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jakki Brandon
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen M Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Eugene Duff
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jesper Andersson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
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Wilkinson D, Zayegh A. Valuing life and evaluating suffering in infants with life-limiting illness. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2020; 41:179-196. [PMID: 33331998 PMCID: PMC7745707 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-020-09532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we explore three separate questions that are relevant to assessing the prudential value of life in infants with severe life-limiting illness. First, what is the value or disvalue of a short life? Is it in the interests of a child to save her life if she will nevertheless die in infancy or very early childhood? Second, how does profound cognitive impairment affect the balance of positives and negatives in a child's future life? Third, if the life of a child with life-limiting illness is prolonged, how much suffering will she experience and can any of it be alleviated? Is there a risk that negative experiences for such a child (suffering) will remain despite the provision of palliative care? We argue that both the subjective and objective components of well-being for children could be greatly reduced if they are anticipated to have a short life that is affected by profound cognitive impairment. This does not mean that their overall well-being will be negative, but rather that there may be a higher risk of negative overall well-being if they are expected to experience pain, discomfort, or distress. Furthermore, we point to some of the practical limitations of therapies aimed at relieving suffering, such that there is a risk that suffering will go partially or completely unrelieved. Taken together, these considerations imply that some life-prolonging treatments are not in the best interests of infants with severe life-limiting illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Wilkinson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Amir Zayegh
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Williams HJ, Duncan JS, Grove-White DH, Mahen PJ, Gillespie AV. Repeatability and Feasibility of Pressure Algometry for Quantifying Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold in the Thoracic Region of Calves. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:442. [PMID: 32851025 PMCID: PMC7416630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure algometry can be used to quantify mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in humans and animals. If reliable this may be a useful tool to examine calves for increased mechanical sensitivity, which may be induced by disease or pain. This study measures the repeatability and feasibility of pressure algometry using a handheld digital pressure algometer (PRODPlus, Top Cat metrology) using three serial measurements applied to six sites on the thoraces of 35 healthy calves by two different operators. The range of MNTs recorded in healthy calves was 1.2-25 Newtons (median = 10.1 IQR = 7.1-14.0). A multivariable mixed effects model identified that the MNT's recorded were influenced by Operator, Site, and Calf. Intra and inter-operator reliability were measured by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Based on average ICCs, intra-operator reliability at two sites was good; one site overlying the ventral aspect of the 6th intercostal space [ICC = 0.79 95% CI (0.63-0.89)] and the other overlying the dorsal aspect of the 9th intercostal space [ICC = 0.75 95% CI (0.56-0.87)]. Average ICCs for three other measurement sites were moderate or poor, and one site proved unfeasible. For inter-operator agreement average ICCs showed that agreement was also good at the same 6 and 9th intercostal space, [ICCs = 0.77 95% CI (0.35-0.90) and 0.77 95% CI (0.54-0.88), respectively], agreement was moderate for the remainder of the sites. This study identifies two sites that are potentially useful for monitoring of thoracic sensitivity as an indicator of pain in calves by means of pressure algometry using the average of three measurements. It also identifies sources of variability to be considered when applying the tool for clinical or research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Williams
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Duncan
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dai H. Grove-White
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa J. Mahen
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy V. Gillespie
- Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Padilla N, Lagercrantz H. Making of the mind. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:883-892. [PMID: 31922622 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The essence of the mind is consciousness. It emerged early during evolution and ontogeny appears to follow the same process as phylogeny. Consciousness comes from multiple sources, including visual, auditory, sensorimotor and proprioceptive senses. These gradually combine during development to build a unified consciousness, due to the constant interactions between the brain, body, and environment. In the human the emergence of consciousness depends on the activation of the cortex by thalamocortical connections around 24 weeks after conception. Then, the human foetus can be potentially conscious, as it is aware of its body and reacts to touch, smell and sound and shows social expressions in response to external stimuli. However, it is mainly asleep and probably not aware of itself and its environment. In contrast, the newborn infant is awake after its first breaths of air and can be aware of its own self and others, express emotions and share feelings. The development of consciousness is a progressive, stepwise, structural and functional evolution of multiple intricate components. The infant fulfils some of the more basic criteria for consciousness. However, there are some important missing pieces at this stage, as it cannot remember the past and anticipate the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hugo Lagercrantz
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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Brewer CL, Baccei ML. The development of pain circuits and unique effects of neonatal injury. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:467-479. [PMID: 31399790 PMCID: PMC7007840 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a necessary sensation that prevents further tissue damage, but can be debilitating and detrimental in daily life under chronic conditions. Neuronal activity strongly regulates the maturation of the somatosensory system, and aberrant sensory input caused by injury or inflammation during critical periods of early postnatal development can have prolonged, detrimental effects on pain processing. This review will outline the maturation of neuronal circuits responsible for the transmission of nociceptive signals and the generation of pain sensation-involving peripheral sensory neurons, the spinal cord dorsal horn, and brain-in addition to the influences of the neuroimmune system on somatosensation. This summary will also highlight the unique effects of neonatal tissue injury on the maturation of these systems and subsequent consequences for adult somatosensation. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the need to account for age as an independent variable in basic and clinical pain research, and importantly, to consider the distinct qualities of the pediatric population when designing novel strategies for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie L Brewer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Mark L Baccei
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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38
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Williams MD, Lascelles BDX. Early Neonatal Pain-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Implications on Painful Conditions Later in Life. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32117835 PMCID: PMC7020755 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to receive various injections or have blood drawn within 24 h of life. For infants who are sick or premature, the pain experiences inherent in the required medical care are frequent and often severe, with neonates requiring intensive care admission encountering approximately fourteen painful procedures daily in the hospital. Given that much of the world has seen a steady increase in preterm births for the last several decades, an ever-growing number of babies experience multiple painful events before even leaving the hospital. These noxious events occur during a critical period of neurodevelopment when the nervous system is very vulnerable due to immaturity and neuroplasticity. Here, we provide a narrative review of the literature pertaining to the idea that early life pain has significant long-term effects on neurosensory, cognition, behavior, pain processing, and health outcomes that persist into childhood and even adulthood. We refer to clinical and pre-clinical studies investigating how early life pain impacts acute pain later in life, focusing on animal model correlates that have been used to better understand this relationship. Current knowledge around the proposed underlying mechanisms responsible for the long-lasting consequences of neonatal pain, its neurobiological and behavioral effects, and its influence on later pain states are discussed. We conclude by highlighting that another important consequence of early life pain may be the impact it has on later chronic pain states-an area of research that has received little attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morika D. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Wilkinson D. Ethics, minimal harm and non-therapeutic research in newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020; 105:2-3. [PMID: 31666309 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Wilkinson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Newborn Care, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tippmann S, Kidszun A. Adequate analgesia and sedation should be given to neonates during non-emergency endotracheal intubation. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:17-19. [PMID: 31452275 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Tippmann
- Department of Neonatology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - André Kidszun
- Department of Neonatology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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41
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Cheng D, Liu D, Philpotts LL, Turner DP, Houle TT, Chen L, Zhang M, Yang J, Zhang W, Deng H. Current state of science in machine learning methods for automatic infant pain evaluation using facial expression information: study protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030482. [PMID: 31831532 PMCID: PMC6924806 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infants can experience pain similar to adults, and improperly controlled pain stimuli could have a long-term adverse impact on their cognitive and neurological function development. The biggest challenge of achieving good infant pain control is obtaining objective pain assessment when direct communication is lacking. For years, computer scientists have developed many different facial expression-centred machine learning (ML) methods for automatic infant pain assessment. Many of these ML algorithms showed rather satisfactory performance and have demonstrated good potential to be further enhanced for implementation in real-world clinical settings. To date, there is no prior research that has systematically summarised and compared the performance of these ML algorithms. Our proposed meta-analysis will provide the first comprehensive evidence on this topic to guide further ML algorithm development and clinical implementation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search four major public electronic medical and computer science databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and IEEE Xplore Digital Library from January 2008 to present. All the articles will be imported into the Covidence platform for study eligibility screening and inclusion. Study-level extracted data will be stored in the Systematic Review Data Repository online platform. The primary outcome will be the prediction accuracy of the ML model. The secondary outcomes will be model utility measures including generalisability, interpretability and computational efficiency. All extracted outcome data will be imported into RevMan V.5.2.1 software and R V3.3.2 for analysis. Risk of bias will be summarised using the latest Prediction Model Study Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review and meta-analysis will only use study-level data from public databases, thus formal ethical approval is not required. The results will be disseminated in the form of an official publication in a peer-reviewed journal and/or presentation at relevant conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019118784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dianbo Liu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Dana P Turner
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy T Houle
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucy Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- DRPH Program, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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42
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Vaart M, Duff E, Raafat N, Rogers R, Hartley C, Slater R. Multimodal pain assessment improves discrimination between noxious and non‐noxious stimuli in infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:21-30. [PMID: 35546868 PMCID: PMC8974881 DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infants in neonatal intensive care units frequently experience clinically necessary painful procedures, which elicit a range of behavioral, physiological, and neurophysiological responses. However, the measurement of pain in this population is a challenge and no gold standard exists. The aim of this study was to investigate how noxious‐evoked changes in facial expression, reflex withdrawal, brain activity, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are related and to examine their accuracy in discriminating between noxious and non‐noxious stimuli. In 109 infants who received a clinically required heel lance and a control non‐noxious stimulus, we investigated whether combining responses across each modality, or including multiple measures from within each modality improves our ability to discriminate the noxious and non‐noxious stimuli. A random forest algorithm was used to build data‐driven models to discriminate between the noxious and non‐noxious stimuli in a training set which were then validated in a test set of independent infants. Measures within each modality were highly correlated, while different modalities showed less association. The model combining information across all modalities had good discriminative ability (accuracy of 0.81 in identifying noxious and non‐noxious stimuli), which was higher than the discriminative power of the models built from individual modalities. This demonstrates the importance of including multiple modalities in the assessment of infant pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Vaart
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Eugene Duff
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Nader Raafat
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Richard Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthesia John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford UK
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Abstract
Measuring brain activity in infants provides an objective surrogate approach with which to infer pain perception following noxious events. Here we discuss different approaches which can be used to measure noxious-evoked brain activity, and discuss how these measures can be used to assess the analgesic efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. We review factors that can modulate noxious-evoked brain activity, which may impact infant pain experience, including gestational age, sex, prior pain, stress, and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Gursul
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hartley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. The search for pain biomarkers in the human brain. Brain 2019; 141:3290-3307. [PMID: 30462175 PMCID: PMC6262221 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive functional brain imaging is used more than ever to investigate pain in health and disease, with the prospect of finding new means to alleviate pain and improve patient wellbeing. The observation that several brain areas are activated by transient painful stimuli, and that the magnitude of this activity is often graded with pain intensity, has prompted researchers to extract features of brain activity that could serve as biomarkers to measure pain objectively. However, most of the brain responses observed when pain is present can also be observed when pain is absent. For example, similar brain responses can be elicited by salient but non-painful auditory, tactile and visual stimuli, and such responses can even be recorded in patients with congenital analgesia. Thus, as argued in this review, there is still disagreement on the degree to which current measures of brain activity exactly relate to pain. Furthermore, whether more recent analysis techniques can be used to identify distributed patterns of brain activity specific for pain can be only warranted using carefully designed control conditions. On a more general level, the clinical utility of current pain biomarkers derived from human functional neuroimaging appears to be overstated, and evidence for their efficacy in real-life clinical conditions is scarce. Rather than searching for biomarkers of pain perception, several researchers are developing biomarkers to achieve mechanism-based stratification of pain conditions, predict response to medication and offer personalized treatments. Initial results with promising clinical perspectives need to be further tested for replicability and generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gian Domenico Iannetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
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45
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Ueki S, Yamagami Y, Makimoto K. Effectiveness of vibratory stimulation on needle-related procedural pain in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 17:1428-1463. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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46
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Liang M, Su Q, Mouraux A, Iannetti GD. Spatial Patterns of Brain Activity Preferentially Reflecting Transient Pain and Stimulus Intensity. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2211-2227. [PMID: 30844052 PMCID: PMC6458907 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How pain emerges in the human brain remains an unresolved question. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that several brain areas subserve pain perception because their activation correlates with perceived pain intensity. However, painful stimuli are often intense and highly salient; therefore, using both intensity- and saliency-matched control stimuli is crucial to isolate pain-selective brain responses. Here, we used these intensity/saliency-matched painful and non-painful stimuli to test whether pain-selective information can be isolated in the functional magnetic resonance imaging responses elicited by painful stimuli. Using two independent datasets, multivariate pattern analysis was able to isolate features distinguishing the responses triggered by (1) intensity/saliency-matched painful versus non-painful stimuli, and (2) high versus low-intensity/saliency stimuli regardless of whether they elicit pain. This indicates that neural activity in the so-called "pain matrix" is functionally heterogeneous, and part of it carries information related to both painfulness and intensity/saliency. The response features distinguishing these aspects are spatially distributed and cannot be ascribed to specific brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Q Su
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - A Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G D Iannetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
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Chau CMY, Ranger M, Bichin M, Park MTM, Amaral RSC, Chakravarty M, Poskitt K, Synnes AR, Miller SP, Grunau RE. Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Thalamus Volumes in Very Preterm Children at 8 Years: Neonatal Pain and Genetic Variation. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:51. [PMID: 30941021 PMCID: PMC6433974 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered hippocampal morphology and reduced volumes have been found in children born preterm compared to full-term. Stress inhibits neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and neonatal stress/noxious stimulation in rodent pups are associated with long-term alterations in hippocampal volumes. We have previously shown reduced cortical thickness and cerebellar volumes in relation to more exposure to pain-related stress of neonatal invasive procedures in children born very preterm. We have reported targeted gene-by-pain environment interactions that contribute to long-term brain development and outcomes in this population. We now aim to determine whether exposure to pain-related stress (adjusted for clinical factors and genotype) differentially impacts regional structures within the limbic system and thalamus, and investigate relationships with outcomes in very preterm children. Our study included 57 children born very preterm (<32 weeks GA) followed longitudinally from birth who underwent 3-D T1 MRI neuroimaging at ∼8 years. Hippocampal subfields and white matter tracts, thalamus and amygdala were automatically segmented using the MAGeT Brain algorithm. The relationship between those subcortical brain volumes (adjusted for total brain volume) and neonatal invasive procedures, gestational age (GA), illness severity, postnatal infection, days of mechanical ventilation, number of surgeries, morphine exposure, and genotype (COMT, SLC6A4, and BDNF) was examined using constrained principal component analysis. We found that neonatal clinical factors and genotypes accounted for 46% of the overall variance in volumes of hippocampal subregions, tracts, basal ganglia, thalamus and amygdala. After controlling for clinical risk factors and total brain volume, greater neonatal invasive procedures was associated with lower volumes in the amygdala and thalamus (p = 0.0001) and an interaction with COMT genotype predicted smaller hippocampal subregional volume (p = 0.0001). More surgeries, days of ventilation, and lower GA were also related to smaller volumes in various subcortical regions (p < 0.002). These reduced volumes were in turn differentially related to poorer cognitive, visual-motor and behavioral outcomes. Our findings highlight the complexity that interplays when examining how exposure to early-life stress may impact brain development both at the structural and functional level, and provide new insight on possible novel avenues of research to discover brain-protective treatments to improve the care of children born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil M Y Chau
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manon Ranger
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Nursing, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Bichin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Min Tae M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert S C Amaral
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Poskitt
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne R Synnes
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth E Grunau
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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48
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Perry M, Tan Z, Chen J, Weidig T, Xu W, Cong XS. Neonatal Pain: Perceptions and Current Practice. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2019; 30:549-561. [PMID: 30447813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonates may experience more than 300 painful procedures throughout their hospitalizations. Prior to 1980, there was a longstanding misconception that neonates do not experience pain. Current studies demonstrate that not only do neonates experience pain but also, due to their immature nervous systems, they are hypersensitive to painful stimuli. Poorly treated pain may lead to negative long-term consequences. Proper assessment of neonate pain is vital. The use of nonpharmacologic treatments may be beneficial in alleviating neonate pain. Pharmacologic treatments in the neonate have been well established. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions can be used in conjunction to increase the efficacy of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Perry
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Unit 4026, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zewen Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Unit 4026, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Tessa Weidig
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Unit 4026, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Wanli Xu
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Unit 4026, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiaomei S Cong
- Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, 231 Glenbrook Road, Unit 4026, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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49
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Frear CC, Griffin B, Cuttle L, McPhail SM, Kimble R. Study of negative pressure wound therapy as an adjunct treatment for acute burns in children (SONATA in C): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:130. [PMID: 30760332 PMCID: PMC6374905 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is widely used in the management of several wound types, its efficacy as a primary therapy for acute burns has not yet been adequately investigated, with research in the paediatric population particularly lacking. There is limited evidence, however, that NPWT might benefit children with burns, amongst whom scar formation, wound progression and pain continue to present major management challenges. The purpose of this trial is to determine whether NPWT in conjunction with standard therapy accelerates healing, reduces wound progression and decreases pain more effectively than standard treatment alone. METHODS/DESIGN A total of 104 children will be recruited for this trial. To be eligible, candidates must be under 17 years of age and present to the participating children's hospital within 7 days of their injury with a thermal burn covering <5% of their total body surface area. Facial and trivial burns will be excluded. Following a randomised controlled parallel design, participants will be allocated to either an active control or intervention group. The former will receive standard therapy consisting of Acticoat™ and Mepitel™. The intervention arm will be treated with silver-impregnated dressings in addition to NPWT via the RENASYS TOUCH™ vacuum pump. Participants' dressings will be changed every 3 to 5 days until their wounds are fully re-epithelialised. Time to re-epithelialisation will be studied as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes will include pain, pruritus, wound progression, health-care-resource use (and costs), ease of management, treatment satisfaction and adverse events. Wound fluid collected during NPWT will also be analysed to generate a proteomic profile of the burn microenvironment. DISCUSSION The study will be the first randomised controlled trial to explore the clinical effects of NPWT on paediatric burns, with the aim of determining whether the therapy warrants implementation as an adjunct to standard burns management. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12618000256279 . Registered on 16 February 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody C. Frear
- Centre for Children’s Burns and Trauma Research, Level 7, Children’s Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The Pegg Leditschke Children’s Burns Centre, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Lvl. 5, 501 Stanley St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, 288 Herston Rd., Brisbane, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Bronwyn Griffin
- Centre for Children’s Burns and Trauma Research, Level 7, Children’s Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The Pegg Leditschke Children’s Burns Centre, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Lvl. 5, 501 Stanley St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, 288 Herston Rd., Brisbane, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Leila Cuttle
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Centre for Children’s Burns and Trauma Research, Lvl 8, Children’s Health Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Steven M. McPhail
- Centre for Functioning and Health Research, Metro South Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
- School of Public Health & Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Roy Kimble
- Centre for Children’s Burns and Trauma Research, Level 7, Children’s Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The Pegg Leditschke Children’s Burns Centre, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Lvl. 5, 501 Stanley St., South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
- The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, 288 Herston Rd., Brisbane, QLD 4006 Australia
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50
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Rigato S, Banissy MJ, Romanska A, Thomas R, van Velzen J, Bremner AJ. Cortical signatures of vicarious tactile experience in four-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 35:75-80. [PMID: 28942240 PMCID: PMC6968956 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain recruits similar brain regions when a state is experienced (e.g., touch, pain, actions) and when that state is passively observed in other individuals. In adults, seeing other people being touched activates similar brain areas as when we experience touch ourselves. Here we show that already by four months of age, cortical responses to tactile stimulation are modulated by visual information specifying another person being touched. We recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in 4-month-old infants while they were presented with brief vibrotactile stimuli to the hands. At the same time that the tactile stimuli were presented the infants observed another person's hand being touched by a soft paintbrush or approached by the paintbrush which then touched the surface next to their hand. A prominent positive peak in SEPs contralateral to the site of tactile stimulation around 130 ms after the tactile stimulus onset was of a significantly larger amplitude for the "Surface" trials than for the "Hand" trials. These findings indicate that, even at four months of age, somatosensory cortex is not only involved in the personal experience of touch but can also be vicariously recruited by seeing other people being touched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rigato
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michael J Banissy
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Aleksandra Romanska
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Rhiannon Thomas
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - José van Velzen
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Andrew J Bremner
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
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