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Pereira IS, da Cunha M, Leal IP, Luís MP, Gonçalves P, Gonçalves C, Mota LJ. Identification of homologs of the Chlamydia trachomatis effector CteG reveals a family of Chlamydiaceae type III secreted proteins that can be delivered into host cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:15. [PMID: 39008129 PMCID: PMC11249467 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are a large group of obligate endosymbionts of eukaryotes that includes the Chlamydiaceae family, comprising several animal pathogens. Among Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis causes widespread ocular and urogenital infections in humans. Like many bacterial pathogens, all Chlamydiae manipulate host cells by injecting them with type III secretion effector proteins. We previously characterized the C. trachomatis effector CteG, which localizes at the host cell Golgi and plasma membrane during distinct phases of the chlamydial infectious cycle. Here, we show that CteG is a Chlamydiaceae-specific effector with over 60 homologs phylogenetically categorized into two distinct clades (CteG I and CteG II) and exhibiting several inparalogs and outparalogs. Notably, cteG I homologs are syntenic to C. trachomatis cteG, whereas cteG II homologs are syntenic among themselves but not with C. trachomatis cteG. This indicates a complex evolution of cteG homologs, which is unique among C. trachomatis effectors, marked by numerous events of gene duplication and loss. Despite relatively modest sequence conservation, nearly all tested CteG I and CteG II proteins were identified as type III secretion substrates using Yersinia as a heterologous bacterial host. Moreover, most of the type III secreted CteG I and CteG II homologs were delivered by C. trachomatis into host cells, where they localized at the Golgi region and cell periphery. Overall, this provided insights into the evolution of bacterial effectors and revealed a Chlamydiaceae family of type III secreted proteins that underwent substantial divergence during evolution while conserving the capacity to localize at specific host cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Serrano Pereira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria da Cunha
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Pacheco Leal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Pequito Luís
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Jaime Mota
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
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Isoda T, Takeda E, Hosokawa S, Hotta-Ren S, Ohsumi Y. Atg45 is an autophagy receptor for glycogen, a non-preferred cargo of bulk autophagy in yeast. iScience 2024; 27:109810. [PMID: 38832010 PMCID: PMC11145338 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing autophagy of proteins and organelles have been well studied, but how other cytoplasmic components such as RNA and polysaccharides are degraded remains largely unknown. In this study, we examine autophagy of glycogen, a storage form of glucose. We find that cells accumulate glycogen in the cytoplasm during nitrogen starvation and that this carbohydrate is rarely observed within autophagosomes and autophagic bodies. However, sequestration of glycogen by autophagy is observed following prolonged nitrogen starvation. We identify a yet-uncharacterized open reading frame, Yil024c (herein Atg45), as encoding a cytosolic receptor protein that mediates autophagy of glycogen (glycophagy). Furthermore, we show that, during sporulation, Atg45 is highly expressed and is associated with an increase in glycophagy. Our results suggest that cells regulate glycophagic activity by controlling the expression level of Atg45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Isoda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- School and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc, Yokohama 244-0812, Japan
| | - Eigo Takeda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hosokawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shukun Hotta-Ren
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Mandel CG, Sanchez SE, Monahan CC, Phuklia W, Omsland A. Metabolism and physiology of pathogenic bacterial obligate intracellular parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1284701. [PMID: 38585652 PMCID: PMC10995303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1284701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial obligate intracellular parasites (BOIPs) represent an exclusive group of bacterial pathogens that all depend on invasion of a eukaryotic host cell to reproduce. BOIPs are characterized by extensive adaptation to their respective replication niches, regardless of whether they replicate within the host cell cytoplasm or within specialized replication vacuoles. Genome reduction is also a hallmark of BOIPs that likely reflects streamlining of metabolic processes to reduce the need for de novo biosynthesis of energetically costly metabolic intermediates. Despite shared characteristics in lifestyle, BOIPs show considerable diversity in nutrient requirements, metabolic capabilities, and general physiology. In this review, we compare metabolic and physiological processes of prominent pathogenic BOIPs with special emphasis on carbon, energy, and amino acid metabolism. Recent advances are discussed in the context of historical views and opportunities for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G. Mandel
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Savannah E. Sanchez
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Colleen C. Monahan
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Weerawat Phuklia
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Anders Omsland
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Lin Z, Jiang S, Zwe YH, Zhang K, Li D. Glycogen plays a key role in survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on dry surfaces and in low-moisture foods. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113714. [PMID: 38128983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is known to survive in desiccate environments and is often associated with low-moisture foods (LMFs). In this work, S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 was found to survive better by achieving the least reductions (3.17 ± 0.20 Log CFU reduction) compared to S. Tennessee ATCC 10722 (3.82 ± 0.13 Log CFU reduction) and S. Newport ATCC 6962 (6.03 ± 0.36 Log CFU reduction) after 30 days on surfaces with a relative humidity of 49% at ambient temperature. A metabolomic analysis revealed that S. Typhimurium was still active in energy metabolism after 24 h in the desiccate environment and glycogen, an energy reserve, was drastically reduced. We followed up on the glycogen levels over 30 days and found indeed a sharp decline on the first day. However, the glycogens detected on day 7 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and thereafter remained stable above the original levels until day 30. The expression levels of both glycogen anabolism- and catabolism-related genes (csrA, glgA, glgC, glgX) were significantly up-regulated at all tested points (P < 0.05). The glgA and glgC insertion mutants displayed weaker survivability on both dry surfaces and in representative LMFs (flour and milk powder) compared to the wild-type strain. This work highlights the role of glycogen during different periods of desiccation, which may bring novel insight into mitigating Salmonella by disrupting glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejia Lin
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shaoqian Jiang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ye Htut Zwe
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Strnad M, Rudenko N, Rego RO. Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi. Virulence 2023; 14:2265015. [PMID: 37814488 PMCID: PMC10566445 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi often triggers pathophysiologic perturbations that are further augmented by the inflammatory responses of the host, resulting in the severe clinical conditions of Lyme disease. While our apprehension of the spatial and temporal integration of the virulence determinants during the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi is constantly being improved, there is still much to be discovered. Many of the novel virulence strategies discussed in this review are undetermined. Lyme disease spirochaetes must surmount numerous molecular and mechanical obstacles in order to establish a disseminated infection in a vertebrate host. These barriers include borrelial relocation from the midgut of the feeding tick to its body cavity and further to the salivary glands, deposition to the skin, haematogenous dissemination, extravasation from blood circulation system, evasion of the host immune responses, localization to protective niches, and establishment of local as well as distal infection in multiple tissues and organs. Here, the various well-defined but also possible novel strategies and virulence mechanisms used by B. burgdorferi to evade obstacles laid out by the tick vector and usually the mammalian host during colonization and infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strnad
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Rudenko
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O.M. Rego
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
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7
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Hakiem OR, Rizvi SMA, Ramirez C, Tan M. Euo is a developmental regulator that represses late genes and activates midcycle genes in Chlamydia trachomatis. mBio 2023; 14:e0046523. [PMID: 37565751 PMCID: PMC10653925 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00465-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, we developed a correlative approach that combined DNA immunoprecipitation-seq and RNA-seq analyses to define the regulon of the Chlamydia trachomatis transcription factor Euo. We confirmed the proposed role of Euo as a transcriptional repressor of late chlamydial genes but also showed that Euo activates transcription of a subset of midcycle genes and autoregulates its own expression via negative feedback. This study validates and expands the role of Euo as an important developmental regulator in C. trachomatis. In addition, this genome-wide correlative approach can be applied to study transcription factors in other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais R. Hakiem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Syed M. A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cuper Ramirez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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8
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Bastidas RJ, Kędzior M, Davidson RK, Walsh SC, Dolat L, Sixt BS, Pruneda JN, Coers J, Valdivia RH. The acetylase activity of Cdu1 regulates bacterial exit from infected cells by protecting Chlamydia effectors from degradation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530337. [PMID: 36909574 PMCID: PMC10002621 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Pathogens can regulate eukaryotic proteolysis through the delivery of proteins with de-ubiquitinating (DUB) activities. The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis secretes Cdu1 (ChlaDUB1), a dual deubiquitinase and Lys-acetyltransferase, that promotes Golgi remodeling and survival of infected host cells presumably by regulating the ubiquitination of host and bacterial proteins. Here we determined that Cdu1's acetylase but not its DUB activity is important to protect Cdu1 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. We further identified three C. trachomatis proteins on the pathogen-containing vacuole (InaC, IpaM, and CTL0480) that required Cdu1's acetylase activity for protection from degradation and determined that Cdu1 and these Cdu1-protected proteins are required for optimal egress of Chlamydia from host cells. These findings highlight a non-canonical mechanism of pathogen-mediated protection of virulence factors from degradation after their delivery into host cells and the coordinated regulation of secreted effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Bastidas
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Mateusz Kędzior
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Robert K. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Stephen C. Walsh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Lee Dolat
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Barbara S. Sixt
- Deparment of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, N.C 27708, USA
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9
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Jury B, Fleming C, Huston WM, Luu LDW. Molecular pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1281823. [PMID: 37920447 PMCID: PMC10619736 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1281823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a strict intracellular human pathogen. It is the main bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections and the etiologic agent of trachoma, which is the leading cause of preventable blindness. Despite over 100 years since C. trachomatis was first identified, there is still no vaccine. However in recent years, the advancement of genetic manipulation approaches for C. trachomatis has increased our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of C. trachomatis and progress towards a vaccine. In this mini-review, we aimed to outline the factors related to the developmental cycle phase and specific pathogenesis activity of C. trachomatis in order to focus priorities for future genetic approaches. We highlight the factors known to be critical for developmental cycle stages, gene expression regulatory factors, type III secretion system and their effectors, and individual virulence factors with known impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Jury
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Charlotte Fleming
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Banerjee A, Sun Y, Muramatsu MK, Toh E, Nelson DE. A Member of an Ancient Family of Bacterial Amino Acids Transporters Contributes to Chlamydia Nutritional Virulence and Immune Evasion. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0048322. [PMID: 36847502 PMCID: PMC10068747 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00483-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many obligate intracellular bacteria, including members of the genus Chlamydia, cannot synthesize a variety of amino acids de novo and acquire these from host cells via largely unknown mechanisms. Previously, we determined that a missense mutation in ctl0225, a conserved Chlamydia open reading frame of unknown function, mediated sensitivity to interferon gamma. Here, we show evidence that CTL0225 is a member of the SnatA family of neutral amino acid transporters that contributes to the import of several amino acids into Chlamydia cells. Further, we show that CTL0225 orthologs from two other distantly related obligate intracellular pathogens (Coxiella burnetii and Buchnera aphidicola) are sufficient to import valine into Escherichia coli. We also show that chlamydia infection and interferon exposure have opposing effects on amino acid metabolism, potentially explaining the relationship between CTL0225 and interferon sensitivity. Overall, we show that phylogenetically diverse intracellular pathogens use an ancient family of amino acid transporters to acquire host amino acids and provide another example of how nutritional virulence and immune evasion can be linked in obligate intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew K. Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evelyn Toh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David E. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Virulence Protein Pgp3 Is Insufficient To Mediate Plasmid-Dependent Infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0039222. [PMID: 36722979 PMCID: PMC9933628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00392-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of infectious blindness and sexually transmitted bacterial infection globally. C. trachomatis contains a conserved chlamydial plasmid with eight coding sequences. Plasmid-cured Chlamydia strains are attenuated and display reduced infectivity in cell culture and in vivo genital infection of female mice. Mutants that do not express the plasmid-encoded proteins Pgp3, a secreted protein with unknown function, or Pgp4, a putative regulator of pgp3 and other chromosomal loci, display an infectivity defect similar to plasmid-deficient strains. Our objective was to determine the combined and individual contributions of Pgp3 and Pgp4 to this phenotype. Deletion of pgp3 and pgp4 resulted in an infectivity defect detected by competition assay in cell culture and in mice. The pgp3 locus was placed under the control of an anhydrotetracycline-inducible promoter to examine the individual contributions of Pgp3 and Pgp4 to infectivity. Expression of pgp3 was induced 100- to 1,000-fold after anhydrotetracycline administration, regardless of the presence or absence of pgp4. However, secreted Pgp3 was not detected when pgp4 was deleted, confirming a role for Pgp4 in Pgp3 secretion. We discovered that expression of pgp3 or pgp4 alone was insufficient to restore normal infectivity, which required expression of both Pgp3 and Pgp4. These results suggest Pgp3 and Pgp4 are both required for infectivity during C. trachomatis infection. Future studies are required to determine the mechanism by which Pgp3 and Pgp4 influence chlamydial infectivity as well as the potential roles of Pgp4-regulated loci.
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12
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Intracellular lifestyle of Chlamydia trachomatis and host-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00860-y. [PMID: 36788308 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the intracellular lifestyle of Chlamydia trachomatis and how the bacteria establish themselves in the human host. As an obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium with a strongly reduced coding capacity, C. trachomatis depends on the provision of nutrients from the host cell. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of how C. trachomatis establishes its intracellular replication niche, how its metabolism functions in the host cell, how it can defend itself against the cell autonomous and innate immune response and how it overcomes adverse situations through the transition to a persistent state. In particular, we focus on those processes for which a mechanistic understanding has been achieved.
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13
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Dharamshi JE, Köstlbacher S, Schön ME, Collingro A, Ettema TJG, Horn M. Gene gain facilitated endosymbiotic evolution of Chlamydiae. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:40-54. [PMID: 36604515 PMCID: PMC9816063 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydiae is a bacterial phylum composed of obligate animal and protist endosymbionts. However, other members of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae superphylum are primarily free living. How Chlamydiae transitioned to an endosymbiotic lifestyle is still largely unresolved. Here we reconstructed Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae species relationships and modelled superphylum genome evolution. Gene content reconstruction from 11,996 gene families suggests a motile and facultatively anaerobic last common Chlamydiae ancestor that had already gained characteristic endosymbiont genes. Counter to expectations for genome streamlining in strict endosymbionts, we detected substantial gene gain within Chlamydiae. We found that divergence in energy metabolism and aerobiosis observed in extant lineages emerged later during chlamydial evolution. In particular, metabolic and aerobic genes characteristic of the more metabolically versatile protist-infecting chlamydiae were gained, such as respiratory chain complexes. Our results show that metabolic complexity can increase during endosymbiont evolution, adding an additional perspective for understanding symbiont evolutionary trajectories across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennah E Dharamshi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephan Köstlbacher
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max E Schön
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Collingro
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thijs J G Ettema
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Horn
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Kuwabara S, Landers ER, Fisher DJ. Impact of nutrients on the function of the chlamydial Rsb partner switching mechanism. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6831632. [PMID: 36385643 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections and infectious blindness. Chlamydia undergo a biphasic developmental cycle alternating between the infectious elementary body (EB) and the replicative reticulate body (RB). The molecular mechanisms governing RB growth and RB-EB differentiation are unclear. We hypothesize that the bacterium senses host cell and bacterial energy levels and metabolites to ensure that development and growth coincide with nutrient availability. We predict that a partner switching mechanism (PSM) plays a key role in the sensing and response process acting as a molecular throttle sensitive to metabolite levels. Using purified wild type and mutant PSM proteins, we discovered that metal type impacts enzyme activity and the substrate specificity of RsbU and that RsbW prefers ATP over GTP as a phosphate donor. Immunoblotting analysis of RsbV1/V2 demonstrated the presence of both proteins beyond 20 hours post infection and we observed that an RsbV1-null strain has a developmental delay and exhibits differential growth attenuation in response to glucose levels. Collectively, our data support that the PSM regulates growth in response to metabolites and further defines biochemical features governing PSM-component interactions which could help in the development of novel PSM-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Kuwabara
- Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Evan R Landers
- Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Derek J Fisher
- Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States.,School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
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15
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N'Gadjaga MD, Perrinet S, Connor MG, Bertolin G, Millot GA, Subtil A. Chlamydia trachomatis development requires both host glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation but has only minor effects on these pathways. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102338. [PMID: 35931114 PMCID: PMC9449673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis obtain all nutrients from the cytoplasm of their epithelial host cells and stimulate glucose uptake by these cells. They even hijack host ATP, exerting a strong metabolic pressure on their host at the peak of the proliferative stage of their developmental cycle. However, it is largely unknown whether infection modulates the metabolism of the host cell. Also, the reliance of the bacteria on host metabolism might change during their progression through their biphasic developmental cycle. Herein, using primary epithelial cells and 2 cell lines of nontumoral origin, we showed that between the 2 main ATP-producing pathways of the host, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) remained stable and glycolysis was slightly increased. Inhibition of either pathway strongly reduced bacterial proliferation, implicating that optimal bacterial growth required both pathways to function at full capacity. While we found C. trachomatis displayed some degree of energetic autonomy in the synthesis of proteins expressed at the onset of infection, functional host glycolysis was necessary for the establishment of early inclusions, whereas OxPhos contributed less. These observations correlated with the relative contributions of the pathways in maintaining ATP levels in epithelial cells, with glycolysis contributing the most. Altogether, this work highlights the dependence of C. trachomatis on both host glycolysis and OxPhos for efficient bacterial replication. However, ATP consumption appears at equilibrium with the normal production capacity of the host and the bacteria, so that no major shift between these pathways is required to meet bacterial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimouna D N'Gadjaga
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael G Connor
- Institut Pasteur, Chromatin and Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaël A Millot
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-DBC, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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The Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein CT006 associates with lipid droplets in eukaryotic cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264292. [PMID: 35192658 PMCID: PMC8863265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes genital and ocular infections in humans. This bacterial pathogen multiplies exclusively within host cells in a characteristic vacuole (inclusion) and delivers proteins such as inclusion membrane proteins (Incs) into the host cell. Here, we identified CT006 as a novel C. trachomatis protein that when expressed ectopically eukaryotic cells can associate with lipid droplets (LDs). A screen using Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified two Incs causing vacuolar protein sorting defects and seven Incs showing tropism for eukaryotic organelles. Ectopic expression in yeast and mammalian cells of genes encoding different fragments of CT006 revealed tropism for the endoplasmic reticulum and LDs. We identified a LD-targeting region within the first 88 amino acid residues of CT006, and positively charged residues important for this targeting. Comparing with the parental wild-type strain, cells infected by a newly generated C. trachomatis strain overproducing CT006 with a double hemagglutinin tag showed a slight increase in the area occupied by LDs within the inclusion region. However, we could not correlate this effect with the LD-targeting regions within CT006. We further showed that both the amino and carboxy-terminal regions of CT006, flanking the Inc-characteristic bilobed hydrophobic domain, are exposed to the host cell cytosol during C. trachomatis infection, supporting their availability to interact with host cell targets. Altogether, our data suggest that CT006 might participate in the interaction of LDs with C. trachomatis inclusions.
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17
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Rytter H, Jamet A, Ziveri J, Ramond E, Coureuil M, Lagouge-Roussey P, Euphrasie D, Tros F, Goudin N, Chhuon C, Nemazanyy I, de Moraes FE, Labate C, Guerrera IC, Charbit A. The pentose phosphate pathway constitutes a major metabolic hub in pathogenic Francisella. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009326. [PMID: 34339477 PMCID: PMC8360588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are now considered as intrinsic virulence attributes of pathogenic bacteria and thus represent potential targets for antibacterial strategies. Here we focused on the role of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and its connections with other metabolic pathways in the pathophysiology of Francisella novicida. The involvement of the PPP in the intracellular life cycle of Francisella was first demonstrated by studying PPP inactivating mutants. Indeed, we observed that inactivation of the tktA, rpiA or rpe genes severely impaired intramacrophage multiplication during the first 24 hours. However, time-lapse video microscopy demonstrated that rpiA and rpe mutants were able to resume late intracellular multiplication. To better understand the links between PPP and other metabolic networks in the bacterium, we also performed an extensive proteo-metabolomic analysis of these mutants. We show that the PPP constitutes a major bacterial metabolic hub with multiple connections to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and other pathways, such as fatty acid degradation and sulfur metabolism. Altogether our study highlights how PPP plays a key role in the pathogenesis and growth of Francisella in its intracellular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloise Rytter
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jamet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Jason Ziveri
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Ramond
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Lagouge-Roussey
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Euphrasie
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Tros
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Pole Bio-analyse d’images, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24- CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Plateforme Protéome Institut Necker, PPN, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24-CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Plateforme Etude du métabolisme, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24-CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Fabricio Edgar de Moraes
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Plateforme Protéome Institut Necker, PPN, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24-CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (ICG); (AC)
| | - Alain Charbit
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team 7: Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (ICG); (AC)
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18
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A Chlamydial Plasmid-Dependent Secretion System for the Delivery of Virulence Factors to the Host Cytosol. mBio 2021; 12:e0117921. [PMID: 34101486 PMCID: PMC8262877 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01179-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria distinguished by a unique developmental biology confined within a parasitophorous vacuole termed an inclusion. The chlamydial plasmid is a central virulence factor in the pathogenesis of infection. Plasmid gene protein 4 (Pgp4) regulates the expression of plasmid gene protein 3 (Pgp3) and chromosomal glycogen synthase (GlgA), virulence factors secreted from the inclusion to the host cytosol by an unknown mechanism. Here, we identified a plasmid-dependent secretion system for the cytosolic delivery of Pgp3 and GlgA. The secretion system consisted of a segregated population of globular structures originating from midcycle reticulate bodies. Globular structures contained the Pgp4-regulated proteins CT143, CT144, and CT050 in addition to Pgp3 and GlgA. Genetic replacement of Pgp4 with Pgp3 or GlgA negated the formation of globular structures, resulting in retention of Pgp3 and GlgA in chlamydial organisms. The generation of globular structures and secretion of virulence factors occurred independently of type 2 and type 3 secretion systems. Globular structures were enriched with lipopolysaccharide but lacked detectable major outer membrane protein and heat shock protein 60, implicating them as outer membrane vesicles. Thus, we have discovered a novel chlamydial plasmid-dependent secretion system that transports virulence factor cargo from the chlamydial inclusion to the host cytosol.
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19
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Hu C, Wu H, Sun Y, Kong J, Shao L, Chen X, Liu Q, Liu Y. GlgA plays an important role in the induction of hydrosalpinx by Chlamydia muridarum. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5857168. [PMID: 32533831 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While glycogen synthase A deficiency can reduce the growth and proliferation of Chlamydia muridarum, the effect of glycogen synthase A on the pathogenic process of C. muridarum remains unclear. To characterize the effect of glycogen synthase A deficiency on the pathogenicity of C. muridarum in the genital tract, BALB/c mice were intravaginally inoculated with wild-type, plasmid-free and glycogen synthase A-deficient C. muridarum, and the genital tract tissue was isolated to assess the severity of hydrosalpinx and the levels of oviduct dilatation at day 60 after infection. The glycogen storage capacity and in vitro infection ability of different C. muridarum strains were analyzed by periodic acid-Schiff staining and quantification of progeny elementary body(EB) formation. The tissue homogenate was used to determine the recovery of different C. muridarum strains. The results show that glycogen synthase A-deficient C. muridarum induced reduction of hydrosalpinx and attenuated the extent of oviduct dilatation in mice, and exhibited reduced growth and proliferation in the mouse lower genital tract. In addition, glycogen synthase A point mutations at different sites reduced the glycogen storage capacity and in vitro infectivity of C. muridarum to different degrees. Glycogen synthase A deficiency also reduced the host inflammatory reaction and ascending infection of C. muridarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmin Hu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Haoqing Wu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Yina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Rd., Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - LiLi Shao
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Quanzhong Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Yuanjun Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd., Tianjin 300052, PR China
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20
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Colpaert M, Kadouche D, Ducatez M, Pillonel T, Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Cenci U, Huang B, Chabi M, Maes E, Coddeville B, Couderc L, Touzet H, Bray F, Tirtiaux C, Ball S, Greub G, Colleoni C. Conservation of the glycogen metabolism pathway underlines a pivotal function of storage polysaccharides in Chlamydiae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:296. [PMID: 33674787 PMCID: PMC7935935 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Chlamydiales includes obligate intracellular pathogens capable of infecting mammals, fishes and amoeba. Unlike other intracellular bacteria for which intracellular adaptation led to the loss of glycogen metabolism pathway, all chlamydial families maintained the nucleotide-sugar dependent glycogen metabolism pathway i.e. the GlgC-pathway with the notable exception of both Criblamydiaceae and Waddliaceae families. Through detailed genome analysis and biochemical investigations, we have shown that genome rearrangement events have resulted in a defective GlgC-pathway and more importantly we have evidenced a distinct trehalose-dependent GlgE-pathway in both Criblamydiaceae and Waddliaceae families. Altogether, this study strongly indicates that the glycogen metabolism is retained in all Chlamydiales without exception, highlighting the pivotal function of storage polysaccharides, which has been underestimated to date. We propose that glycogen degradation is a mandatory process for fueling essential metabolic pathways that ensure the survival and virulence of extracellular forms i.e. elementary bodies of Chlamydiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Colpaert
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Derifa Kadouche
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Ducatez
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Trestan Pillonel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ugo Cenci
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Binquan Huang
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan/School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Malika Chabi
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Maes
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Bernadette Coddeville
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Loïc Couderc
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Touzet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bray
- University of Lille, CNRS, USR 3290-MSAP-Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse et la Protéomique, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Tirtiaux
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France.
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21
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Andersen SE, Bulman LM, Steiert B, Faris R, Weber MM. Got mutants? How advances in chlamydial genetics have furthered the study of effector proteins. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa078. [PMID: 33512479 PMCID: PMC7862739 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of infectious blindness and a sexually transmitted infection. All chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole termed the inclusion. From the confines of the inclusion, the bacteria must interact with many host organelles to acquire key nutrients necessary for replication, all while promoting host cell viability and subverting host defense mechanisms. To achieve these feats, C. trachomatis delivers an arsenal of virulence factors into the eukaryotic cell via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) that facilitates invasion, manipulation of host vesicular trafficking, subversion of host defense mechanisms and promotes bacteria egress at the conclusion of the developmental cycle. A subset of these proteins intercalate into the inclusion and are thus referred to as inclusion membrane proteins. Whereas others, referred to as conventional T3SS effectors, are released into the host cell where they localize to various eukaryotic organelles or remain in the cytosol. Here, we discuss the functions of T3SS effector proteins with a focus on how advances in chlamydial genetics have facilitated the identification and molecular characterization of these important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E Andersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lanci M Bulman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brianna Steiert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert Faris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mary M Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:615450. [PMID: 33520740 PMCID: PMC7841308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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23
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Hosni A, El-Twab SA, Abdul-Hamid M, Prinsen E, AbdElgawad H, Abdel-Moneim A, Beemster GTS. Cinnamaldehyde mitigates placental vascular dysfunction of gestational diabetes and protects from the associated fetal hypoxia by modulating placental angiogenesis, metabolic activity and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105426. [PMID: 33453370 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy-related disorder with an increasing prevalence worldwide. GDM is associated with altered placental vascular functions and has severe consequences for fetal growth. There is no commonly accepted medication for GDM due to safety considerations. Actions of the currently limited therapeutic options focus exclusively on lowering the blood glucose level without paying attention to the altered placental vascular reactivity and remodelling. We used the fat-sucrose diet/streptozotocin (FSD/STZ) rat model of GDM to explore the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde (Ci; 20 mg/kg/day), a promising antidiabetic agent for GDM, and glyburide/metformin-HCl (Gly/Met; 0.6 + 100 mg/kg/day), as a reference drug for treatment of GDM, on the placenta structure and function at term pregnancy after their oral intake one week before mating onward. Through genome-wide transcriptome, biochemical, metabolome, metal analysis and histopathology we obtained an integrated understanding of their effects. GDM resulted in maternal and fetal hyperglycemia, fetal hyperinsulinemia and placental dysfunction with subsequent fetal anemia, hepatic iron deficiency and high serum erythropoietin level, reflecting fetal hypoxia. Differentially-regulated genes were overrepresented for pathways of angiogenesis, metabolic transporters and oxidative stress. Despite Ci and Gly/Met effectively alleviated the maternal and fetal glycemia, only Ci offered substantial protection from GDM-associated placental vasculopathy and prevented the fetal hypoxia. This was explained by Ci's impact on the molecular regulation of placental angiogenesis, metabolic activity and redox signaling. In conclusion, Ci provides a dual impact for the treatment of GDM at both maternal and fetal levels through its antidiabetic effect and the direct placental vasoprotective action. Lack of Gly/Met effectiveness to restore it's impaired functionality demonstrates the vital role of the placenta in developing efficient medications for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hosni
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanaa Abd El-Twab
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Histology and Cytology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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The Chlamydia effector CT622/TaiP targets a nonautophagy related function of ATG16L1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26784-26794. [PMID: 33055216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005389117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent of trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases, multiply in a vacuolar compartment, the inclusion. From this niche, they secrete "effector" proteins, that modify cellular activities to enable bacterial survival and proliferation. Here, we show that the host autophagy-related protein 16-1 (ATG16L1) restricts inclusion growth and that this effect is counteracted by the secretion of the bacterial effector CT622/TaiP (translocated ATG16L1 interacting protein). ATG16L1 is mostly known for its role in the lipidation of the human homologs of ATG8 (i.e., LC3 and homologs) on double membranes during autophagy as well as on single membranes during LC3-associated phagocytosis and other LC3-lipidation events. Unexpectedly, the LC3-lipidation-related functions of ATG16L1 are not required for restricting inclusion development. We show that the carboxyl-terminal domain of TaiP exposes a mimic of an eukaryotic ATG16L1-binding motif that binds to ATG16L1's WD40 domain. By doing so, TaiP prevents ATG16L1 interaction with the integral membrane protein TMEM59 and allows the rerouting of Rab6-positive compartments toward the inclusion. The discovery that one bacterial effector evolved to target ATG16L1's engagement in intracellular traffic rather than in LC3 lipidation brings this "secondary" activity of ATG16L1 in full light and emphasizes its importance for maintaining host cell homeostasis.
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25
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Wang M, Liu Q, Kang X, Zhu Z, Yang H, Xi X, Zhang X, Du Y, Guo M, Tang D, Wang L. Glycogen Metabolism Impairment via Single Gene Mutation in the glgBXCAP Operon Alters the Survival Rate of Escherichia coli Under Various Environmental Stresses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588099. [PMID: 33101261 PMCID: PMC7546213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that is widely present in all life domains. It has been identified in many bacterial species and functions as an important energy storage compound. In addition, it plays important roles in bacterial transmission, pathogenicity, and environmental viability. There are five essential enzymes (coding genes) directly involved in bacterial glycogen metabolism, which forms a single operon glgBXCAP with a suboperonic promoter in glgC gene in Escherichia coli. Currently, there is no comparative study of how the disruptions of the five glycogen metabolism genes influence bacterial phenotypes, such as growth rate, biofilm formation, and environmental survival, etc. In this study, we systematically and comparatively studied five E. coli single-gene mutants (ΔglgC, ΔglgA, ΔglgB, ΔglgP, ΔglgX) in terms of glycogen metabolism and explored their phenotype changes with a focus on environmental stress endurance, such as nutrient deprivation, low temperature, desiccation, and oxidation, etc. Biofilm formation in wild-type and mutant strains was also compared. E. coli wild-type stores the highest glycogen content after around 20-h culture while disruption of degradation genes (glgP, glgX) leads to continuous accumulation of glycogen. However, glycogen primary structure was abnormally changed in ΔglgP and ΔglgX. Meanwhile, increased accumulation of glycogen facilitates the growth of E. coli mutants but reduces glucose consumption in liquid culture and vice versa. Glycogen metabolism disruption also significantly and consistently increases biofilm formation in all the mutants. As for environmental stress endurance, glycogen over-accumulating mutants have enhanced starvation viability and reduced desiccation viability while all mutants showed decreased survival rate at low temperature. No consistent results were found for oxidative stress resistance in terms of glycogen metabolism disruptions, though ΔglgA shows highest resistance toward oxidation with unknown mechanisms. In sum, single gene disruptions in glgBXCAP operon significantly influence bacterial growth and glucose consumption during culture. Accumulation and structure of intracellular glycogen were also significantly altered. In addition, we observed significant changes in E. coli environmental viabilities due to the deletions of certain genes in the operon. Further investigations shall be focused on the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Kang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Xi
- Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengzhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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26
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Paradoxical Pro-inflammatory Responses by Human Macrophages to an Amoebae Host-Adapted Legionella Effector. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:571-584.e7. [PMID: 32220647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila has co-evolved with amoebae, their natural hosts. Upon transmission to humans, the bacteria proliferate within alveolar macrophages causing pneumonia. Here, we show L. pneumophila injects the effector LamA, an amylase, into the cytosol of human macrophage (hMDMs) and amoebae to rapidly degrade glycogen to generate cytosolic hyper-glucose. In response, hMDMs shift their metabolism to aerobic glycolysis, which directly triggers an M1-like pro-inflammatory differentiation and nutritional innate immunity through enhanced tryptophan degradation. This leads to a modest restriction of bacterial proliferation in hMDMs. In contrast, LamA-mediated glycogenolysis in amoebae deprives the natural host from the main building blocks for synthesis of the cellulose-rich cyst wall, leading to subversion of amoeba encystation. This is non-permissive for bacterial proliferation. Therefore, LamA of L. pneumophila is an amoebae host-adapted effector that subverts encystation of the amoebae natural host, and the paradoxical hMDMs' pro-inflammatory response is likely an evolutionary accident.
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27
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Maffei B, Laverrière M, Wu Y, Triboulet S, Perrinet S, Duchateau M, Matondo M, Hollis RL, Gourley C, Rupp J, Keillor JW, Subtil A. Infection-driven activation of transglutaminase 2 boosts glucose uptake and hexosamine biosynthesis in epithelial cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102166. [PMID: 32134139 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme with transamidating activity. We report here that both expression and activity of TG2 are enhanced in mammalian epithelial cells infected with the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TG2 impairs bacterial development. We show that TG2 increases glucose import by up-regulating the transcription of the glucose transporter genes GLUT-1 and GLUT-3. Furthermore, TG2 activation drives one specific glucose-dependent pathway in the host, i.e., hexosamine biosynthesis. Mechanistically, we identify the glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT) among the substrates of TG2. GFPT modification by TG2 increases its enzymatic activity, resulting in higher levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis and protein O-GlcNAcylation. The correlation between TG2 transamidating activity and O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted in infected cells because host hexosamine biosynthesis is being exploited by the bacteria, in particular to assist their division. In conclusion, our work establishes TG2 as a key player in controlling glucose-derived metabolic pathways in mammalian cells, themselves hijacked by C. trachomatis to sustain their own metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Maffei
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marc Laverrière
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Triboulet
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, USR 2000 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, USR 2000 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Robert L Hollis
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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28
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Bose T, Venkatesh KV, Mande SS. Investigating host-bacterial interactions among enteric pathogens. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1022. [PMID: 31881845 PMCID: PMC6935094 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2017, World Health Organization (WHO) published a catalogue of 12 families of antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” that are posing the greatest threats to human health. Six of these dreaded pathogens are known to infect the human gastrointestinal system. In addition to causing gastrointestinal and systemic infections, these pathogens can also affect the composition of other microbes constituting the healthy gut microbiome. Such aberrations in gut microbiome can significantly affect human physiology and immunity. Identifying the virulence mechanisms of these enteric pathogens are likely to help in developing newer therapeutic strategies to counter them. Results Using our previously published in silico approach, we have evaluated (and compared) Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interaction (HPI) profiles of four groups of enteric pathogens, namely, different species of Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella and Vibrio. Results indicate that in spite of genus/ species specific variations, most enteric pathogens possess a common repertoire of HPIs. This core set of HPIs are probably responsible for the survival of these pathogen in the harsh nutrient-limiting environment within the gut. Certain genus/ species specific HPIs were also observed. Conslusions The identified bacterial proteins involved in the core set of HPIs are expected to be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of these dreaded gut pathogens in greater detail. Possible role of genus/ species specific variations in the HPI profiles in the virulence of these pathogens are also discussed. The obtained results are likely to provide an opportunity for development of novel therapeutic strategies against the most dreaded gut pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungadri Bose
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - K V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sharmila S Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, India.
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29
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Rai RC. Host inflammatory responses to intracellular invaders: Review study. Life Sci 2019; 240:117084. [PMID: 31759040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As soon as a pathogen invades through the physical barriers of its corresponding host, host mounts a series of protective immune response to get rid of the invading pathogen. Host's pattern recognition receptors (PRR), localized at the cellular surface, cytoplasm and also in the nucleus; recognises pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays crucial role in directing the immune response to be specific. Inflammatory responses are among the earliest strategies to tackle the pathogen by the host and are tightly regulated by multiple molecular pathways. Inflammasomes are multi-subunit protein complex consisting of a receptor molecule viz. NLRP3, an adaptor molecule- Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and an executioner caspase. Upon infection and/or injury; inflammasome components assemble and oligomerizes leading to the auto cleavage of the pro-caspase-1 to its active form. The activated caspase-1 cleaves immature form of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to their mature form e.g. IL1-β and IL-18 which mount inflammatory response. Moreover, C-terminal end of the Gasdermin D molecule is also cleaved by the caspase-1. The activated N-terminal Gasdermin D molecule form pores in the infected cells leading to their pyroptosis. Hence, inflammasomes drive inflammation during infection and controls the establishment of the pathogen by mounting inflammatory response and activation of the pyroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra Rai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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30
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Development of Transposon Mutagenesis for Chlamydia muridarum. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00366-19. [PMID: 31501283 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00366-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional genetic analysis of Chlamydia has been a challenge due to the historical genetic intractability of Chlamydia, although recent advances in chlamydial genetic manipulation have begun to remove these barriers. Here, we report the development of the Himar C9 transposon system for Chlamydia muridarum, a mouse-adapted Chlamydia species that is widely used in Chlamydia infection models. We demonstrate the generation and characterization of an initial library of 33 chloramphenicol (Cam)-resistant, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing C. muridarum transposon mutants. The majority of the mutants contained single transposon insertions spread throughout the C. muridarum chromosome. In all, the library contained 31 transposon insertions in coding open reading frames (ORFs) and 7 insertions in intergenic regions. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of 17 mutant clones confirmed the chromosomal locations of the insertions. Four mutants with transposon insertions in glgB, pmpI, pmpA, and pmpD were investigated further for in vitro and in vivo phenotypes, including growth, inclusion morphology, and attachment to host cells. The glgB mutant was shown to be incapable of complete glycogen biosynthesis and accumulation in the lumen of mutant inclusions. Of the 3 pmp mutants, pmpI was shown to have the most pronounced growth attenuation defect. This initial library demonstrates the utility and efficacy of stable, isogenic transposon mutants for C. muridarum The generation of a complete library of C. muridarum mutants will ultimately enable comprehensive identification of the functional genetic requirements for Chlamydia infection in vivo IMPORTANCE Historical issues with genetic manipulation of Chlamydia have prevented rigorous functional genetic characterization of the ∼1,000 genes in chlamydial genomes. Here, we report the development of a transposon mutagenesis system for C. muridarum, a mouse-adapted Chlamydia species that is widely used for in vivo investigations of chlamydial pathogenesis. This advance builds on the pioneering development of this system for C. trachomatis We demonstrate the generation of an initial library of 33 mutants containing stable single or double transposon insertions. Using these mutant clones, we characterized in vitro phenotypes associated with genetic disruptions in glycogen biosynthesis and three polymorphic outer membrane proteins.
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31
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Gitsels A, Sanders N, Vanrompay D. Chlamydial Infection From Outside to Inside. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2329. [PMID: 31649655 PMCID: PMC6795091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria, characterized by a unique biphasic developmental cycle. Specific interactions with the host cell are crucial for the bacteria’s survival and amplification because of the reduced chlamydial genome. At the start of infection, pathogen-host interactions are set in place in order for Chlamydia to enter the host cell and reach the nutrient-rich peri-Golgi region. Once intracellular localization is established, interactions with organelles and pathways of the host cell enable the necessary hijacking of host-derived nutrients. Detailed information on the aforementioned processes will increase our understanding on the intracellular pathogenesis of chlamydiae and hence might lead to new strategies to battle chlamydial infection. This review summarizes how chlamydiae generate their intracellular niche in the host cell, acquire host-derived nutrients in order to enable their growth and finally exit the host cell in order to infect new cells. Moreover, the evolution in the development of molecular genetic tools, necessary for studying the chlamydial infection biology in more depth, is discussed in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlieke Gitsels
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Bugalhão JN, Mota LJ. The multiple functions of the numerous Chlamydia trachomatis secreted proteins: the tip of the iceberg. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:414-449. [PMID: 31528632 PMCID: PMC6717882 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.09.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens mainly causing ocular and urogenital infections that affect millions of people worldwide and which can lead to blindness or sterility. They reside and multiply intracellularly within a membrane-bound vacuolar compartment, known as inclusion, and are characterized by a developmental cycle involving two morphologically and physiologically distinct chlamydial forms. Completion of the developmental cycle involves the secretion of > 70 C. trachomatis proteins that function in the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus, in the inclusion membrane and lumen, and in the extracellular milieu. These proteins can, for example, interfere with the host cell cytoskeleton, vesicular and non-vesicular transport, metabolism, and immune signalling. Generally, this promotes C. trachomatis invasion into, and escape from, host cells, the acquisition of nutrients by the chlamydiae, and evasion of cell-autonomous, humoral and cellular innate immunity. Here, we present an in-depth review on the current knowledge and outstanding questions about these C. trachomatis secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana N Bugalhão
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Jaime Mota
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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33
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Zurzolo C, Enninga J. The best of both worlds- bringing together cell biology and infection at the Institut Pasteur. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:254-262. [PMID: 31374255 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Only a profound understanding of the structure and function of cells - either as single units or in the context of tissues and whole organisms - will allow a comprehension of what happens in pathological conditions and provides the means to fight disease. The Cell Biology and Infection (BCI for Biologie Cellulaire et Infection) department was created in 2002 at the Institut Pasteur in Paris to develop a research program under the umbrella of cell biology, infection biology and microbiology. Its visionary ambition was to shape a common framework for cellular microbiology, and to interface the latter with hard sciences like physics and mathematics and cutting-edge technology. This concept, ahead of time, has given high visibility to the field of cellular microbiology and quantitative cell biology, and it has allowed the successful execution of highly interdisciplinary research programs linking a molecular understanding of cellular events with disease. Now, the BCI department embraces additional pathologies, namely cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we will portray how the integrative research approach of BCI has led to major scientific breakthroughs during the last ten years, and where we see scientific opportunities for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Jost Enninga
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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34
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Rother M, Teixeira da Costa AR, Zietlow R, Meyer TF, Rudel T. Modulation of Host Cell Metabolism by Chlamydia trachomatis. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0012-2019. [PMID: 31111817 PMCID: PMC11026074 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0012-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propagation of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is strictly bound to its host cells. The bacterium has evolved by minimizing its genome size at the cost of being completely dependent on its host. Many of the vital nutrients are synthesized only by the host, and this has complex implications. Recent advances in loss-of-function analyses and the metabolomics of human infected versus noninfected cells have provided comprehensive insight into the molecular changes that host cells undergo during the stage of infection. Strikingly, infected cells acquire a stage of high metabolic activity, featuring distinct aspects of the Warburg effect, a condition originally assigned to cancer cells. This condition is characterized by aerobic glycolysis and an accumulation of certain metabolites, altogether promoting the synthesis of crucial cellular building blocks, such as nucleotides required for DNA and RNA synthesis. The altered metabolic program enables tumor cells to rapidly proliferate as well as C. trachomatis-infected cells to feed their occupants and still survive. This program is largely orchestrated by a central control board, the tumor suppressor protein p53. Its downregulation in C. trachomatis-infected cells or mutation in cancer cells not only alters the metabolic state of cells but also conveys the prevention of programmed cell death involving mitochondrial pathways. While this points toward common features in the metabolic reprogramming of infected and rapidly proliferating cells, it also forwards novel treatment options against chronic intracellular infections involving well-characterized host cell targets and established drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rother
- Steinbeis Innovation Center for Systems Biomedicine, 14612 Berlin-Falkensee, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rike Zietlow
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Zurzolo C, Enninga J. The best of both worlds-bringing together cell biology and infection at the Institut Pasteur. Genes Immun 2019; 20:426-435. [PMID: 31019256 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Only a profound understanding of the structure and function of cells-either as single units or in the context of tissues and whole organisms-will allow a comprehension of what happens in pathological conditions and provides the means to fight disease. The Cell Biology and Infection (BCI for Biologie Cellulaire et Infection) department was created in 2002 at the Institut Pasteur in Paris to develop a research program under the umbrella of cell biology, infection biology, and microbiology. Its visionary ambition was to shape a common framework for cellular microbiology, and to interface the latter with hard sciences like physics and mathematics and cutting-edge technology. This concept, ahead of time, has given high visibility to the field of cellular microbiology and quantitative cell biology, and it has allowed the successful execution of highly interdisciplinary research programs linking a molecular understanding of cellular events with disease. Now, the BCI department embraces additional pathologies, namely cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we will portray how the integrative research approach of BCI has led to major scientific breakthroughs during the last 10 years, and where we see scientific opportunities for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Pais SV, Key CE, Borges V, Pereira IS, Gomes JP, Fisher DJ, Mota LJ. CteG is a Chlamydia trachomatis effector protein that associates with the Golgi complex of infected host cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6133. [PMID: 30992493 PMCID: PMC6468002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial pathogen causing ocular and genital infections in humans. C. trachomatis multiplies exclusively inside host cells within a characteristic vacuole, from where it manipulates host cells by injecting them with type III secretion effector proteins. Here, we identified CteG as the first C. trachomatiseffector associated with the Golgi. For this, C. trachomatis strains expressing candidate effectors fused to a double hemagglutinin (2HA) tag were constructed. Then, among these strains, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that CteG-2HA was delivered into the cytoplasm of infected cells. Between 16–20 h post-infection, CteG-2HA mostly associated with the Golgi; however, CteG-2HA also appeared at the host cell plasma membrane, and at 30 or 40 h post-infection this was its predominant localization. This change in the main localization of CteG-2HA was independent of intact microfilaments or microtubules. Ectopic expression of different regions of CteG (656 amino acid residues) in uninfected cells revealed that its first 100 residues contain a Golgi targeting region. Although a C. trachomatis cteG mutant did not display a defect in intracellular multiplication, CteG induced a vacuolar protein sorting defect when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This suggested that CteG might function by subverting host cell vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Pais
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Charlotte E Key
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Vítor Borges
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês S Pereira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Derek J Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Luís Jaime Mota
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.
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Make It a Sweet Home: Responses of Chlamydia trachomatis to the Challenges of an Intravacuolar Lifestyle. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7. [PMID: 30848236 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0005-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravacuolar development has been adopted by several bacteria that grow inside a host cell. Remaining in a vacuole, as opposed to breaching the cytosol, protects the bacteria from some aspects of the cytosolic innate host defense and allows them to build an environment perfectly adapted to their needs. However, this raises new challenges: the host resources are separated from the bacteria by a lipid bilayer that is nonpermeable to most nutrients. In addition, the area of this lipid bilayer needs to expand to accommodate bacterial multiplication. This requires building material and energy that are not directly invested in bacterial growth. This article describes the strategies acquired by the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis to circumvent the difficulties raised by an intravacuolar lifestyle. We start with an overview of the origin and composition of the vacuolar membrane. Acquisition of host resources is largely, although not exclusively, mediated by interactions with membranous compartments of the eukaryotic cell, and we describe how the inclusion modifies the architecture of the cell and distribution of the neighboring compartments. The second part of this review describes the four mechanisms characterized so far by which the bacteria acquire resources from the host: (i) transport/diffusion across the vacuole membrane, (ii) fusion of this membrane with host compartments, (iii) direct transfer of lipids at membrane contact sites, and (iv) engulfment by the vacuole membrane of large cytoplasmic entities.
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38
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. How Viral and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Reprogram the Metabolism of Host Cells to Allow Their Intracellular Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:42. [PMID: 30886834 PMCID: PMC6409310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) have in common the need of suitable host cells for efficient replication and proliferation during infection. In human infections, the cell types which both groups of pathogens are using as hosts are indeed quite similar and include phagocytic immune cells, especially monocytes/macrophages (MOs/MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, like epithelial cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. These terminally differentiated cells are normally in a metabolically quiescent state when they are encountered by these pathogens during infection. This metabolic state of the host cells does not meet the extensive need for nutrients required for efficient intracellular replication of viruses and especially IBPs which, in contrast to the viral pathogens, have to perform their own specific intracellular metabolism to survive and efficiently replicate in their host cell niches. For this goal, viruses and IBPs have to reprogram the host cell metabolism in a pathogen-specific manner to increase the supply of nutrients, energy, and metabolites which have to be provided to the pathogen to allow its replication. In viral infections, this appears to be often achieved by the interaction of specific viral factors with central metabolic regulators, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors, or by the introduction of virus-specific oncogenes. Less is so far known on the mechanisms leading to metabolic reprogramming of the host cell by IBPs. However, the still scant data suggest that similar mechanisms may also determine the reprogramming of the host cell metabolism in IBP infections. In this review, we summarize and compare the present knowledge on this important, yet still poorly understood aspect of pathogenesis of human viral and especially IBP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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39
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Best A, Abu Kwaik Y. Nutrition and Bipartite Metabolism of Intracellular Pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:550-561. [PMID: 30655036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The host is a nutrient-rich niche for microbial pathogens, but one that comes with obstacles and challenges. Many intracellular pathogens like Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Chlamydia trachomatis have developed bipartite metabolism within their hosts. This style of metabolic regulation enables pathogen sensing of specific nutrients to engage them into catabolic and anabolic processes, and contributes to temporal and spatial pathogen phenotypic modulation. Not only have intracellular pathogens adapted their metabolism to the host, they have also acquired idiosyncratic strategies to exploit host nutritional supplies and intercept metabolites. Francisella tularensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum alter host autophagy, Shigella flexneri intercepts all host pyruvate, while L. pneumophila induces host protein degradation and blocks protein translation. Strategies of pathogen manipulation of host nutrients could serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Best
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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40
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Martinez E, Siadous FA, Bonazzi M. Tiny architects: biogenesis of intracellular replicative niches by bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:425-447. [PMID: 29596635 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-evolution of bacterial pathogens with their hosts led to the emergence of a stunning variety of strategies aiming at the evasion of host defences, colonisation of host cells and tissues and, ultimately, the establishment of a successful infection. Pathogenic bacteria are typically classified as extracellular and intracellular; however, intracellular lifestyle comes in many different flavours: some microbes rapidly escape to the cytosol whereas other microbes remain within vacuolar compartments and harness membrane trafficking pathways to generate their host-derived, pathogen-specific replicative niche. Here we review the current knowledge on a variety of vacuolar lifestyles, the effector proteins used by bacteria as tools to take control of the host cell and the main membrane trafficking signalling pathways targeted by vacuolar pathogens as source of membranes and nutrients. Finally, we will also discuss how host cells have developed countermeasures to sense the biogenesis of the aberrant organelles harbouring bacteria. Understanding the dialogue between bacterial and eukaryotic proteins is the key to unravel the molecular mechanisms of infection and in turn, this may lead to the identification of new targets for the development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Martinez
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Matteo Bonazzi
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
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41
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Cenci U, Qiu H, Pillonel T, Cardol P, Remacle C, Colleoni C, Kadouche D, Chabi M, Greub G, Bhattacharya D, Ball SG. Host-pathogen biotic interactions shaped vitamin K metabolism in Archaeplastida. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15243. [PMID: 30323231 PMCID: PMC6189191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (vitamin K2) shuttles electrons between membrane-bound respiratory complexes under microaerophilic conditions. In photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria, phylloquinone (vitamin K1) participates in photosystem I function. Here we elucidate the evolutionary history of vitamin K metabolism in algae and plants. We show that Chlamydiales intracellular pathogens made major genetic contributions to the synthesis of the naphthoyl ring core and the isoprenoid side-chain of these quinones. Production of the core in extremophilic red algae is under control of a menaquinone (Men) gene cluster consisting of 7 genes that putatively originated via lateral gene transfer (LGT) from a chlamydial donor to the plastid genome. In other green and red algae, functionally related nuclear genes also originated via LGT from a non-cyanobacterial, albeit unidentified source. In addition, we show that 3-4 of the 9 required steps for synthesis of the isoprenoid side chains are under control of genes of chlamydial origin. These results are discussed in the light of the hypoxic response experienced by the cyanobacterial endosymbiont when it gained access to the eukaryotic cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Cenci
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - H Qiu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - T Pillonel
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Cardol
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, B22 Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Remacle
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, B22 Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Colleoni
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - D Kadouche
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - M Chabi
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - G Greub
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - S G Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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42
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Xu C, Liu X, Zha H, Fan S, Zhang D, Li S, Xiao W. A pathogen-derived effector modulates host glucose metabolism by arginine GlcNAcylation of HIF-1α protein. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007259. [PMID: 30125331 PMCID: PMC6117090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of pathogens in host metabolism is widely recognized, yet the mechanisms by which they affect host physiology remain to be fully defined. Here, we found that NleB, an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) type III secretion system effector known to possess N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase activity, GlcNAcylates HIF-1α, a master regulator of cellular O2 homeostasis. We determined that NleB-mediated GlcNAcylation at a conserved arginine 18 (Arg18) at the N-terminus of HIF-1α enhanced HIF-1α transcriptional activity, thereby inducing HIF-1α downstream gene expression to alter host glucose metabolism. The arginine transferase activity of NleB was required for its enhancement of HIF-1α transactivity and the subsequent effect on glucose metabolism in a mouse model of EPEC infection. In addition, HIF-1α acted as a mediator to transact NleB-mediated induction of glucose metabolism-associated gene expression under hypoxia. Thus, our results further show a causal link between pathogen infection and host glucose metabolism, and we propose a new mechanism by which this occurs. Accumulating evidence shows that pathogens can affect host metabolism, resulting in human diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, how pathogens influence their hosts is still not clear, and this results in a lack of effective and specific clinical treatments. Further investigations into the causes of pathogen disturbance of host metabolism are urgently needed. In this study, we show that a protein molecule, NleB, secreted by enteropathogenic bacteria (EPEC) can get into host cells and modify the function of a master regulator of cellular O2 homeostasis, HIF-1α, thereby altering host glucose metabolism. We show that HIF-1α acts as a mediator to transact NleB-mediated induction of glucose metabolism-associated gene expression under hypoxia. Our results reveal a causal link between pathogen infection and host glucose metabolism, which may provide a new explanation for the causes of human diseases related to metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huangyuan Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P. R. China
- Biomedical Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Key laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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43
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Wang X, Hybiske K, Stephens RS. Orchestration of the mammalian host cell glucose transporter proteins-1 and 3 by Chlamydia contributes to intracellular growth and infectivity. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4411801. [PMID: 29040458 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate within a discrete cellular vacuole, called an inclusion. Although it is known that Chlamydia require essential nutrients from host cells to support their intracellular growth, the molecular mechanisms for acquiring these macromolecules remain uncharacterized. In the present study, it was found that the expression of mammalian cell glucose transporter proteins 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter proteins 3 (GLUT3) were up-regulated during chlamydial infection. Up-regulation was dependent on bacterial protein synthesis and Chlamydia-induced MAPK kinase activation. GLUT1, but not GLUT3, was observed in close proximity to the inclusion membrane throughout the chlamydial developmental cycle. The proximity of GLUT1 to the inclusion was dependent on a brefeldin A-sensitive pathway. Knockdown of GLUT1 and GLUT3 with specific siRNA significantly impaired chlamydial development and infectivity. It was discovered that the GLUT1 protein was stabilized during infection by inhibition of host-dependent ubiquitination of GLUT1, and this effect was associated with the chlamydial deubiquitinase effector protein CT868. This report demonstrates that Chlamydia exploits host-derived transporter proteins altering their expression, turnover and localization. Consequently, host cell transporter proteins are manipulated during infection as a transport system to fulfill the carbon source requirements for Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 51 Koshland Hall, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Hybiske
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard S Stephens
- Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 51 Koshland Hall, CA 94720, USA
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44
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Cossé MM, Barta ML, Fisher DJ, Oesterlin LK, Niragire B, Perrinet S, Millot GA, Hefty PS, Subtil A. The Loss of Expression of a Single Type 3 Effector (CT622) Strongly Reduces Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity and Growth. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:145. [PMID: 29868501 PMCID: PMC5962693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of epithelial cells by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis results in its enclosure inside a membrane-bound compartment termed an inclusion. The bacterium quickly begins manipulating interactions between host intracellular trafficking and the inclusion interface, diverging from the endocytic pathway and escaping lysosomal fusion. We have identified a previously uncharacterized protein, CT622, unique to the Chlamydiaceae, in the absence of which most bacteria failed to establish a successful infection. CT622 is abundant in the infectious form of the bacteria, in which it associates with CT635, a putative novel chaperone protein. We show that CT622 is translocated into the host cytoplasm via type three secretion throughout the developmental cycle of the bacteria. Two separate domains of roughly equal size have been identified within CT622 and a 1.9 Å crystal structure of the C-terminal domain has been determined. Genetic disruption of ct622 expression resulted in a strong bacterial growth defect, which was due to deficiencies in proliferation and in the generation of infectious bacteria. Our results converge to identify CT622 as a secreted protein that plays multiple and crucial roles in the initiation and support of the C. trachomatis growth cycle. They reveal that genetic disruption of a single effector can deeply affect bacterial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde M Cossé
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michael L Barta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Derek J Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Lena K Oesterlin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Niragire
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Gaël A Millot
- Institut Pasteur-Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub-C3BI, USR3756 IP Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - P Scott Hefty
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3691, Paris, France
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45
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Rother M, Gonzalez E, Teixeira da Costa AR, Wask L, Gravenstein I, Pardo M, Pietzke M, Gurumurthy RK, Angermann J, Laudeley R, Glage S, Meyer M, Chumduri C, Kempa S, Dinkel K, Unger A, Klebl B, Klos A, Meyer TF. Combined Human Genome-wide RNAi and Metabolite Analyses Identify IMPDH as a Host-Directed Target against Chlamydia Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:661-671.e8. [PMID: 29706504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) accounts for >130 million human infections annually. Since chronic Ctr infections are extremely difficult to treat, there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutics. As an obligate intracellular bacterium, Ctr strictly depends on the functional contribution of the host cell. Here, we combined a human genome-wide RNA interference screen with metabolic profiling to obtain detailed understanding of changes in the infected cell and identify druggable pathways essential for Ctr growth. We demonstrate that Ctr shifts the host metabolism toward aerobic glycolysis, consistent with increased biomass requirement. We identify key regulator complexes of glucose and nucleotide metabolism that govern Ctr infection processes. Pharmacological targeting of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, efficiently inhibits Ctr growth both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight the potency of genome-scale functional screening for the discovery of drug targets against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rother
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Systems Biomedicine, Steinbeis Innovation, 14612 Falkensee, Germany
| | - Erik Gonzalez
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Teixeira da Costa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Wask
- Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabella Gravenstein
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Pardo
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Applied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Italian National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Matthias Pietzke
- Integrative Metabolomics and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajendra Kumar Gurumurthy
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Angermann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Laudeley
- Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Systems Biomedicine, Steinbeis Innovation, 14612 Falkensee, Germany
| | - Cindrilla Chumduri
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Integrative Metabolomics and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Dinkel
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Klos
- Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Skilton RJ, Wang Y, O'Neill C, Filardo S, Marsh P, Bénard A, Thomson NR, Ramsey KH, Clarke IN. The Chlamydia muridarum plasmid revisited : new insights into growth kinetics. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:25. [PMID: 29657985 PMCID: PMC5871946 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13905.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in chlamydial genetics is challenging because of its obligate intracellular developmental cycle.
In vivo systems exist that allow studies of different aspects of basic biology of chlamydiae, the murine
Chlamydia muridarum model is one of great importance and thus an essential research tool.
C. muridarum carries a plasmid that has a role in virulence. Our aim was to compare and contrast the
C. muridarum plasmid-free phenotype with that of a chromosomally isogenic plasmid-bearing strain, through the inclusion phase of the developmental cycle. Methods: We measured infectivity for plasmid bearing and plasmid-cured
C. muridarum by inclusion forming assays in McCoy cells and in parallel bacterial chromosome replication by quantitative PCR, throughout the developmental cycle. In addition to these studies, we have carefully monitored chlamydial inclusion formation by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A new
E.coli/chlamydial shuttle vector (pNigg::GFP) was constructed using standard cloning technology and used to transform
C. muridarum for further phenotypic studies. Results: We have advanced the definition of the chlamydial phenotype away from the simple static observation of mature inclusions and redefined the
C. muridarum plasmid-based phenotype on growth profile and inclusion morphology. Our observations on the growth properties of plasmid-cured
C. muridarum challenge the established interpretations, especially with regard to inclusion growth kinetics. Introduction of the shuttle plasmid pNigg::GFP into plasmid-cured
C. muridarum restored the wild-type plasmid-bearing phenotype and confirmed that loss of the plasmid was the sole cause for the changes in growth and chromosomal replication. Conclusions: Accurate growth curves and sampling at multiple time points throughout the developmental cycle is necessary to define plasmid phenotypes. There are subtle but important (previously unnoticed) differences in the overall growth profile of plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free
C. muridarum. We have proven that the differences described are solely due to the plasmid pNigg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Skilton
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Yibing Wang
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colette O'Neill
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Marsh
- Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Angèle Bénard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Ian N Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Hafner LM, Timms P. Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine for urogenital infections: novel tools and new strategies point to bright future prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:57-69. [PMID: 29264970 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1417044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The "cloaked" bacterial pathogen that is Chlamydia trachomatis continues to cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that adversely affect the health and well-being of children, adolescents and adults globally. The reproductive disease sequelae follow unresolved or untreated chronic or recurrent asymptomatic C.trachomatis infections of the lower female genital tract (FGT) and can include pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy. Tubal Factor Infertility (TFI) can also occur since protective and long-term natural immunity to chlamydial infection is incomplete, allowing for ascension of the organism to the upper FGT. Developing countries including the WHO African (8.3 million cases) and South-East Asian regions (7.2 million cases) bear the highest burden of chlamydial STIs. AREAS COVERED Genetic advances for Chlamydia have provided tools for transformation (including dendrimer-enabled transformation), lateral gene transfer and chemical mutagenesis. Recent progress in these areas is reviewed with a focus on vaccine development for Chlamydia infections of the female genital tract. EXPERT COMMENTARY A vaccine that can elicit immuno-protective responses whilst avoiding adverse immuno-pathologic host responses is required. The current technological advances in chlamydial genetics and proteomics, as well as novel and improved adjuvants and delivery systems, provide new hope that the elusive chlamydial vaccine is an imminent and realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Hafner
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- b Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
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The Genital Tract Virulence Factor pGP3 Is Essential for Chlamydia muridarum Colonization in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00429-17. [PMID: 29038127 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00429-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryptic plasmid is essential for Chlamydia muridarum dissemination from the genital tract to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Following intravaginal inoculation, a C. muridarum strain deficient in plasmid-encoded pGP3 or pGP4 but not pGP5, pGP7, or pGP8 failed to spread to the mouse gastrointestinal tract, although mice infected with these strains developed productive genital tract infections. pGP3- or pGP4-deficient strains also failed to colonize the gastrointestinal tract when delivered intragastrically. pGP4 regulates pGP3, while pGP3 does not affect pGP4 expression, indicating that pGP3 is critical for C. muridarum colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Mutants deficient in GlgA, a chromosome-encoded protein regulated by pGP4, also consistently colonized the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, C. muridarum colonization of the gastrointestinal tract positively correlated with pathogenicity in the upper genital tract. pGP3-deficient C. muridarum strains did not induce hydrosalpinx or spread to the GI tract even when delivered to the oviduct by intrabursal inoculation. Thus, the current study not only has revealed that pGP3 is a novel chlamydial colonization factor in the gastrointestinal tract but also has laid a foundation for investigating the significance of gastrointestinal Chlamydia.
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Brodie J, Ball SG, Bouget FY, Chan CX, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Gachon C, Grossman AR, Mock T, Raven JA, Saha M, Smith AG, Vardi A, Yoon HS, Bhattacharya D. Biotic interactions as drivers of algal origin and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:670-681. [PMID: 28857164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 670 I. 671 II. 671 III. 676 IV. 678 678 References 678 SUMMARY: Biotic interactions underlie life's diversity and are the lynchpin to understanding its complexity and resilience within an ecological niche. Algal biologists have embraced this paradigm, and studies building on the explosive growth in omics and cell biology methods have facilitated the in-depth analysis of nonmodel organisms and communities from a variety of ecosystems. In turn, these advances have enabled a major revision of our understanding of the origin and evolution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes, bacterial-algal interactions, control of massive algal blooms in the ocean, and the maintenance and degradation of coral reefs. Here, we review some of the most exciting developments in the field of algal biotic interactions and identify challenges for scientists in the coming years. We foresee the development of an algal knowledgebase that integrates ecosystem-wide omics data and the development of molecular tools/resources to perform functional analyses of individuals in isolation and in populations. These assets will allow us to move beyond mechanistic studies of a single species towards understanding the interactions amongst algae and other organisms in both the laboratory and the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Brodie
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Steven G Ball
- UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille CNRS, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, University Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris VI, CNRS, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - J Mark Cock
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, F-29688, France
| | | | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Al-Zeer MA, Xavier A, Abu Lubad M, Sigulla J, Kessler M, Hurwitz R, Meyer TF. Chlamydia trachomatis Prevents Apoptosis Via Activation of PDPK1-MYC and Enhanced Mitochondrial Binding of Hexokinase II. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:100-110. [PMID: 28803120 PMCID: PMC5605330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular human bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis pursues effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli. Here, we show that Chlamydia trachomatis infection evokes 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) signaling to ensure the completion of its developmental cycle, further leading to the phosphorylation and stabilization of MYC. Using biochemical approaches and imaging we demonstrate that Chlamydia-induced PDPK1-MYC signaling induces host hexokinase II (HKII), which becomes enriched and translocated to the mitochondria. Strikingly, preventing the HKII interaction with mitochondria using exogenous peptides triggers apoptosis of infected cells as does inhibiting either PDPK1 or MYC, which also disrupts intracellular development of Chlamydia trachomatis. These findings identify a previously unknown pathway activated by Chlamydia infection, which exhibits pro-carcinogenic features. Targeting the PDPK1-MYC-HKII-axis may provide a strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir A Al-Zeer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Audrey Xavier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abu Lubad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Mu'tah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Janine Sigulla
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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