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Coutinho EA, Esparza LA, Rodriguez J, Yang J, Schafer D, Kauffman AS. Targeted inhibition of kisspeptin neurons reverses hyperandrogenemia and abnormal hyperactive LH secretion in a preclinical mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2024:deae153. [PMID: 38978296 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do hyperactive kisspeptin neurons contribute to abnormally high LH secretion and downstream hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like conditions and can inhibition of kisspeptin neurons rescue such endocrine impairments? SUMMARY ANSWER Targeted inhibition of endogenous kisspeptin neuron activity in a mouse model of PCOS reduced the abnormally hyperactive LH pulse secretion and hyperandrogenemia to healthy control levels. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PCOS is a reproductive disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and/or polycystic ovaries, along with a hallmark feature of abnormal LH hyper-pulsatility, but the mechanisms underlying the endocrine impairments remain unclear. A chronic letrozole (LET; aromatase inhibitor) mouse model recapitulates PCOS phenotypes, including polycystic ovaries, anovulation, high testosterone, and hyperactive LH pulses. LET PCOS-like females also have increased hypothalamic kisspeptin neuronal activation which may drive their hyperactive LH secretion and hyperandrogenemia, but this has not been tested. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Transgenic KissCRE+/hM4Di female mice or littermates Cre- controls were treated with placebo, or chronic LET (50 µg/day) to induce a PCOS-like phenotype, followed by acute (once) or chronic (2 weeks) clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) exposure to chemogenetically inhibit kisspeptin cells (n = 6 to 10 mice/group). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Key endocrine measures, including in vivo LH pulse secretion patterns and circulating testosterone levels, were assessed before and after selective kisspeptin neuron inhibition and compared between PCOS groups and healthy controls. Alterations in body weights were measured and pituitary and ovarian gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Acute targeted inhibition of kisspeptin neurons in PCOS mice successfully lowered the abnormally hyperactive LH pulse secretion (P < 0.05). Likewise, chronic selective suppression of kisspeptin neuron activity reversed the previously high LH and testosterone levels (P < 0.05) down to healthy control levels and rescued reproductive gene expression (P < 0. 05). LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Ovarian morphology was not assessed in this study. Additionally, mouse models can offer mechanistic insights into neuroendocrine processes in PCOS-like conditions but may not perfectly mirror PCOS in women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These data support the hypothesis that overactive kisspeptin neurons can drive neuroendocrine PCOS-like impairments, and this may occur in PCOS women. Our findings complement recent clinical investigations using NKB receptor antagonists to lower LH in PCOS women and suggest that pharmacological dose-dependent modulation of kisspeptin neuron activity may be a valuable future therapeutic target to clinically treat hyperandrogenism and lower elevated LH in PCOS women. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by NIH grants R01 HD111650, R01 HD090161, R01 HD100580, P50 HD012303, R01 AG078185, and NIH R24 HD102061, and a pilot project award from the British Society for Neuroendocrinology. There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia A Coutinho
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes A Esparza
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julian Rodriguez
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Schafer
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wu M, Marchando P, Meyer K, Tang Z, Woolfson DN, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.600855. [PMID: 39026726 PMCID: PMC11257481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muziyue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Marchando
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ziqi Tang
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Derek N Woolfson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Talbi R, Stincic TL, Ferrari K, Hae CJ, Walec K, Medve E, Gerutshang A, León S, McCarthy EA, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ, Navarro VM. POMC neurons control fertility through differential signaling of MC4R in Kisspeptin neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.18.580873. [PMID: 38915534 PMCID: PMC11195098 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.18.580873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene cause monogenic obesity. Interestingly, female patients also display various degrees of reproductive disorders, in line with the subfertile phenotype of MC4RKO female mice. However, the cellular mechanisms by which MC4R regulates reproduction are unknown. Kiss1 neurons directly stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release through two distinct populations; the Kiss1ARH neurons, controlling GnRH pulses, and the sexually dimorphic Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons controlling the preovulatory LH surge. Here, we show that Mc4r expressed in Kiss1 neurons is required for fertility in females. In vivo, deletion of Mc4r from Kiss1 neurons in female mice replicates the reproductive impairments of MC4RKO mice without inducing obesity. Conversely, reinsertion of Mc4r in Kiss1 neurons of MC4R null mice restores estrous cyclicity and LH pulsatility without reducing their obese phenotype. In vitro, we dissect the specific action of MC4R on Kiss1ARH vs Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons and show that MC4R activation excites Kiss1ARH neurons through direct synaptic actions. In contrast, Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons are normally inhibited by MC4R activation except under elevated estradiol levels, thus facilitating the activation of Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons to induce the LH surge driving ovulation in females. Our findings demonstrate that POMCARH neurons acting through MC4R, directly regulate reproductive function in females by stimulating the "pulse generator" activity of Kiss1ARH neurons and restricting the activation of Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons to the time of the estradiol-dependent LH surge, and thus unveil a novel pathway of the metabolic regulation of fertility by the melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajae Talbi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd L. Stincic
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kaitlin Ferrari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choi Ji Hae
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karol Walec
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medve
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Achi Gerutshang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia León
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McCarthy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Víctor M. Navarro
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Neuroscience, Boston, MA, USA
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Qiu J, Voliotis M, Bosch MA, Li XF, Zweifel LS, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, O’Byrne KT, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Estradiol elicits distinct firing patterns in arcuate nucleus kisspeptin neurons of females through altering ion channel conductances. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.20.581121. [PMID: 38915596 PMCID: PMC11195100 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.20.581121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are vital for pubertal development and reproduction. Arcuate nucleus Kiss1 (Kiss1ARH) neurons are responsible for the pulsatile release of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH). In females, the behavior of Kiss1ARH neurons, expressing Kiss1, Neurokinin B (NKB), and Dynorphin (Dyn), varies throughout the ovarian cycle. Studies indicate that 17β-estradiol (E2) reduces peptide expression but increases Vglut2 mRNA and glutamate neurotransmission in these neurons, suggesting a shift from peptidergic to glutamatergic signaling. To investigate this shift, we combined transcriptomics, electrophysiology, and mathematical modeling. Our results demonstrate that E2 treatment upregulates the mRNA expression of voltage-activated calcium channels, elevating the whole-cell calcium current and that contribute to high-frequency burst firing. Additionally, E2 treatment decreased the mRNA levels of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential (TPRC) 5 and G protein-coupled K+ (GIRK) channels. When TRPC5 channels in Kiss1ARH neurons were deleted using CRISPR, the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (sEPSP) was eliminated. Our data enabled us to formulate a biophysically realistic mathematical model of the Kiss1ARH neuron, suggesting that E2 modifies ionic conductances in Kiss1ARH neurons, enabling the transition from high frequency synchronous firing through NKB-driven activation of TRPC5 channels to a short bursting mode facilitating glutamate release. In a low E2 milieu, synchronous firing of Kiss1ARH neurons drives pulsatile release of GnRH, while the transition to burst firing with high, preovulatory levels of E2 would facilitate the GnRH surge through its glutamatergic synaptic connection to preoptic Kiss1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Depatment of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Kevin T. O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Ivanova D, Voliotis M, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, O'Byrne KT, Li XF. NK3R signalling in the posterodorsal medial amygdala is involved in stress-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion in female mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13384. [PMID: 38516965 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress negatively impacts reproductive function by inhibiting pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is responsible in part for processing stress and modulating the reproductive axis. Activation of the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) suppresses the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator, under hypoestrogenic conditions, and NK3R activity in the amygdala has been documented to play a role in stress and anxiety. We investigate whether NK3R activation in the MePD is involved in mediating the inhibitory effect of psychosocial stress on LH pulsatility in ovariectomised female mice. First, we administered senktide, an NK3R agonist, into the MePD and monitored the effect on pulsatile LH secretion. We then delivered SB222200, a selective NK3R antagonist, intra-MePD in the presence of predator odour, 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole (TMT) and examined the effect on LH pulses. Senktide administration into the MePD dose-dependently suppresses pulsatile LH secretion. Moreover, NK3R signalling in the MePD mediates TMT-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator, which we verified using a mathematical model. The model verifies our experimental findings: (i) predator odour exposure inhibits LH pulses, (ii) activation of NK3R in the MePD inhibits LH pulses and (iii) NK3R antagonism in the MePD blocks stressor-induced inhibition of LH pulse frequency in the absence of ovarian steroids. These results demonstrate for the first time that NK3R neurons in the MePD mediate psychosocial stress-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin T O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Kelly MJ, Wagner EJ. Canonical transient receptor potential channels and hypothalamic control of homeostatic functions. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13392. [PMID: 38631680 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent molecular biological and electrophysiological studies have identified multiple transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in hypothalamic neurons as critical modulators of homeostatic functions. In particular, the canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that are vital for the control of fertility and energy homeostasis. Classical neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate and peptide neurotransmitters such as kisspeptin, neurokinin B and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide signal through their cognate G protein-coupled receptors to activate TPRC 4, 5 channels, which are essentially ligand-gated calcium channels. In addition to neurotransmitters, circulating hormones like insulin and leptin signal through insulin receptor (InsR) and leptin receptor (LRb), respectively, to activate TRPC 5 channels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and kisspeptin (arcuate Kiss1 [Kiss1ARH]) neurons to have profound physiological (excitatory) effects. Besides its overt depolarizing effects, TRPC channels conduct calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which has a plethora of downstream effects. Moreover, not only the expression of Trpc5 mRNA but also the coupling of receptors to TRPC 5 channel opening are regulated in different physiological states. In particular, the mRNA expression of Trpc5 is highly regulated in kisspeptin neurons by circulating estrogens, which ultimately dictates the firing pattern of kisspeptin neurons. In obesity states, InsRs are "uncoupled" from opening TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, rendering them less excitable. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the critical role of TRPC 5 channels in regulating the excitability of Kiss1ARH and POMC neurons in different physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California, USA
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Vastagh C, Farkas I, Csillag V, Watanabe M, Kalló I, Liposits Z. Cholinergic Control of GnRH Neuron Physiology and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Male Mice: Involvement of ACh/GABA Cotransmission. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1780232024. [PMID: 38320853 PMCID: PMC10957212 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1780-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-synthesizing neurons orchestrate reproduction centrally. Early studies have proposed the contribution of acetylcholine (ACh) to hypothalamic control of reproduction, although the causal mechanisms have not been clarified. Here, we report that in vivo pharmacogenetic activation of the cholinergic system increased the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in orchidectomized mice. 3DISCO immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy revealed the innervation of GnRH neurons by cholinergic axons. Retrograde viral labeling initiated from GnRH-Cre neurons identified the medial septum and the diagonal band of Broca as exclusive sites of origin for cholinergic afferents of GnRH neurons. In acute brain slices, ACh and carbachol evoked a biphasic effect on the firing rate in GnRH neurons, first increasing and then diminishing it. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, carbachol induced an inward current, followed by a decline in the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs), indicating a direct influence on GnRH cells. RT-PCR and whole-cell patch-clamp studies revealed that GnRH neurons expressed both nicotinic (α4β2, α3β4, and α7) and muscarinic (M1-M5) AChRs. The nicotinic AChRs contributed to the nicotine-elicited inward current and the rise in firing rate. Muscarine via M1 and M3 receptors increased, while via M2 and M4 reduced the frequency of both mPSCs and firing. Optogenetic activation of channelrhodopsin-2-tagged cholinergic axons modified GnRH neuronal activity and evoked cotransmission of ACh and GABA from a subpopulation of boutons. These findings confirm that the central cholinergic system regulates GnRH neurons and activates the pituitary-gonadal axis via ACh and ACh/GABA neurotransmissions in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csillag
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
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Moore AM, Novak AG, Lehman MN. KNDy Neurons of the Hypothalamus and Their Role in GnRH Pulse Generation: an Update. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad194. [PMID: 38170643 PMCID: PMC10768882 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that synchronized activity within a reciprocally connected population of cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) coexpressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (KNDy cells) is crucial for the generation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses in mammals. The initial "KNDy hypothesis" proposed that pulsatile GnRH secretion is elicited by episodic kisspeptin release from KNDy cells following synchronized activation and termination of the population by NKB and dynorphin, respectively. Since then, the role of KNDy cells as a critical component of the pulse generator has been further supported by studies at the single-cell level, demonstrating that the population is both necessary and sufficient for pulsatility. In addition, there have been considerable modifications and expansion of the original hypothesis, including work demonstrating the critical role of glutamate in synchronization of the KNDy cell network, functional interactions with other ARC subpopulations, and the existence of species differences in the role of dynorphin in pulse generation. Here we review these recent changes and discuss how the translation of these findings has led to the development of new therapies for disorders related to pulse generation. We also outline critical gaps in knowledge that are currently limiting the application of KNDy research in the clinic, particularly regarding the role of dynorphin in pulse generation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Alyssa G Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Morris PG, Herbison AE. Mechanism of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neuron Synchronization in Acute Brain Slices From Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad167. [PMID: 37936337 PMCID: PMC10652333 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which arcuate kisspeptin (ARNKISS) neurons co-expressing glutamate, neurokinin B, and dynorphin intermittently synchronize their activity to drive pulsatile hormone secretion remains unclear in females. In order to study spontaneous synchronization within the ARNKISS neuron network, acute brain slices were prepared from adult female Kiss1-GCaMP6 mice. Analysis of both spontaneous synchronizations and those driven by high frequency stimulation of individual ARNKISS neurons revealed that the network exhibits semi-random emergent excitation dependent upon glutamate signaling through AMPA receptors. No role for NMDA receptors was identified. In contrast to male mice, ongoing tachykinin receptor tone within the slice operated to promote spontaneous synchronizations in females. As previously observed in males, we found that ongoing dynorphin transmission in the slice did not contribute to synchronization events. These observations indicate that a very similar AMPA receptor-dependent mechanism underlies ARNKISS neuron synchronizations in the female mouse supporting the "glutamate two-transition" model for kisspeptin neuron synchronization. However, a potentially important sex difference appears to exist with a more prominent facilitatory role for tachykinin transmission in the female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Morris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Stern MA, Cole ER, Gross RE, Berglund K. Seizure Event Detection Using Intravital Two-Photon Calcium Imaging Data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.558338. [PMID: 37808822 PMCID: PMC10557641 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.558338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Significance Genetic cellular calcium imaging has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate how different types of neurons interact at the microcircuit level to produce seizure activity, with newfound potential to understand epilepsy. Although many methods exist to measure seizure-related activity in traditional electrophysiology, few yet exist for calcium imaging. Aim To demonstrate an automated algorithmic framework to detect seizure-related events using calcium imaging - including the detection of pre-ictal spike events, propagation of the seizure wavefront, and terminal spreading waves for both population-level activity and that of individual cells. Approach We developed an algorithm for precise recruitment detection of population and individual cells during seizure-associated events, which broadly leverages averaged population activity and high-magnitude slope features to detect single-cell pre-ictal spike and seizure recruitment. We applied this method to data recorded using awake in vivo two-photon calcium imaging during pentylenetetrazol induced seizures in mice. Results We demonstrate that our detected recruitment times are concordant with visually identified labels provided by an expert reviewer and are sufficiently accurate to model the spatiotemporal progression of seizure-associated traveling waves. Conclusions Our algorithm enables accurate cell recruitment detection and will serve as a useful tool for researchers investigating seizure dynamics using calcium imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stern
- Authors Contributed Equally
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric R. Cole
- Authors Contributed Equally
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert E. Gross
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ken Berglund
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Mansano NDS, Vieira HR, Araujo-Lopes R, Szawka RE, Donato J, Frazao R. Fasting Modulates GABAergic Synaptic Transmission to Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad150. [PMID: 37793082 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is suppressed due to negative energy balance. However, less information is available on whether kisspeptin neuronal activity contributes to fasting-induced responses. In the present study, female and male mice were fasted for 24 hours or provided food ad libitum (fed group) to determine whether acute fasting is sufficient to modulate kisspeptin neuronal activity. In female mice, fasting attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) serum levels and increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels compared with the fed group. In contrast, fasting did not affect gonadotropin or PRL secretion in male mice. By measuring genes related to LH pulse generation in micropunches obtained from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), we observed that fasting reduced Kiss1 mRNA levels in female and male mice. In contrast, Pdyn expression was upregulated only in fasted female mice, whereas no changes in the Tac2 mRNA levels were observed in both sexes. Interestingly, the frequency and amplitude of the GABAergic postsynaptic currents recorded from ARH kisspeptin neurons (ARHKisspeptin) were reduced in 24-hour fasted female mice but not in males. Additionally, neuropeptide Y induced a hyperpolarization in the resting membrane potential of ARHKisspeptin neurons of fed female mice but not in males. Thus, the response of ARHKisspeptin neurons to fasting is sexually dependent with a female bias, associated with changes in gonadotropins and PRL secretion. Our findings suggest that GABAergic transmission to ARHKisspeptin neurons modulates the activity of the HPG axis during situations of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira da Silva Mansano
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Rodrigues Vieira
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Araujo-Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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12
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Goodman RL, Moore AM, Onslow K, Hileman SM, Hardy SL, Bowdridge EC, Walters BA, Agus S, Griesgraber MJ, Aerts EG, Lehman MN, Coolen LM. Lesions of KNDy and Kiss1R Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus Produce Different Effects on LH Pulse Patterns in Female Sheep. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad148. [PMID: 37776515 PMCID: PMC10587900 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The current model for the synchronization of GnRH neural activity driving GnRH and LH pulses proposes that a set of arcuate (ARC) neurons that contain kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (KNDy neurons) is the GnRH pulse generator. This study tested the functional role of ovine KNDy neurons in pulse generation and explored the roles of nearby Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1R)-containing cells using lesions produced with saporin (SAP) conjugates. Injection of NK3-SAP ablated over 90% of the KNDy cells, while Kiss-SAP (saporin conjugated to kisspeptin-54) lesioned about two-thirds of the Kiss1R population without affecting KNDy or GnRH cell number. Both lesions produced a dramatic decrease in LH pulse amplitude but had different effects on LH pulse patterns. NK3-SAP increased interpulse interval, but Kiss-SAP did not. In contrast, Kiss-SAP disrupted the regular hourly occurrence of LH pulses, but NK3-SAP did not. Because Kiss1R is not expressed in KNDy cells, HiPlex RNAScope was used to assess the colocalization of 8 neurotransmitters and 3 receptors in ARC Kiss1R-containing cells. Kiss1R cells primarily contained transcript markers for GABA (68%), glutamate (28%), ESR1 (estrogen receptor-α) mRNA, and OPRK1 (kappa opioid receptor) mRNA. These data support the conclusion that KNDy neurons are essential for GnRH pulses in ewes, whereas ARC Kiss1R cells are not but do maintain the amplitude and regularity of GnRH pulses. We thus propose that in sheep, ARC Kiss1R neurons form part of a positive feedback circuit that reinforces the activity of the KNDy neural network, with GABA or glutamate likely being involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Aleisha M Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Kayla Onslow
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Steve L Hardy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bowdridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Burgundy A Walters
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sami Agus
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Max J Griesgraber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Eliana G Aerts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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13
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Starrett JR, Moenter SM. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons as potential mediators of estradiol negative and positive feedback. Peptides 2023; 163:170963. [PMID: 36740189 PMCID: PMC10516609 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal steroid feedback regulates the brain's patterned secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Negative feedback, which occurs in males and during the majority of the female cycle, modulates the amplitude and frequency of GnRH pulses. Positive feedback occurs in females when high estradiol induces a surge pattern of GnRH release. These two forms of feedback and their corresponding patterns of GnRH secretion are thought to be mediated by kisspeptin-expressing neurons in two hypothalamic areas: the arcuate nucleus and the anteroventral periventricular area. In this review, we present evidence for this theory and remaining questions to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rudolph Starrett
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Piet R. Circadian and kisspeptin regulation of the preovulatory surge. Peptides 2023; 163:170981. [PMID: 36842628 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Fertility in mammals is ultimately controlled by a small population of neurons - the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons - located in the ventral forebrain. GnRH neurons control gonadal function through the release of GnRH, which in turn stimulates the secretion of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In spontaneous ovulators, ovarian follicle maturation eventually stimulates, via sex steroid feedback, the mid-cycle surge in GnRH and LH secretion that causes ovulation. The GnRH/LH surge is initiated in many species just before the onset of activity through processes controlled by the central circadian clock, ensuring that the neuroendocrine control of ovulation and sex behavior are coordinated. This review aims to give an overview of anatomical and functional studies that collectively reveal some of the mechanisms through which the central circadian clock regulates GnRH neurons and their afferent circuits to drive the preovulatory surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Piet
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States.
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15
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Ivanova D, O'Byrne KT. Optogenetics studies of kisspeptin neurons. Peptides 2023; 162:170961. [PMID: 36731655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical systems and genetic engineering technologies have made it possible to control neurons and unravel neuronal circuit behavior with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of optogenetic strategies to understand the physiology of kisspeptin neuronal circuits has evolved in recent years among the neuroendocrine community. Kisspeptin neurons are fundamentally involved in controlling mammalian reproduction but also are implicated in numerous other physiological processes, including but not limited to feeding, energy expenditure, core body temperature and behavior. We conducted a review aiming to shed light on the novel findings obtained from in vitro and in vivo optogenetic studies interrogating kisspeptin neuronal circuits to date. Understanding the function of kisspeptin networks in the brain can greatly inform a wide range of clinical studies investigating infertility treatments, gender identity, metabolic disorders, hot flushes and psychosexual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Kevin T O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, UK
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16
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Mechanism of kisspeptin neuron synchronization for pulsatile hormone secretion in male mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111914. [PMID: 36640343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which arcuate nucleus kisspeptin (ARNKISS) neurons co-expressing glutamate, neurokinin B, and dynorphin intermittently synchronize their activity to generate pulsatile hormone secretion remains unknown. An acute brain slice preparation maintaining synchronized ARNKISS neuron burst firing was used alongside in vivo GCaMP GRIN lens microendoscope and fiber photometry imaging coupled with intra-ARN microinfusion. Studies in intact and gonadectomized male mice revealed that ARNKISS neuron synchronizations result from near-random emergent network activity within the population and that this was critically dependent on local glutamate-AMPA signaling. Whereas neurokinin B operated to potentiate glutamate-generated synchronizations, dynorphin-kappa opioid tone within the network served as a gate for synchronization initiation. These observations force a departure from the existing "KNDy hypothesis" for ARNKISS neuron synchronization. A "glutamate two-transition" mechanism is proposed to underlie synchronizations in this key hypothalamic central pattern generator driving mammalian fertility.
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17
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Ono M, Ando H, Daikoku T, Fujiwara T, Mieda M, Mizumoto Y, Iizuka T, Kagami K, Hosono T, Nomura S, Toyoda N, Sekizuka-Kagami N, Maida Y, Kuji N, Nishi H, Fujiwara H. The Circadian Clock, Nutritional Signals and Reproduction: A Close Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021545. [PMID: 36675058 PMCID: PMC9865912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm, which is necessary for reproduction, is controlled by clock genes. In the mouse uterus, the oscillation of the circadian clock gene has been observed. The transcription of the core clock gene period (Per) and cryptochrome (Cry) is activated by the heterodimer of the transcription factor circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1). By binding to E-box sequences in the promoters of Per1/2 and Cry1/2 genes, the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer promotes the transcription of these genes. Per1/2 and Cry1/2 form a complex with the Clock/Bmal1 heterodimer and inactivate its transcriptional activities. Endometrial BMAL1 expression levels are lower in human recurrent-miscarriage sufferers. Additionally, it was shown that the presence of BMAL1-depleted decidual cells prevents trophoblast invasion, highlighting the importance of the endometrial clock throughout pregnancy. It is widely known that hormone synthesis is disturbed and sterility develops in Bmal1-deficient mice. Recently, we discovered that animals with uterus-specific Bmal1 loss also had poor placental development, and these mice also had intrauterine fetal death. Furthermore, it was shown that time-restricted feeding controlled the uterine clock's circadian rhythm. The uterine clock system may be a possibility for pregnancy complications, according to these results. We summarize the most recent research on the close connection between the circadian clock and reproduction in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3342-6111
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujiwara
- Department of Social Work and Life Design, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto 606-0848, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mizumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Iizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Natsumi Toyoda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naomi Sekizuka-Kagami
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Maida
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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18
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Ivanova D, Li XF, McIntyre C, O’Byrne KT. Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Urocortin-3, GABA, and Glutamate Mediate Suppression of LH Pulsatility in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6852761. [PMID: 36445688 PMCID: PMC9761574 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The posterodorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) is an upstream modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Inhibition of MePD urocortin-3 (Ucn3) neurons prevents psychological stress-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility while blocking the stress-induced elevations in corticosterone (CORT) secretion in female mice. We explore the neurotransmission and neural circuitry suppressing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator by MePD Ucn3 neurons and we further investigate whether MePD Ucn3 efferent projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) control CORT secretion and LH pulsatility. Ucn3-cre-tdTomato female ovariectomized (OVX) mice were unilaterally injected with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) and implanted with optofluid cannulae targeting the MePD. We optically activated Ucn3 neurons in the MePD with blue light at 10 Hz and monitored the effect on LH pulses. Next, we combined optogenetic stimulation of MePD Ucn3 neurons with pharmacological antagonism of GABAA or GABAB receptors with bicuculline or CGP-35348, respectively, as well as a combination of NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists, AP5 and CNQX, respectively, and observed the effect on pulsatile LH secretion. A separate group of Ucn3-cre-tdTomato OVX mice with 17β-estradiol replacement were unilaterally injected with AAV-ChR2 in the MePD and implanted with fiber-optic cannulae targeting the PVN. We optically stimulated the MePD Ucn3 efferent projections in the PVN with blue light at 20 Hz and monitored the effect on CORT secretion and LH pulses. We reveal for the first time that activation of Ucn3 neurons in the MePD inhibits GnRH pulse generator frequency via GABA and glutamate signaling within the MePD, while MePD Ucn3 projections to the PVN modulate the HPG and HPA axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Correspondence: Deyana Ivanova, PhD, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. ; or Kevin T. O’Byrne, PhD, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Kevin T O’Byrne
- Correspondence: Deyana Ivanova, PhD, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. ; or Kevin T. O’Byrne, PhD, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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19
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Zhang L, Fernando T, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhu X, Li M, Shi Y. Neurokinin 3 receptor antagonist-induced adipocyte activation improves obesity and metabolism in PCOS-like mice. Life Sci 2022; 310:121078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Qiu J, Bosch MA, Stincic TL, Hunker AC, Zweifel LS, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. CRISPR/SaCas9 mutagenesis of stromal interaction molecule 1 in proopiomelanocortin neurons increases glutamatergic excitability and protects against diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101645. [PMID: 36442744 PMCID: PMC9727646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are the key anorexigenic hypothalamic neuron for integrating metabolic cues to generate the appropriate output for maintaining energy homeostasis and express the requisite channels as a perfect synaptic integrator in this role. Similar to the metabolic hormones leptin and insulin, glutamate also excites POMC neurons via group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and 5, mGluR1/5) that activate Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC 5) Channels to cause depolarization. A key modulator of TRPC 5 channel activity is stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), which is involved in recruitment of TRPC 5 channels from receptor-operated to store-operated calcium entry following depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. METHODS We used a single adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector containing a recombinase-dependent Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas) and a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to mutate Stim1 in POMCCre neurons in male mice, verified by qPCR of Stim1 mRNA expression in single POMC neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were conducted to validate the effects of Stim1 mutagenesis. Body weight and food intake were measured in male mice to assess disruptions in energy balance. RESULTS Reduced Stim1 expression augmented the efficacy of the mGluR1/5 agonist 3, 5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) to depolarize POMC neurons via a Gαq-coupled signaling pathway, which is an essential part of excitatory glutamatergic input in regulating energy homeostasis. The TRPC 5 channel blockers HC070 and Pico145 antagonized the excitatory effects of DHPG. As proof of principle, mutagenesis of Stim1 in POMC neurons reduced food intake, attenuated weight gain, reduced body fat and fat pad mass in mice fed a high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Using CRISPR technology we have uncovered a critical role of STIM1 in modulating glutamatergic activation of TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, which ultimately is important for maintaining energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Todd L. Stincic
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Avery C. Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA,Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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21
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Sayers S, Le N, Hernandez J, Mata‐Pacheco V, Wagner EJ. The vital role of arcuate nociceptin/orphanin FQ neurones in mounting an oestradiol-dependent adaptive response to negative energy balance via inhibition of nearby proopiomelanocortin neurones. J Physiol 2022; 600:4939-4961. [PMID: 36217719 PMCID: PMC9828807 DOI: 10.1113/jp283378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that N/OFQ neurones in the arcuate nucleus (N/OFQARC ) inhibit proopiomelanocortin (POMCARC ) neurones in a diet- and hormone-dependent manner to promote a more extensive rebound hyperphagia upon re-feeding following an 18 h fast. We utilized intact male or ovariectomized (OVX) female mice subjected to ad libitum-feeding or fasting conditions. N/OFQARC neurones under negative energy balance conditions displayed heightened sensitivity as evidenced by a decreased rheobase threshold, increased firing frequency, and increased burst duration and frequency compared to ad libitum-feeding conditions. Stimulation of N/OFQARC neurones more robustly inhibited POMCARC neurones under fasting conditions compared to ad libitum-feeding conditions. N/OFQARC inhibition of POMCARC neurones is hormone dependent as chemostimulation of N/OFQARC neurones from fasted males and OVX females produced a sizable outward current in POMCARC neurones. Oestradiol (E2 ) markedly attenuated the N/OFQ-induced POMCARC outward current. Additionally, N/OFQ tonically inhibits POMCARC neurones to a greater degree under fasting conditions than in ad libitum-feeding conditions as evidenced by the abrogation of N/OFQ-nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor signalling and inhibition of N/OFQ release via chemoinhibition of N/OFQARC neurones. Intra-arcuate nucleus application of N/OFQ further elevated the hyperphagic response and increased meal size during the 6 h re-feed period, and these effects were mimicked by chemostimulation of N/OFQARC neurones in vivo. E2 attenuated the robust N/OFQ-induced rebound hyperphagia seen in vehicle-treated OVX females. These data demonstrate that N/OFQARC neurones play a vital role in mitigating the impact of negative energy balance by inhibiting the excitability of anorexigenic neural substrates, an effect that is diminished by E2 in females. KEY POINTS: Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) promotes increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure under conditions of positive energy balance in a sex- and hormone-dependent manner. Here it is shown that under conditions of negative energy balance, i.e. fasting, N/OFQ inhibits anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones to a greater degree compared to homeostatic conditions due to fasting-induced hyperexcitability of N/OFQ neurones. Additionally, N/OFQ promotes a sustained increase in rebound hyperphagia and increase in meal size during the re-feed period following a fast. These results promote greater understanding of how energy balance influences the anorexigenic circuitry of the hypothalamus, and aid in understanding the neurophysiological pathways implicated in eating disorders promoting cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical SciencesWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical SciencesWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical SciencesWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Veronica Mata‐Pacheco
- Graduate College of Biomedical SciencesWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the PacificWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA
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22
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McIntyre C, Li XF, de Burgh R, Ivanova D, Lass G, O’Byrne KT. GABA Signaling in the Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Mediates Stress-induced Suppression of LH Pulsatility in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6855642. [PMID: 36453253 PMCID: PMC9757692 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is linked to infertility by suppressing the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The posterodorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) is an upstream regulator of GnRH pulse generator activity and displays increased neuronal activation during psychological stress. The MePD is primarily a GABAergic nucleus with a strong GABAergic projection to hypothalamic reproductive centers; however, their functional significance has not been determined. We hypothesize that MePD GABAergic signalling mediates psychological stress-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion. We selectively inhibited MePD GABA neurons during psychological stress in ovariectomized (OVX) Vgat-cre-tdTomato mice to determine the effect on stress-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion. MePD GABA neurons were virally infected with inhibitory hM4DGi-designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to selectively inhibit MePD GABA neurons. Furthermore, we optogenetically stimulated potential MePD GABAergic projection terminals in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and determined the effect on pulsatile LH secretion. MePD GABA neurons in OVX female Vgat-cre-tdTomato mice were virally infected to express channelrhodopsin-2 and MePD GABAergic terminals in the ARC were selectively stimulated by blue light via an optic fiber implanted in the ARC. DREADD-mediated inhibition of MePD GABA neurons blocked predator odor and restraint stress-induced suppression of LH pulse frequency. Furthermore, sustained optogenetic stimulation at 10 and 20 Hz of MePD GABAergic terminals in the ARC suppressed pulsatile LH secretion. These results show for the first time that GABAergic signalling in the MePD mediates psychological stress-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion and suggest a functionally significant MePD GABAergic projection to the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin T O’Byrne
- Correspondence: Kevin T. O’Byrne, PhD, Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Campus, King's College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, London, SE1 1UL, UK. kevin.o'
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23
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Lass G, Li XF, Voliotis M, Wall E, de Burgh RA, Ivanova D, McIntyre C, Lin X, Colledge WH, Lightman SL, Tsaneva‐Atanasova K, O'Byrne KT. GnRH pulse generator frequency is modulated by kisspeptin and GABA-glutamate interactions in the posterodorsal medial amygdala in female mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13207. [PMID: 36305576 PMCID: PMC10078155 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses, and act as critical initiators of functional gonadotrophin secretion and reproductive competency. However, kisspeptin in other brain regions, most notably the posterodorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD), plays a significant modulatory role over the hypothalamic kisspeptin population; our recent studies using optogenetics have shown that low-frequency light stimulation of MePD kisspeptin results in increased luteinsing hormone pulse frequency. Nonetheless, the neurochemical pathways that underpin this regulatory function remain unknown. To study this, we have utilised an optofluid technology, precisely combining optogenetic stimulation with intra-nuclear pharmacological receptor antagonism, to investigate the neurotransmission involved in this circuitry. We have shown experimentally and verified using a mathematical model that functional neurotransmission of both GABA and glutamate is a requirement for effective modulation of the GnRH pulse generator by amygdala kisspeptin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Ellen Wall
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Reproductive Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ross A. de Burgh
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Caitlin McIntyre
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Xian‐Hua Lin
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - William H. Colledge
- Reproductive Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, The Dorothy Hodgkin BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva‐Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Kevin T. O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
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24
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Coutinho EA, Esparza LA, Hudson AD, Rizo N, Steffen P, Kauffman AS. Conditional Deletion of KOR (Oprk1) in Kisspeptin Cells Does Not Alter LH Pulses, Puberty, or Fertility in Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6763672. [PMID: 36260530 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Classic pharmacological studies suggested that endogenous dynorphin-KOR signaling is important for reproductive neuroendocrine regulation. With the seminal discovery of an interconnected network of hypothalamic arcuate neurons co-expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (KNDy neurons), the KNDy hypothesis was developed to explain how gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses are generated. Key to this hypothesis is dynorphin released from KNDy neurons acting in a paracrine manner on other KNDy neurons via kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling to terminate neural "pulse" events. While in vitro evidence supports this aspect of the KNDy hypothesis, a direct in vivo test of the necessity of KOR signaling in kisspeptin neurons for proper LH secretion has been lacking. We therefore conditionally knocked out KOR selectively from kisspeptin neurons of male and female mice and tested numerous reproductive measures, including in vivo LH pulse secretion. Surprisingly, despite validating successful knockout of KOR in kisspeptin neurons, we found no significant effect of kisspeptin cell-specific deletion of KOR on any measure of puberty, LH pulse parameters, LH surges, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, estrous cycles, or fertility. These outcomes suggest that the KNDy hypothesis, while sufficient normally, may not be the only neural mechanism for sculpting GnRH and LH pulses, supported by recent findings in humans and mice. Thus, besides normally acting via KOR in KNDy neurons, endogenous dynorphin and other opioids may, under some conditions, regulate LH and FSH secretion via KOR in non-kisspeptin cells or perhaps via non-KOR pathways. The current models for GnRH and LH pulse generation should be expanded to consider such alternate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia A Coutinho
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lourdes A Esparza
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra D Hudson
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael Rizo
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paige Steffen
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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25
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Linders LE, Supiot LF, Du W, D’Angelo R, Adan RAH, Riga D, Meye FJ. Studying Synaptic Connectivity and Strength with Optogenetics and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911612. [PMID: 36232917 PMCID: PMC9570045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades the combination of brain slice patch clamp electrophysiology with optogenetic stimulation has proven to be a powerful approach to analyze the architecture of neural circuits and (experience-dependent) synaptic plasticity in such networks. Using this combination of methods, originally termed channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM), a multitude of measures of synaptic functioning can be taken. The current review discusses their rationale, current applications in the field, and their associated caveats. Specifically, the review addresses: (1) How to assess the presence of synaptic connections, both in terms of ionotropic versus metabotropic receptor signaling, and in terms of mono- versus polysynaptic connectivity. (2) How to acquire and interpret measures for synaptic strength and function, like AMPAR/NMDAR, AMPAR rectification, paired-pulse ratio (PPR), coefficient of variance and input-specific quantal sizes. We also address how synaptic modulation by G protein-coupled receptors can be studied with pharmacological approaches and advanced technology. (3) Finally, we elaborate on advances on the use of dual color optogenetics in concurrent investigation of multiple synaptic pathways. Overall, with this review we seek to provide practical insights into the methods used to study neural circuits and synapses, by combining optogenetics and patch-clamp electrophysiology.
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26
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Conde K, Kulyk D, Vanschaik A, Daisey S, Rojas C, Wiersielis K, Yasrebi A, Degroat TJ, Sun Y, Roepke TA. Deletion of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor in Kisspeptin Neurons in Female Mice Blocks Diet-Induced Obesity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1370. [PMID: 36291579 PMCID: PMC9599822 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut peptide, ghrelin, mediates energy homeostasis and reproduction by acting through its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), expressed in hypothalamic neurons in the arcuate (ARC). We have shown 17β-estradiol (E2) increases Ghsr expression in Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) neurons, enhancing sensitivity to ghrelin. We hypothesized that E2-induced Ghsr expression augments KNDy sensitivity in a fasting state by elevating ghrelin to disrupt energy expenditure in females. We produced a Kiss1-GHSR knockout to determine the role of GHSR in ARC KNDy neurons. We found that changes in ARC gene expression with estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment were abrogated by the deletion of GHSR and ghrelin abolished these differences. We also observed changes in metabolism and fasting glucose levels. Additionally, knockouts were resistant to body weight gain on a high fat diet (HFD). Behaviorally, we found that knockouts on HFD exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, knockouts did not refeed to the same extent as controls after a 24 h fast. Finally, in response to cold stress, knockout females had elevated metabolic parameters compared to controls. These data indicate GHSR in Kiss1 neurons modulate ARC gene expression, metabolism, glucose homeostasis, behavior, and thermoregulation, illustrating a novel mechanism for E2 and ghrelin to control Kiss1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Conde
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Danielle Kulyk
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Allison Vanschaik
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sierra Daisey
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Catherine Rojas
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kimberly Wiersielis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Thomas J. Degroat
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, the Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, and the New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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27
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Roa J, Ruiz-Cruz M, Ruiz-Pino F, Onieva R, Vazquez MJ, Sanchez-Tapia MJ, Ruiz-Rodriguez JM, Sobrino V, Barroso A, Heras V, Velasco I, Perdices-Lopez C, Ohlsson C, Avendaño MS, Prevot V, Poutanen M, Pinilla L, Gaytan F, Tena-Sempere M. Dicer ablation in Kiss1 neurons impairs puberty and fertility preferentially in female mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4663. [PMID: 35945211 PMCID: PMC9363423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiss1 neurons, producing kisspeptins, are essential for puberty and fertility, but their molecular regulatory mechanisms remain unfolded. Here, we report that congenital ablation of the microRNA-synthesizing enzyme, Dicer, in Kiss1 cells, causes late-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes, but is compatible with pubertal initiation and preserved Kiss1 neuronal populations at the infantile/juvenile period. Yet, failure to complete puberty and attain fertility is observed only in females. Kiss1-specific ablation of Dicer evokes disparate changes of Kiss1-cell numbers and Kiss1/kisspeptin expression between hypothalamic subpopulations during the pubertal-transition, with a predominant decline in arcuate-nucleus Kiss1 levels, linked to enhanced expression of its repressors, Mkrn3, Cbx7 and Eap1. Our data unveil that miRNA-biosynthesis in Kiss1 neurons is essential for pubertal completion and fertility, especially in females, but dispensable for initial reproductive maturation and neuronal survival in both sexes. Our results disclose a predominant miRNA-mediated inhibitory program of repressive signals that is key for precise regulation of Kiss1 expression and, thereby, reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Cruz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Pino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Onieva
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria J Vazquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria J Sanchez-Tapia
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose M Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Veronica Sobrino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexia Barroso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Violeta Heras
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Velasco
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cecilia Perdices-Lopez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Soledad Avendaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Leonor Pinilla
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gaytan
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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28
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Kauffman AS. Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying estrogen positive feedback and the LH surge. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:953252. [PMID: 35968365 PMCID: PMC9364933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.953252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental principle in reproductive neuroendocrinology is sex steroid feedback: steroid hormones secreted by the gonads circulate back to the brain to regulate the neural circuits governing the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. These regulatory feedback loops ultimately act to modulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, thereby affecting gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary. In females, rising estradiol (E2) during the middle of the menstrual (or estrous) cycle paradoxically "switch" from being inhibitory on GnRH secretion ("negative feedback") to stimulating GnRH release ("positive feedback"), resulting in a surge in GnRH secretion and a downstream LH surge that triggers ovulation. While upstream neural afferents of GnRH neurons, including kisspeptin neurons in the rostral hypothalamus, are proposed as critical loci of E2 feedback action, the underlying mechanisms governing the shift between E2 negative and positive feedback are still poorly understood. Indeed, the precise cell targets, neural signaling factors and receptors, hormonal pathways, and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian-derived E2 indirectly stimulates GnRH surge secretion remain incompletely known. In many species, there is also a circadian component to the LH surge, restricting its occurrence to specific times of day, but how the circadian clock interacts with endocrine signals to ultimately time LH surge generation also remains a major gap in knowledge. Here, we focus on classic and recent data from rodent models and discuss the consensus knowledge of the neural players, including kisspeptin, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and glia, as well as endocrine players, including estradiol and progesterone, in the complex regulation and generation of E2-induced LH surges in females.
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Jamieson BB, Piet R. Kisspeptin neuron electrophysiology: Intrinsic properties, hormonal modulation, and regulation of homeostatic circuits. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101006. [PMID: 35640722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The obligatory role of kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R) in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, puberty and fertility was uncovered in 2003. In the few years that followed, an impressive body of work undertaken in many species established that neurons producing kisspeptin orchestrate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron activity and subsequent GnRH and gonadotropin hormone secretory patterns, through kisspeptin-KISS1R signaling, and mediate many aspects of gonadal steroid hormone feedback regulation of GnRH neurons. Here, we review knowledge accrued over the past decade, mainly in genetically modified mouse models, of the electrophysiological properties of kisspeptin neurons and their regulation by hormonal feedback. We also discuss recent progress in our understanding of the role of these cells within neuronal circuits that control GnRH neuron activity and GnRH secretion, energy balance and, potentially, other homeostatic and reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Piet
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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30
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Semaan SJ, Kauffman AS. Developmental sex differences in the peri-pubertal pattern of hypothalamic reproductive gene expression, including Kiss1 and Tac2, may contribute to sex differences in puberty onset. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 551:111654. [PMID: 35469849 PMCID: PMC9889105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating puberty still remain elusive, as do the underlying causes for sex differences in puberty onset (girls before boys) and pubertal disorders. Neuroendocrine puberty onset is signified by increased pulsatile GnRH secretion, yet how and when various upstream reproductive neural circuits change developmentally to govern this process is poorly understood. We previously reported day-by-day peri-pubertal increases (Kiss1, Tac2) or decreases (Rfrp) in hypothalamic gene expression of female mice, with several brain mRNA changes preceding external pubertal markers. However, similar pubertal measures in males were not previously reported. Here, to identify possible neural sex differences underlying sex differences in puberty onset, we analyzed peri-pubertal males and directly compared them with female littermates. Kiss1 expression in male mice increased over the peri-pubertal period in both the AVPV and ARC nuclei but with lower levels than in females at several ages. Likewise, Tac2 expression in the male ARC increased between juvenile and older peri-pubertal stages but with levels lower than females at most ages. By contrast, both DMN Rfrp expressionand Rfrp neuronal activation strongly decreased in males between juvenile and peri-pubertal stages, but with similar levels as females. Neither ARC KNDy neuronal activation nor Kiss1r expression in GnRH neurons differed between males and females or changed with age. These findings delineate several peri-pubertal changes in neural populations in developing males, with notable sex differences in kisspeptin and NKB neuron developmental patterns. Whether these peri-pubertal hypothalamic sex differences underlie sex differences in puberty onset deserves future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Semaan
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Okada H, Kanasaki H, Tumurbaatar T, Tumurgan Z, Oride A, Kyo S. Hyperandrogenism induces proportional changes in the expression of Kiss-1, Tac2, and DynA in hypothalamic KNDy neurons. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:91. [PMID: 35729637 PMCID: PMC9210811 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptin released from Kiss-1 neurons in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by regulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In this study, we examined how androgen supplementation affects the characteristics of Kiss-1 neurons. METHODS We used a Kiss-1-expressing mHypoA-55 cell model that originated from the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mouse hypothalamus. These cells are KNDy neurons that co-express neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (DynA). We stimulated these cells with androgens and examined them. We also examined the ARC region of the hypothalamus in ovary-intact female rats after supplementation with androgens. RESULTS Stimulation of mHypoA-55 cells with 100 nM testosterone significantly increased Kiss-1 gene expression by 3.20 ± 0.44-fold; testosterone also increased kisspeptin protein expression. The expression of Tac3, the gene encoding NKB, was also increased by 2.69 ± 0.64-fold following stimulation of mHypoA-55 cells with 100 nM testosterone. DynA gene expression in these cells was unchanged by testosterone stimulation, but it was significantly reduced at the protein level. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) had a similar effect to testosterone in mHypoA-55 cells; kisspeptin and NKB protein expression was significantly increased by DHT, whereas it significantly reduced DynA expression. In ovary-intact female rats, DTH administration significantly increased the gene expression of Kiss-1 and Tac3, but not DynA, in the arcuate nucleus. Exogenous NKB and DynA stimulation failed to modulate Kiss-1 gene expression in mHypoA-55 cells. Unlike androgen stimulation, prolactin stimulation did not modulate kisspeptin, NKB, or DynA protein expression in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Our observations imply that hyperandrogenemia affects KNDy neurons and changes their neuronal characteristics by increasing kisspeptin and NKB levels and decreasing DynA levels. These changes might cause dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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32
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Stincic TL, Kelly MJ. Estrogenic regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis by a triumvirate of hypothalamic arcuate neurons. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13145. [PMID: 35581942 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is energetically demanding and therefore, by necessity, reproduction and energy balance are inextricably linked. With insufficient or excessive energy stores a female is liable to suffer complications during pregnancy or produce unhealthy offspring. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons are responsible for initiating both the pulsatile and subsequent surge release of luteinizing hormone to control ovulation. Meticulous work has identified two hypothalamic populations of kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons that are critical for this pattern of release. The involvement of the hypothalamus is unsurprising because its quintessential function is to couple the endocrine and nervous systems, coordinating energy balance and reproduction. Estrogens, more specifically 17β-estradiol (E2 ), orchestrate the activity of a triumvirate of hypothalamic neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) that govern the physiological underpinnings of these behavioral dynamics. Arising from a common progenitor pool, these cells differentiate into ARH kisspeptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP) neurons. Although the excitability of all these subpopulations is subject to genomic and rapid estrogenic regulation, Kiss1 neurons are the most sensitive, reflecting their integral function in female fertility. Based on the premise that E2 coordinates autonomic functions around reproduction, we review recent findings on how Kiss1 neurons interact with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, AgRP and POMC neurons, as well as how the rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling cascades activated by E2 in these neurons are critical for control of homeostatic functions supporting reproduction. In particular, we highlight how Kiss1 and POMC neurons conspire to inhibit AgRP neurons and diminish food motivation in service of reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Stincic
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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33
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Ivanova D, Li X, Liu Y, McIntyre C, Fernandes C, Lass G, Kong L, O’Byrne KT. Role of Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Urocortin-3 in Pubertal Timing in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893029. [PMID: 35655799 PMCID: PMC9152449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder impedes pubertal development and disrupts pulsatile LH secretion in humans and rodents. The posterodorsal sub-nucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) is an upstream modulator of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator, pubertal timing, as well as emotional processing and anxiety. Psychosocial stress exposure alters neuronal activity within the MePD increasing the expression of Urocortin3 (Ucn3) and its receptor corticotropin-releasing factor type-2 receptor (CRFR2) while enhancing the inhibitory output from the MePD to key hypothalamic reproductive centres. We test the hypothesis that psychosocial stress, processed by the MePD, is relayed to the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator to delay puberty in female mice. We exposed C57Bl6/J female mice to the predator odor, 2,4,5-Trimethylthiazole (TMT), during pubertal transition and examined the effect on pubertal timing, pre-pubertal LH pulses and anxiety-like behaviour. Subsequently, we virally infected Ucn3-cre-tdTomato female mice with stimulatory DREADDs targeting MePD Ucn3 neurons and determined the effect on pubertal timing and pre-pubertal LH pulse frequency. Exposure to TMT during pubertal development delayed puberty, suppressed pre-pubertal LH pulsatility and enhanced anxiety-like behaviour, while activation of MePD Ucn3 neurons reduced LH pulse frequency and delayed puberty. Early psychosocial stress exposure decreases GnRH pulse generator frequency delaying puberty while inducing anxiety-behaviour in female mice, an effect potentially involving Ucn3 neurons in the MePD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - XiaoFeng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caitlin McIntyre
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lingsi Kong
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin T. O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Goodman RL, Herbison AE, Lehman MN, Navarro VM. Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Pulsatile and surge modes of secretion. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13094. [PMID: 35107859 PMCID: PMC9948945 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept that different systems control episodic and surge secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was well established by the time that GnRH was identified and formed the framework for studies of the physiological roles of GnRH, and later kisspeptin. Here, we focus on recent studies identifying the neural mechanisms underlying these two modes of secretion, with an emphasis on their core components. There is now compelling data that kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus that also contain neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (i.e., KNDy cells) and their projections to GnRH dendrons constitute the GnRH pulse generator in mice and rats. There is also strong evidence for a similar role for KNDy neurons in sheep and goats, and weaker data in monkeys and humans. However, whether KNDy neurons act on GnRH dendrons and/or GnRH soma and dendrites that are found in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of these species remains unclear. The core components of the GnRH/luteinising hormone surge consist of an endocrine signal that initiates the process and a neural trigger that drives GnRH secretion during the surge. In all spontaneous ovulators, the core endocrine signal is a rise in estradiol secretion from the maturing follicle(s), with the site of estrogen positive feedback being the rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons in rodents and neurons in the MBH of sheep and primates. There is considerable species variations in the neural trigger, with three major classes. First, in reflex ovulators, this trigger is initiated by coitus and carried to the hypothalamus by neural or vascular pathways. Second, in rodents, there is a time of day signal that originates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and activates rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons and GnRH soma and dendrites. Finally, in sheep nitric oxide-producing neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, KNDy neurons and rostral kisspeptin neurons all appear to participate in driving GnRH release during the surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allan E. Herbison
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Victor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Zohar Y, Zmora N, Trudeau VL, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Golan M. A half century of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormones: Breaking paradigms. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13069. [PMID: 34913529 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) is also celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. This review provides a chronological history of fish GnRH biology over the past five decades. It demonstrates how discoveries in fish regarding GnRH and GnRH receptor multiplicity, dynamic interactions between GnRH neurons, and additional neuroendocrine factors acting alongside GnRH, amongst others, have driven a paradigm shift in our understanding of GnRH systems and functions in vertebrates, including mammals. The role of technological innovations in enabling scientific discoveries is portrayed, as well as how fundamental research in fish GnRH led to translational outcomes in aquaculture. The interchange between fish and mammalian GnRH research is discussed, as is the value and utility of using fish models for advancing GnRH biology. Current challenges and future perspectives are presented, with the hope of expanding the dialogue and collaborations within the neuroendocrinology scientific community at large, capitalizing on diversifying model animals and the use of comparative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), University of Cádiz and European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Matan Golan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Letziyon, Israel
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36
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Voliotis M, Plain Z, Li XF, McArdle CA, O’Byrne KT, Tsaneva‐Atanasova K. Mathematical models in GnRH research. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13085. [PMID: 35080068 PMCID: PMC9285519 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modelling is an indispensable tool in modern biosciences, enabling quantitative analysis and integration of biological data, transparent formulation of our understanding of complex biological systems, and efficient experimental design based on model predictions. This review article provides an overview of the impact that mathematical models had on GnRH research. Indeed, over the last 20 years mathematical modelling has been used to describe and explore the physiology of the GnRH neuron, the mechanisms underlying GnRH pulsatile secretion, and GnRH signalling to the pituitary. Importantly, these models have contributed to GnRH research via novel hypotheses and predictions regarding the bursting behaviour of the GnRH neuron, the role of kisspeptin neurons in the emergence of pulsatile GnRH dynamics, and the decoding of GnRH signals by biochemical signalling networks. We envisage that with the advent of novel experimental technologies, mathematical modelling will have an even greater role to play in our endeavour to understand the complex spatiotemporal dynamics underlying the reproductive neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems InstituteCollege of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Zoe Plain
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems InstituteCollege of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s HealthSchool of Life Course SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Craig A. McArdle
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologySchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kevin T. O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s HealthSchool of Life Course SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva‐Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems InstituteCollege of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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37
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Constantin S, Moenter SM, Piet R. The electrophysiologic properties of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13073. [PMID: 34939256 PMCID: PMC9163209 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For about two decades, recordings of identified gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons have provided a wealth of information on their properties. We describe areas of consensus and debate the intrinsic electrophysiologic properties of these cells, their response to fast synaptic and neuromodulatory input, Ca2+ imaging correlates of action potential firing, and signaling pathways regulating these aspects. How steroid feedback and development change these properties, functions of GnRH neuron subcompartments and local networks, as revealed by chemo- and optogenetic approaches, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and the Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard Piet
- Brain Health Research Institute & Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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38
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. In vivo imaging of the GnRH pulse generator reveals a temporal order of neuronal activation and synchronization during each pulse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117767119. [PMID: 35110409 PMCID: PMC8833213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117767119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypothalamic pulse generator located in the arcuate nucleus controls episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and is essential for reproduction. Recent evidence suggests this generator is composed of arcuate "KNDy" cells, the abbreviation based on coexpression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin. However, direct visual evidence of KNDy neuron activity at a single-cell level during a pulse is lacking. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging in freely moving female mice to show that individual KNDy neurons are synchronously activated in an episodic manner, and these synchronized episodes always precede LH pulses. Furthermore, synchronization among KNDy cells occurs in a temporal order, with some subsets of KNDy cells serving as "leaders" and others as "followers" during each synchronized episode. These results reveal an unsuspected temporal organization of activation and synchronization within the GnRH pulse generator, suggesting that different subsets of KNDy neurons are activated at pulse onset than afterward during maintenance and eventual termination of each pulse. Further studies to distinguish KNDy "leader" from "follower" cells is likely to have important clinical significance, since regulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion is essential for normal reproduction and disrupted in pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
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39
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Rønnekleiv OK, Qiu J, Kelly MJ. Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons and the Control of Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab253. [PMID: 34953135 PMCID: PMC8758343 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons provide indispensable excitatory transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons for the coordinated release of gonadotropins, estrous cyclicity, and ovulation. But maintaining reproductive functions is metabolically demanding so there must be a coordination with multiple homeostatic functions, and it is apparent that Kiss1 neurons play that role. There are 2 distinct populations of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons, namely arcuate nucleus (Kiss1ARH) neurons and anteroventral periventricular and periventricular nucleus (Kiss1AVPV/PeN) neurons in rodents, both of which excite GnRH neurons via kisspeptin release but are differentially regulated by ovarian steroids. Estradiol (E2) increases the expression of kisspeptin in Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons but decreases its expression in Kiss1ARH neurons. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons coexpress glutamate and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons coexpress gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), both of which are upregulated by E2 in females. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons express critical metabolic hormone receptors, and these neurons are excited by insulin and leptin during the fed state. Moreover, Kiss1ARH neurons project to and excite the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons but inhibit the orexigenic neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide neurons, highlighting their role in regulating feeding behavior. Kiss1ARH and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons also project to the preautonomic paraventricular nucleus (satiety) neurons and the dorsomedial nucleus (energy expenditure) neurons to differentially regulate their function via glutamate and GABA release, respectively. Therefore, this review will address not only how Kiss1 neurons govern GnRH release, but how they control other homeostatic functions through their peptidergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic connections, providing further evidence that Kiss1 neurons are the key neurons coordinating energy states with reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Xie Q, Kang Y, Zhang C, Xie Y, Wang C, Liu J, Yu C, Zhao H, Huang D. The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:925206. [PMID: 35837314 PMCID: PMC9273750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.925206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of kisspeptin as a critical central regulatory factor of GnRH release has given people a novel understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation in human reproduction. Kisspeptin activates the signaling pathway by binding to its receptor kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) to promote GnRH secretion, thereby regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis. Recent studies have shown that kisspeptin neurons located in arcuate nucleus (ARC) co-express neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (Dyn). Such neurons are called KNDy neurons. KNDy neurons participate in the positive and negative feedback of estrogen to GnRH secretion. In addition, kisspeptin is a key factor in the initiation of puberty, and also regulates the processes of female follicle development, oocyte maturation, and ovulation through the HPG axis. In male reproduction, kisspeptin also plays an important role, getting involved in the regulation of Leydig cells, spermatogenesis, sperm functions and reproductive behaviors. Mutations in the KISS1 gene or disorders of the kisspeptin/KISS1R system may lead to clinical symptoms such as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (iHH), central precocious puberty (CPP) and female infertility. Understanding the influence of kisspeptin on the reproductive axis and related mechanisms will help the future application of kisspeptin in disease diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we critically appraise the role of kisspeptin in the HPG axis, including its signaling pathways, negative and positive feedback mechanisms, and its control on female and male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Xie
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Kang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Xie
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuxiong Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiqian Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shen X, Liu Y, Li XF, Long H, Wang L, Lyu Q, Kuang Y, O’Byrne KT. Optogenetic stimulation of Kiss1 ARC terminals in the AVPV induces surge-like luteinizing hormone secretion via glutamate release in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1036235. [PMID: 36425470 PMCID: PMC9678915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1036235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons are mainly located in the arcuate (Kiss1ARC, vis-à-vis the GnRH pulse generator) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (Kiss1AVPV, vis-à-vis the GnRH surge generator). Kiss1ARC send fibre projections that connect with Kiss1AVPV somata. However, studies focused on the role of Kiss1ARC neurons in the LH surge are limited, and the role of Kiss1ARC projections to AVPV (Kiss1ARC→AVPV) in the preovulatory LH surge is still unknown. To investigate its function, this study used optogenetics to selectively stimulate Kiss1ARC→AVPV and measured changes in circulating LH levels. Kiss1ARC in Kiss-Cre-tdTomato mice were virally infected to express channelrhodopsin-2 proteins, and optical stimulation was applied selectively via a fibre optic cannula in the AVPV. Sustained 20 Hz optical stimulation of Kiss1ARC→AVPV from 15:30 to 16:30 h on proestrus effectively induced an immediate increase in LH reaching peak surge-like levels of around 8 ng/ml within 10 min, followed by a gradual decline to baseline over about 40 min. Stimulation at 10 Hz resulted in a non-significant increase in LH levels and 5 Hz stimulation had no effect in proestrous animals. The 20 Hz stimulation induced significantly higher circulating LH levels on proestrus compared with diestrus or estrus, which suggested that the effect of terminal stimulation is modulated by the sex steroid milieu. Additionally, intra-AVPV infusion of glutamate antagonists, AP5+CNQX, completely blocked the increase on LH levels induced by Kiss1ARC→AVPV terminal photostimulation in proestrous animals. These results demonstrate for the first time that optical stimulation of Kiss1ARC→AVPV induces an LH surge-like secretion via glutamatergic mechanisms. In conclusion, Kiss1ARC may participate in LH surge generation by glutamate release from terminal projections in the AVPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Long
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kevin T. O’Byrne, ; Yanping Kuang,
| | - Kevin T. O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Kevin T. O’Byrne, ; Yanping Kuang,
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Göcz B, Takács S, Skrapits K, Rumpler É, Solymosi N, Póliska S, Colledge WH, Hrabovszky E, Sárvári M. Estrogen differentially regulates transcriptional landscapes of preoptic and arcuate kisspeptin neuron populations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:960769. [PMID: 36093104 PMCID: PMC9454256 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.960769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons residing in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (KPRP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (KPARC) mediate positive and negative estrogen feedback, respectively. Here, we aim to compare transcriptional responses of KPRP3V and KPARC neurons to estrogen. Transgenic mice were ovariectomized and supplemented with either 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle. Fluorescently tagged KPRP3V neurons collected by laser-capture microdissection were subjected to RNA-seq. Bioinformatics identified 222 E2-dependent genes. Four genes encoding neuropeptide precursors (Nmb, Kiss1, Nts, Penk) were robustly, and Cartpt was subsignificantly upregulated, suggesting putative contribution of multiple neuropeptides to estrogen feedback mechanisms. Using overrepresentation analysis, the most affected KEGG pathways were neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and dopaminergic synapse. Next, we re-analyzed our previously obtained KPARC neuron RNA-seq data from the same animals using identical bioinformatic criteria. The identified 1583 E2-induced changes included suppression of many neuropeptide precursors, granins, protein processing enzymes, and other genes related to the secretory pathway. In addition to distinct regulatory responses, KPRP3V and KPARC neurons exhibited sixty-two common changes in genes encoding three hormone receptors (Ghsr, Pgr, Npr2), GAD-65 (Gad2), calmodulin and its regulator (Calm1, Pcp4), among others. Thirty-four oppositely regulated genes (Kiss1, Vgf, Chrna7, Tmem35a) were also identified. The strikingly different transcriptional responses in the two neuron populations prompted us to explore the transcriptional mechanism further. We identified ten E2-dependent transcription factors in KPRP3V and seventy in KPARC neurons. While none of the ten transcription factors interacted with estrogen receptor-α, eight of the seventy did. We propose that an intricate, multi-layered transcriptional mechanism exists in KPARC neurons and a less complex one in KPRP3V neurons. These results shed new light on the complexity of estrogen-dependent regulatory mechanisms acting in the two functionally distinct kisspeptin neuron populations and implicate additional neuropeptides and mechanisms in estrogen feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - William H. Colledge
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Erik Hrabovszky, ; Miklós Sárvári, ; Balázs Göcz,
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Stevenson H, Bartram S, Charalambides MM, Murthy S, Petitt T, Pradeep A, Vineall O, Abaraonye I, Lancaster A, Koysombat K, Patel B, Abbara A. Kisspeptin-neuron control of LH pulsatility and ovulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951938. [PMID: 36479214 PMCID: PMC9721495 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback from oestradiol (E2) plays a critical role in the regulation of major events in the physiological menstrual cycle including the release of gonadotrophins to stimulate follicular growth, and the mid-cycle luteinising hormone (LH) surge that leads to ovulation. E2 predominantly exerts its action via oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), however, as gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons lack ERα, E2-feedback is posited to be indirectly mediated via upstream neurons. Kisspeptin (KP) is a neuropeptide expressed in hypothalamic KP-neurons that control GnRH secretion and plays a key role in the central mechanism regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In the rodent arcuate (ARC) nucleus, KP is co-expressed with Neurokinin B and Dynorphin; and thus, these neurons are termed 'Kisspeptin-Neurokinin B-Dynorphin' (KNDy) neurons. ARC KP-neurons function as the 'GnRH pulse generator' to regulate GnRH pulsatility, as well as mediating negative feedback from E2. A second KP neuronal population is present in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V), which includes anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus and preoptic area neurons. These RP3V KP-neurons mediate positive feedback to induce the mid-cycle luteinising hormone (LH) surge and subsequent ovulation. Here, we describe the role of KP-neurons in these two regions in mediating this differential feedback from oestrogens. We conclude by considering reproductive diseases for which exploitation of these mechanisms could yield future therapies.
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Liang SL, Tong YS, Hwang LL, Huang YZ, Chen CY. CART Peptides Differently Regulate Firing Rates and GABAergic Synaptic Inputs of DMV Neurons Innervating the Stomach Antrum and Cecum of Adult Male Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:555-570. [PMID: 34348334 DOI: 10.1159/000518690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Central administration of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides (CARTp) alters gastrointestinal motility and reduces food intake in rats. Since neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) receive GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs and innervate the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal organs, we hypothesized that CARTp acts on the DMV or presynaptic neurons. METHODS We used 3,3'-dioctadecyloxa-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) retrograde tracing with electrophysiological methods to record DMV neurons innervating the stomach antrum or cecum in brainstem slices from adult rats. RESULTS DiO application did not change the electrophysiological properties of DMV neurons. CART55-102 had no effect on the basal firing rates of neurons in either the stomach antrum-labeled group (SLG) or cecum-labeled group (CLG). When presynaptic inputs were blocked, CART55-102 further increased the firing rates of the SLG, suggesting a direct excitatory effect. Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) occurred at a higher frequency in SLG neurons than in CLG neurons. CART55-102 reduced the amplitude and the frequency of sIPSCs in SLG neurons dose-dependently, with higher doses also reducing spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Higher doses of CART55-102 reduced sIPSC and sEPSC amplitudes in CLG neurons, suggesting a postsynaptic effect. In response to incremental current injections, the SLG neurons exhibited less increases in firing activity. Simultaneous applications of current injections and CART55-102 decreased the firing activity of the CLG. Therefore, stomach antrum-projecting DMV neurons possess a higher gating ability to stabilize firing activity. CONCLUSION The mechanism by which CARTp mediates anorectic actions may be through a direct reduction in cecum-projecting DMV neuron excitability and, to a lesser extent, that of antrum-projecting DMV neurons, by acting on receptors of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Sheng Tong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ivanova D, Li XF, McIntyre C, Liu Y, Kong L, O’Byrne KT. Urocortin3 in the Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala Mediates Stress-induced Suppression of LH Pulsatility in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6383454. [PMID: 34618891 PMCID: PMC8547342 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress disrupts reproduction and interferes with pulsatile LH secretion. The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is an upstream modulator of the reproductive axis and stress. Corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors (CRFR2s) are activated in the presence of psychosocial stress together with increased expression of the CRFR2 ligand Urocortin3 (Ucn3) in the MePD of rodents. We investigate whether Ucn3 signalling in the MePD is involved in mediating the suppressive effect of psychosocial stress on LH pulsatility. First, we administered Ucn3 into the MePD and monitored the effect on LH pulses in ovariectomized mice. Next, we delivered Astressin2B, a selective CRFR2 antagonist, intra-MePD in the presence of predator odor, 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole (TMT) and examined the effect on LH pulses. Subsequently, we virally infected Ucn3-cre-tdTomato mice with inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) targeting MePD Ucn3 neurons while exposing mice to TMT or restraint stress and examined the effect on LH pulsatility as well as corticosterone release. Administration of Ucn3 into the MePD dose-dependently inhibited LH pulses and administration of Astressin2B blocked the suppressive effect of TMT on LH pulsatility. Additionally, DREADDs inhibition of MePD Ucn3 neurons blocked TMT and restraint stress-induced inhibition of LH pulses and corticosterone release. These results demonstrate for the first time that Ucn3 neurons in the MePD mediate psychosocial stress-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator and corticosterone secretion. Ucn3 signalling in the MePD plays a role in modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes, and this brain locus may represent a nodal center in the interaction between the reproductive and stress axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence: Deyana Ivanova, PhD, Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Caitlin McIntyre
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingsi Kong
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kevin T O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence: Kevin T. O’Byrne, Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Deletion of Stim1 in Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Kiss1 Neurons Potentiates Synchronous GCaMP Activity and Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9688-9701. [PMID: 34654752 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0622-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are essential for reproduction, but their role in the control of energy balance and other homeostatic functions remains unclear. High-frequency firing of hypothalamic arcuate Kiss1 (Kiss1ARH) neurons releases kisspeptin into the median eminence, and neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin onto neighboring Kiss1ARH neurons to generate a slow EPSP mediated by TRPC5 channels that entrains intermittent, synchronous firing of Kiss1ARH neurons. High-frequency optogenetic stimulation of Kiss1ARH neurons also releases glutamate to excite the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and inhibit the orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons via metabotropic glutamate receptors. At the molecular level, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium-sensing protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is critically involved in the regulation of neuronal Ca2+ signaling and neuronal excitability through its interaction with plasma membrane (PM) calcium (e.g., TRPC) channels. Therefore, we hypothesized that deletion of Stim1 in Kiss1ARH neurons would increase neuronal excitability and their synchronous firing, which ultimately would affect energy homeostasis. Using optogenetics in combination with whole-cell recording and GCaMP6 imaging in slices, we discovered that deletion of Stim1 in Kiss1 neurons significantly increased the amplitude and duration of the slow EPSP and augmented synchronous [Ca2+]i oscillations in Kiss1ARH neurons. Deletion of Stim1 in Kiss1ARH neurons amplified the actions of NKB and protected ovariectomized female mice from developing obesity and glucose intolerance with high-fat dieting (HFD). Therefore, STIM1 appears to play a critical role in regulating synchronous firing of Kiss1ARH neurons, which ultimately affects the coordination between energy homeostasis and reproduction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hypothalamic arcuate kisspeptin (Kiss1ARH) neurons are essential for stimulating the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and maintaining fertility. However, Kiss1ARH neurons appear to be a key player in coordinating energy balance with reproduction. The regulation of calcium channels and hence calcium signaling is critically dependent on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium-sensing protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), which interacts with the plasma membrane (PM) calcium channels. We have conditionally deleted Stim1 in Kiss1ARH neurons and found that it significantly increased the excitability of Kiss1ARH neurons and protected ovariectomized female mice from developing obesity and glucose intolerance with high-fat dieting (HFD).
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Voliotis M, Li XF, De Burgh RA, Lass G, Ivanova D, McIntyre C, O'Byrne K, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Modulation of pulsatile GnRH dynamics across the ovarian cycle via changes in the network excitability and basal activity of the arcuate kisspeptin network. eLife 2021; 10:e71252. [PMID: 34787076 PMCID: PMC8651288 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile GnRH release is essential for normal reproductive function. Kisspeptin secreting neurons found in the arcuate nucleus, known as KNDy neurons for co-expressing neurokinin B, and dynorphin, drive pulsatile GnRH release. Furthermore, gonadal steroids regulate GnRH pulsatile dynamics across the ovarian cycle by altering KNDy neurons' signalling properties. However, the precise mechanism of regulation remains mostly unknown. To better understand these mechanisms, we start by perturbing the KNDy system at different stages of the estrous cycle using optogenetics. We find that optogenetic stimulation of KNDy neurons stimulates pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion in estrous mice but inhibits it in diestrous mice. These in vivo results in combination with mathematical modelling suggest that the transition between estrus and diestrus is underpinned by well-orchestrated changes in neuropeptide signalling and in the excitability of the KNDy population controlled via glutamate signalling. Guided by model predictions, we show that blocking glutamate signalling in diestrous animals inhibits LH pulses, and that optic stimulation of the KNDy population mitigates this inhibition. In estrous mice, disruption of glutamate signalling inhibits pulses generated via sustained low-frequency optic stimulation of the KNDy population, supporting the idea that the level of network excitability is critical for pulse generation. Our results reconcile previous puzzling findings regarding the estradiol-dependent effect that several neuromodulators have on the GnRH pulse generator dynamics. Therefore, we anticipate our model to be a cornerstone for a more quantitative understanding of the pathways via which gonadal steroids regulate GnRH pulse generator dynamics. Finally, our results could inform useful repurposing of drugs targeting the glutamate system in reproductive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ross Alexander De Burgh
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caitlin McIntyre
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
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48
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Moore AM, Lohr DB, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Prenatal Androgen Exposure Alters KNDy Neurons and Their Afferent Network in a Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab158. [PMID: 34346492 PMCID: PMC8402932 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrinopathy affecting women worldwide, is characterized by elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency due to the impaired suppression of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by steroid hormone negative feedback. Although neurons that co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (KNDy cells) were recently defined as the GnRH/LH pulse generator, little is understood about their role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We used a prenatal androgen-treated (PNA) mouse model of PCOS to determine whether changes in KNDy neurons or their afferent network underlie altered negative feedback. First, we identified elevated androgen receptor gene expression in KNDy cells of PNA mice, whereas progesterone receptor and dynorphin gene expression was significantly reduced, suggesting elevated androgens in PCOS disrupt progesterone negative feedback via direct actions upon KNDy cells. Second, we discovered GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic input to KNDy neurons was reduced in PNA mice. Retrograde monosynaptic tract-tracing revealed a dramatic reduction in input originates from sexually dimorphic afferents in the preoptic area, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area and lateral hypothalamus. These results reveal 2 sites of neuronal alterations potentially responsible for defects in negative feedback in PCOS: changes in gene expression within KNDy neurons, and changes in synaptic inputs from steroid hormone-responsive hypothalamic regions. How each of these changes contribute to the neuroendocrine phenotype seen in in PCOS, and the role of specific sets of upstream KNDy afferents in the process, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Dayanara B Lohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Phumsatitpong C, Wagenmaker ER, Moenter SM. Neuroendocrine interactions of the stress and reproductive axes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100928. [PMID: 34171353 PMCID: PMC8605987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is controlled by a sequential regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The HPG axis integrates multiple inputs to maintain proper reproductive functions. It has long been demonstrated that stress alters fertility. Nonetheless, the central mechanisms of how stress interacts with the reproductive system are not fully understood. One of the major pathways that is activated during the stress response is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this review, we discuss several aspects of the interactions between these two neuroendocrine systems to offer insights to mechanisms of how the HPA and HPG axes interact. We have also included discussions of other systems, for example GABA-producing neurons, where they are informative to the overall picture of stress effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayarndorn Phumsatitpong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Wagenmaker
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Stephens SBZ, Kauffman AS. Estrogen Regulation of the Molecular Phenotype and Active Translatome of AVPV Kisspeptin Neurons. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6226761. [PMID: 33856454 PMCID: PMC8286094 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In females, ovarian estradiol (E2) exerts both negative and positive feedback regulation on the neural circuits governing reproductive hormone secretion, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this remain poorly understood. In rodents, estrogen receptor α-expressing kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular region (AVPV) are prime candidates to mediate E2 positive feedback induction of preovulatory gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges. E2 stimulates AVPV Kiss1 expression, but the full extent of estrogen effects in these neurons is unknown; whether E2 stimulates or inhibits other genes in AVPV Kiss1 cells has not been determined. Indeed, understanding of the function(s) of AVPV kisspeptin cells is limited, in part, by minimal knowledge of their overall molecular phenotype, as only a few genes are currently known to be co-expressed in AVPV Kiss1 cells. To provide a more detailed profiling of co-expressed genes in AVPV Kiss1 cells, including receptors and other signaling factors, and test how these genes respond to E2, we selectively isolated actively translated mRNAs from AVPV Kiss1 cells of female mice and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). This identified >13 000 mRNAs co-expressed in AVPV Kiss1 cells, including multiple receptor and ligand transcripts positively or negatively regulated by E2. We also performed RNAscope to validate co-expression of several transcripts identified by RNA-seq, including Pdyn (prodynorphin), Penk (proenkephalin), Vgf (VGF), and Cartpt (CART), in female AVPV Kiss1 cells. Given the important role of AVPV kisspeptin cells in positive feedback, E2 effects on identified genes may relate to the LH surge mechanism and/or other physiological processes involving these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon B Z Stephens
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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