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Hikichi Y, Grover JR, Schäfer A, Mothes W, Freed EO. Epistatic pathways can drive HIV-1 escape from integrase strand transfer inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0042. [PMID: 38427738 PMCID: PMC10906922 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have been reported to experience virological failure in the absence of resistance mutations in integrase. To elucidate INSTI resistance mechanisms, we propagated HIV-1 in the presence of escalating concentrations of the INSTI dolutegravir. HIV-1 became resistant to dolutegravir by sequentially acquiring mutations in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the nucleocapsid protein. The selected Env mutations enhance the ability of the virus to spread via cell-cell transfer, thereby increasing the multiplicity of infection (MOI). While the selected Env mutations confer broad resistance to multiple classes of antiretrovirals, the fold resistance is ~2 logs higher for INSTIs than for other classes of drugs. We demonstrate that INSTIs are more readily overwhelmed by high MOI than other classes of antiretrovirals. Our findings advance the understanding of how HIV-1 can evolve resistance to antiretrovirals, including the potent INSTIs, in the absence of drug-target gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hikichi
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alicia Schäfer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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2
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Ushakov DS, Finke S. Tissue optical clearing and 3D imaging of virus infections. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:89-121. [PMID: 37524483 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging pathogens within 3D environment of biological tissues provides spatial information about their localization and interactions with the host. Technological advances in fluorescence microscopy and 3D image analysis now permit visualization and quantification of pathogens directly in large tissue volumes and in great detail. In recent years large volume imaging became an important tool in virology research helping to understand the properties of viruses and the host response to infection. In this chapter we give a review of fluorescence microscopy modalities and tissue optical clearing methods used for large volume tissue imaging. A summary of recent applications for virus research is provided with particular emphasis on studies using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We describe the challenges and approaches for volumetric image analysis. Practical examples of volumetric imaging implemented in virology laboratories and addressing specialized research questions, such as virus tropism and immune host response are described. We conclude with an overview of the emerging technologies and their potential for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Ushakov
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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3
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Tomris I, Bouwman KM, Adolfs Y, Noack D, van der Woude R, Kerster G, Herfst S, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Boons GJ, Haagmans BL, Pasterkamp RJ, Rockx B, de Vries RP. Distinct spatial arrangements of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in Syrian hamster lung lobes dictates SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010340. [PMID: 35255100 PMCID: PMC8930000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 attaches to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain entry into cells after which the spike protein is cleaved by the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to facilitate viral-host membrane fusion. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression profiles have been analyzed at the genomic, transcriptomic, and single-cell RNAseq levels. However, transcriptomic data and actual protein validation convey conflicting information regarding the distribution of the biologically relevant protein receptor in whole tissues. To describe the organ-level architecture of receptor expression, related to the ability of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 to mediate infectivity, we performed a volumetric analysis of whole Syrian hamster lung lobes. Lung tissue of infected and control animals was stained using antibodies against ACE2 and TMPRSS2, combined with SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein staining. This was followed by light-sheet microscopy imaging to visualize their expression and related infection patterns. The data demonstrate that infection is restricted to sites containing both ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the latter is expressed in the primary and secondary bronchi whereas ACE2 is predominantly observed in the bronchioles and alveoli. Conversely, infection completely overlaps where ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-localize in the tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M. Bouwman
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Noack
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn van der Woude
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Ney York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhang T, Gupta A, Frederick D, Layman L, Smith DM, Gianella S, Kieffer C. 3D Visualization of Immune Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Tissues via Clearing, Immunostaining, Confocal, and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62441. [PMID: 34028448 PMCID: PMC10445482 DOI: 10.3791/62441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is a major global health concern with nearly 40 million individuals infected worldwide and no widely accessible cure. Despite intensive efforts, a detailed understanding of virus and host cell interactions in tissues during infection and in response to therapy remains incomplete. To address these limitations, water-based tissue clearing techniques CUBIC (Clear, Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis) and CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/Immunostaining/in situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue hYdrogel) are applied to visualize complex virus host-cell interactions in HIV-infected tissues from animal models and humans using confocal and light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Optical sectioning of intact tissues and image analysis allows rapid reconstruction of spatial information contained within whole tissues and quantification of immune cell populations during infection. These methods are applicable to most tissue sources and diverse biological questions, including infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Auroni Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Deborah Frederick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Laura Layman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
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5
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Zaeck LM, Scheibner D, Sehl J, Müller M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Finke S. Light Sheet Microscopy-Assisted 3D Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Respiratory Tract of the Ferret Model. Viruses 2021; 13:529. [PMID: 33807059 PMCID: PMC8004956 DOI: 10.3390/v13030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The visualization of viral pathogens in infected tissues is an invaluable tool to understand spatial virus distribution, localization, and cell tropism in vivo. Commonly, virus-infected tissues are analyzed using conventional immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded thin sections. Here, we demonstrate the utility of volumetric three-dimensional (3D) immunofluorescence imaging using tissue optical clearing and light sheet microscopy to investigate host-pathogen interactions of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets at a mesoscopic scale. The superior spatial context of large, intact samples (>150 mm3) allowed detailed quantification of interrelated parameters like focus-to-focus distance or SARS-CoV-2-infected area, facilitating an in-depth description of SARS-CoV-2 infection foci. Accordingly, we could confirm a preferential infection of the ferret upper respiratory tract by SARS-CoV-2 and suggest clustering of infection foci in close proximity. Conclusively, we present a proof-of-concept study for investigating critically important respiratory pathogens in their spatial tissue morphology and demonstrate the first specific 3D visualization of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
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6
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Hikichi Y, Van Duyne R, Pham P, Groebner JL, Wiegand A, Mellors JW, Kearney MF, Freed EO. Mechanistic Analysis of the Broad Antiretroviral Resistance Conferred by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Mutations. mBio 2021; 12:e03134-20. [PMID: 33436439 PMCID: PMC7844542 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03134-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, virological failure can occur in some HIV-1-infected patients in the absence of mutations in drug target genes. We previously reported that, in vitro, the lab-adapted HIV-1 NL4-3 strain can acquire resistance to the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir (DTG) by acquiring mutations in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) that enhance viral cell-cell transmission. In this study, we investigated whether Env-mediated drug resistance extends to ARVs other than DTG and whether it occurs in other HIV-1 isolates. We demonstrate that Env mutations can reduce susceptibility to multiple classes of ARVs and also increase resistance to ARVs when coupled with target-gene mutations. We observe that the NL4-3 Env mutants display a more stable and closed Env conformation and lower rates of gp120 shedding than the WT virus. We also selected for Env mutations in clinically relevant HIV-1 isolates in the presence of ARVs. These Env mutants exhibit reduced susceptibility to DTG, with effects on replication and Env structure that are HIV-1 strain dependent. Finally, to examine a possible in vivo relevance of Env-mediated drug resistance, we performed single-genome sequencing of plasma-derived virus from five patients failing an integrase inhibitor-containing regimen. This analysis revealed the presence of several mutations in the highly conserved gp120-gp41 interface despite low frequency of resistance mutations in integrase. These results suggest that mutations in Env that enhance the ability of HIV-1 to spread via a cell-cell route may increase the opportunity for the virus to acquire high-level drug resistance mutations in ARV target genes.IMPORTANCE Although combination antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is highly effective in controlling the progression of HIV disease, drug resistance can be a major obstacle. Recent findings suggest that resistance can develop without ARV target gene mutations. We previously reported that mutations in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) confer resistance to an integrase inhibitor. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Env-mediated drug resistance and the possible contribution of Env to virological failure in vivo We demonstrate that Env mutations can reduce sensitivity to major classes of ARVs in multiple viral isolates and define the effect of the Env mutations on Env subunit interactions. We observed that many Env mutations accumulated in individuals failing integrase inhibitor therapy despite a low frequency of resistance mutations in integrase. Our findings suggest that broad-based Env-mediated drug resistance may impact therapeutic strategies and provide clues toward understanding how ARV-treated individuals fail therapy without acquiring mutations in drug target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hikichi
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Phuong Pham
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Groebner
- Translational Research Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann Wiegand
- Translational Research Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary F Kearney
- Translational Research Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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7
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Ladinsky MS, Gnanapragasam PN, Yang Z, West AP, Kay MS, Bjorkman PJ. Electron tomography visualization of HIV-1 fusion with target cells using fusion inhibitors to trap the pre-hairpin intermediate. eLife 2020; 9:58411. [PMID: 32697193 PMCID: PMC7394545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of HIV-1 with the membrane of its target cell, an obligate first step in virus infectivity, is mediated by binding of the viral envelope (Env) spike protein to its receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, on the cell surface. The process of viral fusion appears to be fast compared with viral egress and has not been visualized by EM. To capture fusion events, the process must be curtailed by trapping Env-receptor binding at an intermediate stage. We have used fusion inhibitors to trap HIV-1 virions attached to target cells by Envs in an extended pre-hairpin intermediate state. Electron tomography revealed HIV-1 virions bound to TZM-bl cells by 2–4 narrow spokes, with slightly more spokes present when evaluated with mutant virions that lacked the Env cytoplasmic tail. These results represent the first direct visualization of the hypothesized pre-hairpin intermediate of HIV-1 Env and improve our understanding of Env-mediated HIV-1 fusion and infection of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Priyanthi Np Gnanapragasam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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8
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Ueda HR, Ertürk A, Chung K, Gradinaru V, Chédotal A, Tomancak P, Keller PJ. Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:61-79. [PMID: 31896771 PMCID: PMC8121164 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art tissue-clearing methods provide subcellular-level optical access to intact tissues from individual organs and even to some entire mammals. When combined with light-sheet microscopy and automated approaches to image analysis, existing tissue-clearing methods can speed up and may reduce the cost of conventional histology by several orders of magnitude. In addition, tissue-clearing chemistry allows whole-organ antibody labelling, which can be applied even to thick human tissues. By combining the most powerful labelling, clearing, imaging and data-analysis tools, scientists are extracting structural and functional cellular and subcellular information on complex mammalian bodies and large human specimens at an accelerated pace. The rapid generation of terabyte-scale imaging data furthermore creates a high demand for efficient computational approaches that tackle challenges in large-scale data analysis and management. In this Review, we discuss how tissue-clearing methods could provide an unbiased, system-level view of mammalian bodies and human specimens and discuss future opportunities for the use of these methods in human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN BDR, Suita, Japan.
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Philipp J Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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Perdomo-Celis F, Medina-Moreno S, Davis H, Bryant J, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT, Kottilil S, Zapata JC. High activation and skewed T cell differentiation are associated with low IL-17A levels in a hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 mouse model of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:185-198. [PMID: 31951011 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ-chainnull (NSG) mouse model has been widely used for the study of HIV pathogenesis. Here, NSG mice with transgenic expression of human stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 (NSG-SGM3) were injected with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL mice) from two HIV-infected (HIV+ ) patients who were under anti-retroviral therapy (ART; referred as HIV+ mice) or one HIV-seronegative healthy volunteer (HIV- ). Such mice are either hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 HIV+ or HIV- mice, depending on the source of PBL. The kinetics of HIV replication and T cell responses following engraftment were evaluated in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues. High HIV replication and low CD4 : CD8 ratios were observed in HIV+ mice in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Consistent with high activation and skewed differentiation of T cells from the HIV-infected donor, HIV+ mice exhibited a higher T cell co-expression of human leukocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and CD38 than HIV- mice, as well as a shifted differentiation to a CCR7- CD45RA+ terminal effector profile, even in the presence of ART. In addition, HIV replication and the activation/differentiation disturbances of T cells were associated with decreased plasma levels of IL-17A. Thus, this hu-PBL-NSG-SGM3 mouse model recapitulates some immune disturbances occurring in HIV-infected patients, underlying its potential use for studying pathogenic events during this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Davis
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S Kottilil
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Brain PET Imaging: Value for Understanding the Pathophysiology of HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:66-75. [PMID: 30778853 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in PET imaging of neuropathologies underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction (HAND). We concentrate on the recent post antiretroviral era (ART), highlighting clinical and preclinical brain PET imaging studies. RECENT FINDINGS In the post ART era, PET imaging has been used to better understand perturbations of glucose metabolism, neuroinflammation, the function of neurotransmitter systems, and amyloid/tau protein deposition in the brains of HIV-infected patients and HIV animal models. Preclinical and translational findings from those studies shed a new light on the complex pathophysiology underlying HAND. The molecular imaging capabilities of PET in neuro-HIV are great complements for structural imaging modalities. Recent and future PET imaging studies can improve our understanding of neuro-HIV and provide biomarkers of disease progress that could be used as surrogate endpoints in the evaluation of the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective therapies.
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11
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Ventura JD, Beloor J, Allen E, Zhang T, Haugh KA, Uchil PD, Ochsenbauer C, Kieffer C, Kumar P, Hope TJ, Mothes W. Longitudinal bioluminescent imaging of HIV-1 infection during antiretroviral therapy and treatment interruption in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008161. [PMID: 31805155 PMCID: PMC6917343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive bioluminescent imaging (NIBLI) of HIV-1 infection dynamics allows for real-time monitoring of viral spread and the localization of infected cell populations in living animals. In this report, we describe full-length replication-competent GFP and Nanoluciferase (Nluc) expressing HIV-1 reporter viruses from two clinical transmitted / founder (T/F) strains: TRJO.c and Q23.BG505. By infecting humanized mice with these HIV-1 T/F reporter viruses, we were able to directly monitor longitudinal viral spread at whole-animal resolution via NIBLI at a sensitivity of as few as 30-50 infected cells. Bioluminescent signal strongly correlated with HIV-1 infection and responded proportionally to virus suppression in vivo in animals treated daily with a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen. Longitudinal NIBLI following cART withdrawal visualized tissue-sites that harbored virus during infection recrudescence. Notably, we observed rebounding infection in the same lymphoid tissues where infection was first observed prior to ART treatment. Our work demonstrates the utility of our system for studying in vivo viral infection dynamics and identifying infected tissue regions for subsequent analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Ventura
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Edward Allen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Kelsey A. Haugh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pradeep D. Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Collin Kieffer
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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12
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Ladinsky MS, Khamaikawin W, Jung Y, Lin S, Lam J, An DS, Bjorkman PJ, Kieffer C. Mechanisms of virus dissemination in bone marrow of HIV-1-infected humanized BLT mice. eLife 2019; 8:46916. [PMID: 31657719 PMCID: PMC6839903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune progenitor cells differentiate in bone marrow (BM) and then migrate to tissues. HIV-1 infects multiple BM cell types, but virus dissemination within BM has been poorly understood. We used light microscopy and electron tomography to elucidate mechanisms of HIV-1 dissemination within BM of HIV-1–infected BM/liver/thymus (BLT) mice. Tissue clearing combined with confocal and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealed distinct populations of HIV-1 p24-producing cells in BM early after infection, and quantification of these populations identified macrophages as the principal subset of virus-producing cells in BM over time. Electron tomography demonstrated three modes of HIV-1 dissemination in BM: (i) semi-synchronous budding from T-cell and macrophage membranes, (ii) mature virus association with virus-producing T-cell uropods contacting putative target cells, and (iii) macrophages engulfing HIV-1–producing T-cells and producing virus within enclosed intracellular compartments that fused to invaginations with access to the extracellular space. These results illustrate mechanisms by which the specialized environment of the BM can promote virus spread locally and to distant lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yujin Jung
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Samantha Lin
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer Lam
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dong Sung An
- School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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Abstract
Viruses are causative agents for many diseases and infect all living organisms on the planet. Development of effective therapies has relied on our ability to isolate and culture viruses in vitro, allowing mechanistic studies and strategic interventions. While this reductionist approach is necessary, testing the relevance of in vitro findings often takes a very long time. New developments in imaging technologies are transforming our experimental approach where viral pathogenesis can be studied in vivo at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we outline a vision of a top-down approach using noninvasive whole-body imaging as a guide for in-depth characterization of key tissues, physiologically relevant cell types, and pathways of spread to elucidate mechanisms of virus spread and pathogenesis. Tool development toward imaging of infectious diseases is expected to transform clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Kelsey A Haugh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Ruoxi Pi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; , , ,
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14
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mSphere of Influence: Clearing a Path for High-Resolution Visualization of Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vivo. mSphere 2019; 4:4/4/e00308-19. [PMID: 31292229 PMCID: PMC6620373 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00308-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shumin Tan works in the field of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-host interactions. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the paper "Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing" by B. Yang et al. (Cell 158:945-958, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.017) impacted her ideas on approaches to visualize and understand heterogeneous host-pathogen interactions in vivo in 3-dimensional space at the single-cell level, through the tractable and broadly compatible tissue optical clearing methods developed.
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Gradinaru V, Treweek J, Overton K, Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-Tissue Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 47:355-376. [PMID: 29792820 PMCID: PMC6359929 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years, a rapidly developing experimental approach has enabled high-resolution and high-content information retrieval from intact multicellular animal (metazoan) systems. New chemical and physical forms are created in the hydrogel-tissue chemistry process, and the retention and retrieval of crucial phenotypic information regarding constituent cells and molecules (and their joint interrelationships) are thereby enabled. For example, rich data sets defining both single-cell-resolution gene expression and single-cell-resolution activity during behavior can now be collected while still preserving information on three-dimensional positioning and/or brain-wide wiring of those very same neurons-even within vertebrate brains. This new approach and its variants, as applied to neuroscience, are beginning to illuminate the fundamental cellular and chemical representations of sensation, cognition, and action. More generally, reimagining metazoans as metareactants-or positionally defined three-dimensional graphs of constituent chemicals made available for ongoing functionalization, transformation, and readout-is stimulating innovation across biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Jennifer Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Kristin Overton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,H oward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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Lysova I, Spiegelhalter C, Réal E, Zgheib S, Anton H, Mély Y. ReAsH/tetracystein-based correlative light-electron microscopy for HIV-1 imaging during the early stages of infection. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:045001. [PMID: 29938685 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aacec1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of viruses in the host cell during the course of infection by correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) requires a specific labelling of the viral structures in order to recognize the nanometric viral cores in the intracellular environment. For Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the labelling approaches developed for fluorescence microscopy are generally not suited for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), so that imaging of HIV-1 particles in infected cells by CLEM is not straightforward. Herein, we adapt the labeling approach with a tetracystein tag (TC) and a biarsenical resorufin-based label (ReAsH) for monitoring the HIV-1 particles during the early stages of HIV-1 infection by CLEM. In this approach, the ReAsH fluorophore triggers the photo-conversion of 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), generating a precipitate sensitive to osmium tetroxide staining that can be visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The TC tag is fused to the nucleocapsid protein NCp7, a nucleic acid chaperone that binds to the viral genome. HeLa cells, infected by ReAsH-labeled pseudoviruses containg NCp7-TC proteins exhibit strong fluorescent cytoplasmic spots that overlap with dark precipitates in the TEM sections. The DAB precipitates corresponding to single viral cores are observed all over the cytoplasm, and notably near microtubules and nuclear pores. This work describes for the first time a specific contrast given by HIV-1 viral proteins in TEM images and opens new perspectives for the use of CLEM to monitor the intracellular traffic of viral complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Lysova
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Strasbourg University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin, Illkirch, France
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17
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Hessell AJ, Malherbe DC, Haigwood NL. Passive and active antibody studies in primates to inform HIV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:127-144. [PMID: 29307225 PMCID: PMC6587971 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1425619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevention of infection remains the ultimate goal for HIV vaccination, and there is compelling evidence that antibodies directed to Envelope are necessary to block infection. Generating antibodies that are sufficiently broad, potent, and sustained to block infection by the diverse HIV-1 strains circulating worldwide remains an area of intense study. AREAS COVERED In this review, we have summarized progress from publications listed as PubMed citations in 2016-17 in the areas of passive antibody studies using human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in nonhuman primates, HIV Envelope vaccine development and active vaccination studies to generate potent neutralizing antibodies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Passive transfer studies in nonhuman primates using human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have informed the potency, specificity, and cooperativity of antibodies needed to prevent infection, leading to clinical studies now testing potent antibodies for prevention of HIV. Progress in understanding the structure of Envelope has led to novel vaccine constructs, including mimetics, scaffolds and native-like proteins. As yet, no single approach ensures protection against the circulating global HIV-1 strains, but there is progress in understanding why, and intense research continues in these and other areas for a solution. We offer perspectives on how this knowledge may shape the design of future HIV vaccines.
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Gach JS, Bouzin M, Wong MP, Chromikova V, Gorlani A, Yu KT, Sharma B, Gratton E, Forthal DN. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) evades antibody-dependent phagocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006793. [PMID: 29281723 PMCID: PMC5760106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptor (FcyR)-mediated antibody functions play a crucial role in preventing HIV infection. One such function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP), is thought to be involved in controlling other viral infections, but its role in HIV infection is unknown. We measured the ability of HIV-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to mediate the internalization of HIV-1 virions and HIV-1-decorated cells by phagocytes. To measure ADP of virions, we primarily used a green-fluorescent protein-expressing molecular clone of HIV-1JRFL, an R5, clinical isolate, in combination with polyclonal HIVIG or mAbs known to capture and/or neutralize HIV-1. THP-1 and U937 cells, as well as freshly isolated primary monocytes from healthy individuals, were used as phagocytic effector cells, and uptake of virions was measured by cytometry. We surprisingly found minimal or no ADP of virions with any of the antibodies. However, after coating virions with gp41 or with gp41-derived peptides, gp41- (but not gp120-) specific mAbs efficiently mediated phagocytosis. We estimated that a minimum of a few hundred gp41 molecules were needed for successful phagocytosis, which is similar to the number of envelope spikes on viruses that are readily phagocytosed (e.g. influenza virus). Furthermore, by employing fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a well-established technique to measure particle sizes and aggregation phenomena, we found a clear association between virus aggregation and ADP. In contrast to virions themselves, virion-decorated cells were targets for ADP or trogocytosis in the presence of HIV-specific antibodies. Our findings indicate that ADP of virions may not play a role in preventing HIV infection, likely due to the paucity of trimers and the consequent inability of virion-bound antibody to cross-link FcyRs on phagocytes. However, ADP or trogocytosis could play a role in clearing HIV-infected cells and cells on the verge of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S. Gach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (DNF)
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Veronika Chromikova
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gorlani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Ting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brijesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (DNF)
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19
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Jensen KHR, Berg RW. Advances and perspectives in tissue clearing using CLARITY. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Kieffer C, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ. Multiscale Imaging of HIV-1 Transmission in Humanized Mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S6-S7. [PMID: 28882056 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Kieffer
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Challis C, Gradinaru V. Q&A: How can advances in tissue clearing and optogenetics contribute to our understanding of normal and diseased biology? BMC Biol 2017; 15:87. [PMID: 28946882 PMCID: PMC5613628 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian organs comprise a variety of cells that interact with each other and have distinct biological roles. Access to evaluate and perturb intact biological systems at the cellular and molecular levels is essential to fully understand their functioning in normal and diseased conditions, yet technical limitations have constrained most research to small pieces of tissue. Tissue clearing and optogenetics can help overcome this hurdle: tissue clearing affords optical interrogation of whole organs at the molecular level, and optogenetics enables the scalable control and measurement of cellular activity with light. In this Q&A, we delineate recent advances and practical challenges associated with these two techniques when applied body-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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