1
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Valdez JW, Castro Vergara L, Orihuela G, Fernandez M. Overcoming the Tropical Andes publication divide: Insights from local researchers on challenges and solutions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306189. [PMID: 38924007 PMCID: PMC11207134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tropical Andes, one of the world's most biodiverse regions, is vital for ecological research and conservation. However, while researchers in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru contribute significantly to scientific knowledge, their publication rates in academic journals have historically lagged behind neighboring nations. A multifaceted strategy was employed to understand and address the publication divide in the Tropical Andes region. This approach focused on regional researchers and consisted of a three-day workshop to improve scientific writing skills, offer publication insights, and equip researchers with tools to overcome obstacles. A series of surveys were also conducted to explore the challenges faced by local researchers and their proposed solutions, covering topics such as participant demographics, factors contributing to lower publication rates, personal barriers, proposed strategies for improving publications, specific topics of interest, participant satisfaction, most valuable workshop topics, and future recommendations. The workshop had an overwhelming response, with over 500 interested participants registering in just a few days, mostly experienced professionals, highlighting the need for such initiatives in the region. About two-thirds had ready-to-publish materials, highlighting the potential impact of targeted interventions on unlocking untapped knowledge. The surveys revealed the challenges contributing to the publication divide, including insufficient training, cultural emphasis on economic development, language barriers, limited resource access, lack of institutional support, high publishing costs, and time and financial constraints. The most common personal barriers were insufficient knowledge and experience in the publication process, lack of self-confidence, and fears of rejection. Proposed solutions include conducting training workshops, fostering collaborative networks, improving resource accessibility, and an institutional and cultural shift that encourages publishing. Addressing challenges faced by experienced professionals in the Tropical Andes by understanding individual needs, fostering support, and demystifying the publication process offers a promising path to closing the publication divide and unlocking the region's valuable scientific contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose W. Valdez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucía Castro Vergara
- Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica ‐ ACCA, Miraflores, Lima, Perú
| | - Gabriela Orihuela
- Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica ‐ ACCA, Miraflores, Lima, Perú
| | - Miguel Fernandez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of Ameirca
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
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2
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Woitowich NC, Hengel SR, Solis C, Vilgalys TP, Babdor J, Tyrrell DJ. Analysis of NIH K99/R00 awards and the career progression of awardees. eLife 2024; 12:RP88984. [PMID: 38240745 PMCID: PMC10945599 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Many postdoctoral fellows and scholars who hope to secure tenure-track faculty positions in the United States apply to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Pathway to Independence Award. This award has two phases (K99 and R00) and provides funding for up to 5 years. Using NIH data for the period 2006-2022, we report that ~230 K99 awards were made every year, representing up to ~$250 million annual investment. About 40% of K99 awardees were women and ~89% of K99 awardees went on to receive an R00 award annually. Institutions with the most NIH funding produced the most recipients of K99 awards and recruited the most recipients of R00 awards. The time between a researcher starting an R00 award and receiving a major NIH award (such as an R01) ranged between 4.6 and 7.4 years, and was significantly longer for women, for those who remained at their home institution, and for those hired by an institution that was not one of the 25 institutions with the most NIH funding. Shockingly, there has yet to be a K99 awardee at a historically Black college or university. We go on to show how K99 awardees flow to faculty positions, and to identify various factors that influence the future success of individual researchers and, therefore, also influence the composition of biomedical faculty at universities in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Woitowich
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Sarah R Hengel
- Department of Biology, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Christopher Solis
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Tauras P Vilgalys
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Joel Babdor
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Daniel J Tyrrell
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamUnited States
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3
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Dolan SK, Banks LD, Yu W. Why should early-career scientists publish in society journals. mBio 2024; 15:e0199423. [PMID: 38088905 PMCID: PMC10790747 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01994-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, written by early-career scientists, we advocate for the invaluable role of society journals in our scientific community. By choosing to support these journals as authors, peer reviewers, and as editors, we can reinforce our academic growth and benefit from their re-investment back into the scientific ecosystem. Considering the numerous clear merits of this system for future generations of microbiologists and more broadly, society, we argue that early-career researchers should publish our high-quality research in society journals to shape the future of science and scientific publishing landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K. Dolan
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lori D. Banks
- Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas, USA
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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4
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Woitowich NC, Hengel SR, Solis C, Vilgalys TP, Babdor J, Tyrrell DJ. Analysis of NIH K99/R00 Awards and the Career Progression of Awardees. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525751. [PMID: 37162873 PMCID: PMC10168267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many postdoctoral fellows and scholars who hope to secure tenure-track faculty positions in the United States apply to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Pathway to Independence Award. This award has two phases (K99 and R00) and provides funding for up to five years. Using NIH data for the period 2006-2022, we report that ~230 K99 awards were made every year, representing up to ~$250 million annual investment. About 40% of K99 awardees were women and ~89% of K99 awardees went on to receive an R00 award annually. Institutions with the most NIH funding produced the most recipients of K99 awards and recruited the most recipients of R00 awards. The time between a researcher starting an R00 award and receiving a major NIH award (such as an R01) ranged between 4.6 and 7.4 years, and was significantly longer for women, for those who remained at their home institution, and for those hired by an institution that was not one of the 25 institutions with the most NIH funding. Shockingly, there has yet to be a K99 awardee at a historically Black college or university. We go on to show how K99 awardees flow to faculty positions, and to identify various factors that influence the future success of individual researchers and, therefore, also influence the composition of biomedical faculty at universities in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Woitowich
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah R Hengel
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Solis
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tauras P Vilgalys
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joel Babdor
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Tyrrell
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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5
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Lu J, Velten B, Klaus B, Ramm M, Huber W, Coulthard-Graf R. The changing career paths of PhDs and postdocs trained at EMBL. eLife 2023; 12:e78706. [PMID: 37994719 PMCID: PMC10666930 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with PhDs and postdoctoral experience in the life sciences can pursue a variety of career paths. Many PhD students and postdocs aspire to a permanent research position at a university or research institute, but competition for such positions has increased. Here, we report a time-resolved analysis of the career paths of 2284 researchers who completed a PhD or a postdoc at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) between 1997 and 2020. The most prevalent career outcome was Academia: Principal Investigator (636/2284=27.8% of alumni), followed by Academia: Other (16.8%), Science-related Non-research (15.3%), Industry Research (14.5%), Academia: Postdoc (10.7%) and Non-science-related (4%); we were unable to determine the career path of the remaining 10.9% of alumni. While positions in Academia (Principal Investigator, Postdoc and Other) remained the most common destination for more recent alumni, entry into Science-related Non-research, Industry Research and Non-science-related positions has increased over time, and entry into Academia: Principal Investigator positions has decreased. Our analysis also reveals information on a number of factors - including publication records - that correlate with the career paths followed by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Lu
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Britta Velten
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bernd Klaus
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mauricio Ramm
- EMBL International Centre for Advanced Training, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Rachel Coulthard-Graf
- EMBL International Centre for Advanced Training, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
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6
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Zhang Y, Duan X. Job demands, job resources and postdoctoral job satisfaction: An empirical study based on the data from 2020 Nature global postdoctoral survey. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293653. [PMID: 37948394 PMCID: PMC10637652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Postdocs encounter numerous hurdles in terms of their professional survival and academic development, as a result of institutional reform and the prevailing academic environment. These challenges significantly impact their job satisfaction, which in turn plays a crucial role in shaping their scientific research career trajectory. To facilitate the advancement of relevant systems and augment the job satisfaction of postdocs, this study employs the 2020 Nature Global Postdoctoral Survey data to conduct a comprehensive analysis. Utilizing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, the impact of job characteristic elements on postdoctoral job satisfaction was examined within the theoretical framework of the Job Requirements-Resources (JD-R) model, as well as the mechanisms by which job characteristic elements impact postdoctoral job satisfaction. It was found that job demands and job resources negatively and positively predicted postdoctoral job satisfaction, respectively, with job burnout and job engagement playing a partial mediating role. Job demands can drive postdocs to develop negative coping psychology and limit the motivating effect of job resources on job engagement; job resources can act as a buffer to reduce the probability of postdocs experiencing job burnout as a result of job demands. The aforementioned findings generally support the applicability of the JD-R model to postdocs, theoretically revealing the intrinsic psychological mechanisms by which job characteristics influence postdoctoral job satisfaction and providing theoretical supplements and practical references for postdoctoral training and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinxing Duan
- School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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7
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Christian K, Larkins JA, Doran MR. We must improve conditions and options for Australian ECRs. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01621-w. [PMID: 37277457 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Christian
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jo-Ann Larkins
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael R Doran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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8
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Guardia CM, Kane E, Tebo AG, Sanders AAWM, Kaya D, Grogan KE. The power of peer networking for improving STEM faculty job applications: a successful pilot programme. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230124. [PMID: 37122256 PMCID: PMC10130717 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To attain a faculty position, postdoctoral fellows submit job applications that require considerable time and effort to produce. Although mentors and colleagues review these applications, postdocs rarely receive iterative feedback from reviewers with the breadth of expertise typically found on an academic search committee. To address this gap, we describe an international peer-reviewing programme for postdocs across disciplines to receive reciprocal, iterative feedback on faculty applications. A participant survey revealed that nearly all participants would recommend the programme to others. Furthermore, our programme was more likely to attract postdocs who struggled to find mentoring, possibly because of their identity as a woman or member of an underrepresented population in STEM or because they changed fields. Between 2018 and 2021, our programme provided nearly 150 early career academics with a diverse and supportive community of peer mentors during the difficult search for a faculty position and continues to do so today. As the transition from postdoc to faculty represents the largest 'leak' in the academic pipeline, implementation of similar programmes by universities or professional societies would provide psycho-social support necessary to prevent attrition of individuals from underrepresented populations as well as increase the chances of success for early career academics in their search for independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Guardia
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erin Kane
- Department of Medicine, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison G. Tebo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute—Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Anna A. W. M. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Grogan
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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San Martin R, Moffitt A, Loveless T, Brixius-Anderko S. Recruiting women faculty through inclusive, family-friendly practices. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:311-314. [PMID: 36754683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of STEM faculty is biased against parents and caregivers. Specifically, women experience discrimination associated with childrearing and marriage. Underestimating the value of these candidates leads to a tremendous loss of talent. Here, we present a toolkit to facilitate the recruitment of talented women caregivers by providing guidelines for hiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg., 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Andrea Moffitt
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Theresa Loveless
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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10
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Durham M, Colclasure B, Brooks TD. Experience with Scientific Teaching in Face-to-Face Settings Promoted Usage of Evidence-Based Practices during Emergency Remote Teaching. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 21:ar78. [PMID: 36256471 PMCID: PMC9727623 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.22-03-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the Spring of 2020, instructors across the nation scrambled to transition their face-to-face courses to remote/online modalities. Necessarily, teaching practices adapted. This study investigated how the usage of evidence-based practices as defined by scientific teaching (ST) was impacted during this rapid transition. More than 130 science faculty teaching courses in biology, mostly from primarily undergraduate institutions in the U.S. Midwest, completed the Measurement Instrument of Scientific Teaching (MIST) for one course of their choosing (lecture portion only for laboratory-based courses). Participants compared how they taught the course in the face-to-face versus the remote setting. MIST scores declined in every category of ST. An instructor's face-to-face MIST score was the largest predictor for the remote MIST score. Fourteen representative participants completed a follow-up interview to discuss how and why they made the changes they did within each ST category. Interviews uncovered variation in how individual practices were emphasized, scheduled, and implemented in normal teaching environments, how access to resources changed in the Spring of 2020, and how all of these things impacted the way ST practices were adopted in emergency remote teaching. Recommendations for mitigating declines in the use of evidence-based teaching in response to future unexpected events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Durham
- Biology, Southeast Community College, Lincoln, NE 68520
| | - Blake Colclasure
- Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Doane University, Crete, NE 68333
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11
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Nguyen KH, Thomas K, Liu RC, Corbett AH. Proactive strategies for an inclusive faculty search process. Commun Biol 2022; 5:592. [PMID: 35710750 PMCID: PMC9203751 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A case study on an inclusive faculty hiring process at Emory University provides advice for institutions creating their own hiring panels and workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Thomas
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Liu
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition and Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Stoelben KJV, Couto GK, Carpes FP. Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Meeting 2021: challenges for the early-career science workforce. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2022; 46:325-328. [PMID: 35357954 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00180.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine J V Stoelben
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Gabriela K Couto
- Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas-Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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14
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Patt C, Eppig A, Richards MA. Postdocs as Key to Faculty Diversity: A Structured and Collaborative Approach for Research Universities. Front Psychol 2022; 12:759263. [PMID: 35547154 PMCID: PMC9083322 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 50 years the diversity of higher education faculty in the mathematical, physical, computer, and engineering sciences (MPCES) has advanced very little at 4-year universities in the United States. This is despite laws and policies such as affirmative action, interventions by universities, and enormous financial investment by federal agencies to diversify science, technology, mathematics, and engineering (STEM) career pathways into academia. Data comparing the fraction of underrepresented minority (URM) postdoctoral scholars to the fraction of faculty at these institutions offer a straightforward empirical explanation for this state of affairs. URM postdoc appointments lag significantly behind progress in terms of both undergraduate and Ph.D.-level STEM student populations. Indeed, URM postdoc appointments lag well-behind faculty diversity itself in the MPCES fields, most of which draw their faculty heavily from the postdoctoral ranks, particularly at research-intensive (R1) universities. Thus, a sea-change in how postdocs are recruited, how their careers are developed, and how they are identified as potential faculty is required in order to diversify the nation’s faculty, and particularly the R1 MPCES professoriate. Our research shows that both Ph.D. students and postdocs benefit from intentional structure at various levels of their respective “apprentice” experiences, a factor that we believe has been neglected. Several key structural approaches are highly effective in these regards: (1) A collaborative approach in which leading research universities collectively identify outstanding URM candidates; (2) Faculty engagement in recruiting and supporting these postdocs; (3) Inter-institutional exchange programs to heighten the visibility and broaden the professional experiences of these postdocs; (4) Community-building activities that create a sense of belonging and encourage continuing in academia for each cohort; and (5) Continuing research based on outcomes and new experimental approaches. The California Alliance, consisting of UC Berkeley, UCLA, Caltech, and Stanford, has been engaged in such a program for almost a decade now, with most of the California Alliance URM postdocs now in tenure track positions or on the path toward careers as faculty at research intensive (R1) institutions. If this approach was brought to scale by involving the top 25 or so URM Ph.D.-producing R1 institutions in the MPCES fields, about 40% of the national URM postdoctoral population in these fields could be affected. Although this impact would fall short of bringing URM MPCES faculty ranks up to full representation of the United States population as a whole, it would vastly improve the outlook for URM students and their aspirations to take on leadership roles as scientists and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Patt
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Eppig
- Office of Equity and Inclusion, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mark A Richards
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Gee DG, DeYoung KA, McLaughlin KA, Tillman RM, Barch DM, Forbes EE, Krueger RF, Strauman TJ, Weierich MR, Shackman AJ. Training the Next Generation of Clinical Psychological Scientists: A Data-Driven Call to Action. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:43-70. [PMID: 35216523 PMCID: PMC9086080 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The central goal of clinical psychology is to reduce the suffering caused by mental health conditions. Anxiety, mood, psychosis, substance use, personality, and other mental disorders impose an immense burden on global public health and the economy. Tackling this burden will require the development and dissemination of intervention strategies that are more effective, sustainable, and equitable. Clinical psychology is uniquely poised to serve as a transdisciplinary hub for this work. But rising to this challengerequires an honest reckoning with the strengths and weaknesses of current training practices. Building on new data, we identify the most important challenges to training the next generation of clinical scientists. We provide specific recommendations for the full spectrum of stakeholders-from funders, accreditors, and universities to program directors, faculty, and students-with an emphasis on sustainable solutions that promote scientific rigor and discovery and enhance the mental health of clinical scientists and the public alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;
| | - Kathryn A DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachael M Tillman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Strauman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, and Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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16
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A scientific approach to navigating the academic job market. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:621-627. [PMID: 34743201 PMCID: PMC8572068 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Navigating clues to success in academia. Neuron 2021; 109:3368-3372. [PMID: 34687666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Academic success and how to achieve it takes diverse forms, depending on who's asked. We suggest that happiness, impact, and longevity can be achieved with professional effort and support that balances the toil and joys of one's chosen path.
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18
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Wolf JF, MacKay L, Haworth SE, Cossette M, Dedato MN, Young KB, Elliott CI, Oomen RA. Preprinting is positively associated with early career researcher status in ecology and evolution. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13624-13632. [PMID: 34707804 PMCID: PMC8525114 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of preprint servers in ecology and evolution is increasing, allowing research to be rapidly disseminated and available through open access at no cost. Early Career Researchers (ECRs) often have limited experience with the peer review process, which can be challenging when trying to build publication records and demonstrate research ability for funding opportunities, scholarships, grants, or faculty positions. ECRs face different challenges relative to researchers with permanent positions and established research programs. These challenges might also vary according to institution size and country, which are factors associated with the availability of funding for open access journals. We predicted that the career stage and institution size impact the relative usage of preprint servers among researchers in ecology and evolution. Using data collected from 500 articles (100 from each of two open access journals, two closed access journals, and a preprint server), we showed that ECRs generated more preprints relative to non-ECRs, for both first and last authors. We speculate that this pattern is reflective of the advantages of quick and open access research that is disproportionately beneficial to ECRs. There is also a marginal association between first author, institution size, and preprint usage, whereby the number of preprints tends to increase with institution size for ECRs. The United States and United Kingdom contributed the greatest number of preprints by ECRs, whereas non-Western countries contributed relatively fewer preprints. This empirical evidence that preprint usage varies with the career stage, institution size, and country helps to identify barriers surrounding large-scale adoption of preprinting in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse F. Wolf
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Layla MacKay
- Department of Forensic ScienceTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Sarah E. Haworth
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | | | - Morgan N. Dedato
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Kiana B. Young
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Colin I. Elliott
- Department of Forensic ScienceTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - Rebekah A. Oomen
- Department of BiosciencesCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary SynthesisUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Natural SciencesCentre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
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19
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Revising evaluation metrics for graduate admissions and faculty advancement to dismantle privilege. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:755-758. [PMID: 33785908 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Hsu NS, Rezai-Zadeh KP, Tennekoon MS, Korn SJ. Myths and facts about getting an academic faculty position in neuroscience. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabj2604. [PMID: 34452920 PMCID: PMC8397261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke routinely receive questions and statements from trainees and faculty that suggest widespread beliefs about the necessity of a National Institutes of Health K99/R00 award, other prior funding, and/or specific types of publications for obtaining one's first tenure-track position in neuroscience. To address these beliefs, we examined the funding and publication history of a cohort of investigators who began their first academic faculty position between 2009 and 2019, and we interviewed several senior academic leaders with extensive experience in hiring new faculty. Our data show that <11% of newly hired faculty had a K99/R00 award and that neither prior funding nor papers in prestigious journals were necessary to obtain a tenure-track faculty position. Interviews with academic leaders almost uniformly referred to critically important factors that were considered to be more important in the hiring process than funding or publishing in high-profile journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Hsu
- Office of Training and Workforce Development, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Neuroscience Center, Division of Extramural Activities National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 6001 Executive Boulevard Suite 3309, Bethesda, MD 20892-9531
| | - K Paul Rezai-Zadeh
- Office of Training and Workforce Development, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Neuroscience Center, Division of Extramural Activities National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 6001 Executive Boulevard Suite 3309, Bethesda, MD 20892-9531
| | - Michael S Tennekoon
- Office of Training and Workforce Development, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Neuroscience Center, Division of Extramural Activities National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 6001 Executive Boulevard Suite 3309, Bethesda, MD 20892-9531
| | - Stephen J Korn
- Office of Training and Workforce Development, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Neuroscience Center, Division of Extramural Activities National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 6001 Executive Boulevard Suite 3309, Bethesda, MD 20892-9531.
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21
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Llorens A, Tzovara A, Bellier L, Bhaya-Grossman I, Bidet-Caulet A, Chang WK, Cross ZR, Dominguez-Faus R, Flinker A, Fonken Y, Gorenstein MA, Holdgraf C, Hoy CW, Ivanova MV, Jimenez RT, Jun S, Kam JWY, Kidd C, Marcelle E, Marciano D, Martin S, Myers NE, Ojala K, Perry A, Pinheiro-Chagas P, Riès SK, Saez I, Skelin I, Slama K, Staveland B, Bassett DS, Buffalo EA, Fairhall AL, Kopell NJ, Kray LJ, Lin JJ, Nobre AC, Riley D, Solbakk AK, Wallis JD, Wang XJ, Yuval-Greenberg S, Kastner S, Knight RT, Dronkers NF. Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions. Neuron 2021; 109:2047-2074. [PMID: 34237278 PMCID: PMC8553227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of the lack of gender equity in academia and a growing number of initiatives to address issues of diversity, change is slow, and inequalities remain. A major source of inequity is gender bias, which has a substantial negative impact on the careers, work-life balance, and mental health of underrepresented groups in science. Here, we argue that gender bias is not a single problem but manifests as a collection of distinct issues that impact researchers' lives. We disentangle these facets and propose concrete solutions that can be adopted by individuals, academic institutions, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Llorens
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Institute for Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Sleep Wake Epilepsy Center | NeuroTec, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ludovic Bellier
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ilina Bhaya-Grossman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - William K Chang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zachariah R Cross
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Yvonne Fonken
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Gorenstein
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Holdgraf
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Berkeley Institute for Data Science, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin W Hoy
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Ivanova
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Jimenez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Soyeon Jun
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Science College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Julia W Y Kam
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Celeste Kidd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Enitan Marcelle
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Marciano
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Martin
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Myers
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karita Ojala
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anat Perry
- Department of Psychology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Riès
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ignacio Saez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Skelin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katarina Slama
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Staveland
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Buffalo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and School of Medicine, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne L Fairhall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy J Kopell
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Kray
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack J Lin
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dylan Riley
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1980, USA
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- Department of Psychology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Joni D Wallis
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Sabine Kastner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina F Dronkers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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22
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Bartlett MJ, Arslan FN, Bankston A, Sarabipour S. Ten simple rules to improve academic work-life balance. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009124. [PMID: 34264932 PMCID: PMC8282063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Adriana Bankston
- Future of Research, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lesage
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.L.)
| | - Adrian Liston
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.L.)
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24
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A letter on rejection to my younger self. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:363-364. [PMID: 37118022 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Sarabipour S, Hainer SJ, Arslan FN, de Winde CM, Furlong E, Bielczyk N, Jadavji NM, Shah AP, Davla S. Building and sustaining mentor interactions as a mentee. FEBS J 2021; 289:1374-1384. [PMID: 33818917 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mentorship is experience and/or knowledge-based guidance. Mentors support, sponsor and advocate for mentees. Having one or more mentors when you seek advice can significantly influence and improve your research endeavours, well-being and career development. Positive mentee-mentor relationships are vital for maintaining work-life balance and success in careers. Early-career researchers (ECRs), in particular, can benefit from mentorship to navigate challenges in academic and nonacademic life and careers. Yet, strategies for selecting mentors and maintaining interactions with them are often underdiscussed within research environments. In this Words of Advice, we provide recommendations for ECRs to seek and manage mentorship interactions. Our article draws from our experiences as ECRs and published work, to provide suggestions for mentees to proactively promote beneficial mentorship interactions. The recommended practices highlight the importance of identifying mentorship needs, planning and selecting multiple and diverse mentors, setting goals, and maintaining constructive, and mutually beneficial working relationships with mentors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Charlotte M de Winde
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Furlong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalia Bielczyk
- Welcome Solutions, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Stichting Solaris Onderzoek en Ontwikkeling, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nafisa M Jadavji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Aparna P Shah
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sejal Davla
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, NY, USA
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26
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Notman N, Woolston C. Fifteen to one: how many applications it can take to land a single academic job offer. Nature 2020; 584:315. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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