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Zhuang Z, Qian L, Lu J, Zhang X, Mahmood A, Cui L, Wang H, Wang X, Yang S, Ji L, Shan T, Shen Q, Zhang W. Comparison of viral communities in the blood, feces and various tissues of wild brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Heliyon 2023; 9:e17222. [PMID: 37389044 PMCID: PMC10300334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases caused by new outbreaks of viral infections pose a serious threat to human health. Wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), considered one of the world's largest and most widely distributed rodents, are host to various zoonotic pathogens. To further understand the composition of the virus community in wild brown rats and explore new types of potentially pathogenic viruses, viral metagenomics was conducted to investigate blood, feces, and various tissues of wild brown rats captured from Zhenjiang, China. Results indicated that the composition of the virus community in different samples showed significant differences. In blood and tissue samples, members of the Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae form the main body of the virus community. Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Astroviridae made up a large proportion of fecal samples. Several novel genome sequences from members of different families, including Anelloviridae, Parvoviridae, and CRESS DNA viruses, were detected in both blood and other samples, suggesting that they have the potential to spread across organs to cause viremia. These viruses included not only strains closely related to human viruses, but also a potential recombinant virus. Multiple dual-segment picornaviruses were obtained from fecal samples, as well as virus sequences from the Astroviridae and Picornaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses belonged to different genera, with multiple viruses clustered with other animal viruses. Whether they have pathogenicity and the ability to spread across species needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Asif Mahmood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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2
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Epidemiology of Group A rotavirus in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:29-38. [PMID: 35380357 PMCID: PMC8980207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rodents and shrews live in close proximity to humans and have been identified as important hosts of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to detect Group A rotavirus (RVA) and its potential risk factors in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh. We captured 417 small mammals from 10 districts with a high degree of contact between people and domestic animals and collected rectal swab samples between June 2011 and October 2013. We tested the swab samples for RVA RNA, targeting the NSP3 gene segment using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Overall, RVA prevalence was the same (6.7%) in both rodents and shrews. We detected RVA RNA in 5.3% of Bandicota bengalensis (4/76; 95% CI: 1.4-12.9), 5.1% of B. indica (4/79; 95% CI: 1.4-12.4), 18.2% of Mus musculus (4/22; 95% CI: 5.2-40.3), 6.7% of Rattus rattus (6/90; 95% CI: 2.5-13.9), and 6.7% of Suncus murinus (10/150; 95% CI: 3.2-11.9). We found significantly more RVA in males (10.4%; OR: 3.4; P = 0.007), animals with a poor body condition score (13.9%; OR: 2.7; P = 0.05), during wet season (8.3%; OR: 4.1; P = 0.032), and in urban land gradients (10.04%; OR: 2.9; P = 0.056). These findings form a basis for understanding the prevalence of rotaviruses circulating among rodents and shrews in this region. We recommend additional molecular studies to ascertain the genotype and zoonotic potential of RVA circulating in rodents and shrews in Bangladesh.
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3
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Aaron L, McMahon J, Taylor C, Pyke AT, Brischetto A, Aminzadeh Z, Beale M. Locally acquired lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in South-East Queensland: an outbreak of a pathogen rarely described in Australia. Intern Med J 2022; 52:1415-1418. [PMID: 35973951 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a zoonotic virus that can cause clinically significant illnesses in humans. Although cases of LCMV infection are well described globally, and there is evidence that the virus is present in Australian rodent populations, there has been only one case of domestically acquired LCMV infection published previously. Here, we describe a cluster of LCMV infections in South-East Queensland identified in early 2021, and the diagnostic testing processes implemented. This identifies LCMV as an under-recognised human pathogen in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Aaron
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmel Taylor
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Brischetto
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zohreh Aminzadeh
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Beale
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Animal models are a critical tool in modern biology. To increase reproducibility and to reduce confounding variables modern animal models exclude many microbes, including key natural commensals and pathogens. Here we discuss recent strategies to incorporate a natural microbiota to laboratory mouse models and the impacts the microbiota has on immune responses, with a focus on viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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5
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Holdsworth RL, Downie E, Georgiades MJ, Bradbury R, Druce J, Collett J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in western New South Wales. Med J Aust 2022; 216:71-72. [PMID: 34993970 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Downie
- Dubbo Hospital, Western New South Wales Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW
| | - Matthew J Georgiades
- Dubbo Hospital, Western New South Wales Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Ross Bradbury
- Dubbo Hospital, Western New South Wales Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC
| | - James Collett
- Dubbo Hospital, Western New South Wales Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW.,School of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Dubbo, NSW
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6
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Kravchenko LB. Influence of Social Conditions on Humoral Adaptive Immunity in Bank (Clethrionomys glareolus) and Gray-Sided (Clethrionomys rufocanus) Voles: An Experimental Study. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021090120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Szumilas N, Corneth OBJ, Lehmann CHK, Schmitt H, Cunz S, Cullen JG, Chu T, Marosan A, Mócsai A, Benes V, Zehn D, Dudziak D, Hendriks RW, Nitschke L. Siglec-H-Deficient Mice Show Enhanced Type I IFN Responses, but Do Not Develop Autoimmunity After Influenza or LCMV Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698420. [PMID: 34497606 PMCID: PMC8419311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-H is a DAP12-associated receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and microglia. Siglec-H inhibits TLR9-induced IFN-α production by pDCs. Previously, it was found that Siglec-H-deficient mice develop a lupus-like severe autoimmune disease after persistent murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection. This was due to enhanced type I interferon responses, including IFN-α. Here we examined, whether other virus infections can also induce autoimmunity in Siglec-H-deficient mice. To this end we infected Siglec-H-deficient mice with influenza virus or with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13. With both types of viruses we did not observe induction of autoimmune disease in Siglec-H-deficient mice. This can be explained by the fact that both types of viruses are ssRNA viruses that engage TLR7, rather than TLR9. Also, Influenza causes an acute infection that is rapidly cleared and the chronicity of LCMV clone 13 may not be sufficient and may rather suppress pDC functions. Siglec-H inhibited exclusively TLR-9 driven type I interferon responses, but did not affect type II or type III interferon production by pDCs. Siglec-H-deficient pDCs showed impaired Hck expression, which is a Src-family kinase expressed in myeloid cells, and downmodulation of the chemokine receptor CCR9, that has important functions for pDCs. Accordingly, Siglec-H-deficient pDCs showed impaired migration towards the CCR9 ligand CCL25. Furthermore, autoimmune-related genes such as Klk1 and DNase1l3 are downregulated in Siglec-H-deficient pDCs as well. From these findings we conclude that Siglec-H controls TLR-9-dependent, but not TLR-7 dependent inflammatory responses after virus infections and regulates chemokine responsiveness of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Szumilas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heike Schmitt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svenia Cunz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jolie G Cullen
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Talyn Chu
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anita Marosan
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Manabella Salcedo I, Fraschina J, Busch M, Guidobono JS, Unzaga JM, Dellarupe A, Farace MI, Pini N, León VA. Role of Mus musculus in the transmission of several pathogens in poultry farms. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 14:130-136. [PMID: 33659179 PMCID: PMC7890300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the role of Mus musculus as a host of Leptospira spp., lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Toxoplasma gondii, in poultry farms of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, and to assess the potential risk of transmission to humans and domestic or breeding animals. Samplings were performed between 2009 and 2011 (S1) and during 2016 (S2). In S1, we studied the prevalence of infection for Leptospira spp. and LCMV, whereas, in S2, we studied the prevalence of infection for Leptospira spp. and T. gondii. In S1, we found an overall Leptospira spp. prevalence in M. musculus of 18% (14/79) and no positive serum samples for LCMV (0/166). In S2, we detected no positive individuals for Leptospira spp. (0/56) and an overall T. gondii seroprevalence of 3.6% (2/56). The probability of Leptospira spp. infection in M. musculus was higher in reproductively active individuals and in samplings subsequent to months with high accumulated precipitation. Our results suggest that, in the poultry farms studied, the presence of M. musculus may be a risk factor in the transmission of Leptospira spp. and T. gondii to humans and domestic animals. The management of farms should include biosecurity measures for farm workers and more effective rodent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Manabella Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Fraschina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Busch
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Santiago Guidobono
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Unzaga
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología LAINPA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Dellarupe
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología LAINPA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Isabel Farace
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS Dr. Calos G Malbrán- Departamento Bacteriología. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noemi Pini
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Vanina Andrea León
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Fisher MA, Lloyd ML. A Review of Murine Cytomegalovirus as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Disease-Do Mice Lie? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010214. [PMID: 33379272 PMCID: PMC7795257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was first described in 1954, it has been used to model human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) diseases. MCMV is a natural pathogen of mice that is present in wild mice populations and has been associated with diseases such as myocarditis. The species-specific nature of HCMV restricts most research to cell culture-based studies or to the investigation of non-invasive clinical samples, which may not be ideal for the study of disseminated disease. Initial MCMV research used a salivary gland-propagated virus administered via different routes of inoculation into a variety of mouse strains. This revealed that the genetic background of the laboratory mice affected the severity of disease and altered the extent of subsequent pathology. The advent of genetically modified mice and viruses has allowed new aspects of disease to be modeled and the opportunistic nature of HCMV infection to be confirmed. This review describes the different ways that MCMV has been used to model HCMV diseases and explores the continuing difficulty faced by researchers attempting to model HCMV congenital cytomegalovirus disease using the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Fisher
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Megan L. Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Ganoe LS, Brown JD, Yabsley MJ, Lovallo MJ, Walter WD. A Review of Pathogens, Diseases, and Contaminants of Muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus) in North America. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:233. [PMID: 32478106 PMCID: PMC7242561 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, significant muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) harvest declines have been observed throughout North America. Several theories for the decline have been proposed, including increased parasite infections and disease within muskrat populations. No existing wholistic review of muskrat exposure to pathogens, contaminants, and diseases exists. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a thorough review of existing literature on muskrat pathogens, contaminants, and diseases across their natural range. This review is comprised of 131 articles from 1915 to 2019 and from 27 U.S. states and 9 Canadian provinces. A wide diversity of contaminants, toxins, and pathogens were reported in muskrats, with the most common diseases being cysticercosis, tularemia, Tyzzer's disease, and biotoxin poisoning from cyanobacteria. This review provides a summary of muskrat pathogens, contaminants, and diseases over a century that has observed significant population declines throughout the species' range in North America. Such data provide a baseline for understanding the potential role of disease in these declines. In addition, these data highlight critical knowledge gaps that warrant future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laken S Ganoe
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Justin D Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Matthew J Lovallo
- Bureau of Wildlife Management, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA, United States
| | - W David Walter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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11
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Lee Q, Padula MP, Pinello N, Williams SH, O'Rourke MB, Fumagalli MJ, Orkin JD, Song R, Shaban B, Brenner O, Pimanda JE, Weninger W, de Souza WM, Melin AD, Wong JJL, Crim MJ, Monette S, Roediger B, Jolly CJ. Murine and related chapparvoviruses are nephro-tropic and produce novel accessory proteins in infected kidneys. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008262. [PMID: 31971979 PMCID: PMC6999912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a member of the provisional genus Chapparvovirus that causes renal disease in immune-compromised mice, with a disease course reminiscent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in immune-suppressed kidney transplant patients. Here we map four major MKPV transcripts, created by alternative splicing, to a common initiator region, and use mass spectrometry to identify “p10” and “p15” as novel chapparvovirus accessory proteins produced in MKPV-infected kidneys. p15 and the splicing-dependent putative accessory protein NS2 are conserved in all near-complete amniote chapparvovirus genomes currently available (from mammals, birds and a reptile). In contrast, p10 may be encoded only by viruses with >60% amino acid identity to MKPV. We show that MKPV is kidney-tropic and that the bat chapparvovirus DrPV-1 and a non-human primate chapparvovirus, CKPV, are also found in the kidneys of their hosts. We propose, therefore, that many mammal chapparvoviruses are likely to be nephrotropic. Parvoviruses are small, genetically simple single-strand DNA viruses that remain viable outside their hosts for very long periods of time. They cause disease in several domesticated species and in humans. Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) is a causative agent of kidney failure in immune-compromised mice and is the only member of the provisional Chapparvovirus genus for which the complete genome including telomeres is known. Here, we show that MKPV propagates almost exclusively in the kidneys of mice infected naturally, wherein it produces novel accessory proteins whose coding regions are conserved in amniote-associated chapparvovirus sequences. We assemble a closely related complete viral genome present in DNA extracted from the kidney of a wild Cebus imitator monkey, and show that another related chapparvovirus is preferentially found in kidneys of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. We conclude that many mammal-hosted chapparvovirus are adapted to the kidney niche and may therefore cause disease following kidney stress in multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H. Williams
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. O'Rourke
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Joseph D. Orkin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renhua Song
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Babak Shaban
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - John E. Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin J.-L. Wong
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcus J. Crim
- Microbiology and Aquatic Diagnostics, IDEXX BioAnalytics, Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Inflammation (ATI) Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BR); (CJJ)
| | - Christopher J. Jolly
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail: (BR); (CJJ)
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12
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Kumakamba C, N'Kawa F, Kingebeni PM, Losoma JA, Lukusa IN, Muyembe F, Mulembakani P, Makuwa M, LeBreton M, Gillis A, Rimoin AW, Hoff NA, Schneider BS, Monagin C, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Rubin EM, Tamfum JJM, Lange CE. Analysis of adenovirus DNA detected in rodent species from the Democratic Republic of the Congo indicates potentially novel adenovirus types. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 34:100640. [PMID: 32025309 PMCID: PMC6997563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different species of adenoviruses (AdVs) infect humans and animals and are known for their role as pathogens, especially in humans, with animals, primarily rodents, often serving as model systems. However, although we know over 100 types of human AdVs, we know comparatively little about the diversity of animal AdVs. Due to the fact that rodents are the most diverse family of mammals and a standard model system for human disease, we set out to sample African rodents native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and test them for AdV DNA using a semi-nested consensus PCR. A total of 775 animals were tested, and viral DNA was detected in four of them. The AdV DNA found belongs to three different AdVs, all being closely related to murine adenovirus 2 (MAdV-2). Considering the genetic differences of the amplicon were 9%, 11% and 19% from MAdV-2 and at least 10% from each other, they seem to belong to up to three different novel types within the Murine mastadenovirus B species. This evidence of genetic diversity highlights the opportunities to isolate and study additional AdVs that infect rodents as models for AdV biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kumakamba
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - F N'Kawa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - J Atibu Losoma
- School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - I Ngay Lukusa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - F Muyembe
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P Mulembakani
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M Makuwa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - A Gillis
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A W Rimoin
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - B S Schneider
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.,Etiologic, Oakland, CA, USA.,Pinpoint Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Monagin
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.,One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D O Joly
- Metabiota Inc., Nanaimo, Canada.,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, Canada
| | - N D Wolfe
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E M Rubin
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J J Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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13
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Hemmi S, Spindler KR. Murine adenoviruses: tools for studying adenovirus pathogenesis in a natural host. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3649-3659. [PMID: 31777948 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small laboratory animals are powerful models for investigating in vivo viral pathogenesis of a number of viruses. For adenoviruses (AdVs), however, species-specificity poses limitations to studying human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in mice and other small laboratory animals. Thus, this review covers work on naturally occurring mouse AdVs, primarily mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAdV-1), a member of the species Murine mastadenovirus A. Molecular genetics, virus life cycle, cell and tissue tropism, interactions with the host immune response, persistence, and host genetics of susceptibility are described. A brief discussion of MAdV-2 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus B) and MAdV-3 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus C) is included. We report the use of MAdVs in the development of vectors and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katherine R Spindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Diffo J, Ndze VN, Ntumvi NF, Takuo JM, Mouiche MMM, Tamoufe U, Nwobegahay J, LeBreton M, Gillis A, Schneider BS, Fair JM, Monagin C, McIver DJ, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Rubin EM, Lange CE. DNA of diverse adenoviruses detected in Cameroonian rodent and shrew species. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2359-2366. [PMID: 31240484 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rodent adenoviruses are important models for human disease. In contrast to the over 70 adenovirus types isolated from humans, few rodent adenoviruses are known, despite the vast diversity of rodent species. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to investigate adenovirus diversity in wild rodents and shrews in Cameroon. Adenovirus DNA was detected in 13.8% of animals (n = 218). All detected sequences differ from known adenovirus types by more than 10% at the amino acid level, thus indicating up to 14 novel adenovirus species. These results highlight the diversity of rodent adenoviruses, their phylogeny, and opportunities for studying alternative adenovirus rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradley S Schneider
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,Etiologic, Oakland, CA, USA.,Pinpoint Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Fair
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,VIRION, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Damien O Joly
- Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, Canada.,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, Canada
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15
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Abstract
The microbiome of wild Mus musculus (house mouse), a globally distributed invasive pest that resides in close contact with humans in urban centers, is largely unexplored. Here, we report analysis of the fecal virome of house mice in residential buildings in New York City, NY. Mice were collected at seven sites in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx over a period of 1 year. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing of feces revealed 36 viruses from 18 families and 21 genera, including at least 6 novel viruses and 3 novel genera. A representative screen of 15 viruses by PCR confirmed the presence of 13 of these viruses in liver. We identified an uneven distribution of diversity, with several viruses being associated with specific locations. Higher mouse weight was associated with an increase in the number of viruses detected per mouse, after adjusting for site, sex, and length. We found neither genetic footprints to known human viral pathogens nor antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.IMPORTANCE Mice carry a wide range of infectious agents with zoonotic potential. Their proximity to humans in the built environment is therefore a concern for public health. Laboratory mice are also the most common experimental model for investigating the pathobiology of infectious diseases. In this survey of mice trapped in multiple locations within New York City over a period of 1 year, we found a diverse collection of viruses that includes some previously not associated with house mice and others that appear to be novel. Although we found no known human pathogens, our findings provide insights into viral ecology and may yield models that have utility for clinical microbiology.
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16
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Rosshart SP, Vassallo BG, Angeletti D, Hutchinson DS, Morgan AP, Takeda K, Hickman HD, McCulloch JA, Badger JH, Ajami NJ, Trinchieri G, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Yewdell JW, Rehermann B. Wild Mouse Gut Microbiota Promotes Host Fitness and Improves Disease Resistance. Cell 2017; 171:1015-1028.e13. [PMID: 29056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mice, while paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena, are limited in modeling complex diseases of humans and other free-living mammals. Because the microbiome is a major factor in mammalian physiology, we aimed to identify a naturally evolved reference microbiome to better recapitulate physiological phenomena relevant in the natural world outside the laboratory. Among 21 distinct mouse populations worldwide, we identified a closely related wild relative to standard laboratory mouse strains. Its bacterial gut microbiome differed significantly from its laboratory mouse counterpart and was transferred to and maintained in laboratory mice over several generations. Laboratory mice reconstituted with natural microbiota exhibited reduced inflammation and increased survival following influenza virus infection and improved resistance against mutagen/inflammation-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. By demonstrating the host fitness-promoting traits of natural microbiota, our findings should enable the discovery of protective mechanisms relevant in the natural world and improve the modeling of complex diseases of free-living mammals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diane S Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Tao L, Reese TA. Making Mouse Models That Reflect Human Immune Responses. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:181-193. [PMID: 28161189 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans are infected with a variety of acute and chronic pathogens over the course of their lives, and pathogen-driven selection has shaped the immune system of humans. The same is likely true for mice. However, laboratory mice we use for most biomedical studies are bred in ultra-hygienic environments, and are kept free of specific pathogens. We review recent studies that indicate that pathogen infections are important for the basal level of activation and the function of the immune system. Consideration of these environmental exposures of both humans and mice can potentially improve mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Report of the Working Group on Hygiene of the Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde–Society for Laboratory Animal Science (GV-SOLAS) GV-SOLAS Working Group on Hygiene: Werner Nicklas (Chairman), Felix R. Homberger, Brunhilde Illgen-Wilcke, Karin Jacobi, Volker Kraft, Ivo Kunstyr, Michael Mähler, Herbert Meyer & Gabi Pohlmeyer-Esch
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19
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Schmitt H, Sell S, Koch J, Seefried M, Sonnewald S, Daniel C, Winkler TH, Nitschke L. Siglec-H protects from virus-triggered severe systemic autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1627-44. [PMID: 27377589 PMCID: PMC4986536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-H is a key negative regulator of the type I interferon pathway, reducing the incidence of autoimmunity after viral infection. It is controversial whether virus infections can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical antiviral cytokines during virus infections and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Type I IFN is mainly produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). The secretion of type I IFN of pDCs is modulated by Siglec-H, a DAP12-associated receptor on pDCs. In this study, we show that Siglec-H–deficient pDCs produce more of the type I IFN, IFN-α, in vitro and that Siglec-H knockout (KO) mice produce more IFN-α after murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection in vivo. This did not impact control of viral replication. Remarkably, several weeks after a single mCMV infection, Siglec-H KO mice developed a severe form of systemic lupus–like autoimmune disease with strong kidney nephritis. In contrast, uninfected aging Siglec-H KO mice developed a mild form of systemic autoimmunity. The induction of systemic autoimmune disease after virus infection in Siglec-H KO mice was accompanied by a type I IFN signature and fully dependent on type I IFN signaling. These results show that Siglec-H normally serves as a modulator of type I IFN responses after infection with a persistent virus and thereby prevents induction of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmitt
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Sell
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Koch
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Seefried
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Peptide motif analysis predicts lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as trigger for multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:625-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Viney M, Lazarou L, Abolins S. The laboratory mouse and wild immunology. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:267-73. [PMID: 25303494 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, has been the workhorse of the very successful laboratory study of mammalian immunology. These studies--discovering how the mammalian immune system can work--have allowed the development of the field of wild immunology that is seeking to understand how the immune responses of wild animals contributes to animals' fitness. Remarkably, there have hardly been any studies of the immunology of wild M. musculus domesticus (or of rats, another common laboratory model), but the general finding is that these wild animals are more immunologically responsive, compared with their laboratory domesticated comparators. This difference probably reflects the comparatively greater previous exposure to antigens of these wild-caught animals. There are now excellent prospects for laboratory mouse immunology to make major advances in the field of wild immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Abstract
Human risks of acquiring a zoonotic disease from animals used in biomedical research have declined over the last decade because higher quality research animals have defined microbiologic profiles. Even with diminished risks, the potential for exposure to infectious agents still exists, especially from larger species such as nonhuman primates, which may be obtained from the wild, and from livestock, dogs, ferrets, and cats, which are generally not raised in barrier facilities and are not subject to the intensive health monitoring performed routinely on laboratory rodents and rabbits. Additionally, when laboratory animals are used as models for infectious disease studies, exposure to microbial pathogens presents a threat to human health. Also, with the recognition of emerging diseases, some of which are zoonotic, constant vigilance and surveillance of laboratory animals for zoonotic diseases are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Glen Otto
- Animal Resources Ctr University Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lesley A. Colby
- Department of comparative Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Shek WR, Smith AL, Pritchett-Corning KR. Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus norvegicus), other rodent species, and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been used in research for over 100 years. During the first half of the 20th century, microbiological quality control of lab animals was at best rudimentary as colonies were conventionally housed and little or no diagnostic testing was done. Hence, animal studies were often curtailed and confounded by infectious disease (Mobraaten and Sharp, 1999; Morse, 2007; Weisbroth, 1999). By the 1950s, it became apparent to veterinarians in the nascent field of comparative medicine that disease-free animals suitable for research could not be produced by standard veterinary disease control measures (e.g., improved sanitation and nutrition, antimicrobial treatments) in conventional facilities. Henry Foster, the veterinarian who founded Charles River Breeding Laboratories in 1948 and a pioneer in the large-scale production of laboratory rodents, stated in a seminar presented at the 30th anniversary of AALAS, “After a variety of frustrating health-related problems, it was decided that a major change in the company’s philosophy was required and an entirely different approach was essential”. Consequently, he and others developed innovative biosecurity systems to eliminate and exclude pathogens (Allen, 1999). In 1958, Foster reported on the Cesarean-originated barrier-sustained (COBS) process for the large-scale production of specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory rodents (Foster, 1958). To eliminate horizontally transmitted pathogens, a hysterectomy was performed on a near-term dam from a contaminated or conventionally housed colony. The gravid uterus was pulled through a disinfectant solution into a sterile flexible film isolator where the pups were removed from the uterus and suckled on axenic (i.e., germ-free) foster dams. After being mated to expand their number and associated with a cocktail of nonpathogenic bacteria to normalize their physiology and prime their immune system, rederived rodents were transferred to so-called barrier rooms for large-scale production. The room-level barrier to adventitious infection entailed disinfection of the room, equipment, and supplies, limiting access to trained and properly gowned personnel, and the application of new technologies such as high-efficiency particulate air-filtration of incoming air (Dubos and Schaedler, 1960; Foster, 1980; Schaedler and Orcutt, 1983; Trexler and Orcutt, 1999). The axenic and associated rodents mentioned in the COBS process are collectively classified as gnotobiotic to indicate that they have a completely known microflora. By contrast, barrier-reared rodent colonies are not gnotobiotic because they are housed in uncovered cages and thus acquire a complex microflora from the environment, supplies, personnel, and other sources. Instead, they are described as SPF to indicate that according to laboratory testing, they are free from infection with a defined list of infectious agents, commonly known as an ‘exclusion’ list.
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24
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Madarame H, Ogihara K, Kimura M, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Ochiai H, Mizutani T. Detection of a pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in an African hedgehog (Atelerix arbiventris) with suspected wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS). Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:136-40. [PMID: 25129384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) from an African hedgehog (Atelerix arbiventris) with suspected wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) was detected and genetically characterized. The affected hedgehog had a nonsuppurative encephalitis with vacuolization of the white matter, and the brain samples yielded RNA reads highly homogeneous to PVM strain 15 (96.5% of full genomic sequence homology by analysis of next generation sequencing). PVM antigen was also detected in the brain and the lungs immunohistochemically. A PVM was strongly suggested as a causative agent of encephalitis of a hedgehog with suspected WHS. This is a first report of PVM infection in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Madarame
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kikumi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Environmental Hygine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Moe Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ochiai
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsyuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Glineur SF, Renshaw RW, Percopo CM, Dyer KD, Dubovi EJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Novel pneumoviruses (PnVs): Evolution and inflammatory pathology. Virology 2013; 443:257-64. [PMID: 23763766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A previous report of a novel pneumovirus (PnV) isolated from the respiratory tract of a dog described its significant homology to the rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). The original PnV-Ane4 pathogen replicated in and could be re-isolated in infectious state from mouse lung but elicited minimal mortality compared to PVM strain J3666. Here we assess phylogeny and physiologic responses to 10 new PnV isolates. The G/glycoprotein sequences of all PnVs include elongated amino-termini when compared to the characterized PVMs, and suggest division into groups A and B. While we observed significant differences in cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of BALB/c mice in response to survival doses (50 TCID50 units) of representative group A (114378-10-29-KY-F) and group B (7968-11-OK) PnVs, we observed no evidence for positive selection (dN > dS) among the PnV/PnV, PVM/PnV or PVM/PVM G/glycoprotein or F/fusion protein sequence pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Glineur
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1883, USA
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26
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Dyer KD, Garcia-Crespo KE, Glineur S, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. The Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) model of acute respiratory infection. Viruses 2012; 4:3494-510. [PMID: 23342367 PMCID: PMC3528276 DOI: 10.3390/v4123494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) is related to the human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pathogens, and has been used to study respiratory virus replication and the ensuing inflammatory response as a component of a natural host—pathogen relationship. As such, PVM infection in mice reproduces many of the clinical and pathologic features of the more severe forms of RSV infection in human infants. Here we review some of the most recent findings on the basic biology of PVM infection and its use as a model of disease, most notably for explorations of virus infection and allergic airways disease, for vaccine evaluation, and for the development of immunomodulatory strategies for acute respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Dyer
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.G.-C.); (S.G.); (H.F.R.)
| | - Katia E. Garcia-Crespo
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.G.-C.); (S.G.); (H.F.R.)
| | - Stephanie Glineur
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.G.-C.); (S.G.); (H.F.R.)
| | - Joseph B. Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.E.G.-C.); (S.G.); (H.F.R.)
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Brock LG, Karron RA, Krempl CD, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of pneumonia virus of mice as a possible human pathogen. J Virol 2012; 86:5829-43. [PMID: 22438539 PMCID: PMC3347304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00163-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a relative of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes respiratory disease in mice. There is serologic evidence suggesting widespread exposure of humans to PVM. To investigate replication in primates, African green monkeys (AGM) and rhesus macaques (n = 4) were inoculated with PVM by the respiratory route. Virus was shed intermittently at low levels by a subset of animals, suggesting poor permissiveness. PVM efficiently replicated in cultured human cells and inhibited the type I interferon (IFN) response in these cells. This suggests that poor replication in nonhuman primates was not due to a general nonpermissiveness of primate cells or poor control of the IFN response. Seroprevalence in humans was examined by screening sera from 30 adults and 17 young children for PVM-neutralizing activity. Sera from a single child (6%) and 40% of adults had low neutralizing activity against PVM, which could be consistent with increasing incidence of exposure following early childhood. There was no cross-reaction of human or AGM sera between RSV and PVM and no cross-protection in the mouse model. In native Western blots, human sera reacted with RSV but not PVM proteins under conditions in which AGM immune sera reacted strongly. Serum reactivity was further evaluated by flow cytometry using unfixed Vero cells infected with PVM or RSV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a measure of viral gene expression. The reactivity of human sera against RSV-infected cells correlated with GFP expression, whereas reactivity against PVM-infected cells was low and uncorrelated with GFP expression. Thus, PVM specificity was not evident. Our results indicate that the PVM-neutralizing activity of human sera is not due to RSV- or PVM-specific antibodies but may be due to low-affinity, polyreactive natural antibodies of the IgG subclass. The absence of PVM-specific antibodies and restriction in nonhuman primates makes PVM unlikely to be a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G. Brock
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth A. Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine D. Krempl
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitological diseases in rats and mice used in research environments in Australasia over a 5-y period. Lab Anim (NY) 2011; 40:341-50. [PMID: 22012194 PMCID: PMC7091690 DOI: 10.1038/laban1111-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral, bacterial and parasitological infections in rats and mice used in biomedical research continue to occur despite improved housing and biosurveillance. The presence of disease in laboratory animals can lead to spurious results for research undertaken in universities, research institutes and the pharmaceutical industry. Here the authors report the results of serological, microbiological, parasitological and molecular tests done on mice and rats from Australasia submitted to a rodent health monitoring laboratory (Cerberus Sciences) from 2004 to 2009. In tested mice, norovirus was the most prevalent virus and ectromelia virus was the least prevalent virus. In tested rats, pneumonia virus of mice was the most prevalent virus and adenoviruses 1 and 2 were the least prevalent viruses. In mice, Helicobacter hepaticus was the most prevalent bacterium, and in rats, Proteus spp. were the most prevalent bacteria. The most common positive helminthological finding in mice and rats was the presence of all pinworms (including Aspicularis spp. and Syphacia spp.). The most common positive protozoan findings in mice and rats were Chilomastix spp. and Trichomonads.
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29
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Zapata JC, Pauza CD, Djavani MM, Rodas JD, Moshkoff D, Bryant J, Ateh E, Garcia C, Lukashevich IS, Salvato MS. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of macaques: a model for Lassa fever. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:125-38. [PMID: 21820469 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa fever virus (LASV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are benign in their natural reservoir hosts, and can occasionally cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in non-human primates and in human beings. LCMV is considerably more benign for human beings than Lassa virus, however certain strains, like the LCMV-WE strain, can cause severe disease when the virus is delivered as a high-dose inoculum. Here we describe a rhesus macaque model for Lassa fever that employs a virulent strain of LCMV. Since LASV must be studied within Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) facilities, the LCMV-infected macaque model has the advantage that it can be used at BSL-3. LCMV-induced disease is rarely as severe as other VHF, but it is similar in cases where vascular leakage leads to lethal systemic failure. The LCMV-infected macaque has been valuable for describing the course of disease with differing viral strains, doses and routes of infection. By monitoring system-wide changes in physiology and gene expression in a controlled experimental setting, it is possible to identify events that are pathognomonic for developing VHF and potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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30
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Hemmi S, Vidovszky MZ, Ruminska J, Ramelli S, Decurtins W, Greber UF, Harrach B. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses of murine adenovirus 2. Virus Res 2011; 160:128-35. [PMID: 21683742 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Murine adenoviruses (MAdV) are supposedly the oldest members of the genus Mastadenovirus. Currently, there are three distinct MAdV types known with rather different tropism and pathology. Here we report and annotate the DNA sequence of the full genome of MAdV-2. It was found to consist of 35,203 bp thus being considerably larger than the genomes of the other two MAdV types. The increased size of the MAdV-2 genome is generally due to larger genes and ORFs, although some differences in the number of ORFs were observed for the early regions E1, E3 and E4. The homologue of the 19K gene of E1B from MAdV-2 codes for 330 amino acids (aa) and is almost twice as large as from other mastadenoviruses. Accordingly, only the N-terminal half (155aa) has homology to the 19K protein. A homologue of the gene of the 12.5K protein was identified in the E3 region of MAdV-2, but not in MAdV-1 or MAdV-3. The other gene of yet unknown function in the E3 region of MAdV-2 seems to be unique. The E4 region of MAdV-2 contains three ORFs. One has similarity to the 34K gene of other AdVs. Two unique ORFs in the E4 region of MAdV-2 have no homology to any of the five and six ORFs in the E4 region of MAdV-1 or MAdV-3, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the three murine AdVs have a close common ancestor. They likely formed the first branching of the lineage of mastadenoviruses, and seem to be the most ancient representatives of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Dammann P, Hilken G, Hueber B, Köhl W, Bappert MT, Mähler M. Infectious microorganisms in mice (Mus musculus) purchased from commercial pet shops in Germany. Lab Anim 2011; 45:271-5. [PMID: 21508117 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the prevalence of infectious microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi and eukaryotic parasites) in mice from different pet shops in Germany; such animals may compromise the hygienic integrity of laboratory animal vivaria if private pet holders act as unintended vectors of infections carried by them. House mice sold as pets or feed specimens were purchased from different pet shops and tested for a comprehensive panel of unwanted microorganisms. We found a number of microorganisms in these pet shop mice, the most prevalent of which were Helicobacter species (92.9%), mouse parvovirus (89.3%), mouse hepatitis virus (82.7%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (71.4%) and Syphacia species (57.1%). Several microorganisms (e.g. mouse parvovirus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Clostridium piliforme) had considerably higher prevalences than those reported in similar studies on wild mice from North America, Europe or Australia. Our study shows that direct contact with pet shop mice may constitute a risk for laboratory animal vivaria if hygienic precautions are not taken. However, even relatively simple precautions seem effective enough to hold the risk at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dammann
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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32
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Thomas AC, Forster MR, Bickerstaff AA, Zimmerman PD, Wing BA, Trgovcich J, Bergdall VK, Klenerman P, Cook CH. Occult cytomegalovirus in vivarium-housed mice may influence transplant allograft acceptance. Transpl Immunol 2010; 23:86-91. [PMID: 20307665 PMCID: PMC2893234 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that latent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) can influence murine transplant allograft acceptance. During these studies we became aware that vivarium-housed control mice can acquire occult MCMV infection. The purpose of this investigation was to confirm occult MCMV transmission and determine the timing, vehicle, and possible consequences of transmission. Mice arriving from a commercial vendor were negative for MCMV both by commercial serologic testing and by our nested PCR. Mice housed in our vivarium became positive for MCMV DNA 30-60 days after arrival, but remained negative for MCMV by commercial serologic testing. To confirm MCMV we sequenced PCR products for several genes and showed >99% homology to MCMV. Further sequence analyses show that the occult MCMV is similar to a laboratory strain of MCMV, but the vehicle of transmission remains unclear. Control tissues from historical experiments with unexplained graft losses were evaluated for occult MCMV, and mice with unexplained allograft losses showed significantly higher incidence of occult MCMV than did allograft acceptors. Deliberate infection with very low titer MCMV confirmed that viral transmission can occur without measurable virus specific antibody or T-cell responses. These data suggest that vivarium-housed mice can develop occult MCMV that is missed by currently available commercial serologic testing, and that these infections may influence transplant allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Thomas
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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33
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Ulrich RG, Heckel G, Pelz HJ, Wieler LH, Nordhoff M, Dobler G, Freise J, Matuschka FR, Jacob J, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Gerstengarbe FW, Jäkel T, Süss J, Ehlers B, Nitsche A, Kallies R, Johne R, Günther S, Henning K, Grunow R, Wenk M, Maul LC, Hunfeld KP, Wölfel R, Schares G, Scholz HC, Brockmann SO, Pfeffer M, Essbauer SS. Nagetiere und Nagetierassoziierte Krankheitserreger. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2009; 52:352-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-009-0798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Watson J. New building, old parasite: Mesostigmatid mites--an ever-present threat to barrier facilities. ILAR J 2009; 49:303-9. [PMID: 18506063 PMCID: PMC7108606 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesostigmatid mites are blood-sucking parasitic mites found in wild rodent populations. Periodically they can also become a problem for laboratory rodent colonies, particularly when building construction or renovations disturb colonies of commensal (building) rodents that had been acting as hosts. Mesostigmatid mites infest both rats and mice and, unlike the more common rodent fur mites (Myobia, Myocoptes, and Radfordia sp.), can survive for long periods in the environment and travel considerable distances in search of new hosts. They easily penetrate barrier caging systems, including individually ventilated cages, thus circumventing the usual precautions to protect rodents from infection. The two mites reported in laboratory rodent colonies, Ornithonyssus bacoti and Laelaps echidnina, also bite humans and have the potential to transmit zoonotic diseases. Once the mites gain access to a colony, eradication requires elimination of commensal rodent reservoirs in addition to insecticide treatment of both the laboratory rodents and the environment. In view of the undesirability of insecticide use in the animal facility, it is advisable to investigate the effectiveness of preventive treatments, such as environmental application of insect growth regulators or silica-based products. This article summarizes available information on mesostigmatid mites and their laboratory incursions, and provides suggestions for diagnosis, treatment, and control based on the author’s experience with several outbreaks at a large academic institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Watson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue/Ross 459, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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Rawlinson WD, Hall B, Jones CA, Jeffery HE, Arbuckle SM, Graf N, Howard J, Morris JM. Viruses and other infections in stillbirth: what is the evidence and what should we be doing? Pathology 2008; 40:149-60. [PMID: 18203037 DOI: 10.1080/00313020701813792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In Australia, as in other developed countries, approximately 40-50% of stillbirths are of unknown aetiology. Emerging evidence suggests stillbirths are often multifactorial. The absence of a known cause leads to uncertainty regarding the risk of recurrence, which can cause extreme anguish for parents that may manifest as guilt, anger or bewilderment. Further, clinical endeavours to prevent recurrences in future pregnancies are impaired by lack of a defined aetiology. Therefore, efforts to provide an aetiological diagnosis of stillbirth impact upon all aspects of care of the mother, and inform many parts of clinical decision making. Despite the magnitude of the problem, that is 7 stillbirths per 1000 births in Australia, diagnostic efforts to discover viral aetiologies are often minimal. Viruses and other difficult to culture organisms have been postulated as the aetiology of a number of obstetric and paediatric conditions of unknown cause, including stillbirth. Reasons forwarded for testing stillbirth cases for infectious agents are non-medical factors, including addressing all parents' need for diagnostic closure, identifying infectious agents as a sporadic cause of stillbirth to reassure parents and clinicians regarding risk for future pregnancies, and to reduce unnecessary testing. It is clear that viral agents including rubella, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, herpes simplex virus (HSV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) may cause intrauterine deaths. Evidence for many other agents is that minimal or asymptomatic infections also occur, so improved markers of adverse outcomes are needed. The role of other viruses and difficult-to-culture organisms in stillbirth is uncertain, and needs more research. However, testing stillborn babies for some viral agents remains a useful adjunct to histopathological and other examinations at autopsy. Modern molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, allow searches for multiple agents. Now that such testing is available, it is important to assess the clinical usefulness of such testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Rawlinson
- Microbiology SEALS, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.
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36
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ARTHUR ANTHONYD, PECH ROGERP, SINGLETON GRANTR. Cross-strain protection reduces effectiveness of virally vectored fertility control: results from individual-based multistrain models. J Appl Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Abbott I. Mammalian faunal collapse in Western Australia, 1875-1925: the hypothesised role of epizootic disease and a conceptual model of its origin, introduction, transmission, and spread. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.7882/az.2006.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Gorman S, Harvey NL, Moro D, Lloyd ML, Voigt V, Smith LM, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Mixed infection with multiple strains of murine cytomegalovirus occurs following simultaneous or sequential infection of immunocompetent mice. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1123-1132. [PMID: 16603512 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of humans, murine CMV (MCMV) infection is widespread in its natural host, the house mouse Mus domesticus, and may consist of mixed infection with different CMV isolates. The incidence and mechanisms by which mixed infection occurs in free-living mice are unknown. This study used two approaches to determine whether mixed infection with MCMV could be established in laboratory mice. The first utilized two naturally occurring MCMV strains, N1 and G4, into which the lacZ gene was inserted by homologous recombination. The lacZ gene was used to track recombinant and parental viruses in simultaneously coinfected mice. In the second approach, a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was used to detect viral immediate-early 1 (ie1) gene sequences in mice successively coinfected with G4 and then with the K181 MCMV strain. In both systems, mixed infection was detected in the salivary glands and lungs of experimentally infected mice. MCMV-specific antibody in sera and G4 IE1-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in the spleens of twice-infected mice did not prevent reinfection. Finally, the prevalence of mixed infection in free-living mice trapped in four Australian locations was investigated using real-time qPCR to detect ie1 DNA sequences of N1, G4 and K181. Mixed infection with MCMVs containing the G4 and K181 ie1 sequences was detected in the salivary glands of 34·2 % of trapped mice. The observations that mixed infections are common in free-living M. domesticus and are acquired by immunocompetent mice through simultaneous or successive infections are important for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole L Harvey
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dorian Moro
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Megan L Lloyd
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Valentina Voigt
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee M Smith
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Malcolm A Lawson
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Shellam
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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39
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Miller RA, Dysko R, Chrisp C, Seguin R, Linsalata L, Buehner G, Harper JM, Austad S. Mouse ( Mus musculus) stocks derived from tropical islands: new models for genetic analysis of life-history traits. J Zool (1987) 2006; 250:95-104. [PMID: 32336890 PMCID: PMC7166381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/1999] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Founder effects, together with access to unoccupied ecological niches, may allow rodent populations on isolated islands to evolve constellations of life‐history traits that distinguish them from their mainland relatives, for example in body size, litter size, and longevity. In particular, low intrinsic mortality risks on islands with reduced predator numbers and not subject to harsh winter climates may in principle support the development of stocks with extended longevity. Conversely, the conditions under which laboratory rodents are typically bred are thought to select for genotypes that produce large, rapidly maturing races with high early reproductive rates but diminished longevity. To test these ideas, and to generate new mouse stocks suitable for genetic and molecular analysis of the processes that time life‐history events, we have developed specific pathogen‐free stocks from mice trapped from three distinct populations: the U.S. mainland (Idaho) and the tropical Pacific islands Majuro and Pohnpei. Mice from all three locations were found to be shorter and lighter, to have smaller litters, and to have higher faecal corticosterone levels than mice of a genetically heterogeneous stock derived from four common laboratory inbred strains. Among the wild‐derived stocks, mice from Pohnpei and Majuro were significantly lighter and shorter than Idaho‐derived animals, even in populations kept from birth under identical housing conditions. Litter size and reproductive success rates did not differ significantly among the three wild‐derived stocks. Although further work will be needed to see if, as predicted, the wild‐derived stocks differ from one another and from laboratory mice in longevity, these stocks provide useful tools for genetic dissection of factors that regulate body size and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Miller
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
| | - Robert Dysko
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
| | - Clarence Chrisp
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
| | - Renee Seguin
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
| | - Luann Linsalata
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen Buehner
- CCGCB, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, U.S.A
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40
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SINGLETON GRANTR, BROWN PETERR, PECH ROGERP, JACOB JENS, MUTZE GREGJ, KREBS CHARLESJ. One hundred years of eruptions of house mice in Australia - a natural biological curio. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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42
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Lloyd ML, Shellam GR, Papadimitriou JM, Lawson MA. Immunocontraception is induced in BALB/c mice inoculated with murine cytomegalovirus expressing mouse zona pellucida 3. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:2024-32. [PMID: 12606395 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.012880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocontraception, the prevention of oocyte fertilization through immunological means, could potentially be used to control plaguing mouse populations in Australia. This paper describes the construction of a mouse-specific betaherpesvirus, murine cytomegalovirus, which has been engineered to express the murine zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) gene. A single inoculation of this recombinant virus resulted in almost complete infertility, persistent anti-ZP3 antibody production, and profound changes to ovarian morphology in BALB/c mice in the absence of significant virus replication during the acute phase of infection. Murine cytomegalovirus may prove to be useful as a vector for the delivery of a mouse-specific immunocontraceptive agent to target populations of wild mice in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Lloyd
- Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
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43
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Greenwood AG, Sanchez S. Serological evidence of murine pathogens in wild grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in North Wales. Vet Rec 2002; 150:543-6. [PMID: 12019534 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.17.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Wild grey squirrels in North Wales were examined for their serological response to a range of laboratory mouse pathogens. Nineteen squirrels were tested against 14 organisms and a high seroprevalence was found to several, including murine cytomegalovirus, mouse adenovirus, reovirus 3, rotavirus and Sendai virus. Four of the squirrels were seropositive for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, a zoonotic pathogen. None of the infections has previously been reported in squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Greenwood
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley Business Center, West Yorkshire
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44
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Benedict CA, Banks TA, Senderowicz L, Ko M, Britt WJ, Angulo A, Ghazal P, Ware CF. Lymphotoxins and cytomegalovirus cooperatively induce interferon-beta, establishing host-virus détente. Immunity 2001; 15:617-26. [PMID: 11672543 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related cytokines regulate cell death and survival and provide strong selective pressures for viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), to evolve counterstrategies in order to persist in immune-competent hosts. Signaling by the lymphotoxin (LT)-beta receptor or TNF receptor-1, but not Fas or TRAIL receptors, inhibits the cytopathicity and replication of human CMV by a nonapoptotic, reversible process that requires nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B)-dependent induction of interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Efficient induction of IFN-beta requires virus infection and LT signaling, demonstrating the need for both host and viral factors in the curtailment of viral replication without cellular elimination. LT alpha-deficient mice and LT beta R-Fc transgenic mice were profoundly susceptible to murine CMV infection. Together, these results reveal an essential and conserved role for LTs in establishing host defense to CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Benedict
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Fairweather D, Lawson CM, Chapman AJ, Brown CM, Booth TW, Papadimitriou JM, Shellam GR. Wild isolates of murine cytomegalovirus induce myocarditis and antibodies that cross-react with virus and cardiac myosin. Immunology 1998; 94:263-70. [PMID: 9741351 PMCID: PMC1364215 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory-adapted K181 strain of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) induces both acute and chronic myocarditis, associated with autoantibodies to cardiac myosin, in susceptible BALB/c mice. However, the K181 MCMV strain has been maintained in the laboratory for many years and may not resemble naturally occurring strains of MCMV in its ability to induce myocarditis. Accordingly, six different isolates of MCMV from wild Mus domesticus were compared with K181 MCMV for their ability to induce myocarditis and autoantibodies to cardiac myosin in BALB/c mice. These isolates were shown to induce acute myocarditis similar to K181 MCMV, with associated focal and diffuse myocardial inflammation. However, the levels of myocarditis induced by the wild isolates during the chronic phase of the disease (days 32-56 post-infection) were low in contrast to the K181 strain. Interestingly, 30% of wild-trapped mice showed histological evidence of myocarditis and all were sero-positive to MCMV. Sera from BALB/c mice infected with wild MCMV isolates and from wild-trapped mice contained antibodies that cross-reacted with MCMV and cardiac myosin (S2 region). The cross-reactive region of MCMV was found to be a 50,000-55,000 MW viral polypeptide. These findings suggest that molecular mimicry may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune myocarditis following infection with both laboratory and wild MCMV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fairweather
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Laakkonen J, Soveri T, Henttonen H, Niemimaa J. Pneumocystis cariniiin arvicoline rodents: seasonal, interspecific, and geographic differences. CAN J ZOOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/z95-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the seasonal prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii in Microtus agrestis (n = 289, two locations), Clethrionomys glareolus (n = 37), and Myopus schisticolor (n = 31) in southern and central Finland, in C. glareolus (n = 406) and Microtus oeconomus (n = 167) in Finnish Lapland, and in Lemmus lemmus (n = 35) in a fall sample in northern Norway. All material came from populations at peak and declining densities. The highest prevalence of P. carinii in M. agrestis in both locations in southern and central Finland was observed in November (30 and 10%). Two M. oeconomus were infected with P. carinii. No individual of the other species examined was positive for P. carinii. The prevalence and intensity of P. carinii infection in M. agrestis fed experimental low-protein diets were similar to those found in the field material.
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Singleton GR, Smith AL, Shellam GR, Fitzgerald N, Müller WJ. Prevalence of viral antibodies and helminths in field populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) in southeastern Australia. Epidemiol Infect 1993; 110:399-417. [PMID: 8472782 PMCID: PMC2272274 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800068345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A 13-month study of wild mice (Mus domesticus) in wheatlands in southeastern Australia contrasted changes in the seroprevalence of antibody to 13 viruses and the occurrence of helminths with changes in their population dynamics. Mice were seropositive for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), rotavirus, minute virus of mice (MVM), mouse adenovirus (MAdV), reovirus (reo 3), and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The seroprevalences of all but rotavirus varied significantly with time and increased with host density. Near the end of the study, host density declined rapidly and the seroprevalence of MVM and reo 3 increased significantly. These two viruses had low seroprevalence when host survival was high and high seroprevalence when host survival was low, indicating they may play a role in regulating mouse populations. In the case of MVM, there was evidence of a viral epizootic during the decline in mouse abundance. The prevalence of four helminths (Taenia taeniaeformis, Syphacia obvelata, and Vampirolepis spp.) differed significantly with time but showed no apparent association with host density. These findings highlight the need for further study on the effect of viruses on the population dynamics of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Singleton
- Division of Wildlife and Ecology, CSIRO, Lyneham, ACT, Australia
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Booth TW, Scalzo AA, Carrello C, Lyons PA, Farrell HE, Singleton GR, Shellam GR. Molecular and biological characterization of new strains of murine cytomegalovirus isolated from wild mice. Arch Virol 1993; 132:209-20. [PMID: 8102523 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the prevalence of antibody to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in free-living wild mice (Mus domesticus) trapped in diverse regions of Australia and on a sub-Antarctic island indicated that 90% of 468 mice had serum antibody to MCMV. Twenty-six field isolates of MCMV were plaque-purified from salivary gland extracts of representative seropositive mice. These isolates varied considerably in their ability to replicate in the salivary glands of weanling BALB/c mice with 9 of 15 failing to reach significant titres in this organ and the titres of the remaining 6 strains varying by at least 100-fold. The high frequency of restriction fragment length polymorphisms observed suggests widespread genetic heterogeneity exists among the strains. This observation was mirrored at the polypeptide level by Western blot analyses with polyclonal antisera to MCMV. The isolation in this study of four genetically distinct strains of MCMV from a single wild mouse and several strains from other individual mice demonstrates that multiple infections with MCMV may be commonplace in wild mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Booth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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