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Ophthalmic Features and Implications of Poxviruses: Lessons from Clinical and Basic Research. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122487. [PMID: 36557740 PMCID: PMC9781001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, global awareness has been directed towards the prevention of viral transmission and case management, with the World Health Organization declaring the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Monkeypox virus is one of several species in the Orthopoxvirus genus, with other species of the genus including the variola, cowpox, mousepox, camelpox, raccoonpox, skunkpox, and volepox viruses. Although the nomenclature of these species is based on the animal host from which they were originally isolated, transmission from animals to humans has been reported with several species. The progression of disease, following an incubation period, typically consists of a prodromal phase with systemic flu-like symptoms. Various organ systems may be affected in addition to the formation of pathognomonic skin lesions. As monkeypox poses a continued public health concern, the ophthalmic sequelae of monkeypox virus, especially those leading to vision loss, warrant consideration as well. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the ophthalmic implications of poxviruses in clinical and laboratory settings reported in the literature, as well as areas of unmet need and future research.
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Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Infection in Neotropical Primates in Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101167. [PMID: 36297224 PMCID: PMC9610851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) of the family Poxviridae comprises several viruses that are capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. One of the most widespread OPXVs is the Vaccinia virus (VACV), which circulates in zoonotic cycles in South America, especially in Brazil, infecting domestic and wild animals and humans and causing economic losses as well as impacting public health. Despite this, little is known about the presence and/or exposure of neotropical primates to orthopoxviruses in the country. In this study, we report the results of a search for evidence of OPVX infections in neotropical free-living primates in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The sera or liver tissues of 63 neotropical primates were examined through plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) and real-time PCR. OPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in two sera (4.5%) from Callithrix penicillata, showing 55% and 85% reduction in plaque counts, evidencing their previous exposure to the virus. Both individuals were collected in urban areas. All real-time PCR assays were negative. This is the first time that evidence of OPXV exposure has been detected in C. penicillata, a species that usually lives at the interface between cities and forests, increasing risks of zoonotic transmissions through spillover/spillback events. In this way, studies on the circulation of OPXV in neotropical free-living primates are necessary, especially now, with the monkeypox virus being detected in new regions of the planet.
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Morgan CN, Matheny AM, Nakazawa YJ, Kling C, Gallardo-Romero N, Seigler L, Barbosa Costa G, Hutson C, Maghlakelidze G, Olson V, Doty JB. Laboratory Infection of Novel Akhmeta Virus in CAST/EiJ Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121416. [PMID: 33317132 PMCID: PMC7763702 DOI: 10.3390/v12121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Akhmeta virus is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus first identified in 2013 in the country of Georgia. Subsequent ecological investigations in Georgia have found evidence that this virus is widespread in its geographic distribution within the country and in its host-range, with rodents likely involved in its circulation in the wild. Yet, little is known about the pathogenicity of this virus in rodents. We conducted the first laboratory infection of Akhmeta virus in CAST/EiJ Mus musculus to further characterize this novel virus. We found a dose-dependent effect on mortality and weight loss (p < 0.05). Anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies were detected in the second- and third-highest dose groups (5 × 104 pfu and 3 × 102 pfu) at euthanasia by day 10, and day 14 post-infection, respectively. Anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies were not detected in the highest dose group (3 × 106 pfu), which were euthanized at day 7 post-infection and had high viral load in tissues, suggesting they succumbed to disease prior to mounting an effective immune response. In order of highest burden, viable virus was detected in the nostril, lung, tail, liver and spleen. All individuals tested in the highest dose groups were DNAemic. Akhmeta virus was highly pathogenic in CAST/EiJ Mus musculus, causing 100% mortality when ≥3 × 102 pfu was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint N. Morgan
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-639-0844
| | - Audrey M. Matheny
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Chantal Kling
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Laurie Seigler
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
- Kāpili Services, LLC, An Alaka’ina Foundation Company, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Núcleo de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil;
| | - Christina Hutson
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Giorgi Maghlakelidze
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Caucuses Office, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia;
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Poxvirus & Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.M.M.); (Y.J.N.); (C.K.); (N.G.-R.); (L.S.); (C.H.); (V.O.); (J.B.D.)
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Rodríguez-Cabo-Mercado R, Martínez-Hernández F, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, López-Díaz O, Muñoz-García CI, Aguilar-Setién A, Villalobos G, Villanueva-García C, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Iturbe-Ramírez R, Rendón-Franco E. Canine distemper in neotropical procyonids: Molecular evidence, humoral immune response and epidemiology. Virus Res 2020; 290:198164. [PMID: 32949657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) can produce a fatal multisystem disease in carnivores and other mammals and is an important threat for wildlife conservation. However, integrative and comparative studies in wild carnivores are scarce and some areas of the world lack of genetic studies. We explore the dynamic of host-CDV in a procyonid community during an outbreak. This study reports for the first time an index case occurred in a common raccoon (Procyon lotor) and for which a complete CDV diagnosis was performed. The long-term epidemiological analysis in two sympatric populations of common raccoons and white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) was achieved through seroneutralization, RT-PCR and direct immunofluorescence assays. Additionally, hematologic analyses were performed and phylogenetic reconstruction of CDV was done using molecular data from this study. Overall prevalence for white-nosed coatis was 19.6 % and for common raccoons was 25.3 % by seroneutralization, and 13.3 % and 17.3 % by RT-PCR. Antibodies titer average for white-nosed coatis was 1:512 and 1:156 for common raccoons. Significant difference in prevalence between white-nosed coatis and common raccoons was detected during one season (summer 2013). White-nosed coatis showed differences in erythrocytes and monocytes counts between positives and negative animals. A 100 % similarity was found between CDV of white-nosed coati and CDV of common raccoon and is a new CDV sequence not previously described; this sequence is close to Asian and European lineage. An endemic state of distemper in both species was observed but showed different dynamics over time per host species. Differences in cellular and humoral responses were also detected between procyonids. The evidence found here may have serious implications for CDV understanding in wild carnivores, it reveals clear differences in the response over time to the same CDV strain, in two close related carnivore species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Rabia. Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Irais Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Aguilar-Setién
- Centro Médico Nacional siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Villanueva-García
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Cambio Global, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raymundo Iturbe-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Prevalence and Epitope Recognition of Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Antibodies in Two Procyonid Species: Implications for Host Resistance. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060464. [PMID: 32545481 PMCID: PMC7350377 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 180 mammalian species have been found naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Many of them play an important role in the maintenance of this parasite. In particular, new studies have appeared which indicate that some species of Procyonidae family may play a role as T. cruzi hosts, however, more data are needed to evaluate their long-term physiological response to parasite infection, especially for specific antibodies. In this study, antibodies to T. cruzi were detected and prevalence and epitope recognition were assessed by ELISA (using discrete typing unit (DTU) I as antigen) and WB (using DTU I and DTU II as antigens) and sera from two procyonid species obtained through five-year follow-up of two semicaptive populations living in the same habitat. Marked heterogeneity in antigens recognition between species and differences in seroprevalence (p = 0.0002) between white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica), 51.8% (115/222), and common raccoons (Procyon lotor), 28.3% (23/81), were found. Antigens with high molecular weight when DTU-I was used were the most recognized, while a greater antigen diversity recognition was observed with DTU-II; for white-nosed coatis, low-molecular-weight antigens were mainly recognized, while for common raccoons proteins with molecular weights greater than 80 kDa were recognized most. These divergent humoral immune responses could be related to an alleged pattern of recognition receptors and major histocompatibility complex molecules difference in the procyonids species.
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Isolation and Characterization of Akhmeta Virus from Wild-Caught Rodents ( Apodemus spp.) in Georgia. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00966-19. [PMID: 31554682 PMCID: PMC6880181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00966-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Akhmeta virus is a unique Orthopoxvirus that was described in 2013 from the country of Georgia. This paper presents the first isolation of this virus from small mammal (Rodentia; Apodemus spp.) samples and the molecular characterization of those isolates. The identification of the virus in small mammals is an essential component to understanding the natural history of this virus and its transmission to human populations and could guide public health interventions in Georgia. Akhmeta virus genomes harbor evidence suggestive of recombination with a variety of other orthopoxviruses; this has implications for the evolution of orthopoxviruses, their ability to infect mammalian hosts, and their ability to adapt to novel host species. In 2013, a novel orthopoxvirus was detected in skin lesions of two cattle herders from the Kakheti region of Georgia (country); this virus was named Akhmeta virus. Subsequent investigation of these cases revealed that small mammals in the area had serological evidence of orthopoxvirus infections, suggesting their involvement in the maintenance of these viruses in nature. In October 2015, we began a longitudinal study assessing the natural history of orthopoxviruses in Georgia. As part of this effort, we trapped small mammals near Akhmeta (n = 176) and Gudauri (n = 110). Here, we describe the isolation and molecular characterization of Akhmeta virus from lesion material and pooled heart and lung samples collected from five wood mice (Apodemus uralensis and Apodemus flavicollis) in these two locations. The genomes of Akhmeta virus obtained from rodents group into 2 clades: one clade represented by viruses isolated from A. uralensis samples, and one clade represented by viruses isolated from A. flavicollis samples. These genomes also display several presumptive recombination events for which gene truncation and identity have been examined. IMPORTANCE Akhmeta virus is a unique Orthopoxvirus that was described in 2013 from the country of Georgia. This paper presents the first isolation of this virus from small mammal (Rodentia; Apodemus spp.) samples and the molecular characterization of those isolates. The identification of the virus in small mammals is an essential component to understanding the natural history of this virus and its transmission to human populations and could guide public health interventions in Georgia. Akhmeta virus genomes harbor evidence suggestive of recombination with a variety of other orthopoxviruses; this has implications for the evolution of orthopoxviruses, their ability to infect mammalian hosts, and their ability to adapt to novel host species.
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Rendón-Franco E, López-Díaz O, Rodríguez-Espinosa O, Rojas-Serranía N, Rodríguez-Cabo-Mercado R, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Muñoz-García CI, Villanueva-García C, Aguilar-Setién A. Comparative leucocyte populations between two sympatric carnivores ( Nasua narica and Procyon lotor). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz050. [PMID: 31620288 PMCID: PMC6788493 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coatis (Nasua narica) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) potentially play an important role in zoonotic diseases because they may carry pathogens and can transmit them to humans. To date, our understanding of the immune function of these two carnivores is deficient. The aim of this study was to compare the number of leucocyte subtypes and the phagocytic capacity between the coati and the raccoon. Blood samples were collected, and leucocyte subtypes were characterized and counted by flow cytometry and microscopy, respectively. Phagocytosis was analysed by kinetic assay. Differences in leucocytes between these two species were found; the total count of neutrophils was higher in raccoons than in coatis, but lymphocytes and eosinophils were higher in coatis than in raccoons. Antigen reduction was more rapid for the coatis. However, raccoons had a higher efficient endocytic process than coatis. This study provides the basis for understanding the procyonid immune system, which informs conservation, particularly since some procyonids are imperilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, México
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - Oscar Rodríguez-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, México
| | - Nora Rojas-Serranía
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Cabo-Mercado
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Maria M B Moreno-Altamirano
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, México
| | - Claudia I Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04960, México
| | - Claudia Villanueva-García
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Cambio Global, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, Centro, Villahermosa, 86150, México
| | - Alvaro Aguilar-Setién
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauhtémoc, Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, 06720, México
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Abstract
The distribution of orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) across the North American continent is suggested to be widespread in a wide range of mammalian hosts on the basis of serosurveillance studies. To address the question of whether carnivores in northwestern Mexico are exposed to naturally circulating OPXVs, wild carnivores were collected by live trapping within four different habitat types during fall of 2013 and spring of 2014 within the Janos Biosphere Reserve in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. A total of 51 blood samples was collected for testing. Anti-OPXV immunoglobulin G enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) assays were conducted. About 47% (24/51) of the carnivores tested were seropositive for anti-OPXV binding antibodies and had presence of immunodominant bands indicative of OPXV infection. All samples tested were negative for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies by RFFIT, suggesting that the OPXV antibodies were due to circulating OPXV, and not from exposure to oral rabies vaccine (vacciniavectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine) bait distributed along the US-Mexico border. Our results indicated that there may be one or more endemic OPXV circulating within six species of carnivores in northwestern Mexico.
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Costa GB, Ribeiro de Almeida L, Cerqueira AGR, Mesquita WU, Silva de Oliveira J, Miranda JB, Saraiva-Silva AT, Abrahão JS, Drumond BP, Kroon EG, Pereira PLL, Soares DFDM, Trindade GDS. Vaccinia Virus among Domestic Dogs and Wild Coatis, Brazil, 2013-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2338-2342. [PMID: 30457519 PMCID: PMC6256396 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine their potential role as a source of human infection, we tested domestic dogs (urban) and wild coatis (wild) in Brazil for vaccinia virus. Our findings of positive neutralizing antibodies and quantitative PCR results for 35/184 dogs and 13/90 coatis highlight a potential public health risk.
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Blanton JD, Niezgoda M, Hanlon CA, Swope CB, Suckow J, Saidy B, Nelson K, Chipman RB, Slate D. EVALUATION OF ORAL RABIES VACCINATION: PROTECTION AGAINST RABIES IN WILD CAUGHT RACCOONS ( PROCYON LOTOR). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:520-527. [PMID: 29595380 PMCID: PMC6035069 DOI: 10.7589/2017-01-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is an effective tactic for wildlife rabies control, particularly for containment of disease spread along epizootic fronts. As part of the continuing evaluation of the ORV program in free-ranging raccoons ( Procyon lotor) in the US, 37 raccoons from ORV-baited areas in Pennsylvania were live-trapped and transferred to captivity to evaluate protection against rabies in animals with varying levels of existing neutralizing antibodies, expressed in international units per milliliter (IU/mL). Among the 37 raccoons at the date of capture, 24% (9/37) of raccoons were seronegative (<0.05 IU/mL), 22% (8/37) were low positive (≥0.05-0.11 IU/mL), 27% (10/37) were medium positive (>0.11-<0.5 IU/mL), and 27% (10/37) were high positive (≥0.5 IU/mL). Raccoons were held for 86-199 d between the date of capture and rabies virus challenge. At challenge, 68% (25/37) raccoons were seronegative. The overall survival rate among challenged animals was 46% (17/37). Based on the antibody titers at the time of challenge, survivorship was 24% (6/25) among seronegative animals, 100% (4/4) among low positive animals, 83% (5/6) among medium positive animals, and 100% (2/2) among high positive animals. Evidence of high-titer seroconversion after vaccination is a good surrogate indicator of rabies survival; however, survival rates of approximately 45% (15/35) were found among raccoons with detectable titers below 0.5 IU/mL. In contrast, any detectable titer at the time of challenge (>3 mo after vaccination) appeared to be a surrogate indicator of survival. Overall, we illustrated significant differences in the value of specific titers as surrogates for survival based on the timing of measurement relative to vaccination. However, survivorship was generally greater than 45% among animals with any detectable titer regardless of the timing of measurement. These findings suggest that lower titer cutoffs may represent a valid approach to measuring immunization coverage within ORV management zones, balancing both sensitivity and specificity for estimating herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Blanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Michael Niezgoda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Cathleen A. Hanlon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Craig B. Swope
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Jason Suckow
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Brandi Saidy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Kathleen Nelson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Richard B. Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
| | - Dennis Slate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, New Hampshire 03301, USA
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Martínez-Hernández F, López-Díaz O, Bello-Bedoy R, Villalobos G, Muñoz-García CI, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Suzán G, Villanueva-García C, Gama-Campillo LM, Díaz-Negrete MT, Rendón-Franco E. Possible Differences in the Effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on Blood Cells and Serum Protein of Two Wildlife Reservoirs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:709-716. [PMID: 27656956 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the dynamics of vector-borne diseases is the role of seasonality. Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan that causes Chagas disease. Some wild mammals are considered natural hosts, yet not all mammals show the same response to infection. We explored the effect of T. cruzi on blood parameters in two mammal carnivores, coati (Nasua narica) and raccoon (Procyon lotor), that were naturally infected in summer and winter seasons. The study was carried out in the Zoological Park "Parque Museo de la Venta," in Southeastern Mexico. Blood samples were collected in summer and winter from 2010 to 2013. Parasite infection was assessed by PCR from whole blood, and a complete hemogram was determined by traditional manual methods. We found that both species had the same T. cruzi I lineage. For coatis, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and monocytes were dependent of season, while eosinophils and plasma proteins were significantly different, but with no season effect. For raccoon, erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and monocytes were dependent of season. These results and a previous study that indicated interspecific differences in parasitemia in both species suggest that raccoon is a better reservoir than coati. Such a different interspecific response implies that animals do not contribute equally to maintain T. cruzi parasites in the ecosystem. Such inequality differs according to season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- 1 Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González , México City, México
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- 2 Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco , México City, México
| | - Rafael Bello-Bedoy
- 3 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California , Ensenada, México
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- 4 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , México City, México
| | - Claudia I Muñoz-García
- 2 Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco , México City, México
| | - Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
- 5 Laboratorio de Entomología, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México City, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- 4 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , México City, México
| | - Ana E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- 6 CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca, México
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- 7 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , México City, México
| | - Claudia Villanueva-García
- 8 Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Cambio Global, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco , Villahermosa, México
| | - Lilia M Gama-Campillo
- 8 Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Cambio Global, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco , Villahermosa, México
| | - Mariela T Díaz-Negrete
- 9 Dirección General de Zoológicos y Vida Silvestre, Zoológico de Chapultepec , México City, México
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- 2 Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco , México City, México
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