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Shaheen R, Yasin T, Ali Z, Khan AS, Adalat B, Tahir M, Khan SB. Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorptive Characteristics of Radiation-Grafted Glycidyl Methacrylate Bamboo Fiber Composites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38849-38859. [PMID: 37901518 PMCID: PMC10601089 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a biosorbent was prepared through the radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP) technique by using a glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer. Functionalized bamboo materials were used for grafting. The grafting percentage (G %) of GMA on bamboo fibers was assessed based on the optimization of the absorbed dose and concentration of the monomer. The chemical modification of the polymerized product into the sulfonated form of the grafted biopolymer was carried out by using sodium sulfite solution. The modification of the biopolymer at various stages was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. By performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphological changes of the prepared biopolymer were analyzed. The temperature stability of the synthesized material was assessed by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. The prepared sulfonated biosorbent was used in the batch adsorption study for the uptake of copper. We examined a variety of variables, including pH, adsorbent dosage, and time. The adsorption kinetics were studied using pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models. Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic parameters were also applied to study the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent. The maximum copper adsorption capacity was found to be 198 mg g-1 from the Langmuir isotherm. Copper adsorption followed PSO kinetics (R2 = 0.999). This inexpensive and eco-friendly biosorbent removed 96% of copper ions from the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Shaheen
- Department
of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Yasin
- Department
of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering
and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), PO Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Zarshad Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Amir Sada Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology, Bannu 28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Bushra Adalat
- Department
of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Tahir
- Department
of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering
and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), PO Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Sher Bahadar Khan
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Singh VK, Gunasekaran P, Kumari M, Krishnan D, Ramachandran VK. Animal sourced biopolymer for mitigating xenobiotics and hazardous materials. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past several decades, xenobiotic chemicals have badly affected the environment including human health, ecosystem and environment. Animal-sourced biopolymers have been employed for the removal of heavy metals and organic dyes from the contaminated soil and waste waters. Animal-sourced biopolymers are biocompatible, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable in nature which make them a favorable choice for the mitigation of xenobiotic and hazardous compounds. Chitin/chitosan, collagen, gelatin, keratin, and silk fibroin-based biopolymers are the most commonly used biopolymers. This chapter reviews the current challenge faced in applying these animal-based biopolymers in eliminating/neutralizing various recalcitrant chemicals and dyes from the environment. This chapter ends with the discussion on the recent advancements and future development in the employability of these biopolymers in such environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipendra Kumar Singh
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , VPO Kamand , Mandi , Himachal Pradesh , India
| | - Priya Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology , College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Ramapuram , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Medha Kumari
- Brainology Research Fellow, Neuroscience and Microplastic Lab , Brainology Scientific Academy of Jharkhand , Ranchi , Jharkhand , India
| | - Dolly Krishnan
- Secretary cum Founder Director, Research Wing , Brainology Scientific Academy of Jharkhand , Ranchi , Jharkhand , India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ramachandran
- Department of Biotechnology , College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Ramapuram , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
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3
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Sreena R, Nathanael AJ. Biodegradable Biopolymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications-Challenges and Future Outlook. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16062364. [PMID: 36984244 PMCID: PMC10058375 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are polymers obtained from either renewable or non-renewable sources and are the most suitable candidate for tailor-made nanoparticles owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and immunogenicity. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (BPn) can be classified as natural (polysaccharide and protein based) and synthetic on the basis of their origin. They have been gaining wide interest in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, imaging and cancer therapy. BPn can be synthesized by various fabrication strategies such as emulsification, ionic gelation, nanoprecipitation, electrospray drying and so on. The main aim of the review is to understand the use of nanoparticles obtained from biodegradable biopolymers for various biomedical applications. There are very few reviews highlighting biopolymeric nanoparticles employed for medical applications; this review is an attempt to explore the possibilities of using these materials for various biomedical applications. This review highlights protein based (albumin, gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin); polysaccharide based (chitosan, starch, alginate, dextran) and synthetic (Poly lactic acid, Poly vinyl alcohol, Poly caprolactone) BPn that has recently been used in many applications. The fabrication strategies of different BPn are also being highlighted. The future perspective and the challenges faced in employing biopolymeric nanoparticles are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Sreena
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Biosciences & Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arputharaj Joseph Nathanael
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence:
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Mouniga R, Anita B, Lakshmanan A, Shanthi A, Karthikeyan G. Nematicidal Properties of Chitosan Nanoformulation. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230033. [PMID: 37622051 PMCID: PMC10446853 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the second most abundant bio-polymer available in the world, second only to cellulose. It is found in crustaceous shells, e.g., those of crabs, shrimps, prawns, and fungi, as well as insect exoskeletons. The use of nanoformulations for the management of pests and diseases is receiving increased interest with the advancement of nanotechnology. Here, chitosan nanospheres were obtained from chitosan using the ionic gelation technique. The nanoformulations obtained were characterized using a particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a transmission electron microscope. The efficacy of chitosan nanospheres in suppressing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was studied. The particle size of nanospheres formulated for this study was 380.2 nm, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.4 and Zeta potential of 45.7 or 50.9 mV at pH 5.2. The chitosan nanospheres were spherical and the particles did not agglomerate. FTIR spectra of the chitosan nanospheres peaked at 3334 cm-1, thereby indicating the stretching of the OH and NH group. In In-vitro studies, chitosan nanospheres showed significant nematicidal activity against M. incognita. Under pot culture conditions, chitosan nanospheres (1%- active compound chitosan) at 2ml/plant decreased the nematode population in roots or soil. Compared to the control, the number of galls was reduced by 83.68%, the number of egg masses by 83.85%, the number of adult females by 66.56%, and the number of second-stage juveniles by 73.20%. In a field experiment, application of chitosan nanospheres (1%) was followed by a 18.75% increase in fruit yield compared to the non-treated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mouniga
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - B. Anita
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - A. Lakshmanan
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - A. Shanthi
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - G. Karthikeyan
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
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Nawaz A, Zaman Safi S, Sikandar S, Zeeshan R, Zulfiqar S, Mehmood N, Alobaid HM, Rehman F, Imran M, Tariq M, Ali A, Emran TB, Yar M. Heparin-Loaded Alginate Hydrogels: Characterization and Molecular Mechanisms of Their Angiogenic and Anti-Microbial Potential. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196683. [PMID: 36234025 PMCID: PMC9573464 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chronic wounds continue to be a global concern that demands substantial resources from the healthcare system. The process of cutaneous wound healing is complex, involving inflammation, blood clotting, angiogenesis, migration and remodeling. In the present study, commercially available alginate wound dressings were loaded with heparin. The purpose of the study was to enhance the angiogenic potential of alginate wound dressings and analyze the antibacterial activity, biocompatibility and other relevant properties. We also aimed to conduct some molecular and gene expression studies to elaborate on the mechanisms through which heparin induces angiogenesis. Methods: The physical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Swelling ability was measured by soaking hydrogels in the Phosphate buffer at 37 °C, and cell studies were conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of hydrogels in NIH3T3 (fibroblasts). Real-time PCR was conducted to check the molecular mechanisms of heparin/alginate-induced angiogenesis. The physical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: FTIR confirmed the formation of heparin-loaded alginate wound dressing and the compatibility of both heparin and alginate. Among all, 10 µg/mL concentration of heparin showed the best antibacterial activity against E. coli. The swelling was considerably increased up to 1500% within 1 h. Alamar Blue assay revealed no cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3. Heparin showed good anti-microbial properties and inhibited the growth of E. coli in zones with a diameter of 18 mm. The expression analysis suggested that heparin probably exerts its pro-angiogenetic effect through VEGF and cPGE. Conclusions: We report that heparin-loaded alginate dressings are not cytotoxic and offer increased angiogenic and anti-bacterial potential. The angiogenesis is apparently taken through the VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54810, Pakistan
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shomaila Sikandar
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore 54810, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Zeeshan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saima Zulfiqar
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mehmood
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hussah M. Alobaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fozia Rehman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Biochemistry Section, Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Yar
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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6
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Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery: Development Strategies, Regulatory Requirements, and Future Perspectives. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. The review describes the strategies employed for the development of polysaccharide-based implants. A comprehensive understanding of several polysaccharide polymers such as starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, pullulan, carrageenan, dextran, hyaluronic acid, agar, pectin, gellan gum is presented. Moreover, biomedical applications of these polysaccharide-based implantable devices along with the recent advancements carried out in the development of these systems have been mentioned. Implants for the oral cavity, nasal cavity, bone, ocular use, and antiviral therapy have been discussed in detail. The regulatory considerations with respect to implantable drug delivery has also been emphasized in the present work. This article aims to provide insights into the developmental strategies for polysaccharide-based implants.
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Kedir WM, Deresa EM, Diriba TF. Pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications of pectin and its modified nanocomposites. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10654. [PMID: 36164543 PMCID: PMC9508417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their natural availability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, flexibility, as well as improved structural and functional characteristics, pectin and pectin-based nanocomposites have become an interesting area of numerous researchers. Pectin is a polysaccharide that comes from plants and is used in a variety of products. The significance of pectin polysaccharide and its modified nanocomposites in a number of applications has been shown in numerous reviews. On their uses in pharmaceutical and medication delivery, there are, however, few review publications. The majority of papers on pectin polysaccharide do not structure their explanations of drug distribution and medicinal application. The biological application of pectin nanocomposite is also explained in this review, along with a recent publication. As a result, the goal of this review was in-depth analysis to summarize biological application of pectin and its modified nanocomposites. Due to their exceptional physicochemical and biological characteristics, pectin and its nanocomposites are remarkable materials for medicinal applications. In addition to enhancing the immune system, controlling blood cholesterol, and other things, they have been shown to have anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial properties. Because of their biocompatibility and properties that allow for regulated release, they have also received a lot of interest as drug carriers in targeted drug delivery systems. They have been used to administer medications to treat cancer, inflammation, pain, Alzheimer's, bacteria, and relax muscles. This review found that pectin and its derivatives have better drug delivery efficiency and are viable candidates for a wide range of medicinal applications. It has been advised to conduct further research on the subject of toxicity in order to produce commercial formulations that can serve as both therapeutic agents and drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welela Meka Kedir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Ebisa Mirete Deresa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tamiru Fayisa Diriba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Baranwal J, Barse B, Fais A, Delogu GL, Kumar A. Biopolymer: A Sustainable Material for Food and Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050983. [PMID: 35267803 PMCID: PMC8912672 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are a leading class of functional material suitable for high-value applications and are of great interest to researchers and professionals across various disciplines. Interdisciplinary research is important to understand the basic and applied aspects of biopolymers to address several complex problems associated with good health and well-being. To reduce the environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels, a lot of effort has gone into replacing synthetic polymers with biodegradable materials, especially those derived from natural resources. In this regard, many types of natural or biopolymers have been developed to meet the needs of ever-expanding applications. These biopolymers are currently used in food applications and are expanding their use in the pharmaceutical and medical industries due to their unique properties. This review focuses on the various uses of biopolymers in the food and medical industry and provides a future outlook for the biopolymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Baranwal
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (J.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Brajesh Barse
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (J.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Giovanna Lucia Delogu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Alginate Microspheres Loaded with Quercetin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030490. [PMID: 35160478 PMCID: PMC8839549 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to formulate microspheres based on biodegradable polymers (chitosan and sodium alginate), using the complex coacervation technique. Subsequently, the prepared microspheres were loaded with quercetin (QUE), a pharmacological active ingredient insoluble in water and unstable to light, temperature and air. After preparation, the loaded microspheres underwent several studies for physical chemical characterization (performed by scanning electron microscopy-SEM, laser 3D scanning, and thermal analysis-TA). Furthermore, they were analyzed in order to obtain information regarding swelling index, drug entrapment, and in vitro release capacity. The obtained experimental data demonstrated 86.07% entrapment of QUE into the microspheres, in the case of the one with the highest Ch concentration. Additionally, it was proved that such systems allow the controlled release of the active drug over 24 h at the intestinal level. SEM micrographs proved that the prepared microspheres have a wrinkled surface, with compact structures and a large number of folds. On the basis of the TA analysis, it was concluded that the obtained microspheres were thermally stable, facilitating their usage at normal physiological temperatures as drug delivery systems.
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10
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Potential Applications of Biopolymers in Fisheries Industry. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Poongodi R, Chen YL, Yang TH, Huang YH, Yang KD, Lin HC, Cheng JK. Bio-Scaffolds as Cell or Exosome Carriers for Nerve Injury Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13347. [PMID: 34948144 PMCID: PMC8707664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral nerve injuries can lead to permanent paralysis and organ dysfunction. In recent years, many cell and exosome implantation techniques have been developed in an attempt to restore function after nerve injury with promising but generally unsatisfactory clinical results. Clinical outcome may be enhanced by bio-scaffolds specifically fabricated to provide the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) conduit, growth-permissive substrate, and trophic factor support required for cell survival and regeneration. In rodents, these scaffolds have been shown to promote axonal regrowth and restore limb motor function following experimental spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. Combining the appropriate cell/exosome and scaffold type may thus achieve tissue repair and regeneration with safety and efficacy sufficient for routine clinical application. In this review, we describe the efficacies of bio-scaffolds composed of various natural polysaccharides (alginate, chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid), protein polymers (gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, fibrin, and keratin), and self-assembling peptides for repair of nerve injury. In addition, we review the capacities of these constructs for supporting in vitro cell-adhesion, mechano-transduction, proliferation, and differentiation as well as the in vivo properties critical for a successful clinical outcome, including controlled degradation and re-absorption. Finally, we describe recent advances in 3D bio-printing for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Poongodi
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Ying-Lun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Ya-Hsien Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Kuender D. Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Kun Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (R.P.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
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Collagen Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems and Tissue Engineering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The versatile natural polymer, collagen, has gained vast attention in biomedicine. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, weak antigenicity, biomimetics and well-known safety profile, it is widely used as a drug, protein and gene carrier, and as a scaffold matrix in tissue engineering. Nanoparticles develop favorable chemical and physical properties such as increased drug half-life, improved hydrophobic drug solubility and controlled and targeted drug release. Their reduced toxicity, controllable characteristics of scaffolds and stimuli-responsive behavior make them suitable in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Collagen associates and absorbs nanoparticles leading to significant impacts on their biological functioning in any biofluid. This review will discuss collagen nanoparticle preparation methods and their applications and developments in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.
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13
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Qian Y, Kumar R, Chug MK, Massoumi H, Brisbois EJ. Therapeutic Delivery of Nitric Oxide Utilizing Saccharide-Based Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52250-52273. [PMID: 34714640 PMCID: PMC9050970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As a gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO) regulates physiological pathways and demonstrates therapeutic effects such as vascular relaxation, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet, antithrombosis, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. However, gaseous NO has high reactivity and a short half-life, so NO delivery and storage are critical questions to be solved. One way is to develop stable NO donors and the other way is to enhance the delivery and storage of NO donors from biomaterials. Most of the researchers studying NO delivery and applications are using synthetic polymeric materials, and they have demonstrated significant therapeutic effects of these NO-releasing polymeric materials on cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disease, bacterial infections, etc. However, some researchers are exploring saccharide-based materials to fulfill the same tasks as their synthetic counterparts while avoiding the concerns of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustainability. Saccharide-based materials are abundant in nature and are biocompatible and biodegradable, with wide applications in bioengineering, drug delivery, and therapeutic disease treatments. Saccharide-based materials have been implemented with various NO donors (like S-nitrosothiols and N-diazeniumdiolates) via both chemical and physical methods to deliver NO. These NO-releasing saccharide-based materials have exhibited controlled and sustained NO release and demonstrated biomedical applications in various diseases (respiratory, Crohn's, cardiovascular, etc.), skin or wound applications, antimicrobial treatment, bone regeneration, anticoagulation, as well as agricultural and food packaging. This review aims to highlight the studies in methods and progress in developing saccharide-based NO-releasing materials and investigating their potential applications in biomedical, bioengineering, and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Manjyot Kaur Chug
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hamed Massoumi
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Hense D, Büngeler A, Kollmann F, Hanke M, Orive A, Keller A, Grundmeier G, Huber K, Strube OI. Self-Assembled Fibrinogen Hydro- and Aerogels with Fibrin-like 3D Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4084-4094. [PMID: 34410695 PMCID: PMC8512673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The natural blood
protein fibrinogen is a highly potent precursor
for the production of various biomaterials due to its supreme biocompatibility
and cell interaction. To gain actual materials from fibrinogen, the
protein needs to undergo fibrillogenesis, which is mostly triggered
via enzymatic processing to fibrin, electrospinning, or drying processes.
All of those techniques, however, strongly limit the available structures
or the applicability of the material. To overcome the current issues
of fibrin(ogen) as material, we herein present a highly feasible,
quick, and inexpensive technique for self-assembly of fibrinogen in
solution into defined, nanofibrous three-dimensional (3D) patterns.
Upon interaction with specific anions in controlled environments,
stable and flexible hydrogel-like structures are formed without any
further processing. Moreover, the material can be converted into highly
porous and elastic aerogels by lyophilization. Both of these material
classes have never been described before from native fibrinogen. The
observed phenomenon also represents the first enzyme-free process
of fibrillogenesis from fibrinogen with significant yield in solution.
The produced hydrogels and aerogels were investigated via electron
microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which
also confirms the native state of the protein. Additionally, their
mechanical properties were compared with actual fibrin and unstructured
fibrinogen. The structural features show a striking analogy to actual
fibrin, both as hydro- and aerogel. This renders the new material
a highly promising alternative for fibrin in biomaterial applications.
A much faster initiation of fiber formation, exclusion of possible
thrombin residuals, and low-cost reagents are great advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hense
- Institute for Chemical Engineering, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Anne Büngeler
- Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Fabian Kollmann
- Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marcel Hanke
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Alejandro Orive
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Klaus Huber
- Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Oliver I Strube
- Institute for Chemical Engineering, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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15
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Gheorghita R, Anchidin-Norocel L, Filip R, Dimian M, Covasa M. Applications of Biopolymers for Drugs and Probiotics Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2729. [PMID: 34451268 PMCID: PMC8399127 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research regarding the use of biopolymers has been of great interest to scientists, the medical community, and the industry especially in recent years. Initially used for food applications, the special properties extended their use to the pharmaceutical and medical industries. The practical applications of natural drug encapsulation materials have emerged as a result of the benefits of the use of biopolymers as edible coatings and films in the food industry. This review highlights the use of polysaccharides in the pharmaceutical industries and as encapsulation materials for controlled drug delivery systems including probiotics, focusing on their development, various applications, and benefits. The paper provides evidence in support of research studying the use of biopolymers in the development of new drug delivery systems, explores the challenges and limitations in integrating polymer-derived materials with product delivery optimization, and examines the host biological/metabolic parameters that can be used in the development of new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Gheorghita
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Liliana Anchidin-Norocel
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Roxana Filip
- Hipocrat Clinical Laboratory, 720003 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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16
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Application of Fish Collagen-Nanochitosan-Henna Extract Composites for the Control of Skin Pathogens and Accelerating Wound Healing. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/1907914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest protective organ that could be recurrently wounded and attacked by microorganisms. The wounded skin safeguarding and supporting were intended through natural derivatives. Fish collagen (Cg) type I, extracted from sea bream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), chitosan nanoparticles (NCht) from shrimp shells, and henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) leaves extract (He) were produced and physiochemically characterized. The antimicrobial potentialities of these compounds and their composites were assessed toward skin pathogens (Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus) using various assaying methods and microimaging techniques. The infrared and electrophoretic analysis of Cg validated its characteristics, and the IR-spectroscopic analysis of the compounds/composites indicated their physiochemical attributes and interrelations. The produced NCht particles had a diameter range of 64.6-308.8 nm, 104 nm mean diameter, and +31.3 mV zeta potentiality. Both NCht, He, and NCht/He composite exhibited significant antimicrobial potentiality toward skin pathogens; NCht/He was the strongest with inhibitory concentrations of 20.0 and 22.5 μg/mL and inhibition zones of 25.7 and 26.8 mm against S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. The electron micrographs verified the synergistic microbicidal action of NCht/He, as they led to severe microbial lysis and deformations. The skin wounds’ treatment with NCht/He/Cg composite promoted the fastest and complete healing of wounded rats’ skin during 8 days of local treatment, with the absence of inflammation and infection signs; treated with NCht/He/Cg composite, the wound area vastly reduced from 63.6 mm2 to 15.9 and 9.1 mm2 after 2 and 4 days, respectively. The natural NCht/He/Cg composites are recommended as topical applications for optimum skin disinfection and regeneration.
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17
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Blanco FG, Hernández N, Rivero-Buceta V, Maestro B, Sanz JM, Mato A, Hernández-Arriaga AM, Prieto MA. From Residues to Added-Value Bacterial Biopolymers as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061492. [PMID: 34200068 PMCID: PMC8228158 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biopolymers are naturally occurring materials comprising a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures that can be produced from renewable sources following the principles of the circular economy. Over the last decades, they have gained substantial interest in the biomedical field as drug nanocarriers, implantable material coatings, and tissue-regeneration scaffolds or membranes due to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability into nonhazardous disintegration products, and their mechanical properties, which are similar to those of human tissues. The present review focuses upon three technologically advanced bacterial biopolymers, namely, bacterial cellulose (BC), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA), as models of different carbon-backbone structures (polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides) produced by bacteria that are suitable for biomedical applications in nanoscale systems. This selection models evidence of the wide versatility of microorganisms to generate biopolymers by diverse metabolic strategies. We highlight the suitability for applied sustainable bioprocesses for the production of BC, PHA, and PGA based on renewable carbon sources and the singularity of each process driven by bacterial machinery. The inherent properties of each polymer can be fine-tuned by means of chemical and biotechnological approaches, such as metabolic engineering and peptide functionalization, to further expand their structural diversity and their applicability as nanomaterials in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Blanco
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Rivero-Buceta
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maestro
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jesús M. Sanz
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Aránzazu Mato
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Hernández-Arriaga
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Auxiliadora Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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18
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Gregory P, Banerjee S, Du C, Thuo M. Introduction: biopolymers and biocomposites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biopolymers and biocomposites are an exciting class of ubiquitous materials. Interest in these materials has been driven in part by their biocompatibility/biodegradability, sustainability, potentially low-cost, renewability, being environmental benign, among other properties. These fascinating materials come in a range of forms from the DNA and RNA that is essential to life to the cellulose and collagen that mechanically reinforce tissues and as hybrid organic–inorganic composites like teeth. Herein, we summarize some aspects of the two classes of materials biopolymer and biocomposites, exploring specific examples while pointing to potential monomer sources, neoteric post-extraction modification and processing conditions. This lays the foundation to the following more specific chapters while illustrating the breadth of these material classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gregory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Center , Ames , IA , USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
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19
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Bacterial Biopolymer: Its Role in Pathogenesis to Effective Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081242. [PMID: 33921239 PMCID: PMC8069653 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are considered as the major cell factories, which can effectively convert nitrogen and carbon sources to a wide variety of extracellular and intracellular biopolymers like polyamides, polysaccharides, polyphosphates, polyesters, proteinaceous compounds, and extracellular DNA. Bacterial biopolymers find applications in pathogenicity, and their diverse materialistic and chemical properties make them suitable to be used in medicinal industries. When these biopolymer compounds are obtained from pathogenic bacteria, they serve as important virulence factors, but when they are produced by non-pathogenic bacteria, they act as food components or biomaterials. There have been interdisciplinary studies going on to focus on the molecular mechanism of synthesis of bacterial biopolymers and identification of new targets for antimicrobial drugs, utilizing synthetic biology for designing and production of innovative biomaterials. This review sheds light on the mechanism of synthesis of bacterial biopolymers and its necessary modifications to be used as cell based micro-factories for the production of tailor-made biomaterials for high-end applications and their role in pathogenesis.
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20
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Novel Nanoparticle Biomaterial of Alginate/Chitosan Loading Simultaneously Lovastatin and Ginsenoside RB1: Characteristics, Morphology, and Drug Release Study. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5214510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, plenty of interesting studies on improvement of bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs were implemented with different approaches such as using of combined biopolymers as a delivery system that allowed to enhancing drug solubility and bioavailability. In this work, alginate and chitosan were blended together in the form of polymeric particles, loaded with both lovastatin and ginsenoside Rb1 to producing the four-component nanoparticles by ionic gelation method. CaCl2 and sodium tripolyphosphate were used as gelation agent and cross-linking agent, respectively. The characteristics of obtained nanoparticles were studied by means of infrared spectra (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In combination, ginsenoside Rb1 and lovastatin both interacted with each other to improve the drug release ability of the polymer particles. The change of initial content of drugs in the nanoparticles has a negligible effect on the functional groups in the structure of the nanoparticles but has a significant impact on drug release process of both lovastatin and ginsenoside Rb1 from the nanoparticles in selective simulated body fluids. In addition, the synergistic interaction of lovastatin and ginsenoside Rb1 could be also observed through the modification of relative crystal degree and drug release efficiency.
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21
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Frenț OD, Vicaș L, Jurca T, Ciocan S, Duteanu N, Pallag A, Muresan M, Marian E, Negrea A, Micle O. A Review: Uses of Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Forms. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 184:121-157. [PMID: 35266054 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide widespread in nature. It has many unique and attractive properties for the pharmaceutical field: it is biodegradable, safe, hypoallergenic, biocompatible with the body, free of toxicity, with proven anticholesterolemic, antibacterial, and antimycotic action. In this review we highlighted the physical, chemical, mechanical, mucoadhesive, etc. properties of chitosan to be taken into account when obtaining various pharmaceutical forms. The methods by which the pharmaceutical forms based on chitosan are obtained are very extensive, and in this study only the most common ones were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Daniela Frenț
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Laura Vicaș
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Tunde Jurca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Narcis Duteanu
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Annamaria Pallag
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Mariana Muresan
- Department of Preclinical Discipline, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Adina Negrea
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Otilia Micle
- Department of Preclinical Discipline, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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22
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Pacheco-Quito EM, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Carrageenan: Drug Delivery Systems and Other Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E583. [PMID: 33238488 PMCID: PMC7700686 DOI: 10.3390/md18110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine resources are today a renewable source of various compounds, such as polysaccharides, that are used in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and food fields. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on carrageenan-based biomaterials due to their multifunctional qualities, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, in addition to bioactive attributes, such as their antiviral, antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulating properties. They have been applied in pharmaceutical formulations as both their bioactive and physicochemical properties make them suitable biomaterials for drug delivery, and recently for the development of tissue engineering. This article provides a review of recent research on the various types of carrageenan-based biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.-M.P.-Q.); (M.-D.V.)
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23
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Sharma A, Puri V, Kumar P, Singh I. Biopolymeric, Nanopatterned, Fibrous Carriers for Wound Healing Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4894-4908. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701152217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Any sort of wound injury leads to skin integrity and further leads to wound formation.
Millions of deaths are reported every year, which contributes to an economical hamper world widely, this accounts
for 10% of death rate that insight into various diseases.
Current Methodology:
Rapid wound healing plays an important role in effective health care. Wound healing is a
multi-factorial physiological process, which helps in the growth of new tissue to render the body with the imperative
barrier from the external environment. The complexity of this phenomenon makes it prone to several abnormalities.
Wound healing, as a normal biological inherent process occurs in the body, which is reaped through four
highly defined programmed phases, such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling and these
phases occur in the proper progression. An overview, types, and classification of wounds along with the stages of
wound healing and various factors affecting wound healing have been discussed systematically. Various biopolymers
are reported for developing nanofibers and microfibers in wound healing, which can be used as a therapeutic
drug delivery for wound healing applications. Biopolymers are relevant for biomedical purposes owing to
biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non- toxicity. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins and various
gums are used for wound healing applications. Patents and future perspectives have been given in the concluding
part of the manuscript. Overall, applications of biopolymers in the development of fibers and their applications in
wound healing are gaining interest in researchers to develop modified biopolymers and tunable delivery systems
for effective management and care of different types of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Puri
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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24
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Samrot AV, Kudaiyappan T, Bisyarah U, Mirarmandi A, Faradjeva E, Abubakar A, Selvarani JA, Kumar Subbiah S. Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Polysaccharides of Araucaria heterophylla L and Prosopis chilensis L and Utilization of Polysaccharides in Nanocarrier Synthesis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7097-7115. [PMID: 33061370 PMCID: PMC7524200 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s259653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant gums consist of polysaccharides which can be used in the preparation of nanocarriers and provide a wide application in pharmaceutical applications including as drug delivery agents and the matrices for drug release. The objectives of the study were to collect plant gums from Araucaria heterophylla L and Prosopis chilensis L and to extract and characterize their polysaccharides. Then to utilize these plant gum-derived polysaccharides for the formulation of nanocarriers to use for drug loading and to examine their purpose in drug delivery in vitro. Methods Plant gum was collected, polysaccharide was extracted, purified, characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, TGA and GCMS and subjected to various bioactive studies. The purified polysaccharide was used for making curcumin-loaded nanocarriers using STMP (sodium trimetaphosphate). Bioactivities were performed on the crude, purified and drug-loaded nanocarriers. These polysaccharide-based nanocarriers were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM, and AFM. Drug release kinetics were performed for the drug-loaded nanocarriers. Results The presence of glucose, xylose and sucrose was studied from the UV-Vis and GCMS analysis. Purified polysaccharides of both the plants showed antioxidant activity and also antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp. Purified polysaccharides were used for nanocarrier synthesis, where the size and shape of the nanocarriers were studied using SEM analysis and AFM analysis. The size of the drug-loaded nanocarriers was found to be around 200 nm. The curcumin-loaded nanocarriers were releasing curcumin slow and steady. Conclusion The extracted pure polysaccharide of A. heterophylla and P. chilensis acted as good antioxidants and showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp. These polysaccharides were fabricated into curcumin-loaded nanocarriers whose size was below 200 nm. Both the drug-loaded nanocarriers synthesized using A. heterophylla and P. chilensis showed antibacterial activity with a steady drug release profile. Hence, these natural exudates can serve as biodegradable nanocarriers in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony V Samrot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Teeshalini Kudaiyappan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Ummu Bisyarah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Anita Mirarmandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Etel Faradjeva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Amira Abubakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia
| | - Jenifer A Selvarani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia.,Department of Biotechnology, BIHER, Bharath University, Selaiyur, India
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25
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Dolinska J, Holdynski M, Pieta P, Lisowski W, Ratajczyk T, Palys B, Jablonska A, Opallo M. Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Pectin Matrix. Preparation, Film Formation, Property Analysis, and Application in Electrocatalysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23909-23918. [PMID: 32984711 PMCID: PMC7513339 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stable polymeric materials with embedded nano-objects, retaining their specific properties, are indispensable for the development of nanotechnology. Here, a method to obtain Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag nanoparticles (ca. 10 nm, independent of the metal) by the reduction of their ions in pectin, in the absence of additional reducing agents, is described. Specific interactions between the pectin functional groups and nanoparticles were detected, and they depend on the metal. Bundles and protruding nanoparticles are present on the surface of nanoparticles/pectin films. These films, deposited on the electrode surface, exhibit electrochemical response, characteristic for a given metal. Their electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of a few exemplary organic molecules was demonstrated. In particular, a synergetic effect of simultaneously prepared Au and Pt nanoparticles in pectin films on glucose electro-oxidation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dolinska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marcin Holdynski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Lisowski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Palys
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marcin Opallo
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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Palanisamy CP, Cui B, Zhang H, Jayaraman S, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G. A Comprehensive Review on Corn Starch-Based Nanomaterials: Properties, Simulations, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092161. [PMID: 32971849 PMCID: PMC7570270 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the major food crops, and it is considered to be a very distinctive plant, since it is able to produce a large amount of the natural polymer of starch through its capacity to utilize large amounts of sunlight. Corn starch is used in a wide range of products and applications. In recent years, the use of nanotechnology for applications in the food industry has become more apparent; it has been used for protecting against biological and chemical deterioration, increasing bioavailability, and enhancing physical properties, among other functions. However, the high cost of nanotechnology can make it difficult for its application on a commercial scale. As a biodegradable natural polymer, corn starch is a great alternative for the production of nanomaterials. Therefore, the search for alternative materials to be used in nanotechnology has been studied. This review has discussed in detail the properties, simulations, and wide range of applications of corn starch-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (C.P.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (C.P.P.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-60811718
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China; (C.P.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India;
| | - Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukaliannan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India;
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Kolesovs S, Semjonovs P. Production of bacterial cellulose from whey-current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7723-7730. [PMID: 32761463 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer with a wide range of potential applications starting from the food industry and biomedicine to electronics and cosmetics. Despite that, BC industrial production to date still is associated with certain difficulties. One of them is the high cost of growth media, which can reach up to 30% of production costs. To decrease production costs, use of industrial and agricultural by-products, including whey, as alternative growth media has been reported. Whey, as the main high-volume by-product of dairy industry, which is known for its low valorisation opportunities and negative environmental impact, can nevertheless be considered as an alternative growth medium for BC production. To date, several studies aimed at evaluating BC production on whey and lactose substrates have been reported, but they are still insufficient. Reviews of them showed that, in general, BC production on untreated whey- and lactose-containing media was lower than that on the standard medium. However, some wild and recombinant strains have been reported to produce BC on whey as good as the standard medium. Enzymatic and acidic pre-treatment of whey significantly enhanced BC yield. Changes in the microstructure of BC obtained from whey were also recognised, which should be considered regarding the impact on physical properties of the desired BC product. This mini-review indicates that currently whey can be recognised as quite a problematic alternative growth substrate for industrial BC production; however, further extensive studies may improve the prospects in both the search for a cheap alternative growth substrate for industrial BC production and valorisation of whey. KEY POINTS: • Whey is a by-product in which valorisation is still challenging. • Whey can be used for bacterial cellulose (BC) production. • BC yield and properties vary upon cultivation conditions and producer strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergejs Kolesovs
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Ojara Vaciesa street 4, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Pavels Semjonovs
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Ojara Vaciesa street 4, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
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Venkateshaiah A, Padil VV, Nagalakshmaiah M, Waclawek S, Černík M, Varma RS. Microscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Micro and Nanostructures of Biopolymers and Their Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E512. [PMID: 32120773 PMCID: PMC7182842 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, a class of materials extracted from renewable sources, is garnering interest due to growing concerns over environmental safety; biopolymers have the advantage of biocompatibility and biodegradability, an imperative requirement. The synthesis of nanoparticles and nanofibers from biopolymers provides a green platform relative to the conventional methods that use hazardous chemicals. However, it is challenging to characterize these nanoparticles and fibers due to the variation in size, shape, and morphology. In order to evaluate these properties, microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential. With the advent of new biopolymer systems, it is necessary to obtain insights into the fundamental structures of these systems to determine their structural, physical, and morphological properties, which play a vital role in defining their performance and applications. Microscopic techniques perform a decisive role in revealing intricate details, which assists in the appraisal of microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and interfacial properties. This review highlights the significance of various microscopic techniques incorporating the literature details that help characterize biopolymers and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Venkateshaiah
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Vinod V.T. Padil
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Malladi Nagalakshmaiah
- IMT Lille Douai, Department of Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM), 941 rue Charles Bourseul, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - Stanisław Waclawek
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Clegg JR, Wagner AM, Shin SR, Hassan S, Khademhosseini A, Peppas NA. Modular Fabrication of Intelligent Material-Tissue Interfaces for Bioinspired and Biomimetic Devices. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019; 106:100589. [PMID: 32189815 PMCID: PMC7079701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of biomaterials science is to reverse engineer aspects of human and nonhuman physiology. Similar to the body's regulatory mechanisms, such devices must transduce changes in the physiological environment or the presence of an external stimulus into a detectable or therapeutic response. This review is a comprehensive evaluation and critical analysis of the design and fabrication of environmentally responsive cell-material constructs for bioinspired machinery and biomimetic devices. In a bottom-up analysis, we begin by reviewing fundamental principles that explain materials' responses to chemical gradients, biomarkers, electromagnetic fields, light, and temperature. Strategies for fabricating highly ordered assemblies of material components at the nano to macro-scales via directed assembly, lithography, 3D printing and 4D printing are also presented. We conclude with an account of contemporary material-tissue interfaces within bioinspired and biomimetic devices for peptide delivery, cancer theranostics, biomonitoring, neuroprosthetics, soft robotics, and biological machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Angela M Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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30
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Pereira SB, Sousa A, Santos M, Araújo M, Serôdio F, Granja P, Tamagnini P. Strategies to Obtain Designer Polymers Based on Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5693. [PMID: 31739392 PMCID: PMC6888056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers derived from polysaccharides are a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to the synthetic counterparts available in the market. Due to their distinctive properties, the cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), mainly composed of heteropolysaccharides, emerge as a valid alternative to address several biotechnological and biomedical challenges. Nevertheless, biotechnological/biomedical applications based on cyanobacterial EPS have only recently started to emerge. For the successful exploitation of cyanobacterial EPS, it is important to strategically design the polymers, either by genetic engineering of the producing strains or by chemical modification of the polymers. This requires a better understanding of the EPS biosynthetic pathways and their relationship with central metabolism, as well as to exploit the available polymer functionalization chemistries. Considering all this, we provide an overview of the characteristics and biological activities of cyanobacterial EPS, discuss the challenges and opportunities to improve the amount and/or characteristics of the polymers, and report the most relevant advances on the use of cyanobacterial EPS as scaffolds, coatings, and vehicles for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aureliana Sousa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Araújo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Serôdio
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Granja
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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31
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Rodriguez-Contreras A. Recent Advances in the Use of Polyhydroyalkanoates in Biomedicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31547270 PMCID: PMC6784168 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of natural biopolyesters, are widely used in many applications, especially in biomedicine. Since they are produced by a variety of microorganisms, they possess special properties that synthetic polyesters do not have. Their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity are the crucial properties that make these biologically produced thermoplastics and elastomers suitable for their applications as biomaterials. Bacterial or archaeal fermentation by the combination of different carbohydrates or by the addition of specific inductors allows the bioproduction of a great variety of members from the PHAs family with diverse material properties. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its copolymers, such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHVB) or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB4HB), are the most frequently used PHAs in the field of biomedicine. PHAs have been used in implantology as sutures and valves, in tissue engineering as bone graft substitutes, cartilage, stents for nerve repair, and cardiovascular patches. Due to their good biodegradability in the body and their breakdown products being unhazardous, they have also been remarkably applied as drug carriers for delivery systems. As lately there has been considerable and growing interest in the use of PHAs as biomaterials and their application in the field of medicine, this review provides an insight into the most recent scientific studies and advances in PHAs exploitation in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rodriguez-Contreras
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Hu J, Albadawi H, Oklu R, Chong BW, Deipolyi AR, Sheth RA, Khademhosseini A. Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901071. [PMID: 31168915 PMCID: PMC7014563 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive transcatheter embolization is a common nonsurgical procedure in interventional radiology used for the deliberate occlusion of blood vessels for the treatment of diseased or injured vasculature. A wide variety of embolic agents including metallic coils, calibrated microspheres, and liquids are available for clinical practice. Additionally, advances in biomaterials, such as shape-memory foams, biodegradable polymers, and in situ gelling solutions have led to the development of novel preclinical embolic agents. The aim here is to provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging technologies in endovascular embolization with respect to devices, materials, mechanisms, and design guidelines. Limitations and challenges in embolic materials are also discussed to promote advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Hu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Brian W Chong
- Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Amy R. Deipolyi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rahul A. Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Ju J, Yan H, Huang X, Tan Y. Advances in Halloysite Nanotubes-Polysaccharide Nanocomposite Preparation and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E987. [PMID: 31167380 PMCID: PMC6630597 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), novel 1D natural materials with a unique tubular nanostructure, large aspect ratio, biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength, are promising nanofillers to improve the properties of polymers. In this review, we summarize the recent progress toward the development of polysaccharide-HNTs composites, paying attention to the main existence forms and wastewater treatment application particularly. The purification of HNTs and fabrication of the composites are discussed first. Polysaccharides, such as alginate, chitosan, starch, and cellulose, reinforced with HNTs show improved mechanical, thermal, and swelling properties. Finally, we summarize the unique characteristics of polysaccharide-HNTs composites and review the recent development of the practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Junping Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yeqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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34
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Challenges for Natural Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering. Gels 2019; 5:gels5020030. [PMID: 31146448 PMCID: PMC6631000 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based biopolymers derived from natural tissues possess a hierarchical structure in their native state. Strongly solvating, reducing and stabilizing agents, as well as heat, pressure, and enzymes are used to isolate protein-based biopolymers from their natural tissue, solubilize them in aqueous solution and convert them into injectable or preformed hydrogels for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review aims to highlight the need to investigate the nano-/micro-structure of hydrogels derived from the extracellular matrix proteins of natural tissues. Future work should focus on identifying the nature of secondary, tertiary, and higher order structure formation in protein-based hydrogels derived from natural tissues, quantifying their composition, and characterizing their binding pockets with cell surface receptors. These advances promise to lead to wide-spread use of protein-based hydrogels derived from natural tissues as injectable or preformed matrices for cell delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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35
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Kumar L, Brice J, Toberer L, Klein-Seetharaman J, Knauss D, Sarkar SK. Antimicrobial biopolymer formation from sodium alginate and algae extract using aminoglycosides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214411. [PMID: 30913239 PMCID: PMC6435147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial biopolymers provide a biodegradable, sustainable, safe, and cheap approach to drug delivery and wound dressing to control bacterial infection and improve wound healing respectively. Here, we report a one-step method of making antimicrobial alginate polymer from sodium alginate and aqueous extract of Wakame using antibiotic aminoglycosides. Thin layer chromatography of commercially available sodium alginate and Wakame extract showed similar oligosaccharide profiles. Screening of six aminoglycosides showed that kanamycin disulfate and neomycin sulfate produces the highest amount of biopolymer; however, kanamycin disulfate produces the most malleable and form fitting biopolymer. Image texture analysis of biopolymers showed similar quantification parameters for all the six aminoglycosides. Weight of alginate polymer as a function of aminoglycoside concentration follows a growth model of prion protein, consistent with the aggregating nature of both processes. Slow release of antibiotics and the resulting zone of inhibition against E. coli DH5α were observed by agar well diffusion assay. Inexpensive method of production and slow release of antibiotics will enable diverse applications of antimicrobial alginate biopolymer reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John Brice
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linda Toberer
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel Knauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Susanta K. Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
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36
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Sujka W, Draczynski Z, Kolesinska B, Latanska I, Jastrzebski Z, Rybak Z, Zywicka B. Influence of Porous Dressings Based on Butyric-Acetic Chitin Co-Polymer on Biological Processes In Vitro and In Vivo. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12060970. [PMID: 30909574 PMCID: PMC6471426 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In spite of intensively conducted research allowing for the development of more and more advanced wound dressing materials, there is still a need for dressings that stimulate not only reparative and regenerative processes, but also have a positive effect on infected and/or difficult-to-heal wounds. Porous dressing materials based on butyric-acetic chitin co-polyester containing 90% of butyryl and 10% of acetyl groups (BAC 90/10) can also be included in the group mentioned above. Two types of dressings were obtained by the salt leaching method, i.e. a porous sponge Medisorb R and Medisorb Ag with an antibacterial additive. The aim of the study was to evaluate biological effects of porous Medisorb R and Medisorb Ag dressings under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In an in vitro biodegradation test, no mass loss of Medisorb R dressing was observed within 14 days of incubation in physiological fluids at 37 °C. However, on the basis of the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) tests, surface degradation of Medisorb R dressing was observed. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the porous Medisorb Ag dressing containing microsilver as an antibacterial additive was confirmed. The in vivo studies included inflammatory activity, skin irritation and sensitisation tests, as well an assessment of local effect after contact with subcutaneous tissue up to 6 months and skin wounds up to 21 days. In the in vivo tests, the dressings exhibited neither effects of skin irritation nor sensitisation. Under macroscopic examination, in full thickness defects of subcutaneous tissue and skin, the dressings caused wound healing with no inflammation, undergoing the most gradual biodegradation between weeks 4 and 8, and the observed differences were statistically significant. In the histological assessment, a weakened, limited inflammatory process associated with degradation of the material has been observed. The process of skin wound healing under Medisorb R dressing in the early period was accelerated compared to that observed in the control group with a gauze dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Sujka
- Tricomed S.A., Lodz, Świetojańska Street 5/9, 93-493 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Draczynski
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Beata Kolesinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ilona Latanska
- Tricomed S.A., Lodz, Świetojańska Street 5/9, 93-493 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zenon Jastrzebski
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska Street 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida Street 44, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Boguslawa Zywicka
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterial Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida Street 44, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Wen L, Edmunds G, Gibbons C, Zhang J, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Fang J, Liu X, Kong Y, Wang PG. Toward Automated Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8151-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Aderibigbe BA, Buyana B. Alginate in Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E42. [PMID: 29614804 PMCID: PMC6027439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate is a biopolymer used in a variety of biomedical applications due to its favourable properties, such as biocompatibility and non-toxicity. It has been particularly attractive in wound healing applications to date. It can be tailored to materials with properties suitable for wound healing. Alginate has been used to prepare different forms of materials for wound dressings, such as hydrogels, films, wafers, foams, nanofibres, and in topical formulations. The wound dressings prepared from alginate are able to absorb excess wound fluid, maintain a physiologically moist environment, and minimize bacterial infections at the wound site. The therapeutic efficacy of these wound dressings is influenced by the ratio of other polymers used in combination with alginate, the nature of cross linkers used, the time of crosslinking, nature of excipients used, the incorporation of nanoparticles, and antibacterial agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different forms of wound dressings containing alginate, in vitro, and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Buhle Buyana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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Udenni Gunathilake TMS, Ching YC, Ching KY, Chuah CH, Abdullah LC. Biomedical and Microbiological Applications of Bio-Based Porous Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E160. [PMID: 30970839 PMCID: PMC6431923 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive employment of biomaterials in the areas of biomedical and microbiological applications is considered to be of prime importance. As expected, oil based polymer materials were gradually replaced by natural or synthetic biopolymers due to their well-known intrinsic characteristics such as biodegradability, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. Literature on this subject was found to be expanding, especially in the areas of biomedical and microbiological applications. Introduction of porosity into a biomaterial broadens the scope of applications. In addition, increased porosity can have a beneficial effect for the applications which exploit their exceptional ability of loading, retaining and releasing of fluids. Different applications require a unique set of pore characteristics in the biopolymer matrix. Various pore morphologies have different characteristics and contribute different performances to the biopolymer matrix. Fabrication methods for bio-based porous materials more related to the choice of material. By choosing the appropriate combination of fabrication technique and biomaterial employment, one can obtain tunable pore characteristic to fulfill the requirements of desired application. In our previous review, we described the literature related to biopolymers and fabrication techniques of porous materials. This paper we will focus on the biomedical and microbiological applications of bio-based porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M S Udenni Gunathilake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu, Educity, Iskandar Puteri Johor 79200, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
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Buriuli M, Verma D. Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PECs) for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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