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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Gao Y, Alvi RM, Erqou S, Chen Y, Wang H, Wang W, Li X, Zanni MV, Neilan TG, Vermund SH, Qian HZ, Qian F. Risk of death and readmission among individuals with heart failure and HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:70-75. [PMID: 37992436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and readmissions and death outcomes in patients with established heart failure (HF) remains unclear. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to March 1st, 2023, for cohort studies of adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with HF and recorded HIV status at baseline. Our analysis included 7 studies with 10,328 HF patients living with HIV and 48,757 HF patients without HIV. Compared to HF patients without HIV, those with HIV had a higher risk of all-cause deaths (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15-1.25). HIV infection was also associated with increased risks of HF-associated readmission (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03-1.75) and all-cause readmission (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.10-1.46). Our study highlights the independent association between HIV and poor HF outcomes, emphasizing the need for improved management in individuals living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhou
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | | | - Yanxiao Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Raza M Alvi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sebhat Erqou
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Honghong Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wenru Wang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xianhong Li
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of International Education, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China.
| | - Markella V Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sten H Vermund
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Han-Zhu Qian
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Frank Qian
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Thompson LE, Davis BH, Narayan R, Goff B, Brown TM, Limdi NA. Personalizing Direct Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for a Diverse Population: Role of Race, Kidney Function, Drug Interactions, and Pharmacogenetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:585-599. [PMID: 35857814 PMCID: PMC9852362 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are commonly used to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Endorsed by the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have displaced warfarin as the OAC of choice for both conditions, due to improved safety profiles, fewer drug-drug and drug-diet interactions, and lack of monitoring requirements. Despite their widespread use and improved safety over warfarin, DOAC-related bleeding remains a major concern for patients. DOACs have stable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; however, variability in DOAC response is common and may be attributed to numerous factors, including patient-specific factors, concomitant medications, comorbid conditions, and genetics. Although DOAC randomized controlled trials included patients of varying ages and levels of kidney function, they failed to include patients of diverse ancestries. Additionally, current evidence to support DOAC pharmacogenetic associations have primarily been derived from European and Asian individuals. Given differences in genotype frequencies and disease burden among patients of different biogeographic groups, future research must engage diverse populations to assess and quantify the impact of predictors on DOAC response. Current under-representation of patients from diverse racial groups does not allow for proper generalization of the influence of clinical and genetic factors in relation to DOAC variability. Herein, we discuss factors affecting DOAC response, such as age, sex, weight, kidney function, drug interactions, and pharmacogenetics, while offering a new perspective on the need for further research including frequently excluded groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo E. Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Brittney H. Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Renuka Narayan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Blake Goff
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Todd M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nita A. Limdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Lembas A, Zawartko K, Sapuła M, Mikuła T, Kozłowska J, Wiercińska-drapało A. VCAM-1 as a Biomarker of Endothelial Function among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving and Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:578. [PMID: 35336985 PMCID: PMC8955345 DOI: 10.3390/v14030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and retroviral therapy are both known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It remains an open question whether HIV or ARV leads to increased arterial inflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in endothelial activation by measuring VCAM-1 levels among HIV-infected patients who were and were not treated with antiretroviral therapy. It is a retrospective study that included 68 HIV-infected patients, 23 of whom were never antiretroviral-treated, 15 who were ART-treated for no longer than a year, and 30 who were ART-treated for longer than a year. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of the concentration of VCAM-1. The results show a statistically lower VCAM-1 level (p = 0.007) in patients treated with ART longer than a year (1442 ng/mL) in comparison to treatment-naïve patients (2392 ng/mL). The average VCAM-1 level in patients treated no longer than a year (1552 ng/mL) was also lower than in treatment-naïve patients, but with no statistical significance (p = 0.096). Long-term antiretroviral therapy was associated with the decline of VCAM-1 concentration. That may suggest the lowering of endothelial activation and the decreased risk of the development of cardiovascular disease among ARV-treated patients. However, VCAM-1 may not be a sufficient factor itself to assess this, since simultaneously there are a lot of well-known cardiovascular-adverse effects of ART.
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Cervo A, Sebastiani G, Milic J, Krahn T, Mazzola S, Petta S, Cascio A, Guaraldi G, Mazzola G. "Dangerous liaisons: NAFLD and liver fibrosis increase cardiovascular risk in HIV". HIV Med 2022; 23:911-921. [PMID: 35199429 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease in the general population. We aimed to assess the impact of NAFLD and liver fibrosis on intermediate-high cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV. METHODS We included people living with HIV from three cohorts. NAFLD and significant liver fibrosis were defined using transient elastography: controlled attenuation parameter ≥288 dB/m and liver stiffness measurement ≥7.1 kPa, respectively. Cardiovascular risk was assessed with the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk estimator in patients aged between 40 and 75 years and categorised as low if <5%, borderline if 5%-7.4%, intermediate if 7.5%-19.9% and high if ≥20% or with the presence of a previous cardiovascular event. Patients with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection, alcohol abuse and unreliable transient elastography measurements were excluded. Predictors of intermediate-high cardiovascular risk were investigated in multivariable analysis by logistic regression and also by stratifying according to body mass index (BMI; cut-offs of 25 and 30 kg/m2 ) and age (cut-off of 60 years). RESULTS Of 941 patients with HIV alone included, 423 (45%), 128 (13.6%), 260 (27.6%) and 130 (13.8%) were categorised as at low, borderline, intermediate and high ASCVD risk, respectively. Predictors of intermediate-high ASCVD risk were NAFLD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-3.18; p < 0.001), liver fibrosis (aOR 1.64; 95% CI 1.03-2.59; p = 0.034), duration of HIV (aOR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06; p < 0.001), and previous exposure to thymidine analogues and/or didanosine (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.09-2.18; p = 0.014). NAFLD was also associated with higher cardiovascular risk in normoweight patients (aOR 2.97; 95% CI 1.43-6.16; p = 0.003), in those with BMI <30 kg/m2 (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.46-3.61; p < 0.001) and in those aged <60 years (aOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.36-3.54; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Assessment of cardiovascular disease should be targeted in people living with HIV with NAFLD and/or significant liver fibrosis, even if they are normoweight and young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cervo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, PROMISE, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jovana Milic
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Thomas Krahn
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sergio Mazzola
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Register Unit, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PROMISE, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, PROMISE, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzola
- Infectious Diseases Unit, PROMISE, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Woldu M, Minzi O, Shibeshi W, Shewaamare A, Engidawork E. Predicting the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among adults living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A hospital-based study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260109. [PMID: 34843544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) is an emerging problem among People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The current study aimed at determining the risk of ASCVD among PLWHA using the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) and the Framingham Risk score (FRS). Methods A hospital-based study was carried out from January 2019 to February 2020 in PLWHA. The prevalence of ASCVD risk was determined in individuals aged between 20 to 79 and 40 to 79 years using the FRS and PCE as appropriate. Chi-square, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed for analysis. Results The prevalence of high-risk ASCVD for subjects aged 20 and above using both tools was 11.5 %. For those aged 40 to 79 years, PCE yielded an increased risk (28%) than FRS (17.7%). Using both tools; advanced age, male gender, smoking, and increased systolic blood pressure were associated with an increased risk of ASCVD. Younger age (adjusted odds ratio, AOR) 0.20, 95%CI: 0.004, 0.091; P< 0.001), lower systolic blood pressure (AOR 0.221, 95%CI: 0.074, 0.605 P< 0.004), and lower total cholesterol (AOR 0.270, 95%CI: 0.073, 0.997; p<0.049) were found to be independent predictors of reduced risk of ASCVD. Likewise, younger age (40 to 64 years), female gender, and lower systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with lower risk of ASCVD among patients aged 40 to 79 years using both PCE and FRS. Conclusions A considerable number of PLWHA have been identified to be at risk for ASCVD. ASCVD risk was significantly associated with advanced age, male gender, higher blood pressure, and smoking using both FRS and PCE. These factors should therefore be taken into account for designing management strategies.
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Gonçalves AJ, Braga MVA, Santana PH, Resende LAPR, da Silva VJD, Correia D. Linear and non-linear analysis of heart rate variability in HIV-positive patients on two different antiretroviral therapy regimens. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1022. [PMID: 34587909 PMCID: PMC8482565 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in HIV+ patients on different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens has been described. We aimed to characterize parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) and correlate with different classes of ART in HIV+ patients in three experimental conditions: rest, cold face, and tilt tests. Methods Cross-sectional study with three groups of age- and gender-matched individuals: group 1, 44 HIV+ patients undergoing combination therapy, with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI); group 2, 42 HIV+ patients using two NRTI and protease inhibitors (PI’s); and group 3, 35 healthy volunteers with negative HIV serology (control group). Autonomic function at rest and during cold face- and tilt-tests was assessed through computerized analysis of HRV, via quantification of time- and frequency domains by linear and non-linear parameters in the three groups. Results Anthropometric and clinical parameters were similar between both HIV groups, except CD4+ T lymphocytes, which were significantly lower in group 2 (p = 0.039). At baseline, time-domain linear HRV parameters, RMSSD and pNN50, and the correlation dimension, a non-linear HRV parameter (p < 0.001; p = 0.018; p = 0.019, respectively), as well as response of RMSSD to cold face test were also lower in the HIV+ group than in the control individuals (p < 0.001), while no differences among groups were detected in HRV parameters during the tilt test. Conclusions Despite ART regimens, HIV+ patients presented lower cardiac vagal modulation than controls, whereas no difference was observed among the HIV groups, suggesting that higher cardiovascular risk linked to PIs may be associated with factors other than autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson José Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Division, Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guaritá, 430, Bairro Nossa Senhora da Abadia, PO Box: 118, Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, CEP: 38025-350, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valdo José Dias da Silva
- Physiology Division, Biological Science Department, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Dalmo Correia
- Infectious Diseases Division, Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guaritá, 430, Bairro Nossa Senhora da Abadia, PO Box: 118, Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, CEP: 38025-350, Brazil.
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Ambrose PR, Cuca YP, Baguso GN, Hoffmann TJ, Dawson-rose C. Resilience, Physical Activity, and Depression in Women Living With HIV in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Cross-sectional Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2021; Publish Ahead of Print. [DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marquez-Pedroza J, Cárdenas-Bedoya J, Morán-Moguel MC, Escoto-Delgadillo M, Torres-Mendoza BM, Pérez-Ríos AM, González-Enriquez GV, Vázquez-Valls E. Plasma microRNA expression levels in HIV-1-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20194433. [PMID: 32319513 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20194433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) may serve as therapeutic agents or targets in diseases in which the expression of proteins plays an important role. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression levels of specific miRNAs, as well as their correlation with markers of response to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with and without resistance to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: miRNA assays were performed on plasma samples obtained from 20 HIV-1-positive patients. A total of ten patients were divided into two groups: HAART-responsive and HAART-resistant (n=5 per group). Commercial arrays were subsequently used to identify 84 miRNAs. A total of three differentially expressed miRNAs were selected and analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Five other patients were subsequently added to each group for a new relative expression analysis. The absolute expression level of the two miRNAs was obtained and compared using the Student’s t test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance. Results: The array analysis revealed that miR-15b-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-150-5p were down-regulated in patients with HAART-resistance comparing with HAART-responsive. The expression levels of miR-16-5p, miR-26a-5p and miR-150-5p were confirmed using qPCR. The area under the ROC curve was 1.0 for the three miRNAs. Conclusions: The lower expression levels of miR-16-5p and miR-26a-5p in patients with HAART-resistance suggested that these may serve as potential biomarkers for the identification of HAART-responsive patients.
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Lee MT, Mahtta D, Alam M, Ullah W, Nasir K, Hanif B, Virani SS. Contemporary outcomes studies to identify and mitigate the risk in patients with premature cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:559-570. [DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1888718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Lee
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Dhruv Mahtta
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abington Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bashir Hanif
- Section of Cardiology, Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, USA
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Antony I, Kannichamy V, Banerjee A, Gandhi AB, Valaiyaduppu Subas S, Hamid P. An Outlook on the Impact of HIV Infection and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on the Cardiovascular System - A Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e11539. [PMID: 33354483 PMCID: PMC7746328 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has been related to various cardiovascular pathologies in both adults and children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been effective in subduing viral replication and improving immunity thereby reducing the effects of HIV both in AIDS and other chronic diseases related to the virus. Complications related to HAART have been reported with metabolic disorders and cardiac effects seen based on the therapy. HIV and HAART have shown to have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, and more public awareness and medical knowledge are required on this subject. This literature review tries to shed some light on the role of HIV and HAART in the cardiovascular manifestations seen in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Antony
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishmita Kannichamy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amit Banerjee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Arohi B Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Pousette Hamid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Vargas-Pacherrez D, Brites C, Cotrim HP, Daltro C. High Prevalence of AH in HIV Patients on ART, in Bahia, Brazil. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:324-331. [PMID: 32586252 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200620212547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in HIV-patients is highly variable and its association with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is controversial. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of AH and associated factors in HIV-patients on ART. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-patients attended in a referral center in Salvador, Brazil. We evaluated clinical, socio-demographic and anthropometric data. Student's ttests or Mann-Whitney's and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare the groups. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. The variables that presented a value of p <0.20 were included in a logistic regression model. RESULTS We evaluated 196 patients (60.7% male) with a mean age of 46.8 ± 11.7 years and a mean body mass index of 24.9 ± 5.3 kg / m2. The median elapsed time since HIV diagnosis and ART use was 11.8 (4.4 - 18.1) and 7.2 (2.7 - 15.3) years, respectively. The prevalence of AH was 41.8%. For individuals > 50 years old, there was a significant association between the increased abdominal circumference and AH and patients ≤ 50 years old presented significant association between AH and overweight, increased abdominal circumference and number of previous ART regimens. After multivariate analysis, age [OR:1.085; 95% CI 1,039 - 1,133], overweight [OR: 4.205; 95% CI 1,841 - 9,606], family history of AH [OR: 2.938; 95% CI 1,253 - 6.885], increased abdominal circumference [OR: 2.774; 95% CI 1.116 - 6.897] and life-time number of ART regimens used [OR: 3.842; 95% CI 1.307 - 11.299] remained associated with AH. CONCLUSION AH was highly prevalent and was associated not only with classical risk factors for arterial hypertension, but also with specific ART regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vargas-Pacherrez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil,Unit of Communicable Diseases and Environmental – Pan American Health Organization Office Altamira - Caracas 1060, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Brites
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helma P Cotrim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carla Daltro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil,Escola de Nutrição - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In contrast to patients with non-premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), patients with premature ASCVD have not observed a similar decline in cardiovascular mortality and recurrent adverse events. We sought to review the underlying risk factors, potential gaps in medical management, associated outcomes, and tools for risk prognostication among patients with premature ASCVD. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia), non-traditional risk factors such as chronic inflammatory conditions, recreational drug use, genetics, and pregnancy-related complications play a key role in development and progression of premature ASCVD. Patients with premature ASCVD, and especially women, receive less optimal medical management as compared to their non-premature counterparts. There is an increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among young adults. Hence, this population remains at an elevated risk for premature ASCVD and subsequent adverse cardiovascular events. Future studies evaluating different risk assessment tools and focusing on young patients across all three major domains of ASCVD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mahtta
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umair Khalid
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Health Services Research and Development (152), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arunima Misra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Health Services Research and Development (152), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zainab Samad
- Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salim S Virani
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Section of Cardiology, Health Services Research and Development (152), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Silvestri V, Borrazzo C, Mele R, d'Ettorre G. Carotid Artery Aneurysm in HIV: A Review of Case Reports in Literature. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 63:409-426. [PMID: 31629845 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection may affect the cardiovascular system through different physiopathological patterns. Rarely reported in HIV negative patients, aneurysms involving the carotid artery have been described for the first time in seropositive patients in 1989. AIMS In our study, we have focused on aneurysm pathology affecting carotid arteries in HIV patients, analyzing clinical and surgical presentation, management, and outcome, through a review of cases published in the literature. METHODS The MEDLINE (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) database was reviewed for "carotid artery aneurysm AND HIV OR AIDS OR immunodeficiency." RESULTS Nineteen articles including a total of 46 cases were included in our report. The mean age of patients was 30.6 ± 14.2 years; 30 patients (65.2%) were male. Aneurysms were localized in the intracranial carotid (41.3%) or extracranial artery (58%). Presenting features included symptoms due to compression of neck structures; positivity for neurological symptoms occurred in 36.9%. Patients were managed surgically in 58.7% of cases; surgical morbidity and mortality were of 22.2% and 7.4% respectively, higher for endovascular procedures. The overall mortality in treated and untreated cases was 26.1%. CONCLUSIONS Aneurysms may occur in both the extracranial and intracranial carotid artery in patients with HIV at younger age than in non-HIV patients and are linked to a high morbidity and mortality. Seropositivity must be ruled out whenever this rare vascular condition may occur in the absence of a more likely aetiology and must also be suspected in HIV patients presenting with compressive symptoms of the neck, neurological impairment or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Rita Mele
- Surgical Science Department, La Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
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14
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Chen YF, Dugas TR. Endothelial mitochondrial senescence accelerates cardiovascular disease in antiretroviral-receiving HIV patients. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:13-23. [PMID: 31562912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been hugely successful in reducing the mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, resulting in a growing population of people living with HIV (PLWH). Since PLWH now have a longer life expectancy, chronic comorbidities have become the focus of the clinical management of HIV. For example, cardiovascular complications are now one of the most prevalent causes of death in PLWH. Numerous epidemiological studies show that antiretroviral treatment increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and early onset of CVD in PLWH. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the backbone of cART, and two NRTIs are typically used in combination with one drug from another drug class, e.g., a fusion inhibitor. NRTIs are known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to toxicity in numerous tissues, such as myopathy, lipoatrophy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. In in vitro studies, short-term NRTI treatment induces an endothelial dysfunction with an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; long-term NRTI treatment decreases cell replication capacity, while increasing mtROS production and senescent cell accumulation. These findings suggest that a mitochondrial oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of NRTI-induced endothelial dysfunction and premature senescence. Mitochondrial dysfunction, defined by a compromised mitochondrial quality control via biogenesis and mitophagy, has a causal role in premature endothelial senescence and can potentially initiate early cardiovascular disease (CVD) development in PLWH. In this review, we explore the hypothesis and present literature supporting that long-term NRTI treatment induces vascular dysfunction by interfering with endothelial mitochondrial homeostasis and provoking mitochondrial genomic instability, resulting in premature endothelial senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, United States
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, United States.
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15
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Antinori A, Rusconi S, Gianotti N, Bini T, Mancusi D, Termini R. Cardiovascular adverse events during treatment with darunavir-based regimens in an Italian observational study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:1667-1685. [PMID: 31190745 PMCID: PMC6526181 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s180981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir (DRV) has proven to be highly effective and well tolerated for HIV treatment. The DAD (Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs) cohort showed an increased 5-year cumulative cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients given various PIs, including DRV, whereas two other recent studies found no association between DRV and CV diseases. Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of CV adverse events (CVAEs) in an Italian cohort, the TMC114-HIV4042 observational study, where 875 patients treated with ritonavir-boosted DRV-based regimens were followed for a total of 1,566 patient-years. Results: We observed 23 CVAEs of any type, including 17 [12 (95%CI, 7–19) per 1,000 patient-years] primary; 14 [10 (95%CI, 5–17) per 1,000 patient-years] were primary Framingham-type general CVAEs, close to what expected according to the Framingham algorithm based on traditional risk factors. Age and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of study enrolment were the only relevant (p<0.01) independent predictors of CVAEs in all models; patients with any CVAE were on average 10 years older and had an SBP 14 mmHg higher than patients without CVAEs. When controlling for age and SBP, the association with other traditional factors, including serum lipids, and with HIV-specific factors was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Models that also adjusted for previous ARV exposure showed no statistically significant association between any-type CVAEs and either DRV doses, 1,200 or 800 mg/daily (as also suggested by propensity score stratification), or previous DRV exposure duration. Conclusion: We found no evidence of a relationship between DRV use and increased CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antinori
- HIV/AIDS Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Rusconi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Gianotti
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - T Bini
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST "Santi Paolo e Carlo" Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - D Mancusi
- Medical Affairs Department, Infectious Diseases, Janssen-Cilag SpA, Cologno Monzese (MI), Italy
| | - R Termini
- Medical Affairs Department, Infectious Diseases, Janssen-Cilag SpA, Cologno Monzese (MI), Italy
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16
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Silvestri V, D'Ettorre G, Borrazzo C, Mele R. Many Different Patterns under a Common Flag: Aortic Pathology in HIV-A Review of Case Reports in Literature. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 59:268-284. [PMID: 31051229 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV has prolonged life expectancy of patients but has also increased the incidence of non-AIDS comorbid conditions. Among these, there are cardiovascular diseases, and aortic involvement has been described in patients with HIV in the form of aortitis, aneurysms, or dissections. Our study aims to describe aortic pathology occurring in patients with HIV, focusing on clinical and surgical presentation, management, and outcome, through a review of cases published in literature. METHODS MEDLINE (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) database was reviewed for "aortitis" OR "aortic aneurysm" OR "aortic dissection" AND HIV. Research was restricted to English language. Only case reports were included. Data on patients' age, sex, traditional risk factors, timing from HIV diagnosis, pharmacological details, coinfection (syphilis, hepatitis C virus [HCV], and hepatitis B virus [HBV]), anatomical localization of lesion, presence of inflammatory involvement, rapid growing or rupture, and surgical treatment and outcomes were collected and summarized in tables. RESULTS Forty articles (51 cases) were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 48.8 ± 8.3 years. Male sex was preponderant (43 cases, 84.3%). Among traditional risk factors, hypertension and smoking were the most frequently reported ones (14 and 13 cases, respectively), followed by vasculopathy involving other arterial districts, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and drug addiction. In 3 cases, HIV was diagnosed in the same time as aortic pathology, whereas in most cases, aortic event occurred after five years from HIV diagnosis. In 30.5% of cases for which data on pharmacologic management were available, no treatment or poor adherence was reported. Coinfection occurred in some cases (syphilis in 6, HCV in 5, and HBV in 3). As for anatomical involvement, isolated thoracic lesions were more frequent (24, 47.1%), followed by abdominal and thoracoabdominal lesions. The etiology ranged from bacterial mycotic aneurysms to tertiary syphilis, postsurgical complications, or atherosclerosis. In 3 cases, HIV vasculitis was directly suggested, and in another 2, no other potential etiology had been diagnosed through cultural tests. Open surgical treatment was carried out in 30 cases (58.8%), and in addition, 10 endovascular (19.6%) and 2 hybrid procedures were described. Inflammatory features occurred in 7 cases, and a rapid evolution of lesions in 6. In 9 cases (17.6%), rupture occurred. Mortality was reported in 8 cases (15.7%). CONCLUSIONS Aortic pathology may occur in patients with HIV. The entanglement of different patterns of pathological involvement of the aortic wall, secondary to immune dysregulation, infectious process, or atherosclerotic damage that may co-occur in one single case, results in a very challenging management of the condition. Because of the increased life expectancy of patients and immigration from regions with both high HIV and coinfection prevalence, the incidence of aortic pathology could increase in the upcoming years, suggesting the urgent need for further studies to optimize management in these very complex cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella D'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mele
- Surgical Science Department La Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theoretical and untested interactions between antiretrovirals and direct-acting oral anticoagulants have limited the use of this new class of anticoagulant in people with HIV infection. This case series, the first of its kind, reports on the successful concurrent use of the direct-acting oral anticoagulant dabigatran and antiretroviral therapy. METHODS This series involved 14 patients requiring anticoagulation for management of atrial fibrillation, who were either unable or unwilling to take warfarin, and who were receiving concurrent treatment for HIV infection. Participants were treated with dabigatran with dose monitoring to establish the safety and efficacy of concurrent use with antiretrovirals. All were commenced on 110 mg twice daily, increased to 150 mg twice daily if the trough level was < 69.3 ng/mL. RESULTS In the 14 patients treated with dabigatran and antiretrovirals, there were no thromboembolic or bleeding complications. Dabigatran treatment was discontinued in one patient because of undetectable dabigatran levels despite dose escalation. Dabigatran levels fell within the fivefold variance seen in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) study at a dose of either 110 or 150 mg twice daily. CONCLUSIONS This case series represents the largest published population to date successfully receiving antiretroviral and direct-acting oral anticoagulant therapy. Given the significant health care burden faced by people living with HIV, the availability of safe anticoagulant therapy without the requirement for monitoring is an important option in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perram
- Royal Prince Alfred and Concord Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E O'Dwyer
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Holloway
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Drain PK, Hong T, Hajat A, Krows M, Govere S, Thulare H, Moosa MYS, Bassett I, Celum C. Integrating hypertension screening at the time of voluntary HIV testing among adults in South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210161. [PMID: 30735518 PMCID: PMC6368277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guidelines recommend integrating hypertension screening for HIV-infected adults, but blood pressure measurements may be dynamic around the time of HIV testing. Methods We measured a seated resting blood pressure in adults (≥18 years) prior to HIV testing, and again after receiving HIV test results, in an ambulatory HIV clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We assessed sociodemographics, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, substance abuse, and anxiety/depression. We used blood pressure categories defined by the Seventh Joint National Committee (JNC 7) classifications, which includes normal, pre-hypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. Results Among 5,428 adults, mean age was 31 years, 51% were male, and 35% tested HIV-positive. Before HIV testing, 47% (2,634) had a normal blood pressure, 40% (2,225) had prehypertension, and 10% (569) had stage 1 or 2 hypertension. HIV-infected adults had significantly lower blood pressure measurements and less hypertension, as compared to HIV-negative adults before HIV testing; while also having significantly elevated blood pressures after HIV testing. In a multivariable model, HIV-infected adults had a 30% lower odds of hypertension, compared to HIV-uninfected adults (aOR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57–0.85). In a separate multivariable model, HIV-infected adults with CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3 had a 44% lower odds of hypertension (aOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38–0.83), as compared to adults with CD4 >200 cells/mm3. The mean arterial blood pressure was 6.5 mmHg higher among HIV-infected adults after HIV testing (p <0.001). Conclusions HIV-infected adults experienced a transient blood pressure increase after receiving HIV results. Blood pressure measurements may be more accurate before HIV testing and repeated blood pressure measurements are recommended after ART initiation before formally diagnosing hypertension in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K. Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Meighan Krows
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Bassett
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
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19
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Millard T, Dodson S, McDonald K, Klassen KM, Osborne RH, Battersby MW, Fairley CK, Elliott JH. The systematic development of a complex intervention: HealthMap, an online self-management support program for people with HIV. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:615. [PMID: 30509195 PMCID: PMC6278155 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite persistent calls for HIV care to adopt a chronic care approach, few HIV treatment services have been able to establish service arrangements that prioritise self-management. To prevent cardiovascular and other chronic disease outcomes, the HealthMap program aims to enhance routine HIV care with opportunities for self-management support. This paper outlines the systematic process that was used to design and develop the HealthMap program, prior to its evaluation in a cluster-randomised trial. Methods Program development, planning and evaluation was informed by the PRECEDE-PROCOEDE Model and an Intervention Mapping approach and involved four steps: (1) a multifaceted needs assessment; (2) the identification of intervention priorities; (3) exploration and identification of the antecedents and reinforcing factors required to initiate and sustain desired change of risk behaviours; and finally (4) the development of intervention goals, strategies and methods and integrating them into a comprehensive description of the intervention components. Results The logic model incorporated the program’s guiding principles, program elements, hypothesised causal processes, and intended program outcomes. Grounding the development of HealthMap on a clear conceptual base, informed by the research literature and stakeholder’s perspectives, has ensured that the HealthMap program is targeted, relevant, provides transparency, and enables effective program evaluation. Conclusions The use of a systematic process for intervention development facilitated the development of an intervention that is patient centred, accessible, and focuses on the key determinants of health-related outcomes for people with HIV in Australia. The techniques used here may offer a useful methodology for those involved in the development and implementation of complex interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Millard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Karalyn McDonald
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen M Klassen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard H Osborne
- Public Health Innovation, Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malcolm W Battersby
- Flinders Human Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian H Elliott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Marincowitz C, Genis A, Goswami N, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Strijdom H. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART. FEBS J 2018; 286:1256-1270. [PMID: 30220106 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Endothelial dysfunction (loss of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in response to provasodilatory stimuli) constitutes an early pathophysiological event in atherogenesis and CVD. Both HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction; however, conclusions are frequently drawn from associations shown in epidemiological studies. In this narrative review of mainly in vitro and animal studies, we report on the current understanding of how various HIV-1 proteins, HIV-1-induced proinflammatory cytokines and common antiretroviral drugs directly impact vascular endothelial cells. Proposed cellular mechanisms underlying the switch to a dysfunctional state are discussed, including oxidative stress, impaired expression and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules. From the literature, it appears that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, linked to decreased NO bioavailability and ensuing endothelial dysfunction, may be proposed as a putative final common pathway afflicting the vascular endothelium in PLWHA. The HIV-1-proteins Tat, Gp120 and Nef in particular, the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, and the antiretroviral drugs Efavirenz and Lopinavir, most commonly postulated to be primary causal agents of endothelial dysfunction, are also discussed. We conclude that, despite existing evidence from basic research papers, a significant gap remains in terms of the exact underlying cellular mechanisms involved in HIV-1 and ART induced endothelial dysfunction. Bridging this gap could help pave the way for future strategies to prevent and treat early cardiovascular changes in PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marincowitz
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Genis
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Department of Physiology and Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Environment and Health, Department for Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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D'Antoni ML, Mitchell BI, McCurdy S, Byron MM, Ogata-Arakaki D, Chow D, Mehta NN, Boisvert WA, Lefebvre E, Shikuma CM, Ndhlovu LC, Baumer Y. Cenicriviroc inhibits trans-endothelial passage of monocytes and is associated with impaired E-selectin expression. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1241-1252. [PMID: 30088682 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0817-328rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are high among virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. Monocyte activation and trafficking are key mechanisms in the evolution of CVD. We studied the ability of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) and CCR5 antagonist, to influence the migration of monocytes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Monocytes were derived from 23 ART-suppressed HIV-infected and 16 HIV-uninfected donors. In a trans-endothelial migration model, monocytes, and human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were exposed to cenicriviroc and migrated monocytes, quantified. Expression of CCR2 and CCR5 on monocytes and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and CD99) on HAoECs were measured. The single antagonists, BMS-22 (CCR2), and maraviroc (CCR5), served as controls. When both HAoECs and monocytes together were exposed to the antagonists, cenicriviroc led to a greater decrease in monocyte migration compared to BMS-22 or vehicle in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected groups (P < 0.05), with maraviroc having no inhibitory effect. Cenicriviroc treatment of HAoECs alone decreased monocyte migration in the HIV-infected group when compared to vehicle (P < 0.01). Inhibition of migration was not evident when monocytes alone were exposed to cenicriviroc, BMS-22 or maraviroc. Incubation of HAoECs with cenicriviroc decreased E-selectin expression (P = 0.045) but had limited effects on the other adhesion molecules. Cenicriviroc inhibits monocyte trans-endothelial migration more effectively than single chemokine receptor blockade, which may be mediated via disruption of monocyte-endothelial tethering through reduced E-selectin expression. Cenicriviroc should be considered as a therapeutic intervention to reduce detrimental monocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L D'Antoni
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Brooks I Mitchell
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA
| | - Mary Margaret Byron
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Dominic Chow
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA
| | | | | | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Yvonne Baumer
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.,Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Pedro MN, Rocha GZ, Guadagnini D, Santos A, Magro DO, Assalin HB, Oliveira AG, Pedro RDJ, Saad MJA. Insulin Resistance in HIV-Patients: Causes and Consequences. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 30233499 PMCID: PMC6133958 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review how immune activation and insulin resistance contribute to the metabolic alterations observed in HIV-infected patients, and how these alterations increase the risk of developing CVD. The introduction and evolution of antiretroviral drugs over the past 25 years has completely changed the clinical prognosis of HIV-infected patients. The deaths of these individuals are now related to atherosclerotic CVDs, rather than from the viral infection itself. However, HIV infection, cART, and intestinal microbiota are associated with immune activation and insulin resistance, which can lead to the development of a variety of diseases and disorders, especially with regards to CVDs. The increase in LPS and proinflammatory cytokines circulating levels and intracellular mechanisms activate serine kinases, resulting in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) serine phosphorylation and consequently a down regulation in insulin signaling. While lifestyle modifications and pharmaceutical interventions can be employed to treat these altered metabolic functions, the mechanisms involved in the development of these chronic complications remain largely unresolved. The elucidation and understanding of these mechanisms will give rise to new classes of drugs that will further improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients, over the age of 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo N. Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela O. Magro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Heloisa B. Assalin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio de Jesus Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Mario J. A. Saad
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23
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Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy allows HIV-infected patients to have life expectancies similar to that of the general population, it may also contribute to the development of co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Such complications could compromise long-term quality of life, especially in HIV-infected youth whose lifetime cumulative exposure to antiretrovirals is likely to be many decades. Recent studies continue to demonstrate abnormalities associated with antiretroviral therapy, although clinical manifestations are rare in this younger population, especially with modern antiretrovirals. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature on complications of treatment in youth with HIV.
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Prevedel L, Morocho C, Bennett MVL, Eugenin EA. HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: Role of Connexin 43. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:1960-1970. [PMID: 28688235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection due to effective antiretroviral treatment has resulted in a broad range of clinical complications, including accelerated heart disease. Individuals with HIV infection have a 1.5 to 2 times higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases than their uninfected counterparts; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To explore the link between HIV infection and cardiovascular diseases, we used postmortem human heart tissues obtained from HIV-infected and control uninfected individuals to examine connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and distribution and HIV-associated inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that Cx43 is dysregulated in the hearts of HIV-infected individuals. In all HIV heart samples analyzed, there were areas where Cx43 was overexpressed and found along the lateral membrane of the cardiomyocyte and in the intercalated disks. Areas of HIV tissue with anomalous Cx43 expression and localization also showed calcium overload, sarcofilamental atrophy, and accumulation of collagen. All these changes were independent of viral replication, CD4 counts, inflammation, and type of antiretroviral treatment. Overall, we propose that HIV infection increases Cx43 expression in heart, resulting in tissue damage that likely contributes to the high rates of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prevedel
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Camilla Morocho
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.
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Haissman JM, Haugaard AK, Knudsen A, Kristoffersen US, Seljeflot I, Pedersen KK, Lebech AM, Hasbak P, Kjær A, Ostrowski SR, Gerstoft J, Trøseid M, Nielsen SD. Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Is Elevated in HIV Infection but Not Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73:507-13. [PMID: 27509250 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease contributes to excess morbidity and mortality in HIV infection, and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to this pattern. We aimed to determine the endothelial function in treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals and investigate potential associations with viral replication, immune activation, coagulation, platelet function, and subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, marker of endothelial dysfunction) and soluble CD14 (sCD14, marker of monocyte activation) were measured in plasma from two previously established cross-sectional cohorts: cohort A including 50 untreated and 50 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals with previously assessed coagulation and platelet function and cohort B including 105 HIV-infected individuals on ART and 105 uninfected controls with previously assessed coronary artery calcium score, myocardial perfusion defects, and carotid intima-media thickness. RESULTS Concentrations of ADMA were higher in HIV-infected individuals compared with uninfected controls, and higher ADMA was found in ART-treated compared with untreated HIV-infected individuals. ADMA was associated with viral load, sCD14, D-dimer, and low CD4 T-cell count in untreated HIV infection. Only viral load remained significant in multivariate analyses. In ART-treated HIV-infected individuals, ADMA was not associated with coronary artery calcium score, myocardial perfusion defects, or intima-media thickness. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of endothelial dysfunction was found in HIV infection and in untreated compared with treated HIV infection. In untreated HIV infection, the main driver of endothelial dysfunction was viral replication. Importantly, in treated HIV infection, ADMA was not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Thus, our data question the potential of ADMA as a useful biomarker of early atherosclerosis in treated HIV infection.
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Di Minno A, Frigerio B, Spadarella G, Ravani A, Sansaro D, Amato M, Kitzmiller JP, Pepi M, Tremoli E, Baldassarre D. Old and new oral anticoagulants: Food, herbal medicines and drug interactions. Blood Rev 2017; 31:193-203. [PMID: 28196633 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulants worldwide are the vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin. Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of VKAs are important because deviations from their narrow therapeutic window can result in bleedings due to over-anticoagulation or thrombosis because of under-anticoagulation. In addition to pharmacodynamic interactions (e.g., augmented bleeding risk for concomitant use of NSAIDs), interactions with drugs, foods, herbs, and over-the-counter medications may affect the risk/benefit ratio of VKAs. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) including Factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) and thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran) are poised to replace warfarin. Phase-3 studies and real-world evaluations have established that the safety profile of DOACs is superior to those of VKAs. However, some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions are expected. Herein we present a critical review of VKAs and DOACs with focus on their potential for interactions with drugs, foods, herbs and over-the-counter medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaia Spadarella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | - Mauro Amato
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Mauro Pepi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Die Effektivität von körperlicher Aktivität in der Primär- als auch Sekundär- und Tertiärprävention ist hinlänglich bekannt. Das Immunsystem spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei einer Vielzahl von Erkrankungen, da es durch seine Botenfunktion (z. B. durch Zytokine) in einer Vielzahl der Regulationsprozesse mit involviert ist. So kommt es durch moderat-intensive körperliche Aktivität zu einer Stärkung des Immunsystems mit konsekutiv verminderter Infektanfälligkeit sowie eher anti-inflammatorischen Effekten, wohingegen langandauernde und höher intensive Belastungen zu einer Schwächung der Abwehrfunktion sowie einem pro-inflammatorischen Effekt führen. Somit stellt eine adäquat dosierte körperliche Aktivität eine erfolgversprechende Therapieoption bei Erkrankungen des infektiologischen Formenkreises sowie des Immunsystems dar.
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Ferrara M, Di Viesti P, Inchingolo V, Latino RR, Popolizio T, De Cosmo SA, Pugliese F, Leone MA. Isolated pons involvement in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. eNeurologicalSci 2017; 6:51-4. [PMID: 29260011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological syndrome, usually reversible and with a favorable prognosis, which recognizes a variety of etiologies and clinical patterns and is likely due to an impairment in cerebral blood flow autoregulation. It is typically characterized by subcortical, predominantly parieto-occipital, vasogenic brain oedema in patients with acute-subacute neurological symptoms. Infratentorial oedema on neuroimaging has been mostly described in association with the typical supratentorial pattern and seldom as isolated. Case report We report a case of PRES with isolated pons involvement on MRI. A woman affected by Turner syndrome, epilepsy, slight mental deficiency, obesity and hypothyroidism, experienced a progressive gait and standing impairment, worsening in the last 2 weeks. At admission blood pressure was 220/110 mmHg. Brain MRI showed a wide FLAIR signal hyperintensity on T2-weighted sequences affecting the entire pons, without contrast enhancement. Clonidine, doxazosine, furosemide and telmisartan were effective in restoring normal blood pressure. Pons hyperintensity completely resolved on MRI 3 weeks later, together with return to normal neurological examination. Conclusions Though isolated infratentorial involvement in PRES recognizes several causes, hypertension, which is a common feature in Turner syndrome, would have played a key role in our case with solely pons MRI T2-hyperintensity. Clinical and radiological findings of PRES are heterogeneous with possible atypical presentations: in this regard an accurate differential diagnosis is mandatory in order to provide prompt intervention. Isolated pons involvement has been rarely described. A key feature may be poor clinical presentation in spite of a radiological pattern of severity. Severe hypertension acts as the more frequently reported predisposing factor for isolated pontine PRES
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Angkurawaranon C, Nitsch D, Larke N, Rehman AM, Smeeth L, Addo J. Ecological Study of HIV Infection and Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Double Burden of Disease? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166375. [PMID: 27855194 PMCID: PMC5113946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Data on prevalence of hypertension were derived from a systematic search of literature published between 1975 and 2014 with corresponding national estimates on HIV prevalence and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS databases. National estimates on gross national income (GNI) and under-five mortality were obtained from the World Bank database. Linear regression analyses using robust standard errors (allowing for clustering at country level) were carried out for associations of age-standardised hypertension prevalence ratios (standardized to rural Uganda's hypertension prevalence data) with HIV prevalence, adjusted for national indicators, year of study and sex of the study population. RESULTS In total, 140 estimates of prevalence of hypertension representing 25 nations were sex-and area-matched with corresponding HIV prevalence. A two-fold increase in HIV prevalence was associated with a 9.29% increase in age, sex and study year-adjusted prevalence ratio for hypertension (95% CI 2.0 to 16.5, p = 0.01), which increased to 16.3% (95% CI 9.3 to 21.1) after adjusting for under-five mortality, GNI per capita and ART coverage. CONCLUSIONS Countries with a pronounced burden of HIV may also have an increased burden of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension with potential economic and health systems implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Angkurawaranon
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - D Nitsch
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Larke
- Medical Research Council Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. Rehman
- Medical Research Council Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Smeeth
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Addo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Kim K, Chini N, Fairchild DG, Engle SK, Reagan WJ, Summers SD, Mirsalis JC. Evaluation of Cardiac Toxicity Biomarkers in Rats from Different Laboratories. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1072-1083. [PMID: 27638646 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316668276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of potential cardiac toxicity in drug development. This study reports the evaluation of several commercially available biomarker kits by 3 institutions (SRI, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer) for the discrimination between myocardial degeneration/necrosis and cardiac hypertrophy as well as the assessment of the interlaboratory and interplatform variation in results. Serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides (N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide [NT-proANP] and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]), cardiac and skeletal troponins (cTnI, cTnT, and sTnI), myosin light chain 3 (Myl3), and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) were assessed in rats treated with minoxidil (MNX) and isoproterenol (ISO). MNX caused increased heart-to-body weight ratios and prominent elevations in NT-proANP and NT-proBNP concentrations detected at 24-hr postdose without elevation in troponins, Myl3, or FABP3 and with no abnormal histopathological findings. ISO caused ventricular leukocyte infiltration, myocyte fibrosis, and necrosis with increased concentrations of the natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponins, and Myl3. These results reinforce the advantages of a multimarker strategy in elucidating the underlying cause of cardiac insult and detecting myocardial tissue damage at 24-hr posttreatment. The interlaboratory and interplatform comparison analyses also showed that the data obtained from different laboratories and platforms are highly correlated and reproducible, making these biomarkers widely applicable in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Naseem Chini
- 1 SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | - Steven K Engle
- 2 Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - William J Reagan
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra D Summers
- 3 Pfizer, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Bertrand L, Nair M, Toborek M. Solving the Blood-Brain Barrier Challenge for the Effective Treatment of HIV Replication in the Central Nervous System. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:5477-5486. [PMID: 27464720 PMCID: PMC7219022 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160726113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent decades mark a great progress in the treatment of HIV infection. What was once a deadly disease is now a chronic infection. However, HIV-infected patients are prone to develop comorbidities, which severely affect their daily functions. For example, a large population of patients develop a variety of neurological and cognitive complications, called HIV associated neurological disorders (HAND). Despite efficient repression of viral replication in the periphery, evidence shows that the virus can remain active in the central nervous system (CNS). This low level of replication is believed to result in a progression of neurocognitive dysfunction in infected individuals. Insufficient viral inhibition in the brain results from the inability of several treatment drugs in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reaching therapeutic concentrations in the CNS. The current manuscript discusses several strategies that are being developed to enable therapeutics to cross the BBB, including bypassing BBB, inhibition of efflux transporters, the use of active transporters present at the BBB, and nanotechnology. The increased concentration of therapeutics in the CNS is desirable to prevent viral replication; however, potential side effects of anti-retroviral drugs need also to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michal Toborek
- University of Miami. Miller School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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