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Thom G, Messow CM, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, Brosnahan N, McCombie L, Al-Mrabeh A, Zhyzhneuskaya S, Welsh P, Sattar N, Taylor R, Lean MEJ. Predictors of type 2 diabetes remission in the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT). Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14395. [PMID: 32870520 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify predictors of type 2 diabetes remission in the intervention arm of DiRECT (Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial). METHODS Participants were aged 20-65 years, with type 2 diabetes duration of <6 years and BMI 27-45 kg/m2 , and were not receiving insulin. Weight loss was initiated by total diet replacement (825-853 kcal/day, 3-5 months, shakes/soups), and weight loss maintenance support was provided for 2 years. Remissions (HbA1c <48 mmol/mol [<6.5%], without antidiabetes medications) in the intervention group (n = 149, mean age 53 years, BMI 35 kg/m2 ) were achieved by 68/149 participants (46%) at 12 months and by 53/149 participants (36%) at 24 months. Potential predictors were examined by logistic regression analyses, with adjustments for weight loss and effects independent of weight loss. RESULTS Baseline predictors of remission at 12 and 24 months included being prescribed fewer antidiabetes medications, having lower triglyceride and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels, and reporting better quality of life with less anxiety/depression. Lower baseline HbA1c was a predictor at 12 months, and older age and male sex were predictors at 24 months. Being prescribed antidepressants predicted non-remission. Some, but not all effects were explained by weight loss. Weight loss was the strongest predictor of remission at 12 months (adjusted odds ratio per kg weight loss 1.24, 95% CI 1.14, 1.34; P < 0.0001) and 24 months (adjusted odds ratio 1.23, 95% CI 1.13, 1.35; P <0.0001). Weight loss in kilograms and percentage weight loss were equally good predictors. Early weight loss and higher programme attendance predicted more remissions. Baseline BMI, fasting insulin, fasting C-peptide and diabetes duration did not predict remission. CONCLUSIONS Other than weight loss, most predictors were modest, and not sufficient to identify subgroups for which remission was not a worthwhile target.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thom
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C-M Messow
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W S Leslie
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A C Barnes
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - N Brosnahan
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L McCombie
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Al-Mrabeh
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - S Zhyzhneuskaya
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - P Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Taylor
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M E J Lean
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Taylor R, Barnes AC. Can type 2 diabetes be reversed and how can this best be achieved? James Lind Alliance research priority number one. Diabet Med 2019; 36:308-315. [PMID: 30378706 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The James Lind Alliance, in association with Diabetes UK, conducted a survey of people with Type 2 diabetes to establish their priorities for research. The number one research priority was found to be 'Can Type 2 diabetes be cured or reversed, what is the best way to achieve this, and is there a point beyond which the condition cannot be reversed?'. The present review summarizes the current understanding of weight loss-induced reversal of Type 2 diabetes. It considers the diagnostic criteria for remission and describes the clinical features of post-diabetes. It is of great importance to recognize these, as post-diabetes differs considerably from the high cardiovascular risk state of prediabetes. Current data demonstrate long-term stable β-cell function, providing weight regain is prevented. If an individual, having previously demonstrated susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes, returns to their previous weight then recurrence of the condition is certain. Appropriate use of the terms 'reversal' and 'remission' is discussed, with emphasis that the word 'cure' is inappropriate. Evidence-based means of achieving and maintaining remission of Type 2 diabetes are described, together with a summary of the information on the steadily diminishing chance of achieving reversal with increasing duration of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Taylor
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine and Human Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A C Barnes
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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McParlin C, Hodson K, Barnes AC, Taylor R, Robson SC, Araujo-Soares V. Views, experience and adherence among pregnant women with gestational diabetes participating in a weight loss study (WELLBABE). Diabet Med 2019; 36:195-202. [PMID: 30067873 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the views and experience of pregnant women newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus participating in a 1200 kcal/day diet to achieve moderate weight loss (the WELLBABE study), and to explore barriers to and facilitators of adherence. METHODS Twelve participants engaged in semi-structured interviews after completion of the 4-week diet. An interview schedule was devised using open-ended questions guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Transcript responses were analysed thematically. RESULTS Participants were anxious about their diagnosis of gestational diabetes, but concerns related to dieting in pregnancy were allayed by reassurance from the research team. Participants expected health benefits, improved knowledge and support from enrolling on the study. The participants' primary motivator to diet adherence was their baby's wellbeing. Other facilitatory factors included improving their own health and reducing any future risk of diabetes. Trying to provide reliable results and receiving extra care also facilitated adherence. Partners, friends and family were an important source of social support and no barrier caused by concern about weight loss in pregnancy was encountered. Observed and experienced physical changes and feedback from the research team positively reinforced adherence. The main barrier was that learning new skills was initially time-consuming. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss was acceptable to women with gestational diabetes provided with clear information about likely benefit. A randomized controlled trial of this intervention is now required, employing clear information and feedback of glycaemic benefit to facilitate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McParlin
- Women's Services Directorate, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K Hodson
- Women's Services Directorate, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A C Barnes
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Taylor
- Women's Services Directorate, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S C Robson
- Women's Services Directorate, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Araujo-Soares
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bowater RO, Dennis MM, Blyde D, Stone B, Barnes AC, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Horton MA, White M, Condon K, Jones R. Epizootics of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in captive rays from Queensland, Australia. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:223-232. [PMID: 28836670 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe two epizootics of high mortalities from infection with Streptococcus agalactiae, occurring in captive rays held in a marine display aquarium in south-east Queensland, Australia, in 2009 and 2010. Five different species of rays were affected, including mangrove whiprays (Himantura granulata), estuary rays (Dasyatis fluviorum), eastern shovelnose rays (Aptychotrema rostrata), white-spotted eagle rays (Aetobatus narinari) and blue-spotted mask rays (Neotrygon kuhlii). This report describes the history of both epizootics including collection, quarantine and husbandry of rays, the disease epizootics, clinico-pathological features of the disease, antimicrobial therapy, autogenous vaccine production, and laboratory studies including clinical and histopathology, bacteriology, PCR, molecular serotyping and sequencing of the bacterium S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Bowater
- Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - M M Dennis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - D Blyde
- Sea World, Surfers Paradise, QLD, Australia
| | - B Stone
- QML Vetnostics, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J Delamare-Deboutteville
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M A Horton
- Sea World, Surfers Paradise, QLD, Australia
| | - M White
- Treidlia Biovet Pty Ltd, Seven Hills, NSW, Australia
| | - K Condon
- College of Public Health & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - R Jones
- The Aquarium Vet, Moorabbin, VIC, Australia
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Delamare-Deboutteville J, Bowater R, Condon K, Reynolds A, Fisk A, Aviles F, Barnes AC. Infection and pathology in Queensland grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus, (Bloch), caused by exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae via different routes. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:1021-1035. [PMID: 25117665 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 2007, 96 wild Queensland groupers, Epinephelus lanceolatus, (Bloch), have been found dead in NE Australia. In some cases, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) was isolated. At present, a GBS isolate from a wild grouper case was employed in experimental challenge trials in hatchery-reared Queensland grouper by different routes of exposure. Injection resulted in rapid development of clinical signs including bilateral exophthalmia, hyperaemic skin or fins and abnormal swimming. Death occurred in, and GBS was re-isolated from, 98% fish injected and was detected by PCR in brain, head kidney and spleen from all fish, regardless of challenge dose. Challenge by immersion resulted in lower morbidity with a clear dose response. Whilst infection was established via oral challenge by admixture with feed, no mortality occurred. Histology showed pathology consistent with GBS infection in organs examined from all injected fish, from fish challenged with medium and high doses by immersion, and from high-dose oral challenge. These experimental challenges demonstrated that GBS isolated from wild Queensland grouper reproduced disease in experimentally challenged fish and resulted in pathology that was consistent with that seen in wild Queensland grouper infected with S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delamare-Deboutteville
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - R Bowater
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - K Condon
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - A Reynolds
- Northern Fisheries Centre (NFC), Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - A Fisk
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - F Aviles
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - A C Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Barnes AC, Bhavsar KV, Weber ML, Witkin AJ. Erratum: A subtle case of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings. Eye (Lond) 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Barnes AC, Bhavsar KV, Weber ML, Witkin AJ. A subtle case of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:1521-2. [PMID: 25214000 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K V Bhavsar
- New England Eye Center at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M L Weber
- New England Eye Center at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A J Witkin
- New England Eye Center at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Sunarto A, McColl KA, Crane MSJ, Sumiati T, Hyatt AD, Barnes AC, Walker PJ. Isolation and characterization of koi herpesvirus (KHV) from Indonesia: identification of a new genetic lineage. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:87-101. [PMID: 21158870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is the aetiological agent of an emerging disease (KHVD) associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp and reported from at least 30 countries. We report the first isolation of KHV from koi and common carp in Indonesia and initial characterization of the isolates. Clinical signs, histopathology and virion morphology are similar to those of isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analyses using the thymidine kinase gene amplified from each isolate and from carp tissue samples collected from KHVD outbreaks throughout Indonesia indicated that the Indonesian isolates are more closely related to the Asian than the European KHV lineage. Sequence analysis of two other variable regions between ORF29 and ORF31 (marker I) and near the start of ORF 133 (marker II) indicated that all Indonesian isolates displayed a marker I allele (I(++)) previously identified only in isolates of the Asian lineage. However, in the marker II region, all Indonesian isolates displayed the II(-) allele, which has been reported previously only amongst isolates of the European lineage, and nine of these displayed a mixed genotype (II(+)II(-)). The I(++)II(-) genotype has not been reported previously and appears to represent a new intermediate lineage that may have emerged in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sunarto
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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Boyle P, Chapman CJ, Holdenrieder S, Murray A, Robertson C, Wood WC, Maddison P, Healey G, Fairley GH, Barnes AC, Robertson JFR. Clinical validation of an autoantibody test for lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2010; 22:383-9. [PMID: 20675559 PMCID: PMC3030465 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autoantibodies may be present in a variety of underlying cancers several years before tumours can be detected and testing for their presence may allow earlier diagnosis. We report the clinical validation of an autoantibody panel in newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer (LC). Patients and methods: Three cohorts of patients with newly diagnosed LC were identified: group 1 (n = 145), group 2 (n = 241) and group 3 (n = 269). Patients were individually matched by gender, age and smoking history to a control individual with no history of malignant disease. Serum samples were obtained after diagnosis but before any anticancer treatment. Autoantibody levels were measured against a panel of six tumour-related antigens (p53, NY-ESO-1, CAGE, GBU4-5, Annexin 1 and SOX2). Assay sensitivity was tested in relation to demographic variables and cancer type/stage. Results: The autoantibody panel demonstrated a sensitivity/specificity of 36%/91%, 39%/89% and 37%/90% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, with good reproducibility. There was no significant difference between different LC stages, indicating that the antigens included covered the different types of LC well. Conclusion: This assay confirms the value of an autoantibody panel as a diagnostic tool and offers a potential system for monitoring patients at high risk of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boyle
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
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Green TJ, Barnes AC. Bacterial diversity of the digestive gland of Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata infected with the paramyxean parasite, Marteilia sydneyi. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:613-622. [PMID: 20202017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the infestation by the protozoan paramyxean parasite, Marteilia sydneyi, changes the bacterial community of the digestive gland of Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata. METHODS AND RESULTS Six 16S rDNA clone libraries were established from three M. sydneyi-infected and three un-infected oysters. Restriction enzyme analysis followed by sequencing representative clones revealed a total of 23 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in un-infected oysters, comprising the major phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Spirocheates, where the clone distribution was 44, 36, 7 and 5%, respectively. Close to half of the OTUs are not closely related to any other hitherto determined sequence. In contrast, S. glomerata infected by M. sydneyi had only one OTU present in the digestive gland. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence reveals that this dominant OTU, belonging to the alpha-Proteobacteria, is closely related to a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote (RLP). CONCLUSIONS The microbiota of the digestive gland of Sydney rock oysters is changed by infection by M. sydneyi, becoming dominated by a RLP, and generally less diverse. The bacterial community of un-infected S. glomerata differs from previous studies in that we identified the dominant taxa as Firmicutes and alpha-Proteobacteria, rather than heterotrophic gamma-Proteobacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first culture-independent study of the microbiota of the digestive glands of edible oysters to the species level. The commercial viability of the Sydney rock oyster industry in Australia is currently threatened by Queensland Unknown disease and the changes in the bacterial community of S. glomerata corresponding with infection by M. sydneyi sheds further light on the link between parasite infection and mortality in this economically damaging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Green
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Marine Studies, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Marine Studies, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Integrative Biology, Brisbane, Australia
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Hill JE, Baiano JCF, Barnes AC. Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:1007-1016. [PMID: 19573134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A bacterium was isolated from the mid-gut of healthy black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, based on a large zone of inhibition in mixed culture on solid medium. The isolate was a Gram-positive, motile spore former, with an optimum pH range for growth in tryptone soya broth containing 2% NaCl of between pH 6 and 9. The bacterium was highly salt tolerant with concentrations between 0% and 8% having no detrimental effect on growth. The isolate was identified as Bacillus pumilus based on physiological capabilities using the API50CHB and Biolog systems. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene followed by phylogenetic analysis confirmed its identity. The Bacillus pumilus isolate was strongly inhibitory against the marine bacterial pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. mimicus and V. harveyi, and weakly inhibitory against V. parahaemolyticus in cross-streaking assays on solid medium. The organism was marginally self-inhibitory, and inhibited B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. The suitability of the B. pumilus isolate for use as a probiotic in farmed shrimp was further supported by the absence of any of the known B. cereus enterotoxin genes. Based on these in vitro results, in vivo safety and efficacy trials are underway to determine suitability of the novel strain as a commercial probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hill
- Centre for Marine Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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12
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Burger MAA, Barnes AC, Adlard RD. Wildlife as reservoirs for parasites infecting commercial species: host specificity and a redescription of Kudoa amamiensis from teleost fish in Australia. J Fish Dis 2008; 31:835-844. [PMID: 19238745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Kudoa (Phylum Myxozoa) have long been known to cause considerable losses to finfish aquaculture. One such parasite species, Kudoa amamiensis, causes unsightly white cysts in the skeletal muscle of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola quinqueradiata, in Japan rendering the fillets unmarketable. The authors who characterized K. amamiensis, Egusa & Nakajima, 1980, hypothesized that yellowtail kingfish, as non-natives to the area, were accidental hosts of the parasite and that it normally infects native reef fish (damselfish, Family Pomacentridae). Since then, we have found parasites that are consistent with the description of K. amamiensis in two species of damselfish and one species of carangid fish in Australia, and it has been recorded previously in another species of reef-associated fish. Our morphometric, histological and DNA results suggest that these specimens are K. amamiensis, and are new host records for that species. Furthermore, our observations show that reef fish may act as a reservoir of myxozoan infection for commercial species, and as such should be considered an infection pathway for species in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A A Burger
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Nawawi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Chapman CJ, Murray A, McElveen JE, Sahin U, Luxemburger U, Türeci O, Wiewrodt R, Barnes AC, Robertson JF. Autoantibodies in lung cancer: possibilities for early detection and subsequent cure. Thorax 2007; 63:228-33. [PMID: 17932110 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.083592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with lung cancer usually present at a late stage in the course of their disease when their chances of long-term survival are low. At present there is little to offer for early diagnosis, even in those at high risk of developing the disease. Autoantibodies have been shown to be present in the circulation of people with various forms of solid tumour before cancer-associated antigens can be detected, and these molecules can be measured up to 5 years before symptomatic disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential of a panel of tumour-associated autoantibody profiles as an aid to other lung cancer screening modalities. METHODS Plasma from normal controls (n = 50), patients with non-small cell lung cancer (n = 82) and patients with small cell lung cancer (n = 22) were investigated for the presence of autoantibodies to p53, c-myc, HER2, NY-ESO-1, CAGE, MUC1 and GBU4-5 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Raised levels of autoantibodies were seen to at least 1/7 antigens in 76% of all the patients with lung cancer plasma tested, and 89% of node-negative patients, with a specificity of 92%. There was no significant difference between the detection rates in the lung cancer subgroups, although more patients with squamous cell carcinomas (92%) could be identified. CONCLUSION Measurement of an autoantibody response to one or more tumour-associated antigens in an optimised panel assay may provide a sensitive and specific blood test to aid the early detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Chapman
- Division of Breast Surgery, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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Ansell S, Barnes AC, Mason PE, Neilson GW, Ramos S. X-ray and neutron scattering studies of the hydration structure of alkali ions in concentrated aqueous solutions. Biophys Chem 2006; 124:171-9. [PMID: 16815625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ions in water provides a rich and varied environment in which many natural processes occur with important consequences in biology, geology and chemistry. This article will focus on the structural properties of ions in water and it will be shown how the 'difference' methods of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS) and anomalous X-ray diffraction (AXD) can be used to obtain direct information regarding the radial pair distribution functions of many cations and anions in solution. This information can subsequently be used to calculate coordination numbers and to determine ion-water conformation in great detail. As well as enabling comparisons to be made amongst ions in particular groups in the periodic table, such information can also be contrasted with results provided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. To illustrate the power of these 'difference' methods, reference will be made to the alkali group of ions, all of which have been successfully investigated by the above methods, with the exception of the radioactive element francium. Additional comments will be made on how NDIS measurements are currently being combined with MD simulations to determine the structure around complex ions and molecules, many of which are common in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ansell
- ISIS Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Barnes
- a H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol , England
- b Institut Laue-Langevin , 156X Centre de Tri, 38042, Grenoble , France
| | - D. Laundy
- a H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol , England
- c Department of Physics , University of Warwick , England
| | - J. E. Enderby
- a H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol , England
- b Institut Laue-Langevin , 156X Centre de Tri, 38042, Grenoble , France
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Barnes
- a Institut Laue-Langevin , Avenue des Martyrs 156X, 38042 , Grenoble Cedex , France
- b Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory , Chilton Oxon OX1 1 0QX, England
| | - J. E. Enderby
- a Institut Laue-Langevin , Avenue des Martyrs 156X, 38042 , Grenoble Cedex , France
- c H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 lTL , England
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Skinner LB, Barnes AC, Crichton W. Novel behaviour and structure of new glasses of the type Ba-Al-O and Ba-Al-Ti-O produced by aerodynamic levitation and laser heating. J Phys Condens Matter 2006; 18:L407-L414. [PMID: 21690853 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/32/l01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel barium aluminate (BaAl(2)O(4)) and barium alumino-titanate (BaAl(2)TiO(6)) glasses have been produced by aerodynamic levitation and laser heating. BaAl(2)O(4) forms a clear and colourless glass under containerless and rapid quenching conditions. Under similar rapid quenching conditions BaAl(2)TiO(6) forms an opaque and black glass, while under slower and controlled quenching conditions it is possible to form a clear and colourless glass. The formation of the opaque or clear glass is reversible and purely dependent on the quench rate used. By slowing the quench rate further, it is possible to produce a milky glass suggestive of liquid-liquid phase separation in the liquid before glassification. High-energy x-ray diffraction experiments confirm the glassy state of these materials and show coordination structures and bond distances similar to their crystalline analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Skinner
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
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Ramos S, Neilson GW, Barnes AC, Buchanan P. An anomalous x-ray diffraction study of the hydration structures of Cs+ and I− in concentrated solutions. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:214501. [PMID: 16356051 DOI: 10.1063/1.2128706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous x-ray diffraction experiments were carried out on concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium iodide (6 molal) and cesium iodide (3 molal). Data were gathered at two energies below the absorption edges of the Cs+ and I- ions in order to avoid contributions from fluorescence. The statistics and quality of the raw data were improved by the use of a focusing analyzer crystal. Differences were taken between the data sets and used to calculate the hydration structures of Cs+ and I-. The structures found are more complex than anticipated for such large ions with relatively low charge densities and show evidence of ion-pair formation in both solutions. A two-Gaussian fit to the Cs+ data gives information about the Cs+-O and Cs+-I- correlations. The central position of the Gaussian representing the Cs+-O was fixed at 3.00 A, that is, the maximum of this contribution. The other parameters were allowed to vary freely, giving a Cs+-I- distance of 3.84+/-0.05 A and coordination numbers of 7.9 and 2.7, respectively, for the Cs+-O and Cs+-I- correlations. The results on the structure of I- in the 6 molal NaI aqueous solution were also fitted to a model based on Gaussians; this gives correlations for I- -O and I- -Na+ at 3.17+/-0.06 and 3.76+/-0.06 A with respective coordination numbers of 8.8 and 1.6. The structure of I- in the 3 molal CsI solution shows overlapping contributions due to I- -H, I- -O, and I- -Cs+. The best Gaussian fit gives two peaks centered at 3.00+/-0.08 and 3.82+/-0.04 A and shows that the latter two correlations are unresolved. The hydration structures are compared with those of other alkali and halide ions. The results are also found to be in good agreement with those obtained from standard x-ray diffraction and computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramos
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38043, France.
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Abstract
Forty strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested for the production of siderophores using the universal Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The majority of the strains (85%) were CAS positive (CAS+) and some (15%) were CAS negative (CAS-). The cryptic plasmid pCP1 was carried by all positive strains and was lacking from negative strains. While a weak catechol reaction was detectable in CAS+ culture supernatants, the CAS reaction was, to some extent, heat sensitive, questioning whether the positive reaction was caused only by siderophores. The ability to grow in vitro under iron-restricted conditions did not correlate with the CAS reactivity, as growth of both CAS+ and CAS- strains was similarly impaired under iron restriction induced by 2,2 dipyridyl. Suppressed growth under these conditions was restored by addition of FeCl3, haemoglobin and transferrin for both CAS+ and CAS- strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Møller
- Fish Disease Laboratory, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Barnes AC, dos Santos NMS, Ellis AE. Update on bacterial vaccines: Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Dev Biol (Basel) 2005; 121:75-84. [PMID: 15962471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida is the causative agent of pasteurellosis in wild and farmed marine fish worldwide. Although serologically homogeneous, recent molecular advances have led to the discovery of distinct genetic clades, depending on geographical origin. Further details of the strategies for host colonisation have arisen including information on the role of capsule, susceptibility to oxidative stress, confirmation of intracellular survival in host epithelial cells, and induced apoptosis of host macrophages. This improved understanding has given rise to new ideas and advances in vaccine technologies, which are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Mason PE, Neilson GW, Barnes AC, Enderby JE, Brady JW, Saboungi ML. Neutron diffraction studies on aqueous solutions of glucose. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1574772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Mason PE, Neilson GW, Dempsey CE, Barnes AC, Cruickshank JM. The hydration structure of guanidinium and thiocyanate ions: implications for protein stability in aqueous solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4557-61. [PMID: 12684536 PMCID: PMC404697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0735920100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron diffraction experiments were carried out on aqueous solutions containing either guanidinium or thiocyanate ions. The first-order difference method of neutron diffraction and isotopic substitution was applied, and the hydration structures of two of nature's strongest denaturant ions were determined. Each ion is shown to interact weakly with water: Guanidinium has no recognizable hydration shell and is one of the most weakly hydrated cations yet characterized. Hydration of thiocyanate is characterized by a low coordination number involving around one hydrogen-bonded water molecule and approximately two water molecules weakly interacting through "hydration bonds." The weak hydration of these denaturant ions strongly supports suggestions that a major contribution to the denaturant effect is the preferential interaction of the denaturant with the protein surface. By contrast, solute species such as many sugars and related polyols that stabilize proteins are strongly hydrated and are thus preferentially retained in the bulk solvent and excluded from the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Mason
- Department of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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Fischer HE, Salmon PS, Barnes AC. La diffraction des neutrons et des rayons X pour l'étude structurale des liquides et des verres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:200300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bieze TWN, Barnes AC, Huige CJM, Enderby JE, Leyte JC. Distribution of Water around Poly(ethylene oxide): A Neutron Diffraction Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100077a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barnes AC, Bieze TWN, Enderby JE, Leyte JC. Dynamics of Water in the Poly(ethylene oxide) Hydration Shell: A Quasi Elastic Neutron-Scattering Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100095a038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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dos Santos NM, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Barnes AC, Ellis AE, Rombout JH. Kinetics of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) systemic and mucosal antibody secreting cell response to different antigens (Photobacterium damselae spp. piscicida, Vibrio anguillarum and DNP). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2001; 11:317-331. [PMID: 11417719 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ELISPOT assay was used to measure the number of specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) induced during the primary and secondary immune responses in the spleen, head kidney and gut of juvenile (5 g) sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to bacterial (Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida) and hapten dinitrophenyl-conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (DNP-KLH) antigens administered intraperitoneally. High variability among individuals was observed at each sampling day. All fish were bath vaccinated to V. anguillarum at an earlier stage (2 g) in the farm of origin prior to the development of the experiments, and therefore only secondary and tertiary responses were measured in the group immunised with this bacterium. Significant differences to the controls were observed in the primary responses of the head kidney and the spleen to P. damselae ssp. piscicida and DNP, respectively. Frequency analysis of the production of ASC suggests that significant responses in the gut might be masked by the high error variance. The peak of the primary response was observed 4 days earlier to DNP (18-20 days post-immunisation) and it was significantly higher than the response to P. damselae ssp. piscicida. Higher numbers of ASC were observed in the secondary responses of the head kidney and spleen, although they were not statistically significantly different from the primary levels, probably due to the high error variance as supported by the frequency analysis. Nevertheless, together with a faster response (peak at 7 days post-immunisation), the data suggest that memory formation had occurred. Additionally, the data suggest that some suppression of the secondary immune response in the gut might have occurred. The head kidney appears to produce the highest number of specific ASC of the organs tested. It appears that sea bass show a relatively fast but short duration antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M dos Santos
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ramos
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 4ED, United Kingdom and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - G. W. Neilson
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 4ED, United Kingdom and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - A. C. Barnes
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 4ED, United Kingdom and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - A. Mazuelas
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 4ED, United Kingdom and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs, F-38043, Grenoble, France
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Fujii
- Johns Hopkins Microsurgery Advanced Design Laboratory, The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9277, USA
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dos Santos NM, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Barnes AC, van Muiswinkel WB, Ellis AE, Rombout JH. The gill is a major organ for antibody secreting cell production following direct immersion of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) in a Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida bacterin: an ontogenetic study. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2001; 11:65-74. [PMID: 11271603 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high numbers of antibody secreting cells (ASC) were observed in the gills of sea bass fry immunised at three different age/sizes (initial weight of 0.1, 2 and 5 g) by direct immersion in a Photobacterium damselae spp. piscicida bacterin. The relatively low ASC production in the head kidney and spleen suggests that the systemic compartment was only slightly stimulated upon immersion vaccination. There was no response of corresponding magnitude in the gut as the one observed in the gills. A clear age effect was observed in the ASC response of the different groups, especially visible in the gills. Significantly higher numbers of specific ASC were observed in the gills of the two oldest groups (initial weight of 2 and 5 g) compared with the youngest fish (initial weight of 0.1 g), but the oldest groups were not significantly different from each other. Additionally, a more rapid response was observed with the ageing of the fish, with peak responses in all the organs at day 18, 16 and 8 post-immunisation in the smallest to largest fish, respectively. There was no evidence that direct immersion exposure to P. damselae ssp. piscicida at the earliest stages used in the present study (0.1 g) was tolerogenic. In the context of present knowledge, this study strongly supports the importance of the route of immunisation to locally stimulate ASC and the importance that the gills might have in specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M dos Santos
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal
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Poulose BK, Kutka MF, Mendoza-Sagaon M, Barnes AC, Yang C, Taylor RH, Talamini MA. Human vs robotic organ retraction during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Surg Endosc 1999; 13:461-5. [PMID: 10227942 DOI: 10.1007/s004649901013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in technique and instrumentation have enabled surgeons to perform an increasing number of complicated procedures through laparoscopy. However, these efforts have often been compromised by the exertion of excessive force when anatomical structures are retracted to create a clear view of the anatomy. Here, we present a comparative study of human and robotic performance in force-controlled organ retraction during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF). METHODS Six female pigs (20-25 kg) were anesthetized, intubated, and placed on mechanical ventilation; pneumoperitoneum (13 mmHg CO2) was established. A force-sensing retractor (FSR) was constructed to record the forces applied in retracting the stomach during dissection of the esophageal hiatus. The FSR was calibrated using known forces and then operated by either human alone or robot under human guidance using the FSR data. The esophageal hiatus was visualized and dissected, and LNF was completed. RESULTS Less force was needed for robotic (74.3 +/- 10.5 g; mean +/- standard deviation) than for human (108.9 +/- 34.3 g) retraction (p = 0.007) to obtain an optimal view of the esophageal hiatus. No significant differences were observed for retraction setup time (robot, 14.3 +/- 0.8 min; human, 13.7 +/- 9.9 min; mean +/- SD) or hiatal dissection time (robot, 14.0 +/- 3.0 min; human, 14.0 +/- 6.1 min; mean +/- SD). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results illustrate our continuing effort to develop and evaluate an automated surgical assistant for laparoscopy. As more personnel-intensive advanced laparoscopic procedures are performed, robotic retraction is likely to offer a superior alternative to human retraction; it minimizes the forces exerted on the organs while maintaining excellent anatomical view.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Poulose
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Blalock 665, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Barnes AC, Bowden TJ, Horne MT, Ellis AE. Peroxide-inducible catalase in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida protects against exogenous hydrogen peroxide and killing by activated rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss L., macrophages. Microb Pathog 1999; 26:149-58. [PMID: 10089155 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1998.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida expresses a single cytoplasmically located catalase which was found to be inducible by exposure to 20 microM hydrogen peroxide in mid-exponential phase resulting in a 4 fold increase in activity. Subsequent exposure to 2 mM peroxide in late-exponential/early-stationary phase resulted in further induction of catalase activity which increased to 20 fold higher levels than those found in uninduced cultures. Exponentially induced cultures were protected against subsequent exposure to 10 mM peroxide which was lethal to non-induced cultures. Bacteria subjected to induction in mid-exponential and early-stationary phase were resistant to 100 mM peroxide, although viability was greatly reduced. Growth of the bacterium under iron-restricted conditions had no effect on the peroxide induction of catalase. As current evidence indicates, the latter is an iron-co-factored heme catalase, this result suggests that catalase induction has a high priority in the metabolism of iron. Furthermore, exposure to peroxide also induces expression of periplasmic MnSOD. A. salmonicida MT423 was resistant to normal rainbow trout macrophages, but was susceptible to killing by activated macrophages. However, if catalase was induced by prior exposure to 20 microM peroxide during mid-exponential phase, A. salmonicida was resistant to killing by activated macrophages. The ability of A. salmonicida to upregulate periplasmic MnSOD and cytoplasmic catalase production under iron restricted conditions and low level peroxide (conditions expected to exist during the early stages of an infection) may be vital for its ability to withstand attack by phagocytic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland
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Cadeddu JA, Bzostek A, Schreiner S, Barnes AC, Roberts WW, Anderson JH, Taylor RH, Kavoussi LR. A robotic system for percutaneous renal access. J Urol 1997; 158:1589-93. [PMID: 9302179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Percutaneous renal access can be challenging, particularly when the collecting system is not distended. Precise entry into a selected calyx facilitates subsequent percutaneous manipulations, but this skill requires extensive experience. In an attempt to improve accuracy while decreasing technical challenges, we developed a robotic system that automates the task of fluoroscopic image-guided percutaneous needle placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prototype system consisted of a three degree-of-freedom robot with a needle injector end-effector. Imaging was provided by a biplanar fluoroscope. After correction of image distortion and fluoroscope calibration, robot to image-space registration was completed. To validate the system's ability to insert a needle into a calyx, ex vivo porcine kidneys suspended in agarose gel and distended with iodinated contrast solution were used as a model. In situ renal access tests with three 20 kg. pigs were performed. Access was confirmed by passing a flexible wire or aspirating iodinated contrast from the collecting system. RESULTS The diameter of target calyces ranged from 3 to 7 mm. The in vitro accuracy of final needle tip positioning was 0.43 mm. In the ex vivo model, successful "one stick" access occurred on 10 of 12 attempts (83%). In situ access on the first attempt was successful for 6 of 12 target calyces (50%). Needle or tissue deflection accounted for each failure. CONCLUSION The feasibility of a robotic system to assist in the percutaneous access of small and delicate renal calyces has been demonstrated. Additional work in reducing procedural steps and correcting for tissue deflection during needle passage is necessary to improve accuracy and to allow for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cadeddu
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Schreiner S, Anderson JH, Taylor RH, Funda J, Bzostek A, Barnes AC. A system for percutaneous delivery of treatment with a fluoroscopically-guided robot. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0029300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Saboungi ML, Price DL, Barnes AC. Toward a full partial structure of ν-GeO 2. Acta Crystallogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767396084966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
The activity of the fluoroquinolone flumequine was investigated against the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida and was compared with that of oxolinic acid. Flumequine was more active than oxolinic acid in terms of its MIC against oxolinic acid-resistant isolates of A. salmonicida and was as active as oxolinic acid against susceptible isolates. In contrast to oxolinic acid, flumequine was bactericidal, with only 1% of the bacteria surviving 6 h of exposure to the drug at concentrations slightly above the MIC. Mutation to resistance to flumequine was found to occur at a lower frequency than that to oxolinic acid. Hence, in vitro, flumequine appears to possess some advantages over oxolinic acid against this fish pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, United Kingdom
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Barnes AC, Lewin CS, Hastings TS, Amyes SG. Cross resistance between oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid in Aeromonas salmonicida associated with alterations in outer membrane proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990; 60:337-9. [PMID: 2083844 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1097(90)90327-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytetracycline resistant mutants of Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from mutation frequency experiments showed decreased susceptibility to oxolinic acid. Outer membrane preparations of these resistant mutant strains revealed a major protein, with a molecular mass of approximately 37 kDa, which was not present in significant quantities in the parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, U.K
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Barnes AC, Lewin CS, Hastings TS, Amyes SG. In vitro activities of 4-quinolones against the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1819-20. [PMID: 2285298 PMCID: PMC171937 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.9.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of five fluorinated 4-quinolones, namely, sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, PD127391, PD117596, and CI934, against the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida were investigated and compared with that of oxolinic acid. The results indicated that with the exception of CI934, these drugs are more active than oxolinic acid in terms of MIC. No inoculum effect was observed, but the drugs were less active at 10 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. The presence of 3% of NaCl caused an increase in drug activity. Resistance to the drugs appeared to be fairly stable, with only a small decrease in activity after 10 successive passages of the test strains on drug-free tryptone soya agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barnes
- Department of Bacteriology, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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Ager IR, Barnes AC, Danswan GW, Hairsine PW, Kay DP, Kennewell PD, Matharu SS, Miller P, Robson P, Rowlands DA. Synthesis and oral antiallergic activity of carboxylic acids derived from imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzoxazines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinolines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[2,3-a]quinoxalinones, and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles. J Med Chem 1988; 31:1098-115. [PMID: 2897466 DOI: 10.1021/jm00401a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
4H-Imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acid (3) was found to possess potent activity in the IgE-induced rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model which may be predictive of clinical antiallergic activity. Compared to disodium cromoglycate (DSCG, 1), 3 was less active following iv administration but unlike DSCG showed very significant oral activity. To explore the structural requirements for this activity, a range of tricyclic compounds was prepared and their activities were measured. Individual 2-carboxylic acids derived from imidazo[1,2-a]quinolines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[2,3-a]quinoxalinones, and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles showed iv activities up to 10(3) times as potent as DSCG and many of them showed significant oral activity. From these, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 114 has been chosen for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Ager
- Roussel Laboratories Ltd., Swindon, Wilts, United Kingdom
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Friedersdorff LS, Schaller RW, Barnes AC. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Testosterone Propionate, Progesterone and Estradiol Benzoate in Bovine Implants. ANAL LETT 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718608066254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Barnes AC. The repercussion of population growth. J Reprod Med 1981; 26:433-7. [PMID: 7277354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Barnes AC, Hairsine PW, Matharu SS, Ramm PJ, Taylor JB. Pharmacologically active sulfoximides: 5-hexyl-7-)S-methylsulfonimidoly) xanthone-2-carboxylic acid, a potent antiallergic agent. J Med Chem 1979; 22:418-24. [PMID: 430479 DOI: 10.1021/jm00190a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antiallergic activity of some xanthone derivatives containing a sulfoximide substitutent has been investigated. While 2-(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)xanthone itself was found to be inactive, a series of 7-(S-methylsulfonimidoly)-xanthone-2-carboxylic acids showed good levels of activity in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis screen. N-Substituted sulfoximide derivatives were, without exception, less active than the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. The activity of the 7-(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)xanthone-2-carboxylic acids could be enhanced by the introduction of an alkyl or alkoxy substituent at C-5. As a result of these studies, 5-hexyl-7(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)xanthone-2-carboxylic acid has been selected for further investigation as an antipasthmatic agent.
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Barnes AC. Population growth and the quality of life. Mt Sinai J Med 1975; 42:265-8. [PMID: 1080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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