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Obsuth I, Madia JE, Murray AL, Thompson I, Daniels H. The impact of school exclusion in childhood on health and well-being outcomes in adulthood: Estimating causal effects using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Br J Educ Psychol 2024; 94:460-473. [PMID: 38155360 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence has suggested a strong association between school exclusion and health outcomes. However, as health risks are themselves related to the risk of experiencing a school exclusion, it has been challenging to determine the extent to which school exclusion impacts later health outcomes, as opposed to reflecting a marker for pre-existing risks. AIM The aim of the current study was to address this challenge in estimating the medium-to-long-term impact of school exclusion of health and well-being outcomes. METHODS To this end, we used an inverse propensity weighting approach in the Next Steps data set (N = 6534, from wave 1, 2014, to wave 8, 2015). RESULTS We found that after weighting for propensity of treatment scores estimated based on a wide range of factors, including previous health indicators, there was a significant effect of school exclusion on a wide range of health and well-being outcomes. DISCUSSION These results provide some of the most robust evidence to date that school exclusion harms long-term health outcomes. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that policies should aim to reduce exclusion and ensure access to preventative health support for those who experience a school exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joan E Madia
- Department of Sociology, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Thompson
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry Daniels
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Murray AL, Xie T, Power L, Condon L. Recruitment and retention of adolescents for an ecological momentary assessment measurement burst mental health study: The MHIM engagement strategy. Health Expect 2024; 27:e14065. [PMID: 38711174 DOI: 10.1111/hex.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recruitment and long-term retention of adolescent participants in longitudinal research are challenging and may be especially so in studies involving remote measurement and biosampling components. The ability to effectively recruit and retain participants can be supported by the use of specific evidence-based engagement strategies that are built in from the earliest stages. METHODS Informed by a review of the evidence on effective engagement strategies and consultations with adolescents (via two Young Person Advisory Groups [YPAGs]; ages 11-13 and 14-17), the current protocol describes the planned participant engagement strategy for the Mental Health in the Moment Study: a multimodal measurement burst study of adolescent mental health across ages 11-19. RESULTS The protocol incorporates engagement strategies in four key domains: consultations/co-design with the target population, incentives, relationship-building and burden/barrier reduction. In addition to describing general engagement strategies in longitudinal studies, we also discuss specific concerns regarding engagement in data collection methods such as biosampling and ecological momentary assessment where a paucity of evidence exists. CONCLUSION Engagement strategies for adolescent mental health studies should be based on existing evidence and consultations with adolescents. We present our approach in developing the planned engagement strategies and also discuss limitations and future directions in engaging adolescents in longitudinal research. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION The study design for this project places a strong emphasis on the active engagement of adolescents throughout its development. Specifically, the feedback and suggestions provided by the YPAGs have been instrumental in refining our strategies for maximising the recruitment and retention of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Luke Power
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Condon
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration West, Bristol, UK
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Talty A, Speyer LG, Eisner MP, Ribeaud D, Murray AL, Obsuth I. The role of student-teacher relationships in the association between negative parenting practices and emotion dynamics - Combining longitudinal and ecological momentary assessment data. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:1268-1280. [PMID: 37395433 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation is increasingly implicated as a transdiagnostic risk factor in the etiology of mental health problems. This project aimed to explore the links between emotion regulation, negative parenting and student-teacher relationships using longitudinal and ecologically valid data. A sample of n = 209 young people enrolled in the 'Decades-to-Minutes' (D2M) study, based in Zurich, Switzerland, provided data from the ages of 7-20 via parent- and self-report questionnaires and ecological momentary assessment. Data were analyzed using Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM). Worse student-teacher relationships predicted increased negative affectivity and emotional lability. Negative parenting practices predicted emotional lability only via their impact on student-teacher relationships. The findings point to worse student-teacher relationships as risk factors in the socioemotional development of children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Talty
- Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lydia G Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel P Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Urruela C, Greco AM, Díaz-Faes DA, Zych I, Pereda N, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Murray AL. Validation of the Violent Ideations Scale (VIS) in Spain. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:1474-1492. [PMID: 36644834 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221148126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that violent ideations (VIs) may play a key role in aggression and violence. However, there is no tool to measure this construct adapted to the Spanish language so far. The current study aims to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Violent Ideations Scale (VIS) in European Spanish. This study counts with a convenience sample of 752 native Spaniards or Spanish speakers residing in Spain, between 18- and 75-years old, 53% identified as female and 47% identified as male. The dimensionality, gender measurement invariance, concurrent validity and reliability of scores were assessed. Initial evidence of external validity was collected. Results confirmed the unidimensionality of the instrument. Measurement invariance held across females and males and reliabilities were high. VIS-ES scores correlated with aggressive behavior during the previous month. The VIS-ES seems suitable for use in non-clinical Spanish speaking samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M Greco
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Eisner
- University of Cambridge, UK
- University of Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Murray AL, de la Fuente-Núñez V. Development of the item pool for the 'WHO-ageism scale': conceptualisation, item generation and content validity assessment. Age Ageing 2023; 52:iv149-iv157. [PMID: 37902522 PMCID: PMC10615060 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ageism harms individuals' health and wellbeing and can be costly to societies. Reliable and valid measures that can quantify ageism are critical for achieving accurate data on its global prevalence, determinants and impacts, and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce it. Ageism scales exist; however, none have been demonstrated to validly measure ageism in a manner consistent with consensus definitions of the concept (i.e. as manifested in all of stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination), whilst also quantifying ageism against all groups, from a target and perpetrator perspective, and across diverse country settings. Our objective was to develop an item pool to meet this need. METHODS we completed the conceptualisation, item generation and content validity assessment phases of a new World Health Organisation (WHO) WHO-ageism item pool that aims to measure the multi-dimensional nature of ageism. These phases drew on a review of available evidence, an experts' workshop and structured content validity reviews conducted by experts in scale development and ageism drawn from every world region defined by WHO. RESULTS our resulting item pool is designed to provide a multi-dimensional measure of ageism against all ages measured from both a perpetration and experienced perspective and that can produce valid and reliable scores within diverse country contexts and comparable scores across these contexts. CONCLUSIONS our item pool is the first major step in providing a global and comprehensive measure of ageism. Future phases of research will refine the item pool and establish the statistical psychometric properties of the final tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Vânia de la Fuente-Núñez
- Demographic Change & Healthy Ageing Unit, Department of Social Determinants of Health, Division of Healthier Populations, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Kwok J, Khanolainen DP, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Torppa MP, Auyeung B. Examining Maternal Cardiometabolic Markers in Pregnancy on Child Emotional and Behavior Trajectories: Using Growth Curve Models on a Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2023; 3:614-622. [PMID: 37881536 PMCID: PMC10593919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor maternal cardiometabolic health in pregnancy is associated with negative effects on child health outcomes, but there is limited literature on child and adolescent socioemotional outcomes. The study aimed to investigate associations between maternal cardiometabolic markers during pregnancy with child and adolescent socioemotional trajectories. Methods Growth curve models were run to examine how maternal cardiometabolic markers in pregnancy affected child socioemotional trajectories from ages 4 to 16. Models were adjusted for all pregnancy trimesters and maternal, child, and socioeconomic covariates. This study used the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (United Kingdom) cohort. Participants consisted of mother-child pairs (N = 15,133). Maternal predictors of fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and body mass index were taken from each pregnancy trimester (T1, T2, T3). Child outcomes included emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity problems from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Fully adjusted models showed significant associations between elevated T1 fasting glucose and increased conduct problems, higher T1 body mass index and increased hyperactivity problems, lowered T1 high-density lipoprotein and decreased hyperactivity problems, and elevated T2 triglycerides and increased hyperactivity problems. Conclusions Maternal cardiometabolic risk is associated with conduct and hyperactivity outcomes from ages 4 to 16. This study suggests that maternal markers of fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides during pregnancy could be added as supplements for clinical measures of risk when predicting child and adolescent socioemotional trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell Kwok
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lydia G. Speyer
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Aja L. Murray
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Minna P. Torppa
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Shanahan L, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Murray AL, Nivette A, Hepp U, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:824-833. [PMID: 32571438 PMCID: PMC7338432 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000241x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a 'perfect storm' for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for. METHODS Data came from a cohort study (N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20). RESULTS On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing. CONCLUSIONS In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annekatrin Steinhoff
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bechtiger
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy Nivette
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Hepp
- Integrated Psychiatric Services Winterthur-Zürcher Unterland, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Urruela C, Booth T, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Murray AL. Validation of an Extended Violent Ideations Scale to Measure Both Non-Sexual and Sexual Violent Ideations (The VIS-X). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. A previous study developed and validated a multi-item instrument for the assessment of violent ideations, the “Violent Ideations Scale” (VIS). However, the final 12-item scale contained no items relating to sexual violence and was thus lacking an important dimension of violence. The current study explores an expansion of the original VIS to include ideations of sexual violence and investigates the psychometric properties of this new version: The Violent Ideations Scale-Extended (VIS-X). The VIS-X was completed by participants in the latest wave of the z-proso study ( N = 1,177; 595 females, 580 males aged 19–22 years). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in a calibration sample and confirmatory factor analysis in a validation sample to establish a two subscale structure as optimal. Cronbach’s α and Composite Reliability suggested good internal consistency. Nomological analysis supported the convergent validity of the scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Urruela
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses y de la Seguridad, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Booth
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Madia JE, Obsuth I, Thompson I, Daniels H, Murray AL. Long-term labour market and economic consequences of school exclusions in England: Evidence from two counterfactual approaches. Br J Educ Psychol 2022; 92:801-816. [PMID: 35138646 PMCID: PMC9546012 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous research suggests that school exclusion during childhood is a precursor to social exclusion in adulthood. Past literature on the consequences of school exclusion is, however, scarce and mainly focused on short‐term outcomes such as educational attainment, delinquency, and mental health in early adolescence. Moreover, this evidence is based primarily on descriptive and correlational analysis, whereas robust causal evidence is required to best inform policy. Aims We aimed to estimate the mid‐to‐long‐term impact of school exclusion on labour market and economic outcomes. Sample The sample included 6,632 young people who at the age of 25/26 in the year 2015 participated in the Next Steps survey of whom 86 were expelled from school and 711 were suspended between the ages of 13/14 and 16/17. Method Using high quality existing longitudinal data, we utilized four approaches to evaluate the impact of school exclusion: logistic regression‐adjustment models, propensity score matching, school fixed‐effects analysis, and inverse propensity weighting. The latter two counterfactual approaches were used to estimate causal effects. Results We found that school exclusion increased the risk of becoming NEET at the age of 19/20, and then remaining economically inactive at the age of 25/26, as well as experiencing higher unemployment risk and earning lower wages also at the age of 25/26. Conclusion School exclusion has pervasive negative effects into adulthood. Policy interventions should focus on both prevention and mitigating its negative effects. Interventions aimed at re‐integrating excluded individuals into education or vocational training could be key in reducing the risk of poor socio‐economic outcomes and social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Madia
- Department of Sociology, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK.,FBK-IRVAPP, Trento, Italy
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Thompson
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Lavoie J, Murray AL, Skinner G, Janiczek E. Measuring morality in infancy: A scoping methodological review. Infant and Child Development 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lavoie
- Moray House School of Education & Sport University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Guy Skinner
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Emilia Janiczek
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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11
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Murray AL, Eisner M, Nagin D, Ribeaud D. A multi-trajectory analysis of commonly co-occurring mental health issues across childhood and adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:145-159. [PMID: 33200338 PMCID: PMC8816777 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Developmental trajectories of mental health issues can often be usefully summarised in a small number of clinically meaningful subtypes. Given the high levels of heterotypic and homotypic comorbidity in child and adolescent mental health symptoms, we explored whether it was possible to identify clinically meaningful developmental subtypes of multiple commonly co-occurring mental health issues. We evaluated the combined developmental trajectories of the most common and commonly co-occurring child and adolescent mental health issues: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), internalising, and externalising symptoms in a normative sample of youth with data (n = 1620) at ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 using group-based multi-trajectory modelling. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of group membership. Our optimal model included six trajectory groups, labelled 'unaffected', 'normative maturing', 'internalising', 'multimorbid late onset', 'multimorbid remitting', and 'multimorbid with remitting externalising'. Examining covariates of group membership suggested that males and bully victims tend to have complex mental health profiles; academic achievement and smoking during pregnancy have general associations with mental health irrespective of symptom developmental trajectories or combination; and maternal post-natal depression is primarily related to symptoms that are already in evidence by the beginning of the school years. Results suggest that developmental trajectories of commonly co-occurring mental health issues can be usefully summarised in terms of a small number of developmental subtypes. These subtypes more often than not involve multiple co-occurring mental health issues. Their association with mental health covariates depends on the combination and developmental timing of symptoms in ways that suggest they can be clinically informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Eisner M, Averdijk M, Kaiser D, Murray AL, Nivette A, Shanahan L, Gelder J, Ribeaud D. The association of polyvictimization with violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:472-482. [PMID: 33908056 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Violent ideations are increasingly recognized as an important psychological predictor for aggressive and violent behavior. However, little is known about the processes that contribute to violent ideations. This paper examines the extent to which polyvictimization triggers violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood, while also adjusting for dispositional and situational factors as well as prior violent ideations. Data came from three waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood into Adulthood (z-proso; n = 1465). Full-information maximum likelihood Tobit models were fitted to regress violent ideations experienced at ages 17 and 20 on multiple victimization experiences in the preceding 12 months while controlling for antecedent developmental risk factors and prior violent ideations. The results showed that violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood are influenced by violent thoughts, aggressive behavior, violent media consumption, moral neutralization of violence, and internalizing symptoms measured 2 years earlier. Experiences of polyvictimization significantly contributed to an increase in violent ideations both during late adolescence and in early adulthood. The exposure-response relationship between victimization and violent ideations did not significantly differ by sex. The findings are consistent with the notion that violent ideations are triggered by a retaliation-linked psychological mechanism that entails playing out other directed imaginary aggressive scenarios specifically in response to experiencing intentional harm-doing by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Margit Averdijk
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Amy Nivette
- Department of Sociology University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Louis Gelder
- Department of Criminology Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law Freiburg Germany
- Institute of Education and Child Studies Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Leos-Toro C, Ribeaud D, Bechtiger L, Steinhoff A, Nivette A, Murray AL, Hepp U, Quednow BB, Eisner MP, Shanahan L. Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccination Among Young Adults in Zurich, Switzerland, September 2020. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:643486. [PMID: 34744592 PMCID: PMC8565253 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.643486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Young adults are essential to the effective mitigation of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) given their tendency toward greater frequency of social interactions. Little is known about vaccine willingness during pandemics in European populations. This study examined young people's attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in Fall 2020. Methods: Data came from an ongoing longitudinal study's online COVID-19-focused supplement among young adults aged 22 in Zurich, Switzerland (N = 499) in September 2020. Logistic regressions examined young adults' likelihood of participating in COVID-19 immunization programs. Results: Approximately half of respondents reported being unlikely to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Compared to males, females were more likely to oppose COVID-19 vaccination (p < 0.05). In multivariate models, Sri Lankan maternal background and higher socioeconomic status were associated with a greater likelihood of getting vaccinated against COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Respondents were more likely to report a willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19 when they perceived 1) an effective government response (p < 0.05) and 2) their information sources to be objective (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study communicates aspects important to the development of targeted information campaigns to promote engagement in COVID-19 immunization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Leos-Toro
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bechtiger
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annekatrin Steinhoff
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amy Nivette
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Urs Hepp
- Integrated Psychiatric Services Winterthur-Zurcher Unterland, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel P. Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Meinck F, Murray AL, Dunne MP, Schmidt P, Nikolaidis G. Factor structure and internal consistency of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Parent Version (ICAST-P) in a cross-country pooled data set in nine Balkan countries. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 115:105007. [PMID: 33721661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers are increasingly using parental report measures in population-based surveys of violence against children. No research thus far has examined the factor structure of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool Parent Version (ICAST-P), a non-commercialized measure for prevalence studies. METHODS This paper uses secondary data from the Balkan Epidemiological Study on Child Abuse and Neglect (BECAN) which included 25,202 primary caregivers of school-going children in three grades (aged 11, 13 and 16). Primary caregivers completed the ICAST-P 2010-2011, which measures children's exposure to physical and psychological violence and neglect by caregivers and sexual violence by any perpetrator. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the reliability and the factor structure of the ICAST-P for a four-dimensional model and a bifactor model, with one general factor and four group factors representing the specific components of each set of items. Measurement invariance could not be tested. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence for physical violence was 66.7 %, for psychological violence 66.6 %, for sexual violence 3.1 % and for neglect 9.1 %. CFA showed adequate fit for the hypothesized four-dimensional model, however, improved fit was shown for a bifactor model with abuse as the general factor. Internal consistency was good for physical and psychological violence, but not neglect and sexual violence. Hierarchical omega showed good internal consistency for the general factor. CONCLUSIONS Parents report that their children experience high levels of violence. The factor structure of the ICAST-P is best captured using a bifactor modelling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Dunne
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Political Sciences and Centre for Environment and Development (ZEU), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Johann Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Murray AL, Zych I, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and bullying perpetration and victimization in adolescence. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:58-68. [PMID: 32895934 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been hypothesized that individuals with elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are at greater risk of bullying perpetration and victimization. Using autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals (ALT-SR) and four waves (ages 11, 13, 15, and 17) of longitudinal data from the normative z-proso study (n = 1526, 52% male), we evaluated the developmental relations between ADHD and bullying using both self- and teacher-reported ADHD symptom data. Analyses suggested that ADHD symptoms primarily increase the risk of bullying perpetration, with a within-person effect of ADHD symptoms on bullying perpetration symptoms identified across ages 13-15 (β = .13) and ages 15-17 (β = .19) based on self-reported ADHD symptoms and a similar effect identified across ages 11-13 (β = .24) and 13-15 (β = .29) based on teacher-reported inattention symptoms. There were also some indications of reciprocal effects and effects involving victimization that merit further exploration in future research. Results imply that the content of bullying intervention and prevention programs should take account of ADHD symptoms to ensure that those with elevated symptoms can benefit as much as their typically developing peers. This will involve addressing bullying perpetration that may reflect impulsive/reactive aggression and impaired social skills rather than instrumental aggression. Further, programs should go beyond classical curriculum/classroom-based delivery to ensure that individuals with elevated ADHD symptoms can be successfully engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Izabela Zych
- Department of Psychology University of Cordoba Cordoba Spain
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development University of Zurich Zurich UK
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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16
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Brown RH, Eisner M, Valdebenito S, Walker S, Tomlinson M, Hughes C, Ward CL, Osafo J, Sikander S, Fearon P, Dunne MP, Madrid B, Baban A, Van Thang V, Fernando AD, Murray AL. What Research Questions Should the Next Generation of Birth Cohort Studies Address? An International Delphi Study of Experts. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:43-52. [PMID: 32272232 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Birth cohort studies (BCS) have generated a wealth of invaluable basic scientific and policy-relevant information on a wide range of issues in child health and development. This study sought to explore what research questions are currently a priority for the next generation of BCS using a 3-round Delphi survey of interdisciplinary experts. METHODS Twenty-four (Round I, N = 17; Round II, N = 21; Round III, N = 18) experts across a wide range of fields (eg, psychology, public health, and maternal/child health) agreed to participate. In Round I, the expert panel was invited to freely respond to the question, "what are the key scientific questions future birth cohort studies should address?" Content analysis of answers was used to identify 47 questions for rating on perceived importance by the panel in Round II and consensus-achieving questions were identified. Questions that did not reach consensus in Round II were posed again for expert re-rating in Round III. RESULTS Twenty six of 47 questions reached consensus in Round II, with an additional 6 reaching consensus in Round III. Consensus-achieving questions rated highly on importance spanned a number of topics, including environmental effects on child development, intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, and designing BCS to inform intervention strategies. CONCLUSION Investigating the effects of family/environmental factors and social disadvantage on a child's development should be prioritized in designing future BCS. The panel also recommended that future BCS are designed to inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harriet Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh (RH Brown and AL Murray), Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge (M Eisner and S Valdebenito), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Valdebenito
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge (M Eisner and S Valdebenito), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Walker
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies (S Walker), Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Department of Global Health, Institute of Life Course Health Research, Stellenbosch University (M Tomilson), Cape Town, South Africa; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University (M Tomilson), Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge (C Hughes), United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town (CL Ward), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana (J Osafa), Accra, Ghana
| | - Siham Sikander
- Health Services Academy (S Sikander), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London (P Fearon), London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Dunne
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (MP Dunne), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernadette Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, University of the Philippines (B Madrid), Manila, Philippines
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University (A Baban), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vo Van Thang
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University (VV Thang), Hue, Vietnam
| | - Asvini D Fernando
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya (AD Fernando), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh (RH Brown and AL Murray), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Meinck F, Murray AL, Dunne MP, Schmidt P. Measuring violence against children: The adequacy of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) child abuse screening tool - Child version in 9 Balkan countries. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 108:104636. [PMID: 32739597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Violence against children is a global public health concern. Researchers are increasingly using self-report measures of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and neglect for population-based surveys. The current gold-standard measure, the 45-item ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool has been used across the world. This study assesses its adequacy for measuring abuse across countries. METHODS Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the measure across nine Balkan countries. Data were collected using a three-stage stratified random sampling frame of 42,194 school-attending children in three grades (aged 11,13 and 16 years) from schools in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Turkey. Children completed the ICAST-C, which measures children's exposure to physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence in the past year and across the lifespan. RESULTS The analyses show partial scalar invariance for the ICAST-C constructs children's exposure to physical and psychological violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across the nine countries and partial scalar invariance for the constructs of children's exposure to physical, psychological and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across eight countries (Turkey did not measure sexual violence). CONCLUSIONS The ICAST-C can be used to validly compare levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing violence in school-aged children across countries. It can also be used to validly compare the relations between these forms of violence and their covariates, predictors, and outcomes across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Dunne
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Viet Nam.
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Centre for Development and Environment(ZEU), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Johann Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Eisner NL, Murray AL, Eisner M, Ribeaud D. A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025418797004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective non-participation and attrition pose a ubiquitous threat to the validity of inferences drawn from observational longitudinal studies. We investigate various potential predictors for non-response and attrition of parents as well as young persons at different stages of a multi-informant study. Various phases of renewed consent from parents and young persons allowed for a unique comparison of factors that drive participation. The target sample consisted of 1675 children entering primary school at age seven in 2004. Seven waves of interviews, over the course of 10 years, measured levels of problem behavior as rated by children, parents, and teachers. In the initial study recruitment, where participation was driven by parental consent, non-response was highest amongst certain socially disadvantaged immigrant minority groups. There were fewer significant group differences at wave 5, when young people could be directly recruited into the study. Similarly, attrition was higher for some immigrant background groups. Methodological implications for future analyses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L. Eisner
- Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Murray AL, Booth T, Molenaar D. Personality differentiation by cognitive ability: An application of the moderated factor model. Personality and Individual Differences 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Murray AL, McKenzie K, Murray KR, Richelieu M. An analysis of the effectiveness of university counselling services. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2015.1043621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Murray AL, Johnson W, Gow AJ, Deary IJ. Disentangling Wording and Substantive Factors in the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Psycholog Relig Spiritual 2015; 7:120-129. [PMID: 26366248 PMCID: PMC4563774 DOI: 10.1037/a0038001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the extent to which the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) may help to meet the need for multidimensional, psychometrically sophisticated measures of spiritual and religious traits. Although the various forms of validity of the scale have, for the most part, been supported by psychometric studies, conflicting evidence surrounding its dimensionality has called into question its structural validity. Specifically, numerous authors have suggested that a more appropriate factor structure for the SWBS includes further substantive factors in addition to the 2 factors that the scale was originally intended to measure. In the current study, we attempted to resolve these debates using a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis based investigations in the Lothian Birth Cohort, 1921 study. Our analyses suggested that the additional factors suggested in previous studies may not have reflected substantive constructs; but rather, common variance due to methodological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, and Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McKenzie
- Department of Psychology; Northumbria University; Newcastle-Upon-Tyne UK
| | - Kara R. Murray
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Aja L. Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology; Department of Psychology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Marc Richelieu
- Student Counseling Service; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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Murray AL, McKenzie K, Murray KR, Richelieu M. Do close supportive relationships moderate the effect of depressive symptoms on suicidal ideation? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2015.1017804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Murray AL, McKenzie K. The accuracy of the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS-Q) in classifying severity of impairment: a brief report. J Intellect Disabil Res 2014; 58:1179-1184. [PMID: 24460964 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severity of intellectual disability (ID) is associated with a range of outcomes for the individual and having an indication of severity can help inform support needs. Previous research has not evaluated whether screening tools can accurately ascertain severity category in addition to providing a red flag for the presence of ID. METHODS We used multi-category receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to assess whether the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS-Q) could be used clinically to classify individuals (n = 191) aged between 12 and 18 according to British Psychological Society (BPS) categories of severity of impairment. RESULTS The volume under the surface statistic (VUS) was 0.59. The optimal cut-points estimated based on the ROC surface and Youden Index provided correct classification probabilities for the severe, significant and non-ID groups of 0.44, 0.63 and 0.86 and 0.79, 0.29 and 0.88 respectively. CONCLUSIONS While the CAIDS-Q can accurately discriminate between those with and without ID, and provides a heuristic for severity of ID, the results indicate that it does not reliably identify whether an individual falls into the severe or significant category of intellectual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Murray AL, Johnson W, McGue M, Iacono WG. How are conscientiousness and cognitive ability related to one another? A re-examination of the intelligence compensation hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Johnson W, de Ruiter I, Kyvik KO, Murray AL, Sørensen TIA. Genetic and Environmental Transactions Underlying the Association Between Physical Fitness/Physical Exercise and Body Composition. Behav Genet 2014; 45:84-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Murray AL, McKenzie K, Murray KR, Richelieu M. Mokken scales for testing both pre- and postintervention: an analysis of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) before and after counseling. Psychol Assess 2014; 26:1196-204. [PMID: 25068914 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mokken scaling is increasingly being applied to assessing the extent to which clinical scales possess clinically useful properties, especially invariant item ordering (IIO). These scales are often used to track progress in symptoms over time to evaluate the success of an intervention. Such interventions are designed to affect psychopathological trait levels overall but may in some cases act disproportionately on some symptoms over others. As a result, there is no guarantee that the item orderings of a clinical scale will be preserved between the point at which individuals begin treatment and the point at which they can be considered recovered. In these situations, many of the potential benefits of IIO are undermined because an IIO identified at either time point will not be informative about changes in symptoms over time. In this study, we aimed to assess the extent to which the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) retained the same item orderings in a sample of individuals when initially presenting for counseling treatment and when discharged. From the 34 items of the CORE-OM we found a subset of 10 items exhibiting monotonicity, invariant item ordering, and highly similar item orderings when measured at both time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh
| | - Karen McKenzie
- Department of Community Child Health, National Health Service Lothian
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McKenzie K, Cossar JA, Fawns T, Murray AL. Reconciling the professional and student identities of clinical psychology trainees. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2013; 18:745-754. [PMID: 23053871 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-012-9412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The study explored the ways in which qualified and trainee clinical psychologists perceived professional behaviour, as illustrated in a series of short vignettes, in student and clinical practice contexts. Comparisons were made to identify the extent to which ideas of professionalism differed across different learning contexts and between qualified and unqualified staff, with the aim of adding to the literature on which factors influence the development of professional identity in health professionals. An online questionnaire depicting a range of potentially unprofessional behaviours was completed by 265 clinical psychology trainees and 106 qualified clinical psychologists. The data were analysed using a general linear model with simultaneous entry in which rater (trainee vs qualified clinical psychologist), setting (student vs placement) and their interaction predicted acceptability ratings. We found that, in general, trainees and qualified staff agreed on those behaviours that were potentially unprofessional, although where significant differences were found, these were due to trainees rating the same behaviours as more professionally acceptable than qualified clinical psychologists. Despite trainees identifying a range of behaviours as professionally unacceptable, some percentage reported having engaged in a similar behaviour in the past. Irrespective of the status of the rater, the same behaviours tended to be viewed as more professionally unacceptable when in a placement (clinical) setting than in a student (university) setting. Generally, no support was found for a rater by setting interaction. The study suggests that trainee clinical psychologists are generally successful at identifying professional norms, although they do not always act in accordance with these. Conflicting student and professional norms may result in trainees viewing some potentially unprofessional behaviour as less severe than qualified staff. Health professional educators should be aware of this fact and take steps to shape trainee norms to be consistent with that of the professional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McKenzie
- Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK,
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Elliott DG, Applegate LJ, Murray AL, Purcell MK, McKibben CL. Bench-top validation testing of selected immunological and molecular Renibacterium salmoninarum diagnostic assays by comparison with quantitative bacteriological culture. J Fish Dis 2013; 36:779-809. [PMID: 23346868 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
No gold standard assay exhibiting error-free classification of results has been identified for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of salmonid bacterial kidney disease. Validation of diagnostic assays for R. salmoninarum has been hindered by its unique characteristics and biology, and difficulties in locating suitable populations of reference test animals. Infection status of fish in test populations is often unknown, and it is commonly assumed that the assay yielding the most positive results has the highest diagnostic accuracy, without consideration of misclassification of results. In this research, quantification of R. salmoninarum in samples by bacteriological culture provided a standardized measure of viable bacteria to evaluate analytical performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity and repeatability) of non-culture assays in three matrices (phosphate-buffered saline, ovarian fluid and kidney tissue). Non-culture assays included polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), direct smear fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), membrane-filtration FAT, nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and three real-time quantitative PCR assays. Injection challenge of specific pathogen-free Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), with R. salmoninarum was used to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Results did not identify a single assay demonstrating the highest analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics, but revealed strengths and weaknesses of each test.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Elliott
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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McKenzie K, Murray AL, Murray KR, Murray GC. Assessing the accuracy of the WISC-IV seven-subtest short form and the child and adolescent intellectual disability screening questionnaire in identifying intellectual disability in children. Child Neuropsychol 2013; 20:372-7. [PMID: 23745760 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2013.799642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little research has been conducted into the accuracy of abbreviated assessments in identifying children and young people with an intellectual disability (ID). The present study compared two such methods in a clinical population of individuals with (n = 106) and without (n = 170) ID: a 7-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales for Children--fourth edition (WISC-IV) proposed by Crawford and colleagues and the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS-Q). Both the CAIDS-Q and the WISC-IV short form had high and comparable levels of predicting group classification (88% and 91% correct classification, respectively). Both methods would appear to offer clinicians and researchers an efficient and accurate means of identifying those who are likely to have ID. The WISC-IV short form was slightly more accurate, but the CAIDS-Q may offer the advantages of being shorter to administer and having no requirement for the user to have a particular qualification or training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McKenzie
- a Clinical Psychology , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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Murray AL, McKenzie K. Estimating the severity of intellectual disability in adults: a Mokken scaling analysis of the Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire. Psychol Assess 2013; 25:1002-6. [PMID: 23544397 DOI: 10.1037/a0032369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A Mokken scaling analysis of the learning disability screening questionnaire (LDSQ) suggested that, with the exception of 1 item, the scale conforms to the properties of a Mokken scale. This has advantages for estimating the severity of intellectual disability and inferring the difficulties likely to be experienced by an individual for whom there is incomplete information on intellectual and adaptive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja L Murray
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology
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Kuenssberg R, Murray AL, Booth T, McKenzie K. Structural validation of the abridged Autism Spectrum Quotient–Short Form in a clinical sample of people with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361312467708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this article was to provide a structural validation of the 28-item Autism Spectrum Quotient–Short Form questionnaire in a sample of adults with clinically diagnosed autism spectrum disorders ( n = 148). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the proposed structure, comprising a second-order Social Skills factor subsuming first-order factors of Social Skills, Routine, Switching and Imagination, and a Numbers/Patterns factor showed good acceptable fit to the data ( χ2 = 464.27(345), p < .05; comparative fit index = .91; Tucker Lewis index = .90; root mean squared error of approximation = .048; weighted root mean square residual = 0.98). Summed mean scores for the total sample, and males and females separately, showed no significant differences to previously reported means, with the exception of Numbers/Patterns, for which the current sample reported significantly lower means in both males ( t = 3.37, p < 0.001) and females ( t = 2.33, p < 0.05). The results provide support for both the proposed structure of the AQ-S and the stability of total and subscale mean scores in different samples of participants with autism spectrum disorder diagnoses.
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Murray AL, Rosengard C, Weitzen S, Raker CA, Phipps MG. Demographic and relationship predictors of paternity establishment for infants born to adolescent mothers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:322-7. [PMID: 22980410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To identify demographic and relationship characteristics associated with paternity establishment for children born to adolescent mothers. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, AND DESIGN: This prospective cohort study included 300 pregnant adolescents 12-19 years old, presenting for prenatal care between March 2002 and February 2005. Demographic and relationship characteristics were compared based on paternity establishment (father's name on the infant's birth certificate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Paternity establishment (father's name on the infant's birth certificate). RESULTS Of the 273 participants with outcome data, 54% established paternity. Paternity establishment differed by maternal race/ethnicity (69% Hispanic vs 36% non-Hispanic Black vs 52% non-Hispanic White, P = .01), maternal age (37% for 12-15 years vs 64% for 18-19 years, P = .01), maternal country of birth (48% U.S. born vs 76% non-U.S. born, P = .01), relationship with father of the infant, and father involvement at the time of delivery. CONCLUSION Paternity establishment rates for children born to teens were low overall. To increase rates of paternity establishment, policies and programs need to consider the unique characteristics and circumstances of teen parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Murray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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Murray AL, McKenzie K, Newman E, Brown E. Exercise identity as a risk factor for exercise dependence. Br J Health Psychol 2012; 18:369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aja L. Murray
- Department of Psychology; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Karen McKenzie
- School of Health in Social Science; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Emily Newman
- School of Health in Social Science; University of Edinburgh; UK
| | - Erin Brown
- Department of Linguistics and English Language; University of Edinburgh; UK
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MacLean H, McKenzie K, Kidd G, Murray AL, Schwannauer M. Measurement invariance in the assessment of people with an intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2011; 32:1081-1085. [PMID: 21296555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual assessment is central to the process of diagnosing an intellectual disability and the assessment process needs to be valid and reliable. One fundamental aspect of validity is that of measurement invariance, i.e. that the assessment measures the same thing in different populations. There are reasons to believe that measurement invariance of the Wechsler scales may not hold for people with an intellectual disability. Many of the issues which may influence factorial invariance are common to all versions of the scales. The present study, therefore, explored the factorial validity of the WAIS-III as used with people with an intellectual disability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess goodness of fit of the proposed four factor model using 13 and 11 subtests. None of the indices used suggested a good fit for the model, indicating a lack of factorial validity and suggesting a lack of measurement invariance of the assessment with people with an intellectual disability. Several explanations for this and implications for other intellectual assessments were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah MacLean
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Learning Disability Service, 14-16 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh, EH9 2AR, United Kingdom
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Stirt JA, Murray AL, Katz RL, Schehl DL, Lee C. Atracurium during halothane anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:207-10. [PMID: 6687515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular effects of atracurium were studied in 20 patients anesthetized with 0.8% end-tidal halothane. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored by recording the electromyographic activity of the adductor pollicis muscle resulting from stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Four groups of five patients received single atracurium doses of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. The block produced by 0.1 mg/kg was 25-72% and lasted 6-21 min. The block produced by 0.15 mg/kg was 69-93% and lasted 16-32 min. The blocks produced by 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg were 95% or greater and lasted 42-84 min and 55-104 min, respectively. When indicated, intubation was easily performed in all patients receiving 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg. The block could be readily antagonized by neostigmine and atropine. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure following atracurium administration averaged less than 5%.
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Katz RL, Stirt J, Murray AL, Lee C. Neuromuscular effects of atracurium in man. Anesth Analg 1982; 61:730-4. [PMID: 6285767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular effects of atracurium were studied in 25 A.S.A. class I or II patients anesthetized by a N2O-O2 narcotic technique. In five patients incremental doses of 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg of atracurium were given intravenously every 3 minutes until approximately 95% depression of the evoked electromyographic (EMG) response of the adductor policus muscle was produced. This required 0.25 to 0.35 mg/kg of atracurium. The duration of block (return to 95% of control) was 25 to 50 minutes. In addition, four groups of five patients each received 0.15, 0.25, 0.375, or 0.6mg/kg of atracurium. The block produced by 0.15 mg/kg was 10% to 92% and lasted 8 to 55 minutes. The block produced by 0.25, 0.375, and 0.6 mg/kg was 95% or greater with a duration of action of 30 to 68 minutes, 52 to 70 minutes, and 65 to 95 minutes, respectively. Tracheal intubation was easily carried out in all patients in whom there was a block of 90% or greater. The block could be antagonized by the common clinical combination of atropine and neostigmine. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure following atracurium were less than 5%.
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Ross E, Murray AL, Stead S. Prevalence of ambylopia in grade 1 schoolchildren in Saskatoon. Can J Public Health 1977; 68:491-3. [PMID: 603861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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