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Frank J, Fukagawa NK, Bilia AR, Johnson EJ, Kwon O, Prakash V, Miyazawa T, Clifford MN, Kay CD, Crozier A, Erdman JW, Shao A, Williamson G. Terms and nomenclature used for plant-derived components in nutrition and related research: efforts toward harmonization. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:451-458. [PMID: 31769838 PMCID: PMC7212822 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many terms for plant-derived food components are commonly used in the literature, but there is a notable lack of standardization and definition of nomenclature. The use of terms is often field-specific, leading to misunderstanding and problems with literature searches and systematic reviews, and results in isolated and divided research; this impacts not only publication quality but also innovation, regulatory compliance, and enforcement. To begin to address this issue, this narrative review describes the current use and definition of terms. The terms are either chemical and/or origin-based, such as phytochemical (chemicals from plants), or function-based, such as phytonutrient, bioactive, or nutraceutical. The ultimate goal is to establish a common harmonized, evidence-based understanding for when to use each term, thereby providing clarity and a specific scientific basis for such nomenclature. Neither the quality nor the quantity of evidence needed to allow the use of functional terms such as phytonutrient or nutraceutical is specifically discussed here; rather, it is simply noted that evidence is needed to apply these terms. The next step would be to define the evidence necessary for a compound to have a functional descriptor. The aim in this article is to establish scientific criteria for definitions that could be applied to clearly define and differentiate commonly used terms and thus ensure their consistent application in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Oran Kwon
- Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vish Prakash
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, and RUAS Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Colin D Kay
- North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Crozier
- University of California, Davis, California, USA, and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John W Erdman
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Shao
- Chromadex Corp., Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. The G115 standardized ginseng extract: an example for safety, efficacy, and quality of an herbal medicine. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:179-193. [PMID: 32148399 PMCID: PMC7031746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng products on the market show high variability in their composition and overall quality. This becomes a challenge for both consumers and health-care professionals who are in search of high-quality, reliable ginseng products that have a proven safety and efficacy profile. The botanical extract standardization is of crucial importance in this context as it determines the reproducibility of the quality of the product that is essential for the evaluation of effectiveness and safety. This review focuses on the well-characterized and standardized ginseng extract, G115, which represents an excellent example of an herbal drug preparation with constant safety and efficacy within the herbal medicinal products. Over the many decades, extensive preclinical and clinical research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G115. In vitro and in vivo studies of G115 have shown pharmacological effects on physical performance, cognitive function, metabolism, and the immune system. Furthermore, a significant number of G115 clinical studies, most of them double-blind placebo-controlled, have reinforced the findings of preclinical evidence and proved the efficacy of this extract on blood glucose and lipid regulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, energy, physical performance, and immune and cognitive functions. Clinical trials and 50 years of presence on the market are proof of a good safety profile of G115.
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Key Words
- 3′,5′-AMP, adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate
- AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood glucose and lipid regulation
- CDR, cognitive drug research
- CDRI, cognitive drug research index
- CO, crossover
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DB, double-blind
- DER, drug extract ratio
- Energy and physical performance
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FEF50, forced expiratory flow50
- FEF75, forced expiratory flow75
- FER, forced expiratory ratio
- FEV1, forced expiration volume in one second
- FEV1/FVC, ratio of FEV1/FVC
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- G115 standardized ginseng extract
- G115, standardized root extract of P. ginseng Meyer
- GACPs, good agricultural and collection practices
- GMPs, good manufacturing practices
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein
- HMPs, herbal medicinal products
- HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin
- Immune and cognitive functions
- LA, lipoic acid
- LDLc, low-density lipoprotein
- MVV, maximum ventilation volume
- PC, placebo-controlled
- PEF, peak expiration flow
- PEFR, peak expiration flow rate
- PFTs, pulmonary function tests
- PG, parallel group
- PGC-1α, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
- PS, pilot study
- PaO2, blood oxygen pressure
- R, randomized
- RVIP, rapid visual information processing
- S-SIgA, SIgA secretion rate
- SB, single-blind
- SFR, saliva flow rate
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SIgA, secretory immunoglobulin A
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- VO2 max, maximal oxygen consumption
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pO2, partial oxygen pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria C Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Bergonzi MC, Guccione C, Grossi C, Piazzini V, Torracchi A, Luccarini I, Casamenti F, Bilia AR. Albumin Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery: A Comparison of Chemical versus Thermal Methods and in vivo Behavior. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1840-9. [PMID: 26947767 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention owing to their high loading capacity for various drugs and the fact that they are well tolerated. The aim of this work was to investigate two different methods to produce NPs without the use of organic solvents and to obtain useful drug-delivery systems to cross the blood-brain barrier. NPs were obtained by coacervation, using both chemical and thermal cross-linking processes. They were developed and optimized to target brain tissues after parenteral administration in healthy rats. Furthermore, their distribution, cellular uptake, and fate were investigated in vivo after intracerebral injection in healthy rats. The toxicity of the developed carriers was estimated by behavioral tests. All NPs were chemically and physically characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and fluorimetric detectors. Their distribution and fate in the brain were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. NPs were observed to be located in different brain tissues depending on the mode of injection, and did not induce an inflammatory response. Behavioral tests demonstrated no locomotor, explorative, or cognitive function impairment induced by the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Clizia Guccione
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cristina Grossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Andrea Torracchi
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Ilaria Luccarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Anna R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
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McLachlan AS, Richards JJ, Bilia AR, Morris GA. Constant time gradient HSQC-iDOSY: practical aspects. Magn Reson Chem 2015; 53:875. [PMID: 26129628 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Karioti A, Chiarabini L, Alachkar A, Fawaz Chehna M, Vincieri FF, Bilia AR. HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of Tiliae flos and its preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:205-214. [PMID: 25171484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study extensive HPLC-DAD, HPLC-ESI-MS and NMR analyses were undertaken in the aqueous preparations (decoctions, infusions) and tinctures of Tilia platyphyllos Scop inflorescences. The aim of this work was to examine in depth the qualitative and quantitative profile of the investigated preparations, which find until today wide applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, and to propose a validated method for their quality control. An HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was developed and optimised for the quantitative determination of the constituents. Marker constituents of Tiliae flos are the flavonoids, while the volatile content is also used for the quality control. However, the analyses of the non-volatile fraction gave complex chromatographic fingerprints containing simple phenolics and low molecular weight procyanidins. The use of different HPLC columns permitted a good separation of the constituents and enabled their quantitation, while HPLC-MS analyses permitted the detection of procyanidin oligomers. Overall, 31 constituents were detected and identified. Extensive preparative chromatographic investigations and 2D-NMR analyses allowed the characterisation of procyanidins as epicatechin derivatives. Finally, the HPLC method was validated and complied with ICH guidelines. This is the first report of detailed analysis of the chemical composition of Tiliae flos.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karioti
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy.
| | - L Chiarabini
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - A Alachkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - M Fawaz Chehna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - F F Vincieri
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - A R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
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Bergonzi MC, Righeschi C, Isacchi B, Bilia AR. Identification and quantification of constituents of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Food Chem 2012; 134:1199-204. [PMID: 23107748 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and specific HPLC method was carried out for the analysis of characteristic constituents in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi), namely iridoids, caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives and crocins. The separation was successfully obtained using a C(18) column by gradient elution with mixtures of methanol and water as mobile phases; detection wavelength was set at 240 nm for iridoid glycosides, 315 nm for quinic acid derivatives and 438 nm for crocins. The analytical method was validated and the quantification of active compounds, namely iridoids, was performed. Linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also reported. This assay was successfully applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of five commercial samples of G. jasminoides Ellis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bergonzi
- University of Florence, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Coutinho MAS, Muzitano MF, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Kaiser CR, Tinoco LW, Bilia AR, Vincieric FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata are a rich source of T cell-suppressive flavonoids. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7:175-178. [PMID: 22474947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and immunosuppressive potential of the flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) were investigated. We found that the aqueous flower extract was more active than the leaf extract in inhibiting murine T cell mitogenesis in vitro. Flavonoids isolated from the flower extract were identified and quantitated based on NMR and HPLC-DAD-MS analysis, respectively. Along with quercetin, four quercetin glycosyl conjugates were obtained, including quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which are described for the first time in K. pinnata. All flavonoids inhibited murine T cell mitogenesis and IL-2 and IL-4 production without cell toxicity. This is the first report on the pharmacological activity of flowers of a Kalanchoe species, which are not used for curative purposes. Our findings show that K. pinnata flowers are a rich source of T-suppressive flavonoids that may be therapeutically useful against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A S Coutinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Coutinho MAS, Muzitano MF, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Kaiser CR, Tinoco LW, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata are a Rich Source of T Cell-Suppressive Flavonoids. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and immunosuppressive potential of the flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) were investigated. We found that the aqueous flower extract was more active than the leaf extract in inhibiting murine T cell mitogenesis in vitro. Flavonoids isolated from the flower extract were identified and quantitated based on NMR and HPLC-DAD-MS analysis, respectively. Along with quercetin, four quercetin glycosyl conjugates were obtained, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, which are described for the first time in K. pinnata. All flavonoids inhibited murine T cell mitogenesis and IL-2 and IL-4 production without cell toxicity. This is the first report on the pharmacological activity of flowers of a Kalanchoe species, which are not used for curative purposes. Our findings show that K. pinnata flowers are a rich source of T-suppressive flavonoids that may be therapeutically useful against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A. S. Coutinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle F. Muzitano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elaine A. Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Bergonzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlos R. Kaiser
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luzineide W. Tinoco
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna R. Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco F. Vincieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sônia S. Costa
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pescitelli G, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Vincieri FF, Di Bari L. Cyclodextrins as carriers for kavalactones in aqueous media: spectroscopic characterization of (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:479-83. [PMID: 20185265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kavalactones represent the active constituents of kava-kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster), endowed with sedative and anaesthetic properties. Kavalactones are polar constituents, but poorly soluble in water with a low bioavailability. In this study, the formation of inclusion complexes of one of the most representative kavalactone isolated from kava-kava extract, (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain (DHK), with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) was investigated mainly by spectroscopic methods. NMR experiments were extensively used for the complete characterization of the complex and included (1)H NMR complexation shifts analysis, (1)H NMR diffusion measurements (DOSY), and ROESY experiments. In particular DOSY experiments demonstrated that in the presence of beta-CyD the translational diffusion of kavalactone is sizably slowed down (2.5x10(-10)m(2)/s) with respect to the free drug (4.4x10(-10)m(2)/s) according to the inclusion of DHK in the cavity of (beta-CyD). ROESY experiments confirmed the inclusion of DHK in the hydrophobic pocket of beta-CyD through the primary hydroxyl rim, being the most relevant interactions between the H3' of beta-CyD and the ortho protons on the phenyl ring of the DHK, and between H5' of beta-CyD and the meta/para protons of DHK phenyl ring. The inclusion of the phenyl ring of DHK, leaving the lactone moiety outside of CyD was also confirmed by the induced CD effects. The binary solution DHK/beta-CyD shows a 50% intensity increase of the negative band of the pi-pi* transitions of the phenyl ring with respect to the absorption observed with DHK alone. Molecular dynamics simulations results corroborated and further clarify observed spectroscopic data. It was found that the phenylethyl substituent at C6 has a preferential equatorial position in the free state, and an axial one in the complex, justifying the large downfield shift experienced by H6 of DHK upon binding. Finally the influence of beta-CyD on water solubility of DHK was investigated by phase-solubility studies. In the range 2-4mM of host, solubility of DHK was increased only two-fold, but being beta-CyD also a penetration enhancer, in vivo studies will be performed to clarify a possible role of the complex on the bioavailability of DHK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pescitelli
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
An improved constant time gradient HSQC-iDOSY pulse sequence is presented, and the corresponding form of the Stejskal-Tanner equation is derived. The pulse sequence is particularly well suited to the problem of analysing mixtures of chemically cognate species, where the high spectral resolution afforded by 1H-13C correlation methods is needed for DOSY experiments to give good diffusion resolution. Its use is illustrated for a mixture of rutin and its aglycone quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S McLachlan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Karioti A, Vincieri FF, Bilia AR. Rapid and efficient purification of naphthodianthrones from St. John's wort extract by using liquid-liquid extraction and SEC. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1374-82. [PMID: 19360729 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin and pseudohypericin, the main naphthodianthrones present in Hypericum species are among the most promising natural products, but the research concerning their biological activities is hindered by their low content in the plant. In this paper a method for the rapid isolation of hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum hydro-alcoholic dried extracts has been developed. Briefly, the method consists of a partition of the extract between organic and aqueous layers and further purification of the richest extract in naphthodianthrones with Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. A final separation of hypericin from pseudohypericin was achieved using Sephadex LH-60 column chromatography. All partitions were carried out in triplicate and monitored by LC-MS and NMR analyses. The best results were obtained by successive extraction with n-hexane, Et(2)O and EtOAc. A three-step fractionation resulted in 98% content in total naphthodianthrones. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the separation of hypericin from pseudohypericin using size exclusion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Karioti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Muzitano MF, Falcão CAB, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Oral metabolism and efficacy of Kalanchoe pinnata flavonoids in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Planta Med 2009; 75:307-11. [PMID: 19085683 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that threatens 350 million people worldwide. In a search for new antileishmanial drugs, the in vitro activity of flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) was previously demonstrated in infected cells. In order to demonstrate the safety and oral activity of K. pinnata, flavonoids were evaluated in vivo in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Daily oral doses of quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, and free quercetin (16 mg/kg body weight) all were able to control the lesion growth caused by Leishmania amazonensis and to significantly reduce parasite load. These flavonoids were as effective as the crude K. pinnata aqueous extract given at 320 mg/kg body weight. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of the plasma of extract-treated mice suggested that quercetin and quercetin glucuronides are the main metabolites of K. pinnata quercetin glycosides. Our results indicate that K. pinnata quercetin glycosides are important active components of the aqueous extract and that they possess potent oral efficacy against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Muzitano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Isacchi B, Galeotti N, Bergonzi MC, Ghelardini C, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF. Pharmacological in vivo test to evaluate the bioavailability of some St John's Wort innovative oral preparations. Phytother Res 2009; 23:197-205. [PMID: 18696747 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the optimisation of biopharmaceutical properties of a dried commercial extract of St John's Wort were evaluated employing the in vivo forced swimming test (FST). Three new dosage forms containing beta-cyclodextrin and surfactants (SDS, ASC8) were compared in the FST with the commercial extract. The commercial extract showed antidepressant activity in mice after 60 min at a dosage of 100 mg/kg. The same antidepressant activity appeared in 30 min with a micellar solution of SDS containing the same quantity of extract (100 mg/kg), while with micelles of ASC8 the effect appeared at 15 min and with a dosage of 30 mg/kg. In the case of beta-cyclodextrin the best results were obtained at 30 min, administering 60 mg/kg of the extract. Finally, the influence of the formulations on the water solubility of the constituents of the extract is reported. The tensides dramatically enhanced solubility, in particular that of the more lipophilic compounds, in the case of beta-cyclodextrin this effect was very pronounced for flavonoids and biapigenin, lower for hypericins and practically insignificant for hyperforins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Isacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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Gabbiani C, Messori L, Cinellu MA, Casini A, Mura P, Sannella AR, Severini C, Majori G, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF. Outstanding plasmodicidal properties within a small panel of metallic compounds: Hints for the development of new metal-based antimalarials. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:310-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Magarotto L, Ceschia D, Guiotto P, Bilia AR. Solid state mechanochemical simultaneous activation of the constituents of the Silybum marianum phytocomplex with crosslinked polymers. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:215-28. [PMID: 18428992 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous improvement of solubilization kinetics of main flavolignans of Silybum marianum extract was obtained cogrinding with two crosslinked polymers: micronized crospovidone, PVP-CL(R) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Ac-Di-Sol(R) in the 1:3 active-to-polymer weight ratio. By this process it was assessed that the main extract components lost its crystalline structure, and the powder surface area was increased by 2.1- and 1.7-fold in the coground products with Ac-Di-Sol(R) and PVP-CL(R), respectively. This activated status of the dry extract remained stable over a period of 2 years. Solubilization kinetics resulted ameliorated both in terms of entire dry extract and in terms of single components. When the 1/3 coground systems with PVP-CL(R) and Ac-Di-Sol(R) were dissolved in saturated conditions they gave a concentration improvement compared to the native product of 8 and 31 times of silybin A, 7 and 27 times of silybin B, whereas in the case of silychristin a double concentration was obtained only using Ac-Di-Sol(R). The in vivo studies on rats confirmed that this solubilization improvement corresponded to an effective oral bioavailability enhancement. The highest bioavailability improvement was obtained with Ac-Di-Sol(R), with a relative bioavailability of 88.6, 17.96, and 16.4 compared to the extract for silybin A, silybine B, and silychristine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Voinovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P. le Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Bilia AR, Melillo de Malgalhaes P, Bergonzi MC, Vincieri FF. Simultaneous analysis of artemisinin and flavonoids of several extracts of Artemisia annua L. obtained from a commercial sample and a selected cultivar. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:487-93. [PMID: 16488585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. This activity has been ascribed to its component artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium species with a low toxicity. Our studies indicate that several flavonoids of A. annua can promote and enhance the reaction of artemisinin with hemin. These data are in good agreement with previous investigations on the in vitro potentiation of antimalarial activity of artemisinin by such flavonoids. As a consequence, in view of a possible use of the phytocomplex rather than pure artemisinin, an HPLC/DAD/MS method is proposed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of both flavonoids and artemisinin. Different extracts, obtained from two different herbal drugs, a commercial sample and a selected cultivar, were analyzed in order to determine which solvents provide the best yields of both artemisinin and flavonoids. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained using an HPLC method are described, which will be useful for developing highly effective herbal drug preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino-Florence, Italy.
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17
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Bergonzi MC, Bilia AR, Casiraghi A, Cilurzo F, Minghetti P, Montanari L, Vincieri FF. Evaluation of skin permeability of sesquiterpenes of an innovative supercritical carbon dioxide Arnica extract by HPLC/DAD/MS. Pharmazie 2005; 60:36-8. [PMID: 15700776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a supercritical carbon dioxide dried extract of Amica flower, with a very high sesquiterpene content was developed. In view of using this extract in formulations for cutaneous application, the ability of sesquiterpenes to permeate the skin was evaluated by HPLC/DAD/MS using the following permeation enhancers: oleic acid (OA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), lauroglycol, isopropyl myristate and Tween 80. A skin permeation study was performed using a modified Franz diffusion cell and the human stratum corneum and epidermis as membrane. Solutions of the enhancers were directly analysed after dilution with methanol or DMSO. A simple RP-HPLC-DAD-MS method for the quantification of the sesquiterpenes was developed and the method showed no interference with the other substances extracted from the skin and the permeation enhancers. The study evidenced that among the selected skin permeation enhancers, DMSO and OA canbe considered as good candidates to be used in preparations for cutaneous application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bergonzi
- Dipartimento Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Sturm S, Taglioli V, Bilia AR, Vincieri F, Stuppner H. Analysis of alkaloids inIpecacuanhae radix and preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Palchetti I, Mascini M, Minunni M, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF. Disposable electrochemical sensor for rapid determination of heavy metals in herbal drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:251-6. [PMID: 12763534 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of herbal drugs and extracts need rapid and affordable methods to assure the quality of products. The application of the electrochemical sensors in the field of quality control of herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products appears very promising, advantageous and alternative to conventional methods due to their inherent specificity, simplicity and for the fast response obtained. This paper presents a proposal about the application of disposable electrochemical sensors associated with electroanalytical instrumentation for the detection of heavy metal analysis in herbal drugs. In particular samples of St. John's wort were analysed applying anodic stripping voltammetry. The content of Cd and Pb were evaluated. The ICP spectroscopy was used as reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze - Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF. Analysis and stability of the constituents of artichoke and St. John's wort tinctures by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:609-19. [PMID: 12098850 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In continuing our investigations on tinctures, which represent both herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products, 40% and 60% v/v tinctures of artichoke and St. John's wort were investigated. Artichoke is largely used in hepatic disorders, while St. John's wort is an anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and healing agent. Both herbal drugs contain various constituents, although the compounds responsible for the main effects have not yet been completely identified. However, caffeoylquinic acids and flavones seem to be of crucial importance for the activity of artichoke, as well as flavonoids, naphthodianthrones, and phloroglucinol derivatives for St. John's wort, and they are used as marker constituents. Thus, quantification of all these constituents was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC--mass spectrometry (MS) analyses with rutin as external standard. In addition the stability of the constituents of these tinctures from accelerated and long-term testing was also evaluated. From the results it was evidenced that constituent content depends on the solvent used for the extraction. The stability was also shown to be very different and seems to be related to the water content of the tinctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
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Gallori S, Flamini G, Bilia AR, Morelli I, Landini A, Vincieri FF. Chemical composition of some traditional herbal drug preparations: essential oil and aromatic water of costmary (Balsamita suaveolens Pers.). J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:5907-5910. [PMID: 11743783 DOI: 10.1021/jf0107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The compositions of the essential oil and the aromatic water of costmary (Balsamita suaveolens Pers.) cultivated in Tuscany were investigated. They represent the main ingredients of some traditional preparations sold commercially. The essential oil as such and the n-hexane extract of the aromatic water were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Both samples were found to be rich in monoterpenes. Eighty-five compounds were identified, accounting for 95.1 and 95.4% of the essential oil and n-hexane extract of aromatic water, respectively. Carvone was the main compound (43.5% in the essential oil and 74.9% in the n-hexane extract of aromatic water). In addition, solid phase microextraction was used to sample the volatile organic compounds emitted from the fresh plant and from the aromatic water, and carvone was again the main component, amounting to 46.2 and 41.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Gino Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Taglioli V, Bilia AR, Ghiara C, Mazzi G, Mercati V, Vincieri FF. Evaluation of the dissolution behaviour of some commercial herbal drugs and their preparations. Pharmazie 2001; 56:868-70. [PMID: 11817172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution rates are routinely performed with synthetic drugs, however, in the field of herbal drugs (HD), their preparations (HDP) and herbal medicinal products (HMP) this crucial property is generally not investigated. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, we have evaluated the dissolution behaviour of capsules containing various herbal drugs (Passira, Senna, Ginkgo) and some of their commercial dried extracts, manufactured with different methods, by analysis of their active components or marker constituents. Adequate dissolution behaviours of the flavonoids of Ginkgo were obtained for all preparations, while for both Passiflora and Senna only the extracts showed complete dissolution of the marker flavones and sennosides, respectively, in the investigated media.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Taglioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy.
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Bergonzi MC, Bilia AR, Gallori S, Guerrini D, Vincieri FF. Variability in the content of the constituents of Hypericum perforatum L. and some commercial extracts. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:491-7. [PMID: 11548855 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Seven samples of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) were collected throughout Tuscany; the dried extracts were assayed to determine the concentration of the constituents. Total flavonol content ranged from 4.58% to 15.90%; hypericins ranged from 0.05% to 0.11%; and hyperforins ranged from 1.37% to 20.80%. In addition, four commercially dried extracts were analyzed using the same high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method; their flavonol contents varied from 10.64% to 15.01%, hypericins varied from 0.03% to 0.20%, and hyperforins varied from 1.18% to 6.54%. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the contents of the different constituents depending on environmental factors and drying and storage conditions of the wild samples. In addition, the contents of the constituents of the products available to the consumer that were related to quality and the relation of this to safety and efficacy were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bergonzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.
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Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF. Analysis of plant complex matrices by use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: St. John's wort extract. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:2115-2124. [PMID: 11368564 DOI: 10.1021/jf000999+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of two-dimensional homonuclear (1)H--(1)H correlated spectroscopy and two-dimensional reverse heteronuclear shift correlation spectroscopy (i.e., heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation) in characterizing and evaluating the relative content of herbal extract constituents is demonstrated. These experiments are able to fully assign the proton and carbon resonances of all three classes of constituents present in dried commercial extract of St. John's wort, that is, flavonols, phloroglucinols, and naphthodianthrones, with particular regard to the very unstable phloroglucinols. In addition, shikimic and chlorogenic acids, sucrose, lipids, polyphenols, and traces of solvents of the extractive process (methanol) were also identified. These experiments can be considered to be a very simple and fast analytical method for determining the quality and stability of the titled commercial extract. They represent a generally applicable technique for a rapid screening and a specific measurement of other commercial phytochemicals or, in selected cases, an alternative to the classical analytical techniques such as high-performance thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography, and electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, via Gino Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Gallori S, Bilia AR, Mulinacci N, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Vincieri FF. Identification of volatile constituents of Tambourissa leptophylla. Planta Med 2001; 67:290-292. [PMID: 11345708 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of Tambourissa leptophylla fruit skin was extracted by petrol ether, purified by adsorption chromatography (LPC) and analysed by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods. 27 non-oxygenated terpene hydrocarbons and 10 oxygenated derivatives were identified. The most abundant components were: limonene (24.0%), cis-alpha-bergamotene (23.2%), delta-3-carene (8.2%), alpha-curcumene (6.0%), trans-alpha-bergamotene (5.1%), alpha-copaene (4.1%), alpha-pinene (4.0%), p-cymene (4.0%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.3%). The crude volatile fraction was tested in vitro against Cladosporium cucumerinum in direct bioautography on TLC plates on the basis of the antifungal use of fruit skin. Activity of petrol ether extract against this micro-organism was demonstrated.
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Fico G, Braca A, Bilia AR, Tomè F, Morelli I. New flavonol glycosides from the flowers of Aconitum napellus ssp. tauricum. Planta Med 2001; 67:287-290. [PMID: 11345707 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
From the methanolic extract of the flowers of A. napellus spp. tauricum four new flavonol glycosides: quercetin 3-O-(6-trans-caffeoyl)-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-glucopyranoside-7- O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-(6-trans-caffeoyl)-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (2), quercetin 3-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (3), and kaempferol 3-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (4), together with the known beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl beta-glucopyranoside were isolated. The structural elucidation of all compounds was deduced on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data, including those derived from 2D-NMR, as well as on HPLC-MS results.
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Abstract
Thermal and photostability of a commercial dried extract and capsules of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) were evaluated under the ICH test conditions. The extract was considered as drug substance and its preparations as drug products. In addition, capsules of different colours corresponding to different opaficient and pigment contents were also evaluated as primary package of drug product and the tests in the secondary pack were performed with amber containers, as well. A selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determination of stability of all the characteristic constituents, namely flavonols, hyperforins and hypericins, was carried out. Photostability testing showed all the constituents to be photosensitive in the tested conditions. However, different opaficients and pigments present in the capsules influenced the stability of the different classes of constituents. Amber containers suggested as secondary packages influenced only in part the photostability of the investigated constituents. Long-term thermal stability testing showed a very low (less than 4 months) hyperforins and hypericins t(90), even if ascorbic and citric acids were added to the formulation. From the results we have obtained it is clear that for St. John's wort preparations, a mere translation of the ICH guidelines to the field of herbal products, as suggested by the WPHMP of the EMEA, cannot be accepted. A revision and adaptation of the storage conditions should be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Florence, Via Gino Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
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Abstract
Dried leaves of Licania densiflora yielded five myricetin glycosides: myricetin 3'-methylether-3-O-glucoside (1), myricetin 3'-methylether-3-O-galactoside (2), myricetin 4'-methylether-3-O-rhamnoside (3), myricetin 3',5'-dimethylether-3-O-glucoside (4), and myricetin 3',5'-dimethylether-3-O-rhamnoside (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including mono- and bi-dimensional NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Bilia AR. Tenth national congress of Italian Society of Phytochemistry (SIF). May 7-10, 2000, Florence, Italy. Fitoterapia 2000; 71:730-2. [PMID: 11191598 DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartmento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università de Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Three new acetylated flavonol glycosides-kaempferol 3-O-beta-(2' '-acetyl)galactopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-beta-(2' '-acetyl)galactopyranoside-7-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside (2), and quercetin 3-O-beta-(2' '-acetyl)galactopyranoside-7-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside (3)-were isolated from the flowers of Aconitum paniculatum. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR studies ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) as well as by HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fico
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno, 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Bilia AR, Fumarola M, Gallori S, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF. Identification by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses and quantification of constituents of fennel teas and decoctions. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:4734-4738. [PMID: 11052726 DOI: 10.1021/jf000171n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative differences among the constituents in various fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., family Apiaceae) teas prepared by classical infusion, microwave decoction, and dissolution are reported. Different commercial starting materials, such as fruit (unbroken and crushed), four herbal teas, and two instant herbal teas were evaluated. Chlorogenic acid (1), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (2), p-anisaldehyde (3), and trans-anethole (4) were identified by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS as constituents of fennel teas. No coumarins, which are characteristic constituents of plants of Apiaceae family, were found. Trans-anethole (4), the main constituent of the essential oil, was present in all teas. In addition p-anisaldehyde (3), a degradation product of trans-anethole, was also identified in all teas with the exception of two samples. Chlorogenic acid (1) and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (2) were also present in all teas. In addition, minor unidentified flavonol constituents were found in two teas. Quality, activity, and safety of the content of the investigated preparations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, via Gino Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Bilia AR, Riva A. Herbal medicinal products. (Their place in healthcare, scientific and regulatory agenda for the future) October 8th, 1999 Amsterdam. Fitoterapia 2000; 71:343-5. [PMID: 10844179 DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimenti di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Gino Capponi 9, Università di Firenze,55051, Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
Extracts of increasing polarity of 6 Venezuelan plants belonging to the Chrysobalanaceae family were tested for possible letal toxicity against Biomphalaria glabrata Say, a snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon. The piscicidal toxicity of the active extracts was also evaluated with the aim of findings compounds without toxicity in nontarget organisms, principally fishes and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Firenze, Italy
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Abstract
Extracts of increasing polarity of 13 plants belonging to Mediterranean Rosaceae were tested for possible lethal toxicity against Biomphalaria glabrata Say, a snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon. Due to the search for compounds without toxicity in nontarget organisms, principally fish and humans, the piscicidal toxicity of the active extracts was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Firenze, via Gino Capponi 9, 50121-Firenze, Italy
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Abstract
From the roots of Vismia guineensis 23 structurally related compounds were isolated and identified. Ten of them are new constituents, namely 3-O-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-emodin (1); 3-O-(2-methoxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-emodin (2); 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-(2-methoxy-3-methylbut-3-enyloxy)-6-methylx anthone (3); 1,8-dihydroxy-3-geranyloxy-6-methylxanthone (4); 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyloxy-6-methylxanthone (5); 1,8-dihydroxy-3-(3, 7-dimethyl-7-methoxyoct-2-enyloxy)-6-methylxanthone (6); 3-O-(E-3-hydroxymethylbut-2-enyl)-emodin (7); 3-O-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-hydroxybut-2-enyl)-emodin (8); 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-(E-3-hydroxymethylbut-2-enyloxy)-6-methylxa nthone (9); and 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-hydroxybut-2-enyloxy)-6- methylxantho ne (10). Their structures were established by means of EIMS and a combination of homonuclear and heteronuclear 2D NMR techniques. Furthermore, an in vitro preliminary screening of antimitotic activity of all the isolated compounds was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Gino Capponi 9, 55121 Firenze, Italy
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Just MJ, Recio MC, Giner RM, Cuéllar MJ, Máñez S, Bilia AR, Ríos JL. Anti-inflammatory activity of unusual lupane saponins from Bupleurum fruticescens. Planta Med 1998; 64:404-407. [PMID: 9690340 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from Bupleurum fruticescens were examined for oral and topical anti-inflammatory activities. The BuOH extract proved to be active against carrageenan and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate acute edemas and allowed the isolation of three saponins identified by spectroscopic techniques as 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid (fruticesaponin A), 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (fruticesaponin B), and 3 beta-O-(O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-lup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (fruticesaponin C). These compounds were studied against carrageenan, tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, arachidonic acid and ethyl phenylpropiolate acute edemas. Fruticesaponin B, a bidesmosidic saponin with an unbranched saccharide moiety was the most active in all the tests applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Just
- Department de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Cuéllar MJ, Giner RM, Recio MC, Just MJ, Máñez S, Ríos JL, Bilia AR, Msonthi J, Hostettmann K. Three new oleanane saponins from Zanha africana. J Nat Prod 1997; 60:191-194. [PMID: 9051916 DOI: 10.1021/np960527i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three new saponins, zanhasaponins, A, B, and C, were isolated from the MeOH extract of the root bark of Zanha africana and were, respectively, identified by spectroscopic methods as 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28- dioic acid 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (1); 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-ene- 23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside (2); and 3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-ene- 23,28-dioic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (3). These saponins proved to be effective in a model of topical inflammation induced by phorbol ester. The cyclitols quebrachitol, pinitol, and bornesitol were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cuéllar
- Department de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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Just MJ, Recio MC, Giner RM, Cuellar MJ, Mañez S, Bilia AR, Morelli I, Ghelli S, Rios JL. Three New Lupane Saponins fromBupleurum Fruticescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639708048311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
A new triterpenoid saponin, 23-acetoxy,16 alpha-hydroxy-13,28-epoxyolean-11-en-3 beta-yl--beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->2)---beta-D-glucopyranosil(1-->3)-beta-D-fucopyranoside, has been isolated from the roots of Bupleurum fruticosum, along with eight coumarins, scopoletin, scoparone, prenyletin, capensin, fraxetin, aesculetin,7-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy-6-methoxycoumarin, 7-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyloxy)-6-methoxycoumarin and 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)coumarin. The last compound has not been previously encountered in nature. The structures were determined by analysis of NMR spectral data including two-dimensional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Bilia AR, Escudero Rubio MM, Ladero Alvarez M, Morelli J, Muñoz Gonzalez J. New benzyl alcohol glycosides from Pyrus bourgaeana. Planta Med 1994; 60:569-571. [PMID: 7809215 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new aromatic glycosides, benzyl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta- D- glucopyranoside and p-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D- glucopyranosyloxy-benzylic alcohol, have been isolated from the aerial parts of Pyrus bourgaeana (Rosaceae). The structures were elucidated by spectral analyses (including 2D-NMR spectral measurements) and chemical methods. Arbutin and four other aromatic glycosides have also been isolated and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Two new flavonoids, 5,8-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone and carthamidin-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside and a new triterpenoid saponin, 3 beta,16 beta,22 beta,24-tetrahydroxy-olean-12- ene-3-beta-yl-]beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (junceoside), were isolated from Spartium junceum. Their structures were elucidated by means of IR, UV, MS, 1H, 13C NMR, 13C NMR DEPT and 2D NMR experiments. Apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and genistein-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside, never previously found in this plant, were also isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italy
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Pistelli L, Nieri E, Bilia AR, Marsili A, Scarpato R. Chemical constituents of Aristolochia rigida and mutagenic activity of aristolochic acid IV. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:1605-1608. [PMID: 8254354 DOI: 10.1021/np50099a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two aristolochic acids [2 and 3] and a flavonol glycoside 1 have been isolated from Aristolochia rigida (Aristolochiaceae). Aristolochic acid IV [2], the most abundant constituent, has shown a weak direct mutagenic activity in the Ames test: this action seems to be inhibited, at least in part, by metabolic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Catalano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 1-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Della Pietá F, Bilia AR, Breschi MC, Cinelli F, Morelli I, Scatizzi R. Crude extracts and two linear diterpenes from Cystoseira balearica and their activity. Planta Med 1993; 59:135-8. [PMID: 8488192 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Crude extracts of Cystoseira balearica were submitted to pharmacological investigations. The chloroform-methanol residue caused relaxation of the rat aortic musculature and an inhibitory action on the guinea pig atria. The fractionation of this crude extract gave two active diterpenoids, eleganolone (1) and elegandiol (2), the latter has not previously been isolated from this alga. These pure components, never before tested, showed a higher activity when compared with the crude residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Della Pietá
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Three triterpenoid saponins 1-3 of the oleanane series, containing one fucose and two glucose units, were isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Bupleurum fruticosum. Their structures were elucidated by means of fabms and a combination of homo- and heteronuclear 2D nmr techniques. Two of the three saponins are new.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chini
- Dipartimento di Chimira Bioorganica, Universita' di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 1-56126 Pisa, Italy
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