Establishing an updated consensus on the conceptual and operational definitions of Making Every Contact Count (MECC) across experts within research and practice: an international Delphi Study

OBJECTIVES

The Making Every Contact Count (MECC) initiative is broadly defined as an opportunistic approach to prevention by making use of the thousands of conversations service providers have with service users every day. However, since its conception, the application of MECC has diverged and developed considerably. Thus, the current study aimed to revise the definition according to current research and practice to better describe what is and is not included.

STUDY DESIGN

A consensus building classic Delphi methodology, completed by an expert panel.

METHODS

Round 1 asked open questions around the definition of MECC. Content analysis of round 1 identified statements that were rated for agreement in round 2. Statements achieving ≥80% agreement were included in a short, long, or operational definition of MECC that were rated for agreement in round 3 (the minimum number required). An agreement of ≥80% indicated consensus.

RESULTS

Forty out of 100 contacted experts completed three rounds. Experts in practice and research were recruited internationally although most were from England. From round 1, 274 statements were generated, of which 96 achieved consensus and were included within round 3. The short and long definition received consensus in round 3, the operational definition required four rounds to reach consensus.

CONCLUSIONS

MECC is a person-centred approach to health behaviour change that, provided an individual possesses the relevant skills, can be delivered by anyone and anywhere. The distinguishing feature of MECC is not in its duration, target behaviour, or conditions for delivery, but rather in the approach taken and the mechanisms applied to conversations. Implications for research and practice are discussed, and the limits for applicability acknowledged.

Marine litter footprint in the Azores Islands: A climatological perspective

Marine litter (ML) consists of any item of anthropogenic origin that has been lost, discarded or intentionally disposed of into the environment, being acknowledged as a worldwide environmental and ecological threat. In the last decade, there has been an attempt across different sectors to tackle, reduce and mitigate sources of litter. In this study, meso and macrodebris between 2 and 30 cm was recorded and classified in two established study areas (Porto Pim and Conceição beaches), throughout five monitoring years (2012-2018). The litter abundance, density and weighted average by abundance were evaluated in eight main categories: plastics, cloths/fabrics, glass, metals, rubber, processed lumber, other and large. Field surveys provided evidence that plastic represented 95% of all litter. ML abundance was treated as an "environmental variable" and used to determine its anomalies, temporal trends and forecasts. Results from this time-series addressed possible periodic oscillations and density peaks of litter. Reference values of ML presence were obtained and could potentially be used for developing a diagnostic tool for anthropogenic pollution in the Azores.

P2X7 siRNA targeted to the kidneys increases klotho and delays the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy

Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that P2X7 could contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy and modulated klotho expression. The aim of this study was to investigate if P2X7 receptor is related to the expression of klotho in the onset of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Seven-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 210 g were all uninephrectomized; two-third of the animals were induced to diabetes with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin i.v., and one-third received its vehicle (control rats). At 4th day of the fifth week of the protocol, half of the diabetic rats received a small interfering RNA targeting for P2X7 mRNA, and the other half received its vehicle. Euthanasia was made at the eighth week. Diabetic animals reproduced all classic symptoms of the disease; besides, they showed reduced renal function and low NO bioavailability; also, SOD1, SOD2, and catalase were increased, probably due to the oxidative stress which was elevated in this situation. Metabolic data of diabetic rats did not change by silencing P2X7 receptor. For the other hand, silencing P2X7 was able to contribute to balance oxidative and nitrosative profile, ultimately improving the renal function and increasing plasma and membrane forms of klotho. These findings suggest that the management of P2X7 receptor can benefit the kidneys with diabetic nephropathy. Further studies are needed to show the therapeutic potential of this receptor inhibition to provide a better quality of life for the diabetic patient.

Esculin reduces P2X7 and reverses mitochondrial dysfunction in the renal cortex of diabetic rats

AIMS

To evaluate the effects of esculin treatment on P2X7 receptor and mitochondrial dysfunction in the renal cortex of diabetic rats.

MAIN METHODS

Male Wistar rats, 7 weeks old, were unilaterally nephrectomized. Part of these animals were induced to diabetes using streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Diabetes was confirmed 48 h after induction, with blood glucose levels ≥200 mg/dL. Part of control and diabetic animals were selected to receive daily doses of esculin (50 mg/kg), during 8 weeks. The animals were placed in metabolic cages at the eighth week of protocol for 24 h urine collection and a small aliquot of blood was collected for biochemical analysis. After this procedure, the animals were euthanized and the remaining kidney was stored for histopathological analysis, Western blotting and mitochondrial high-resolution respirometry.

KEY FINDINGS

Although esculin did not change metabolic parameters, renal biochemical function, neither TBARS in DM rats, esculin reduced P2X7 levels in these animals and restored mitochondrial function via glycolysis substrates and β-oxidation. Besides, at the histological analysis, we observed that esculin reduced inflammatory infiltrates and collagen IV deposits as compared to diabetic group.

SIGNIFICANCE

Esculin attenuated the development of renal injuries caused by hyperglycemia, proinflammatory and oxidative mechanisms mediated by P2X7 receptor, as seen by histological findings and improved mitochondrial function in diabetic animals. This suggests that esculin could be used as an adjuvant therapy to prevent the diabetic nephropathy.

Inhibition of the P2X7 receptor improves renal function via renin-angiotensin system and nitric oxide on diabetic nephropathy in rats

AIM

To evaluate the effects of P2X₇ receptor blockade on renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

MAIN METHODS

Wistar rats were unilaterally nephrectomized and received streptozotocin for diabetes mellitus (DM) induction; control animals (CTL) received the drug vehicle. The animals were submitted to P2X₇ receptor silencing, forming the group (DM + siRNA). The animals were placed in metabolic cages for data collection and evaluation of renal function; at the end of the protocol, the kidney was removed for analysis of P2X₇, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, angiotensin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO) and qualitative histological.

KEY FINDINGS

The metabolic profile was attenuated in DM + siRNA vs. DM and there was a significant improvement in creatinine, urea and proteinuria levels in the same group. Renin expression was significantly decreased in DM + siRNA vs. DM. ACE and ACE2 were significantly reduced in DM + siRNA vs. DM. TBARS levels were decreased and NO showed an increase in DM + siRNA vs. DM, both significant. All histological alterations were improved in DM + siRNA vs. DM.

SIGNIFICANCE

Data have shown that although silencing of the P2X₇ receptor did not decrease fasting glucose, it promoted an improvement in the metabolic profile and a significant recovery of renal function, revealing a protective action by the inhibition of this receptor. This effect must have occurred due to the inhibition of RAS and the increase of NO, suggesting that the use of P2X₇ receptors inhibitors could be used as adjuvant therapy against DN progression.

CLA-supplemented diet accelerates experimental colorectal cancer by inducing TGF-β-producing macrophages and T cells

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ and modulate metabolic and immune functions. Despite the worldwide use of CLA dietary supplementation, strong scientific evidence for its proposed beneficial actions are missing. We found that CLA-supplemented diet reduced mucosal damage and inflammatory infiltrate in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. Conditional deletion of PPAR-γ in macrophages from mice supplemented with CLA diet resulted in loss of this protective effect of CLA, suggesting a PPAR-γ-dependent mechanism mediated by macrophages. However, CLA supplementation significantly worsened colorectal tumor formation induced by azoxymethane and DSS by inducing macrophage and T-cell-producing TGF-β via PPAR-γ activation. Accordingly, either macrophage-specific deletion of PPAR-γ or in vivo neutralization of latency-associated peptide (LAP, a membrane-bound TGF-β)-expressing cells abrogated the protumorigenic effect of CLA. Thus, the anti-inflammatory properties of CLA are associated with prevention of colitis but also with development of colorectal cancer.

Portuguese recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis and management of primary osteoporosis - 2018 update

BACKGROUND

Advances in osteoporosis (OP)case definition, treatment options, optimal therapy duration and pharmacoeconomic evidence in the national context motivated the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology (SPR) to update the Portuguese recommendations for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis published in 2007.

METHODS

SPR bone diseases' working group organized meetings involving 55 participants (rheumatologists, rheumatology fellows and one OP specialist nurse) to debate and develop the document. First, the working group selected 11 pertinent clinical questions for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in standard clinical practice. Then, each question was investigated through literature review and draft recommendations were built through consensus. When insufficient evidence was available, recommendations were based on experts' opinion and on good clinical practice. At two national meetings, the recommendations were discussed and updated. A draft of the recommendations full text was submitted to critical review among the working group and suggestions were incorporated. A final version was circulated among all Portuguese rheumatologists before publication and the level of agreement was anonymously assessed using an online survey.

RESULTS

The 2018 SPR recommendations provide comprehensive guidance on osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, fracture risk assessment, pharmacological treatment initiation, therapy options and duration of treatment, based on the best available evidence. They attained desirable agreement among Portuguese rheumatologists. As more evidence becomes available, periodic revisions will be performed. Target audience and patient population: The target audience for these guidelines includes all clinicians. The target patient population includes adult Portuguese people. Intended use: These recommendations provide general guidance for typical cases. They may not be appropriate in all situations - clinicians are encouraged to consider this information together with updated evidence and their best clinical judgment in individual cases.

Incidence and predictors of cardiovascular events in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUCTION

An excess in cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality has been recognized in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients when compared to the general population. Given the paucity of prospective data, our aim was to estimate the incidence of CV events and the contribution of traditional CVD risk factors and RA-related parameters to future events.

METHODS

Incident fatal and non-fatal CV events (hospitalizations due to unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery revascularization procedures, stroke, or CV death) were assessed in a prospective cohort of RA women followed since 2007 and without CV events at cohort entry. The presence of traditional CV risk factors, disease characteristics, medication, carotid ultrasound, and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation were evaluated at baseline. Univariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify risk factors for CV events.

RESULTS

Among 106 women followed over 565 patient-years we identified 4 CV events (1 fatal stroke, 2 myocardial infarction and 1 unstable angina), which contributed to an incidence rate of 7 per 1000 person-years (95%CI 2.0- 13.9). Patients who developed CV events were older, but the distribution of other traditional CV risk factors was otherwise similar in both groups. Also, corticosteroid dosage and proportion of patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques was higher in those with CV events. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (HR 1.036; 95%CI 1.005-1.067) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) serum levels (HR 1.002; 95%CI 1.000-1.003) significantly contributed to CV events. These results remained significant after adjusting for patients' age.

CONCLUSION

We found an incidence of cardiovascular events in women with RA of 7 per 1000 patent-years. This value is similar to that found in other Portuguese cohort of RA patients1 and much higher than the incidence reported for the general Portuguese population. Markers of inflammation and endothelial activation contributed significantly to CV events, but the limited number of events prevents further analysis.

The use of the color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of an atypical case of giant-cell arteritis

Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is a large vessels vasculitis that is typically characterised by headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication and visual disturbances. Temporal arteries color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) is a sensitive and non-invasive image technique used in the diagnosis of this disease. This work highlights the importance of CDUS in the diagnostic workup of GCA and also demonstrates it´s usefullness in the evaluation and documentation of the response to corticosteroids therapy in an atypical case of ACG.

Enhanced nonsynaptic epileptiform activity in the dentate gyrus after kainate-induced status epilepticus

Understanding the mechanisms that influence brain excitability and synchronization provides hope that epileptic seizures can be controlled. In this scenario, non-synaptic mechanisms have a critical role in seizure activity. The contribution of ion transporters to the regulation of seizure-like activity has not been extensively studied. Here, we examined how non-synaptic epileptiform activity (NEA) in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampal formation were affected by kainic acid (KA) administration. NEA enhancement in the DG and suppression in area CA1 were associated with increased NKCC1 expression in neurons and severe neuronal loss accompanied by marked glial proliferation, respectively. Twenty-four hours after KA, the DG exhibited intense microglial activation that was associated with reduced cell density in the infra-pyramidal lamina; however, cellular density recovered 7 days after KA. Intense Ki67 immunoreactivity was observed in the subgranular proliferative zone of the DG, which indicates new neuron incorporation into the granule layer. In addition, bumetanide, a selective inhibitor of neuronal Cl(-) uptake mediated by NKCC1, was used to confirm that the NKCC1 increase effectively contributed to NEA changes in the DG. Furthermore, 7 days after KA, prominent NKCC1 staining was identified in the axon initial segments of granule cells, at the exact site where action potentials are preferentially initiated, which endowed these neurons with increased excitability. Taken together, our data suggest a key role of NKCC1 in NEA in the DG.

Dacryocystitis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: a case report of a successful clinical and serological outcome with low-dose potassium iodide treatment and oculoplastic surgery

Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main species of the S. schenckii complex implicated in the zoonotic epidemics of sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Epidemiological features have been already described, such as zoonotic transmission by cats and increased frequency of atypical clinical aspects. The involvement of the face by contact with cats is common in childhood; as a result, ophthalmic manifestations have increased. We report a case of acute dacryocystitis in a 9-year-old girl. A calmodulin-based molecular phylogeny was used to identify the agent as S. brasiliensis. This is a rare type of presentation, usually complicated with nasolacrimal duct occlusion. The patient was cured without sequelae after treatment with a low dose of saturated solution of potassium iodide and decompressive oculoplastic surgery. Therapeutic options and considerations of aetiological agents and serology are discussed.

Omental whirl associated with bilateral inguinal hernia: a case report

Introduction

Torsion of the omentum is a rare cause of abdominal pain. It is clinically similar to common causes of acute surgical abdomen and is often diagnosed during surgery. Inguinal hernia is a common condition but not frequently related with torsion of the omentum.

Case presentation

A 40-year-old Caucasian man came to our emergency department with abdominal pain of the left quadrant and abdominal distension for 2 days. His medical history included an untreated left inguinal hernia in the last year. Computed tomography revealed densification of mesocolon with left omentum “whirl” component and other signs of omental torsion. During an exploratory laparoscopy, a wide twist of his omentum with necrotic alterations that extended to the bilateral inguinal hernial content was observed. Omentectomy and surgical repair of bilateral inguinal hernia were performed.

Conclusions

Torsion of the omentum is a rare entity and usually presents a diagnostic challenge. The use of abdominal computed tomography can help diagnosing torsion of the omentum preoperatively and, thus, prevents a surgical approach. Nonetheless, some cases of torsion of the omentum require surgical repair. Accordingly, a laparoscopic approach is minimally invasive and efficient in performing omentectomy.

Effect of ischemic preconditioning on injuries caused by ischemia and reperfusion in rat intestine

To study whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R), rats were underwent 60 minutes of I which was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and/or 120 minutes R. The IPC group had the I procedure previously stimulated for 5 minutes and the R for 10 minutes. IPC and sham groups were injected with saline solution (SS) via the femoral vein 5 minutes before the I and R, and for R. After I or I/R, 2-cm jejunal segments were mounted in an organ bath to study neurogenic contractions stimulated by electrical pulses or KCl using a digital recording system. Thin jejunal slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for optical microscopy. Compared with the sham group, jejunal contractions were similar in the IPC + I and the IPC + I/R groups, but reduced in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups. The jejunal enteric nerves were damaged in the I + SS and the I/R + SS groups, but not in the IPC groups. These results suggested that ischemic preconditioning attenuated intestinal dysfunction caused by I and I/R.

Firing patterns and synchronization in nonsynaptic epileptiform activity: the effect of gap junctions modulated by potassium accumulation

Several lines of evidence point to the modification of firing patterns and of synchronization due to gap junctions (GJs) as having a role in the establishment of epileptiform activity (EA). However, previous studies consider GJs as ohmic resistors, ignoring the effects of intense variations in ionic concentration known to occur during seizures. In addition to GJs, extracellular potassium is regarded as a further important factor involved in seizure initiation and sustainment. To analyze how these two mechanisms act together to shape firing and synchronization, we use a detailed computational model for in vitro high-K(+) and low-Ca(2+) nonsynaptic EA. The model permits us to explore the modulation of electrotonic interactions under ionic concentration changes caused by electrodiffusion in the extracellular space, altered by tortuosity. In addition, we investigate the special case of null GJ current. Increased electrotonic interaction alters bursts and action potential frequencies, favoring synchronization. The particularities of pattern changes depend on the tortuosity and array size. Extracellular potassium accumulation alone modifies firing and synchronization when the GJ coupling is null.

[Pulmonary function in Portuguese firefighters]

INTRODUCTION

Portugal has had a high rate of forest fires in recent years. Inhaled wood smoke can have short- and long-term effects on the lung function of people exposed to it.

STUDY OBJECTIVES

To assess the lung function of active wildland (forest) firefighters.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study. A self-questionnaire on personal and work habits was used and spirometry values were obtained using Piko-6 for a 209 people sample.

RESULTS

We found a high rate of smoking (42.9%) and an 11.8% prevalence of obstruction. 41.7% of the obstructed individuals were non-smokers, did not state a knowledge of any respiratory disease, engaged in no other activity that could be related to lung function decrease and did not wear airway protection apparatus. 85.7% did not use any airway protection apparatus when firefighting due to lack of such equipment in their brigades.

CONCLUSIONS

Data showed that there is a high pre- valence of smoking habits in this sample of Portuguese firefighters; there is an unsatisfactory usage of airway protection apparatus and the prevalence of airway obstruction is higher than the COPD prevalence in the Portuguese population. We recommend stopping smoking and use of equipment for respiratory protection.

Amphipod acute and chronic sediment toxicity assessment in estuarine environmental monitoring: An example from Ria de Aveiro, NW Portugal

This paper presents a comprehensive estuarine sediment toxicity survey, using acute and full life-cycle tests with an indigenous species, the amphipod Corophium multisetosum. In the acute test, adult specimens were exposed to sediments from 144 sites for 10 days. In the full life-cycle test, 5-7 days old specimens, obtained in laboratory cultures, were exposed during 21 days to sediments from 56 sites. Three endpoints were considered: survival, for the acute and the chronic test and fecundity (number of gravid females per replicate at the end of the exposure) and growth (weight increase), for the chronic test. In the acute tests, adult survival was high overall and almost no stressed areas could be recognized in the estuary. This image was not reflected by the chronic endpoints, in particular growth and fecundity, which, corrected for the number of survivors, was the most affected descriptor. The chronic data could not be related to the baseline sediment variables analysed (grain-size, total organic content and redox potential), suggesting that these play no part in the biological responses. Results indicate that a tiered sediment bioassessment approach including an initial comprehensive ecotoxicological screening phase should not rely solely upon acute responses, although these are obtained from simpler and more rapid laboratory testing procedures.

Validation of soft bottom benthic habitats identified by single-beam acoustics

Acoustic diversity charts were produced for a Portuguese soft bottom mid-shelf area, depth from 30 to 90 m, using a single-beam echo sounder coupled to the acoustic systems QTC VIEW Series IV and V. A similar acoustic pattern was identified by both systems, which, after ground-truth interpretation based in available sediment and biological data, established a preliminary spatial distribution model of the benthic habitats in this coastal area. However, some of the acoustic areas were interpreted using one or very few sediment and benthic samples. A specific validation survey was conducted a posteriori, in which the positioning of the sediment and benthic community sampling sites was based on the acoustic diversity previously identified. The results clearly confirm the benthic habitats distribution model suggested by the acoustic method, indicating a high potential for the use of such approach in the identification and mapping of large-scale soft bottom coastal shelf habitat diversity.

Diagnostic accuracy of fetal renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter as a predictor of uropathy: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound measurement of anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter (APD) to discriminate between significant uropathy and idiopathic renal pelvis dilatation.

METHODS

One-hundred-and-three neonates who were found to have fetal renal pelvis dilatation, defined as presence of an APD > or = 5 mm, underwent systematic investigation for uropathies and were prospectively followed. An ultrasound scan was performed after the first week of postnatal life and all infants underwent a voiding cystourethrogram. Neonates with an APD larger than 10 mm underwent renal scintigraphy. Ultrasound scans, clinical examination and laboratory reviews were scheduled at 6-month intervals. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the best cut-offs for APD to identify renal units with significant uropathy as well as those requiring surgical intervention. Significant uropathy was defined as the presence of well-established urinary tract abnormalities or when there was abnormal renal scintigraphy.

RESULTS

The estimated area under the curve for APD was 0.900 (95% CI, 0.841-0.942) indicating excellent power to discriminate between idiopathic pelvis dilatation and significant uropathy. The sensitivity and specificity for the 7.5 mm cut-off point were 97.9% and 40.6%, respectively. To identify infants who required surgical intervention, the calculated area under the curve was 0.953 (95% CI, 0.908-0.980).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that measurement of APD is an excellent test to identify fetuses with significant uropathy, as well as those requiring postnatal intervention.

The effect of transdermal nitroglycerin on spinal S(+)-ketamine antinociception following orthopedic surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVES

To determine whether combination of transdermal nitroglycerine (a nitric oxide generator) would enhance analgesia from epidural S(+)-ketamine (a N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist) in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery with combined spinal anesthesia.

DESIGN

Randomized, double-blind study.

SETTING

Orthopedic surgery unit of a teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

60 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for minor orthopedic knee surgery.

INTERVENTIONS

Patients were randomized to one of five groups (n = 12) to receive combined epidural/intrathecal anesthesia. A 10-mL epidural injection was first administered to all patients (study drug or normal saline). Intrathecal anesthesia consisted of 15 mg bupivacaine. Twenty to 30 minutes after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either nitroglycerin 5 mg or placebo was applied. The control group (CG) received epidural saline and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerin group (NG) received epidural saline and transdermal nitroglycerine patch. The 0.1 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine epidural group (1 KG) received 0.1 mg/kg epidural S(+)-ketamine and transdermal placebo. The 0.2 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine epidural group (2 KG) received 0.2 mg/kg epidural S(+)-ketamine and transdermal placebo. Finally, the nitroglycerin/0.1 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine epidural group (1 NKG) received 0.1 mg/kg epidural S(+)-ketamine and transdermal nitroglycerin. Pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

The groups were demographically the same. Sensory anesthetic level and VAS score for pain at the time of first rescue medication were similar among groups. The time to first rescue analgesic (min) was less in both the CG and the NG groups compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Epidural S(+)-ketamine resulted in analgesia to both groups (1 KG < 2 KG; p < 0.05). The 1 NKG and the 2 KG displayed similar analgesia (p > 0.05). The CG required more rescue analgesics in 24 hours compared with the patients who received epidural S(+)-ketamine (p < 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Epidural S(+)-ketamine resulted in antinociception, which was enhanced by transdermal nitroglycerin.

catena-Poly[fac-trichloromethyltin(IV)-μ-[meso-1,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane-O:O′]]

In the title compound, [SnCl(3)(CH(3))(C(6)H(5)SOCH(2))(2)](n), the octahedral Sn(IV) centres are bridged by meso-1,2-bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane ligands forming infinite chains along the [100] direction.

[Severe combined immunodeficiency: description of a clinical case]

A Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare disease, with recessive autosomic or X linked inheritance. The clinical phenotype is related to the defect of specific antigen response. The authors describe a patient presenting recurrent infections, affected by SCID, with multiple hospitalizations. Immunologic evaluation was performed and adenosine deaminase deficiency was excluded. The patient was submitted to herniography and he died seven days after the surgery. The preparation for bone marrow transplantation was provided. The anatomo-pathological findings had showed immunologic system alterations. The early clinical diagnosis and the therapy are discussed.

[Histology and histochemistry of the kidney and ureters of the Caiman crocodilus yacare (Daudin, 1802)--Crocodilia Reptilia)]

The elongated kidneys of Caiman crocodilus yacare are found in pairs and have two lobes. Each lobe is crossed lengthwise down the middle by the renal vein and artery along which there are the renal corpuscules in groups of two or four which delimit the medullar renal region. These corpuscules are generally poorly developed and there is a center of connective tissue with few capillary loops. The Bowman capsule is of pavement or cubic epithelium and leads into a narrow, short, non-secretory neck segment composed of cubical cells followed by tubulus contortus with brush borders against the lumen and the distal tubule with cubic epithelium brush borders. In the renal cortical region are the median tubulus with cylindrical and granular epithelium and the smaller collecting canals which flow into larger collecting canals which flow along the renal border. Among the various tubular parenchyma segments there is a network of blood vessels which lead into the renal vein and into a renal afferent vein. Abundant fat granular bodies and lipid droplets are observed in the proximal and median tubules. The collecting canals and ureters show PAS positive granules in their cells.

[Development of data bases for various nursing activities]

The purpose of this study is to discuss the utilization of informatics in nursing and the construction of computerized data bases by nursing professionals that have no previous experience with computers. Three data bases developed during the pos graduate nursing course are described.

The production of extracellular and intracellular free amino acids during aerated fermentation of glucose by baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

During a study of the effects of a high level of NaCl on the content of free intracellular amino acids in baker's yeast grown in aerated fermentation of glucose it was found (Malaney et al. 1988, 1989; Malaney and Tanner 1988) that 0.6 mol/L exogenous NaCl significantly increased the content of free intracellular citrulline, glutamine, ornithine, arginine and lysine (all basic amino acids) over that observed at zero mol/L exogenous NaCl. (Exogenous is defined as salt added beyond that present in the mineral salts in the culture medium.) This paper describes the production and relative relationships of both extracellular and free intracellular amino acids by S. cerevisiae under conditions of high NaCl content in the growth medium at pH 5 and 32 degrees C. For early culture times (6 h), the production of glutamine, citrulline, valine, isoleucine, ornithine, lysine and histidine were all enhanced by the addition of NaCl. For late times (24 h), except for ornithine, the early-time-enhanced amino acids continued to be enhanced by the addition of NaCl. In addition, the yields of several other amino acids also were increased by exogenous salt at this late time. These include aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, cystine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine.

Calcium ionophore (A23187)- and arachidonic acid-stimulated prostaglandin release from microvascular endothelial cells: effects of calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors

Calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) E2 and I2 (measured as 6-keto PGF1 alpha) release from cultured rabbit coronary microvessel endothelial (RCME) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A23187-stimulated PG release was reduced by the calcium channel blockers nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem and by the intracellular calcium blocker, 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate. A23187-stimulated PG release was significantly reduced by lowering the calcium concentration in the buffer to concentrations of 0.2 mM or less. A23187-stimulated 45Ca uptake was not inhibited by nifedipine (0.5 microM), diltiazem (10 micron) or verapamil (50 microM) although these same concentrations of calcium channel blockers significantly inhibited A23187-stimulated PG release. However, these concentrations of calcium blockers did inhibit K+ (10 mM)-valinomycin (5 microM)-stimulated 45Ca uptake, indicating that, although RCME cells probably have voltage-dependent calcium channels and although calcium influx via these channels is blocked by the calcium channel blockers, voltage-dependent calcium influx plays little or no role in A23187-stimulated 45Ca influx and PG release. KCl-valinomycin significantly stimulated PG release, but this increase was not significantly affected by either nifedipine (0.5 microM) or diltiazem (10 microM) despite complete inhibition of KCl-valinomycin-stimulated 45Ca influx. Verapamil (50 microM) exhibited a small but significant suppression of KCl-valinomycin-stimulated PG release. These observations most likely indicate that calcium influx by voltage-dependent calcium channels plays little or no role in the events leading to either A23187- or KCl-valinomycin-stimulated PG release. The calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine and calmidazolium, also reduced A23187-stimulated PG release. In vitro studies of porcine pancreatic phospholipase (PL) A2 activity suggested that the inhibitory actions of trifluoperazine, but not the calcium antagonists, may be mediated by direct inhibitory actions on PLA2. Studies with [3H]arachidonic acid (AA)- and [14C]stearic acid-prelabeled RCME cells suggested that A23187 stimulated both PLA2 and PLC activity, leading to the release of AA. Studies with exogenous AA indicated that reducing calcium availability by reducing buffer calcium concentrations resulted in an enhanced conversion of exogenous AA to PGs. RCME cells incubated in nominally calcium-free buffer exhibited a decreased rate of AA incorporation. The observed increase in AA conversion to PGs in low calcium buffer suggests that calcium may stimulate AA uptake and acylation as well as AA release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Altered aortic and cremaster muscle prostaglandin synthesis in diabetic rats

Alterations in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins have been reported in humans and animal models of diabetes mellitus. In the present study synthesis and release of prostaglandins by thoracic aorta and cremaster muscle of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 8 wk duration was compared with age-matched controls. Prostaglandin synthesis was assessed by the measurement of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) release and by quantifying metabolism of exogenous [1-14C]arachidonic acid by thoracic aortic rings and minced cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscles from diabetic rats released significantly greater quantities of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2. In contrast, the aortas from diabetic rats released smaller quantities of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 and exhibited reduced 6-[1-14C]keto-PGF1 alpha. These studies indicate that diminished prostacyclin (PGI2) and/or PGE2 production is not a general feature of all diabetic vascular tissues, suggesting that large and small blood vessels may not be similarly affected by diabetes in regard to the metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid and the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Furthermore, the vascular changes often observed in conjunction with diabetes, i.e., alterations in vascular reactivity and microangiopathy in small blood vessels and atherosclerosis of large blood vessels may be related in some way to the segmental differences observed in prostaglandin synthesis.

Prostaglandin release from isolated rabbit cerebral cortex micro-vessels--comparison of 6-keto PGF1 alpha and PGE2 release from micro-vessels incubated in 100% O2, room air and 95% N2:5% CO2

Prostaglandin release from microvessels isolated from the rabbit cerebral cortex was determined under three different atmospheric conditions: 100% O2 ("O2") room air, and 95% N2:5% CO2 ("N2-CO2"). Initial studies with homogenates prepared from rabbit cerebral microvessels (RCMV) indicated two pathways of enzymatic PGH2 transformation, namely PGI2 synthase and GSH-dependent PGH-PGE isomerase. We measured the release of the principal products of these pathways, 6-keto PGF1 alpha and PGE2 from freshly prepared RCMV. The release of 6-keto PGF1 alpha exceeded that of PGE2 in all three protocols. RCMV incubated in "N2-CO2" exhibited a reduction in the release of 6-keto PGF1 alpha compared to room air or "O2" incubated RCMV, evident at 30-60 min of incubation. No significant differences in the release of PGE2 were observed among the three incubation protocols. In all three incubation protocols the ratio of 6-keto PGF1 alpha to PGE2 did not differ during the initial 10 minutes of each incubation. After 30 to 60 min of incubation, this ratio did not change from the "O2" or room air treated RCMV, but decreased significantly for the "N2-CO2" treated group. To determine the reversibility of the apparent "N2-CO2" induced decline in 6-keto PGF1 alpha release, microvessels were removed from the nitrogen atmosphere and incubated in room air. Release was measured during the initial 10 min following reintroduction to room air and was compared to room air pretreated controls treated in an identical manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)