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Glanville K, Sheldon F, Butler D, Capon S. Effects and significance of groundwater for vegetation: A systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 875:162577. [PMID: 36898536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater represents a critical water source for plants, especially during drought, with continuous groundwater availability widely associated with the presence of ecological refugia and the preservation of biodiversity during periods of adverse conditions. Here, we present a systematic quantitative literature review of global groundwater and ecosystem interactions to synthesise current knowledge and identify key knowledge gaps and research priorities through a management lens. Despite increasing research on groundwater dependent vegetation since the late 1990s, significant geographical and ecological biases are evident with papers focused on arid regions or areas with significant anthropogenic changes. Of the 140 papers reviewed, desert and steepe arid landscapes accounted for 50.7 % and desert and xeric shrublands were represented in 37.9 % of papers. A third of papers (34.4 %) quantified groundwater uptake by ecosystems and groundwater contributions to transpiration, with studies examining the influence of groundwater on vegetation productivity, distribution, and composition also well represented. In contrast, groundwater influences on other ecosystem functions are relatively poorly explored. The research biases introduce uncertainty in the transferability of findings between locations and ecosystems limiting the generality of our current understanding. This synthesis contributes to consolidating a solid knowledge base of the hydrological and ecological interrelationships for managers, planners, and other decision-makers that is relevant to the landscapes and environments they manage, so can more effectively deliver ecological and conservation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Glanville
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; Queensland Herbarium, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia.
| | - F Sheldon
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - D Butler
- Queensland Herbarium, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia
| | - S Capon
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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2
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Saravia-Butler AM, Schisler JC, Taylor D, Beheshti A, Butler D, Meydan C, Foox J, Hernandez K, Mozsary C, Mason CE, Meller R. Host transcriptional responses in nasal swabs identify potential SARS-CoV-2 infection in PCR negative patients. iScience 2022; 25:105310. [PMID: 36246576 PMCID: PMC9540688 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed RNA sequencing data from nasal swabs used for SARS-CoV-2 testing. 13% of 317 PCR-negative samples contained over 100 reads aligned to multiple regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Differential gene expression analysis compares the host gene expression in potential false-negative (FN: PCR negative, sequencing positive) samples to subjects with multiple SARS-CoV-2 viral loads. The host transcriptional response in FN samples was distinct from true negative samples (PCR & sequencing negative) and similar to low viral load samples. Gene Ontology analysis shows viral load-dependent changes in gene expression are functionally distinct; 23 common pathways include responses to viral infections and associated immune responses. GO analysis reveals FN samples had a high overlap with high viral load samples. Deconvolution of RNA-seq data shows similar cell content across viral loads. Hence, transcriptome analysis of nasal swabs provides an additional level of identifying SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Saravia-Butler
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dan Butler
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathon Foox
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Hernandez
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chris Mozsary
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team, Medford, MA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology/ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Barnes MJ, Paino J, Day LR, Butler D, Häusermann D, Pelliccia D, Crosbie JC. SyncMRT: a solution to image-guided synchrotron radiotherapy for quality assurance and pre-clinical trials. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:1074-1084. [PMID: 35787575 PMCID: PMC9255576 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522004829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new image guidance system and protocols for delivering image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) on the Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) at the ANSTO Australian Synchrotron are introduced. The image guidance methods used and the resulting accuracy of tumour alignment in in vivo experiments are often under-reported. Image guidance tasks are often complex, time-consuming and prone to errors. If unchecked, they may result in potential mis-treatments. We introduce SyncMRT, a software package that provides a simple, image guidance tool-kit for aligning samples to the synchrotron beam. We have demonstrated sub-millimetre alignment using SyncMRT and the small-animal irradiation platform (the DynamicMRT system) on the IMBL. SyncMRT has become the standard for carrying out IGRT treatments on the IMBL and has been used in all pre-clinical radiotherapy experiments since 2017. Further, we introduce two quality assurance (QA) protocols to synchrotron radiotherapy on the IMBL: the Winston-Lutz test and hidden target test. It is shown that the presented QA tests are appropriate for picking up geometrical setup errors and assessing the end-to-end accuracy of the image guidance process. Together, these tools make image guidance easier and provide a mechanism for reporting the geometric accuracy of synchrotron-based IGRT treatments. Importantly, this work is scalable to other delivery systems, and is in continual development to support the upcoming veterinary radiotherapy trials on the IMBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Barnes
- ANSTO Australian Synchrotron, Kulin Nation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Kulin Nation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT Univeristy, Kulin Nation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Dharawal Nation, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J. Paino
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Dharawal Nation, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Dharawal Nation, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L. R. Day
- School of Science, RMIT Univeristy, Kulin Nation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. Butler
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Kulin Nation, Yallambie, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. Häusermann
- ANSTO Australian Synchrotron, Kulin Nation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D. Pelliccia
- Instruments and Data Tools, Kulin Nation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. C. Crosbie
- School of Science, RMIT Univeristy, Kulin Nation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Trappetti V, Fernandez-Palomo C, Smyth L, Klein M, Haberthür D, Butler D, Barnes M, Shintani N, De Veer M, Laissue J, Vozenin MC, Djonov V. Spacial Fractionation SYNCHROTRON MICROBEAMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF LUNG CANCER: A LESSON FROM THE FIRST PRECLINICAL TRIAL. Phys Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(22)01546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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5
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Welsh J, Bishop K, Booth H, Butler D, Gourley M, Law HD, Banks E, Canudas-Romo V, Korda RJ. Inequalities in life expectancy in Australia according to education level: a whole-of-population record linkage study. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:178. [PMID: 34344367 PMCID: PMC8330008 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Life expectancy in Australia is amongst the highest globally, but national estimates mask within-country inequalities. To monitor socioeconomic inequalities in health, many high-income countries routinely report life expectancy by education level. However in Australia, education-related gaps in life expectancy are not routinely reported because, until recently, the data required to produce these estimates have not been available. Using newly linked, whole-of-population data, we estimated education-related inequalities in adult life expectancy in Australia. Methods Using data from 2016 Australian Census linked to 2016-17 Death Registrations, we estimated age-sex-education-specific mortality rates and used standard life table methodology to calculate life expectancy. For men and women separately, we estimated absolute (in years) and relative (ratios) differences in life expectancy at ages 25, 45, 65 and 85 years according to education level (measured in five categories, from university qualification [highest] to no formal qualifications [lowest]). Results Data came from 14,565,910 Australian residents aged 25 years and older. At each age, those with lower levels of education had lower life expectancies. For men, the gap (highest vs. lowest level of education) was 9.1 (95 %CI: 8.8, 9.4) years at age 25, 7.3 (7.1, 7.5) years at age 45, 4.9 (4.7, 5.1) years at age 65 and 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) years at age 85. For women, the gap was 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) years at age 25, 4.7 (4.4, 5.0) years at age 45, 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) years at 65 and 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) years at age 85. Relative differences (comparing highest education level with each of the other levels) were larger for men than women and increased with age, but overall, revealed a 10–25 % reduction in life expectancy for those with the lowest compared to the highest education level. Conclusions Education-related inequalities in life expectancy from age 25 years in Australia are substantial, particularly for men. Those with the lowest education level have a life expectancy equivalent to the national average 15–20 years ago. These vast gaps indicate large potential for further gains in life expectancy at the national level and continuing opportunities to improve health equity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-021-01513-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welsh
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia.
| | - K Bishop
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia
| | - H Booth
- School of Demography, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - D Butler
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia
| | - M Gourley
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, Australia
| | - H D Law
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia
| | - E Banks
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia
| | - V Canudas-Romo
- School of Demography, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - R J Korda
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Building 62, Mills Rd, ACT, 2601, Acton, Australia
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6
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Whiting D, Noureldin M, Abdelmotagly Y, Butler D, Gehring T, Nedas T, Emara A, Hindley R. Rezum water vapour therapy: Understanding retreatment. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Day L, Barnes M, Smyth L, Donzelli M, Bartzsch S, Klein M, Butler D, Hausermann D, Ryan S, Crosbie J. PO-1791: Synchrotron Radiotherapy of Pet Cadavers at the Imaging and Medical Beamline. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)01809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Butler D, Lochbihler A, Aspinall D, Gascón A. Formalising $$\varSigma $$-Protocols and Commitment Schemes Using CryptHOL. J Autom Reason 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10817-020-09581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMachine-checked proofs of security are important to increase the rigour of provable security. In this work we present a formalised theory of two fundamental two party cryptographic primitives: $$\varSigma $$
Σ
-protocols and Commitment Schemes. $$\varSigma $$
Σ
-protocols allow a prover to convince a verifier that they possess some knowledge without leaking information about the knowledge. Commitment schemes allow a committer to commit to a message and keep it secret until revealing it at a later time. We use CryptHOL (Lochbihler in Archive of formal proofs, 2017) to formalise both primitives and prove secure multiple examples namely; the Schnorr, Chaum-Pedersen and Okamoto $$\varSigma $$
Σ
-protocols as well as a construction that allows for compound (AND and OR) $$\varSigma $$
Σ
-protocols and the Pedersen and Rivest commitment schemes. A highlight of the work is a formalisation of the construction of commitment schemes from $$\varSigma $$
Σ
-protocols (Damgard in Lecture notes, 2002). We formalise this proof at an abstract level using the modularity available in Isabelle/HOL and CryptHOL. This way, the proofs of the instantiations come for free.
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9
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Day LRJ, Pellicioli P, Gagliardi F, Barnes M, Smyth LML, Butler D, Livingstone J, Stevenson AW, Lye J, Poole CM, Hausermann D, Rogers PAW, Crosbie JC. A Monte Carlo model of synchrotron radiotherapy shows good agreement with experimental dosimetry measurements: Data from the imaging and medical beamline at the Australian Synchrotron. Phys Med 2020; 77:64-74. [PMID: 32791426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental measurement of Synchrotron Radiotherapy (SyncRT) doses is challenging, especially for Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT), which is characterised by very high dynamic ranges with spatial resolutions on the micrometer scale. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered a gold standard for accurate dose calculation in radiotherapy, and is therefore routinely relied upon to produce verification data. We present a MC model for Australian Synchrotron's Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL), which is capable of generating accurate dosimetry data to inform and/or verify SyncRT experiments. Our MC model showed excellent agreement with dosimetric measurement for Synchrotron Broadbeam Radiotherapy (SBBR). Our MC model is also the first to achieve validation for MRT, using two methods of dosimetry, to within clinical tolerances of 5% for a 20×20 mm2 field size, except for surface measurements at 5 mm depth, which remained to within good agreement of 7.5%. Our experimental methodology has allowed us to control measurement uncertainties for MRT doses to within 5-6%, which has also not been previously achieved, and provides a confidence which until now has been lacking in MRT validation studies. The MC model is suitable for SyncRT dose calculation of clinically relevant field sizes at the IMBL, and can be extended to include medical beamlines at other Synchrotron facilities as well. The presented MC model will be used as a validation tool for treatment planning dose calculation algorithms, and is an important step towards veterinary SyncRT trials at the Australian Synchrotron.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R J Day
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - P Pellicioli
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID17 Biomedical Beamline, Grenoble, France; Inserm UA7 STROBE, Grenoble Alps University, Grenoble, France; Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - F Gagliardi
- Radiation Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Barnes
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - L M L Smyth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Butler
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Livingstone
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - A W Stevenson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - J Lye
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Melbourne, Australia
| | - C M Poole
- Radiation Analytics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D Hausermann
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - P A W Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J C Crosbie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Butler D, Montegue T, O’Sullivan N, Cox D, McNally P. P160 Study to Evaluate the Additional Gains of Upper and Lower Lobe Sampling in children with Cystic Fibrosis (SEAGULLS): safety and microbiological yield. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Dalili D, Ilyas S, Monzon L, Malhotra B, Butler D, Fedele F, Bosio F, Kelly P, Adam A, Gangi A. Challenges of Recruitment to Interventional MSK Oncology in Palliative Care – Focus on MRI Guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (MRg-HIFU) for Treating Skeletal Metastasis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Craven MP, Goodwin R, Rawsthorne M, Butler D, Waddingham P, Brown S, Jamieson M. Try to see it my way: exploring the co-design of visual presentations of wellbeing through a workshop process. Perspect Public Health 2019; 139:153-161. [PMID: 30955447 PMCID: PMC6595544 DOI: 10.1177/1757913919835231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A 10-month project funded by the NewMind network sought to develop the specification of a visualisation toolbox that could be applied on digital platforms (web- or app-based) to support adults with lived experience of mental health difficulties to present and track their personal wellbeing in a multi-media format. METHODS A participant co-design methodology, Double Diamond from the Design Council (Great Britain), was used consisting of four phases: Discover - a set of literature and app searches of wellbeing and health visualisation material; Define - an initial workshop with participants with lived experience of mental health problems to discuss wellbeing and visualisation techniques and to share personal visualisations; Develop - a second workshop to add detail to personal visualisations, for example, forms of media to be employed, degree of control over sharing; and Deliver - to disseminate the learning from the exercise. RESULTS Two design workshops were held in December 2017 and April 2018 with 13 and 12 experts-by-experience involved, respectively, including two peer researchers (co-authors) and two individual-carer dyads in each workshop, with over 50% of those being present in both workshops. A total of 20 detailed visualisations were produced, the majority focusing on highly personal and detailed presentations of wellbeing. DISCUSSION While participants concurred on a range of typical dimensions of wellbeing, the individual visualisations generated were in contrast to the techniques currently employed by existing digital wellbeing apps and there was a great diversity in preference for different visualisation types. Participants considered personal visualisations to be useful as self-administered interventions or as a step towards seeking help, as well as being tools for self-appraisal. CONCLUSION The results suggest that an authoring approach using existing apps may provide the high degree of flexibility required. Training on such tools, delivered via a module on a recovery college course, could be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Craven
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.,Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R Goodwin
- The Oliver Zangwill Centre, Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust, Ely, UK
| | - M Rawsthorne
- NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
| | - D Butler
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - P Waddingham
- The Oliver Zangwill Centre, Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust, Ely, UK
| | - S Brown
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Jamieson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Administration Building, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Lye J, Harty P, Butler D. SP-0352 Dosimetry measurement in microbeam therapy. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Smeeton B, Wormald J, Plonczak A, Butler D, Hamilton S. A critical review of melanoma self-screening tools on YouTube – A missed opportunity? Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Addicott E, Laurance S, Lyons M, Butler D, Neldner J. When rare species are not important: linking plot-based vegetation classifications and landscape-scale mapping in Australian savanna vegetation. COMMUNITY ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2018.19.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Addicott
- Queensland Herbarium, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, QLD 4066, Australia
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental & Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - S. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental & Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - M. Lyons
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW 2052, Australia
- New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW 1232, Australia
| | - D. Butler
- Queensland Herbarium, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, QLD 4066, Australia
| | - J. Neldner
- Queensland Herbarium, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, QLD 4066, Australia
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Lockwood S, Li D, Butler D, Tsiaras W, Joyce C, Mostaghimi A. The validity of the diagnostic code for pyoderma gangrenosum in an electronic database. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:216-217. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Lockwood
- Clinical Unit for Research Trials in Skin; Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - D.G. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - D. Butler
- Department of Dermatology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - W. Tsiaras
- Department of Dermatology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - C. Joyce
- Loyola University Chicago Department of Public Health Sciences; Chicago IL U.S.A
| | - A. Mostaghimi
- Department of Dermatology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA U.S.A
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Rubin V, Ngo D, Butler D, Ross A, Balaram N. 5.4-O4The potential of disaggregation of data about racial and ethnic subgroups to improve the health of immigrants and communities of color in the US. Eur J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky047.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - D Ngo
- Policylink, United States
| | | | - A Ross
- Policylink, United States
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Brewster C, Wormald J, Goodwin T, Butler D. MediPack: Refining the Plastic Surgery Ward Round. Int J Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Panzara M, Zhang J, Rinaldi C, McClorey G, Bowman K, Butler D, Dodart J, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Iwamoto N, Kothari N, Lu G, Mathieu S, M M, Melkonian M, Menon S, Standley S, Yang H, Zhong Z, Wood M, Vargeese C. Preclinical studies of WVE-210201, an investigational stereopure antisense oligonucleotide in development for the treatment of patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wood M, Zhang J, Bowman K, Butler D, Rinaldi C, McClorey G, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Iwamoto N, Kothari N, Lu G, Mathieu S, Meena M, Menon S, Shimizu M, Standley S, Yang H, Zhong Z, Francis C, Vargeese C. WVE-210201, an investigational stereopure oligonucleotide therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, induces Exon 51 skipping and dystrophin protein restoration. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Juan-García P, Butler D, Comas J, Darch G, Sweetapple C, Thornton A, Corominas L. Resilience theory incorporated into urban wastewater systems management. State of the art. Water Res 2017; 115:149-161. [PMID: 28279936 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Government bodies, utilities, practitioners, and researchers have growing interest in the incorporation of resilience into wastewater management. Since resilience is a multidisciplinary term, it is important to review what has been achieved in the wastewater sector, and describe the future research directions for the forthcoming years. This work presents a critical review of studies that deal with resilience in the wastewater treatment sector, with a special focus on understanding how they addressed the key elements for assessing resilience, such as stressors, system properties, metrics and interventions to increase resilience. The results showed that only 17 peer-reviewed papers and 6 relevant reports, a small subset of the work in wastewater research, directly addressed resilience. The lack of consensus in the definition of resilience, and the elements of a resilience assessment, is hindering the implementation of resilience in wastewater management. To date, no framework for resilience assessment is complete, comprehensive or directly applicable to practitioners; current examples are lacking key elements (e.g. a comprehensive study of stressors, properties and metrics, examples of cases study, ability to benchmark interventions or connectivity with broader frameworks). Furthermore, resilience is seen as an additional cost or extra effort, instead of a means to overcome project uncertainty that could unlock new opportunities for investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juan-García
- Atkins, (The Hub) 500 Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4RZ, UK; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain
| | - D Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J Comas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain; LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - G Darch
- Atkins, (The Hub) 500 Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4RZ, UK
| | - C Sweetapple
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A Thornton
- Atkins, (The Hub) 500 Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4RZ, UK
| | - Ll Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona, E-17003, Spain.
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Oliver C, Takau V, Butler D, Williams I. EP-1434: Comparison of small-field output factor measurements. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Jeon C, Agbai O, Butler D, Murase J. Dermatologic conditions in patients of color who are pregnant. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3:30-36. [PMID: 28492052 PMCID: PMC5418956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain dermatoses that present during pregnancy have a predilection for populations with skin of color (SOC). Additionally, certain systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus tend to be more aggressive during pregnancy and confer worse prognoses in women with SOC. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unique implications of selected diseases during pregnancy as it relates to SOC. Dermatologists should be vigilant for the unique clinical variations of dermatological conditions in patients of color who are pregnant to ensure correct diagnoses and optimize treatment outcomes.
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Mills-Davies N, Butler D, Norton E, Thompson D, Sarwar M, Guo J, Gill R, Azim N, Coker A, Wood SP, Erskine PT, Coates L, Cooper JB, Rashid N, Akhtar M, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. Structural studies of substrate and product complexes of 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase from humans,Escherichia coliand the hyperthermophilePyrobaculum calidifontis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2017; 73:9-21. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316019525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of X-ray analyses of an enzyme involved in a key early stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis are reported. Two structures of human 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), native and recombinant, have been determined at 2.8 Å resolution, showing that the enzyme adopts an octameric quaternary structure in accord with previously published analyses of the enzyme from a range of other species. However, this is in contrast to the finding that a disease-related F12L mutant of the human enzyme uniquely forms hexamers [Breiniget al.(2003),Nature Struct. Biol.10, 757–763]. Monomers of all ALADs adopt the TIM-barrel fold; the subunit conformation that assembles into the octamer includes the N-terminal tail of one monomer curled around the (α/β)8barrel of a neighbouring monomer. Both crystal forms of the human enzyme possess two monomers per asymmetric unit, termedAandB. In the native enzyme there are a number of distinct structural differences between theAandBmonomers, with the latter exhibiting greater disorder in a number of loop regions and in the active site. In contrast, the second monomer of the recombinant enzyme appears to be better defined and the active site of both monomers clearly possesses a zinc ion which is bound by three conserved cysteine residues. In native human ALAD, theAmonomer also has a ligand resembling the substrate ALA which is covalently bound by a Schiff base to one of the active-site lysines (Lys252) and is held in place by an ordered active-site loop. In contrast, these features of the active-site structure are disordered or absent in theBsubunit of the native human enzyme. The octameric structure of the zinc-dependent ALAD from the hyperthermophilePyrobaculum calidifontisis also reported at a somewhat lower resolution of 3.5 Å. Finally, the details are presented of a high-resolution structure of theEscherichia coliALAD enzyme co-crystallized with a noncovalently bound moiety of the product, porphobilinogen (PBG). This structure reveals that the pyrrole side-chain amino group is datively bound to the active-site zinc ion and that the PBG carboxylates interact with the enzymeviahydrogen bonds and salt bridges with invariant residues. A number of hydrogen-bond interactions that were previously observed in the structure of yeast ALAD with a cyclic intermediate resembling the product PBG appear to be weaker in the new structure, suggesting that these interactions are only optimal in the transition state.
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Wright T, Butler D, Stevenson A, Livingstone J, Crosbie J. PV-0565: Dosimetric response maps of diode and diamond detectors in kilovoltage synchrotron beams. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)31815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fidar AM, Memon FA, Butler D. Performance evaluation of conventional and water saving taps. Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:815-824. [PMID: 26437352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of urbanisation comes with considerable environmental implications including pressures on already stressed limited water resources. In urban areas, most of the water use is associated with water consumption in buildings. The second largest use of water is via taps. It is often assumed that water taps with low flow rates can contribute to reduced per capita water consumption. However, this is based on very little evidence. This paper presents the synthesis of a 13,000 high resolution observations made to investigate the actual water consumption of innovative (water saving) electronic taps and conventional mixer taps. High resolution flow-meters and data loggers were fitted into two washrooms in two different buildings of a higher education institution to record the water use through the basin taps. The recorded data provided information on duration, frequency of use and volume of water consumption per use. The data was helpful in identifying trends in hot and cold water use and therefore can be useful in estimating energy for producing hot water and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of the observed data suggests that the low flow taps have greater mean water consumption per event than the conventional taps and water consumption is more influenced by user behaviour rather than the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fidar
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.
| | - F A Memon
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.
| | - D Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom.
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Ellis JB, Butler D. Surface water sewer misconnections in England and Wales: Pollution sources and impacts. Sci Total Environ 2015; 526:98-109. [PMID: 25918897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas served by separate sewerage consisting of separate pipe systems it is not uncommon for misconnections to be made either accidentally or deliberately, whereby the wrong effluent is connected to the wrong sewer. The main focus of this problem has been on in-household appliances that are wrongly connected to separate surface water sewers, potentially leading to pollution of receiving waters and non-compliance with statutory water quality standards. This paper examines the available evidence to evaluate the potential scale, severity and cost of the problem in England and Wales in comparison to that reported from investigations in the United States. The particular difficulties associated with distinguishing specific sewage sources in the wastewater "cocktail" discharged at polluted surface water outfalls are reviewed. The deficiencies of existing legislation and enforcing compliance with respect to misconnections are also discussed and the pollution potential resulting from domestic misconnections is explored based on sampled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ellis
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - D Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Henry BK, Butler D, Wiedemann SG. Quantifying carbon sequestration on sheep grazing land in Australia for life cycle assessment studies. Rangel J 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/rj14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sheep industry has played an important role in Australia’s development and economy over the 220 years since European settlement and remains an important land use in Australia, occupying an estimated 85 million ha of continental land mass. Historically, deforestation was carried out in many sheep-rearing regions to promote pasture growth but this has not occurred within recent decades and many wool producers have invested in planting trees as well as preserving patches of remnant vegetation. Although the limitations of single environmental impact studies are recognised, this paper focuses on the contribution of carbon sequestration in trees and shrubs on sheep farms to the global warming potential impact category in life cycle assessment of wool. The analysis represents three major wool-producing zones of Australia. Based on default regional yields as applied in Australia’s National Inventory model, FullCAM, CO2 removals in planted exotic pines and mixed native species were estimated to be 5.0 and 3.0 t CO2 ha–1 year–1, respectively, for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales in the ‘high-rainfall zone’ and 1.4 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 for mixed native species in the ‘sheep-wheat zone’ of Western Australia. Applying modified factors allowing for the higher measured growth rates in regions with rainfall >300 mm, gave values for native species reforestation of 4.4 and 2.0 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 for New South Wales and Western Australia, respectively. Sequestration was estimated to be 0.07 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 over 100 years for chenopod shrublands of the ‘pastoral zone’ of South Australia but this low rate is significant because of the extent of regeneration. Sequestration of soil organic carbon in improved permanent pastures in the New South Wales Northern Tablelands was evaluated to be highly uncertain but potentially significant over large areas of management. Improved data and consistent methodologies are needed for quantification of these benefits in life cycle assessment studies for wool and sheep meat, and additional impact categories, such as biodiversity, need to be included if the public and private benefits provided by good management of vegetation resources on farms are to be more fully recognised.
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Henry BK, Butler D, Wiedemann SG. A life cycle assessment approach to quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change for beef production in eastern Australia. Rangel J 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/rj14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In life cycle assessment studies, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from direct land-use change have been estimated to make a significant contribution to the global warming potential of agricultural products. However, these estimates have a high uncertainty due to the complexity of data requirements and difficulty in attribution of land-use change. This paper presents estimates of GHG emissions from direct land-use change from native woodland to grazing land for two beef production regions in eastern Australia, which were the subject of a multi-impact life cycle assessment study for premium beef production. Spatially- and temporally consistent datasets were derived for areas of forest cover and biomass carbon stocks using published remotely sensed tree-cover data and regionally applicable allometric equations consistent with Australia’s national GHG inventory report. Standard life cycle assessment methodology was used to estimate GHG emissions and removals from direct land-use change attributed to beef production. For the northern-central New South Wales region of Australia estimates ranged from a net emission of 0.03 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 to net removal of 0.12 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 using low and high scenarios, respectively, for sequestration in regrowing forests. For the same period (1990–2010), the study region in southern-central Queensland was estimated to have net emissions from land-use change in the range of 0.45–0.25 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1. The difference between regions reflects continuation of higher rates of deforestation in Queensland until strict regulation in 2006 whereas native vegetation protection laws were introduced earlier in New South Wales. On the basis of liveweight produced at the farm-gate, emissions from direct land-use change for 1990–2010 were comparable in magnitude to those from other on-farm sources, which were dominated by enteric methane. However, calculation of land-use change impacts for the Queensland region for a period starting 2006, gave a range from net emissions of 0.11 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1 to net removals of 0.07 t CO2-e ha–1 year–1. This study demonstrated a method for deriving spatially- and temporally consistent datasets to improve estimates for direct land-use change impacts in life cycle assessment. It identified areas of uncertainty, including rates of sequestration in woody regrowth and impacts of land-use change on soil carbon stocks in grazed woodlands, but also showed the potential for direct land-use change to represent a net sink for GHG.
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Jacob SE, Butler D, Herro E. Corticosteroid and fragrance allergy exacerbating scalp psoriasis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014; 7:54-55. [PMID: 24578782 PMCID: PMC3935652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that allergic contact dermatitis can worsen pre-existing psoriasis. The authors highlight a delayed-hypersensitivity reaction to a common psoriasis medication and discuss therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Jacob
- University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; University of Arizona, School of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dan Butler
- University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; University of Arizona, School of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elise Herro
- University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; University of Arizona, School of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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Diao K, Farmani R, Fu G, Astaraie-Imani M, Ward S, Butler D. Clustering analysis of water distribution systems: identifying critical components and community impacts. Water Sci Technol 2014; 70:1764-1773. [PMID: 25500465 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large water distribution systems (WDSs) are networks with both topological and behavioural complexity. Thereby, it is usually difficult to identify the key features of the properties of the system, and subsequently all the critical components within the system for a given purpose of design or control. One way is, however, to more explicitly visualize the network structure and interactions between components by dividing a WDS into a number of clusters (subsystems). Accordingly, this paper introduces a clustering strategy that decomposes WDSs into clusters with stronger internal connections than external connections. The detected cluster layout is very similar to the community structure of the served urban area. As WDSs may expand along with urban development in a community-by-community manner, the correspondingly formed distribution clusters may reveal some crucial configurations of WDSs. For verification, the method is applied to identify all the critical links during firefighting for the vulnerability analysis of a real-world WDS. Moreover, both the most critical pipes and clusters are addressed, given the consequences of pipe failure. Compared with the enumeration method, the method used in this study identifies the same group of the most critical components, and provides similar criticality prioritizations of them in a more computationally efficient time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Diao
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
| | - R Farmani
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
| | - G Fu
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
| | - M Astaraie-Imani
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
| | - S Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
| | - D Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX6 7HS, UK E-mail:
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Ward S, Memon FA, Butler D. Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system. Water Res 2012; 46:5127-34. [PMID: 22840659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting is increasingly becoming an integral part of the sustainable water management toolkit. Despite a plethora of studies modelling the feasibility of the utilisation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in particular contexts, there remains a significant gap in knowledge in relation to detailed empirical assessments of performance. Domestic systems have been investigated to a limited degree in the literature, including in the UK, but there are few recent longitudinal studies of larger non-domestic systems. Additionally, there are few studies comparing estimated and actual performance. This paper presents the results of a longitudinal empirical performance assessment of a non-domestic RWH system located in an office building in the UK. Furthermore, it compares actual performance with the estimated performance based on two methods recommended by the British Standards Institute - the Intermediate (simple calculations) and Detailed (simulation-based) Approaches. Results highlight that the average measured water saving efficiency (amount of mains water saved) of the office-based RWH system was 87% across an 8-month period, due to the system being over-sized for the actual occupancy level. Consequently, a similar level of performance could have been achieved using a smaller-sized tank. Estimated cost savings resulted in capital payback periods of 11 and 6 years for the actual over-sized tank and the smaller optimised tank, respectively. However, more detailed cost data on maintenance and operation is required to perform whole life cost analyses. These findings indicate that office-scale RWH systems potentially offer significant water and cost savings. They also emphasise the importance of monitoring data and that a transition to the use of Detailed Approaches (particularly in the UK) is required to (a) minimise over-sizing of storage tanks and (b) build confidence in RWH system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
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Hall DR, Aishima J, Alianelli L, Butler D, Duller G, Flaig R, Fearn R, Gibbons P, Gilbert M, Harding M, Hudson L, McAuley K, Mercado R, Nash J, Nicholson J, Nutter B, O'Hea J, Preece G, Prescott A, Romano P, Sanchez-Weatherby J, Sandy J, Sawhney K, Sorensen T, Taylor A, Whitewood T, Williams M. Bringing microfocus beam and improved sample environment to MX users at Diamond. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311087757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sise JA, Kerslake JI, Oliver MJ, Glennie S, Butler D, Behrent M, Fennessy PF, Campbell AW. Development of a software model to estimate daily greenhouse gas emissions of pasture-fed ruminant farming systems. Anim Prod Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A software model has been developed to estimate greenhouse gas emissions of pasture-fed ruminant farming systems. The model estimates on-farm emissions associated with livestock (sheep and beef), fertiliser, petrol, diesel and electricity. Carbon sequestration from native and exotic forestry is then included to produce an on-farm carbon footprint, in the form of carbon dioxide equivalents. This paper describes the livestock model, which has been designed to record the movement of animals within individual farm units according to defined livestock classes. Allowances are made for unrecorded deaths, by estimating the number of animals missing within a defined time period and spreading the deaths according to expected seasonal variation in mortality. The enteric methane and nitrous oxide emissions are predicted using a combination of customised growth and lactation curves, and internationally recognised formulae to predict nutrient energy requirements. Customised growth and lactation curves allow estimation of liveweights and energy requirements associated with maintenance, growth, pregnancy and lactation on a daily basis. Daily estimation of emissions reduces errors introduced by monthly or seasonal averaging of livestock numbers and liveweights. The model has been developed into a commercial application (Alliance Group hoofprint) for use by New Zealand sheep and beef farmers, and could be adapted for other international livestock farming operations.
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Fidar A, Memon FA, Butler D. Environmental implications of water efficient microcomponents in residential buildings. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:5828-5835. [PMID: 20825980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) in England sets out various water efficiency targets/levels, which form part of environmental performance criteria against which the sustainability of a building is measured. The code is performance based and requires reduction in per capita water consumption in households. The water efficiency related targets can be met using a range of water efficient microcomponents (WC, showers, kitchen taps, basin taps, dishwashers, washing machines, and baths). However, while the CSH aims at reducing the adverse environmental implications associated with the dwellings by promoting reduction in water consumption, little is known about the energy consumption and the environmental impacts (e. g. carbon emissions) resulting from water efficient end uses. This paper describes a methodology to evaluate the energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with the CSH's water efficiency levels. Key findings are that some 96% and 87% of energy use and carbon emissions, respectively associated with urban water provision are attributable to in-house consumption (principally related to hot water), and that achieving a defined water efficiency target does not automatically save energy or reduce carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fidar
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Harrison Building, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
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Mant A, Lansbury G, O'Flaherty S, Butler D. Infant care in Sydney's west: the social context of infants who seek care. Community Health Stud 2010; 8:193-9. [PMID: 6331981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1984.tb00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
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Liu S, Butler D, Memon FA, Makropoulos C, Avery L, Jefferson B. Impacts of residence time during storage on potential of water saving for grey water recycling system. Water Res 2010; 44:267-277. [PMID: 19796787 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Grey water recycling has been generally accepted and is about to move into practice in terms of sustainable development. Previous research has revealed the bacteria re-growth in grey water and reclaimed municipal water during storage. However, in most present grey water recycling practices, impacts of water quality changes during storage on the system's performance and design regulation have not been addressed. In this paper, performance of a constructed wetland based grey water recycling system was analysed by taking the constraint of residence time during storage into account using an object based household water cycle model. Two indicators, water saving efficiency (WSE) and residence time index (RTI), are employed to reflect the system's performance and residence time during storage respectively. Results show that WSE and RTI change with storage tank volumes oppositely. As both high WSE and RTI cannot be achieved simultaneously, it is concluded that in order to achieve the most cost-effective and safe solution, systems with both small grey and green tanks are needed, whilst accepting that only relatively modest water saving efficiency targets can be achieved. Higher efficiencies will only be practicable if water quality deterioration in the green water tank can be prevented by some means (e.g. disinfection).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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41
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Abstract
This paper summarises the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from a rainwater harvesting (RWH) system in a UK-based office building. 7 microbiological and 34 physicochemical parameters were analysed during an 8 month period. Physicochemically, harvested rainwater quality posed little health risk; most parameters showed concentrations below widely used guideline levels for drinking water. However, RWH system components (e.g. fittings and down pipes) appear to be affected soft water corrosion, resulting in high concentrations of some metals (copper, zinc and aluminium). This suggests the material selection of such fittings should be considered keeping in view the hardness of rainwater of an area. Microbiologically, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella and Legionella were not present in the samples analysed. However, faecal coliform counts were high at the beginning of the study, but did decrease over time in weak correlation with increasing pH. Enterococcus faecalis displayed counts consistently above UK rainwater harvesting standards. Inappropriate roof and rainwater good design, as well as material selection appear to be responsible for the reduced microbial quality, as they promoted contributions from avian sources and inhibited cleaning activities. Building and RWH system designs require greater consideration of local factors, which are critical for optimising harvested rainwater quality, to prevent both the development of contaminated sediments and health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
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42
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Haworth A, Duggan L, Butler D, Ebert M, Todd S, Nguyen A, Kron T. TOWARDS AN AUSTRALASIAN BRACHYTHERAPY DOSIMETRY AUDIT-RESULTS OF THE PILOT STUDY. Radiother Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Typically, performance evaluation of new developed methodologies is based on one or more case studies. The investigation of multiple real world case studies is tedious and time consuming. Moreover extrapolating conclusions from individual investigations to a general basis is arguable and sometimes even wrong. In this article a stochastic approach is presented to evaluate new developed methodologies on a broader basis. For the approach the Matlab-tool "Case Study Generator" is developed which generates a variety of different virtual urban drainage systems automatically using boundary conditions e.g. length of urban drainage system, slope of catchment surface, etc. as input. The layout of the sewer system is based on an adapted Galton-Watson branching process. The sub catchments are allocated considering a digital terrain model. Sewer system components are designed according to standard values. In total, 10,000 different virtual case studies of urban drainage system are generated and simulated. Consequently, simulation results are evaluated using a performance indicator for surface flooding. Comparison between results of the virtual and two real world case studies indicates the promise of the method. The novelty of the approach is that it is possible to get more general conclusions in contrast to traditional evaluations with few case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Möderl
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 13, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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44
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Abstract
Numerous policy vehicles have been introduced in the UK promoting the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH). However, an 'implementation deficit' exists where legislation limits action by failing to provide adequate support mechanisms. This study uses an interdisciplinary approach to construct a framework to address the issue of overcoming this deficit. Evidence bases have identified six deficit categories, which confirm a lack of enabling of stakeholders. Outline recommendations, such as coordinated information provision and reconsideration of incentive schemes are made in relation to these categories to complete the framework for supporting RWH in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Simulation models are now available to represent the sewer network, wastewater treatment plant and receiving water as an integrated system. These models can be combined with optimisation methods to improve overall system performance through optimal control. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been proven to be a powerful method in developing optimal control strategies; however, the intensive computational requirement of these methods imposes a limit on their application. This paper explores the potential of surrogate modelling in multiobjective optimisation of urban wastewater systems with a limited number of model simulations. A surrogate based method, ParEGO, is combined with an integrated urban wastewater model to solve real time control problems. This method is compared with the popular NSGA II, by using performance indicators: the hypervolume indicator, additive binary epsilon-indicator and attainment surface. Comparative results show that ParEGO is an efficient and effective method in deriving optimal control strategies for multiple objective control problems with a small number of simulations. It is suggested that ParEGO can greatly improve computational efficiency in the multiobjective optimisation process, particularly for complex urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fu
- Centre for Water Systems, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Harrison Building, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
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46
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Butler D, Haworth A, Sander T, Todd S. Comparison of192Ir air kerma calibration coefficients derived at ARPANSA using the interpolation method and at the National Physical Laboratory using a direct measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:332-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03178603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hall D, Ashton A, Brandao-Neto J, Butler D, Duke E, Evans G, Flaig R, Foster A, Gibbons P, Harding M, Latchem M, Levik K, McAuley K, O'Hea J, Preece G, Sandy J. Macromolecular crystallography at Diamond Light Source: automation and pathogenic sample environment. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308094440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Theobald DE, Kroenke K, Iseminger KA, Sanders R, Norton K, McCalley S, Harvey P, Butler D, Dugan WM, Bechar N. Automated home-based symptom monitoring coupled with centralized telecare management in a statewide trial involving rural and urban community-based oncology practices. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9089 Background: Pain and depression are two of the most prevalent and treatable cancer-related symptoms, each present in at least 20–30% of oncology patients. Therefore, we are conducting the NCI-funded Indiana Cancer Pain and Depression (INCPAD) study, a randomized clinical trial conducted in a statewide network of 13 community-based cancer clinics located in both rural and urban oncology practices. Methods: Patients are screened at the local clinics followed by telephone-based enrollment and informed consent, depression and pain care management, and serial research outcome assessments over a 12-month period. Patients randomized to the intervention complete automated home-based symptom monitoring by interactive voice-recorded phone calls or by internet on a tapering schedule (twice a week tapering to monthly), allowing a single nurse care manager to centrally monitor treatment of patients asynchronously and efficiently. Results: Of the first 1,612 patients screened for the trial, 820 (51%) screened positive for depression and/or pain. Of these screen-positive patients, 760 (93%) were successfully contacted by telephone, of whom 203 were ineligible (most often because of symptoms that did not reach severity thresholds), 299 refused, and 163 were enrolled. Reasons that patients refused included lack of interest in trial participation (n=176), the belief their symptoms were not cancer-related (n=35), too sick (n = 30), too busy (n = 21), or other reasons (n = 36). Conclusions: INCPAD demonstrates the feasibility of enrolling cancer patients from multiple geographically-dispersed practices and providing centralized symptom care management. The fact that two-thirds of eligible patients still refuse to participate in a relatively “low burden” trial focused on alleviating bothersome symptoms and conducted almost exclusively by telephone highlights the need for additional strategies to facilitate enrollment in cancer trials. In particular, specific approaches to overcome low enthusiasm for trial participation need to be developed. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Theobald
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - K. Kroenke
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - K. A. Iseminger
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - R. Sanders
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - K. Norton
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - S. McCalley
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - P. Harvey
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - D. Butler
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - W. M. Dugan
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
| | - N. Bechar
- Community Cancer Care, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, IN; Howard Regional Health System, Kokomo, IN
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Memon FA, Zheng Z, Butler D, Shirley-Smith C, Lui S, Makropoulos C, Avery L. Life cycle impact assessment of greywater recycling technologies for new developments. Environ Monit Assess 2007; 129:27-35. [PMID: 17242974 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of four treatment technologies currently under investigation for recycling the greywater generated from households and describes the development of a new LCIA tool set produced in this study. The technologies investigated include reed beds, membrane bioreactors (MBR); membrane chemical reactors (MCR) and an innovative green roof water recycling system (GROW). The materials and energy required for the construction and operation phases of these technologies have been quantified for 20 development scales. All of the information gathered is used to prepare life cycle inventories for each technology. The inventories have been used as an input to Simapro Software for performing LCIA. Two assessment methods (CML-2 and Eco-indc-99) have been employed. For the CML method, the results were processed to express the environmental performance in ten impact categories including climate change/global warming, depletion of abiotic resources, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity. For the Eco-indc-99 method, results are shown in three generic environmental indicators: human health, eco system and natural resources. LCIA results obtained for 20 development scales have been used to develop a tool set using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system technique. The study results indicate that the technologies based on natural treatment processes (GROW and reed beds) have low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Memon
- Centre for Water Systems, School of Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
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50
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Abstract
This paper describes a full-scale physical model and its application to investigate the effectiveness/performance of small-bore sewers for a range of operational and design parameters. The implementation methodology involves observing the movement of synthetic gross solids in three small bore sewers (150, 100 and 75 mm diameter) for different volumes of simulated flush waves and gradients. The simulated flush waves were generated, using an automated wave sequencer, for three different flush volumes (3, 4.5 and 6 litres). To investigate the impact of solid shape factor, a number of tests were carried out using synthetic solids in combination with toilet tissue paper. In total, more than 1,000 tests were performed for different operational and design parameter combinations. Results obtained to date have confirmed earlier studies, particularly with respect to the role of flush volume in solids transport, and identified the impact of gradient variation and its significance particularly in small-bore sewers receiving low flush volume. Results from the physical model application exercise will be used to propose new design guidelines for wastewater collection systems with specific consideration to new developments and inform the decision support system, currently being developed as part of a research project on water cycle management for new developments (WaND).
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Memon
- Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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