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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in vascular patients and has a significant impact on the outcomes of vascular interventions. It comprises of a set of metabolically driven risk factors, including truncal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose. Increased insulin resistance within the context of obesity and hypertension contributes to atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory states which lead to the adverse impact of metabolic syndrome on the response to injury and on atherosclerotic disease progression. This review focuses on the complex biology of metabolic syndrome and its relevance to management of vascular patients, including outcomes and implications for the coronary, cerebrovascular and lower-extremity vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daynene Vykoukal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark G Davies
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Masud F, Zainab A, Ratnani I, Perme C, Vykoukal D. Updates on critical care management of cardiovascular patients. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2012; 7:28-32. [PMID: 22143474 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-7-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiology and cardiovascular surgery patients have historically been one of the sickest populations that physicians encounter. With the inherent compromise of the cardiac and/or respiratory system and the added complexity of a major surgical procedure, this patient group requires a demanding level of care. As innovations in the treatment of cardiac patients have prolonged life, we have encountered patients who require redo-redo-redo procedures. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of a wide variety of mechanical assist devices, transplantation procedures, robotic surgery, and hybrid approaches in which cardiac surgeons and cardiologists work in the same room on the same patient. Against this background, there have been quite a few changes taking place in the field of critical care. This report discusses the transformations being made in blood pressure management, blood product transfusion, prevention of healthcareassociated infections, physical therapy in cardiothoracic intensive care units (ICUs), ventilatory management, and the role of intensivists in cardiothoracic ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Masud
- Methodist BeDakey Heart & Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Alt E, Yan Y, Gehmert S, Song YH, Altman A, Gehmert S, Vykoukal D, Bai X. Fibroblasts share mesenchymal phenotypes with stem cells, but lack their differentiation and colony-forming potential. Biol Cell 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1768-322x.2011.tb01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Masud F, Zainab A, Ratnani I, Perme C, Vykoukal D. Updates on Critical Care Management of Cardiovascular Patients. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2011. [DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical risk factors comprising atherogenic dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein and high triglycerides levels), elevated blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state accompanied by an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The adipose tissue of obese humans contains increased numbers of macrophages, and once activated, these macrophages are responsible for the expression of most of the tissue's tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Chronic inflammation associated with visceral obesity induces altered lipoprotein metabolism and insulin resistance in the liver. Adipocytes secrete a variety of hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and other bioactive substances, conceptualized as adipocytokines, including plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), TNF-α, leptin, and adiponectin. The dysregulation of these adipokines contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue-resident macrophages and adipocytes in the adipose tissue combined with the consequences of hyperglycemia, altered lipoproteins, and hyperinsulinemia in the vasculature and within organ microcirculation lead to dysfunctional endothelia and a proinflammatory state. Metabolic syndrome thus represents a combination of synergistic vascular pathologies that lead to an accelerated atherogenic state that compromises the ability of the patient to satisfactorily respond to humoral, cellular, and mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daynene Vykoukal
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Masud
- Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX
- Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Daynene Vykoukal
- Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX
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Masud F, Vykoukal D. Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in Cardiac Surgical Patients
as a Hallmark of Excellence. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2011. [DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Masud F, Vykoukal D. Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections In Cardiac Surgical Patients As A Hallmark Of Excellence. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2011; 7:48-50. [DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-7-2-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Vykoukal D, Davies MG. Metabolic syndrome and outcomes after renal intervention. Cardiol Res Pract 2010; 2011:781035. [PMID: 21234418 PMCID: PMC3014711 DOI: 10.4061/2011/781035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. The increased risk for cardiovascular diseases can partly be caused by a prothrombotic state that exists because of abdominal obesity. Multiple observational studies have consistently shown that increased body mass index as well as insulin resistance and increased fasting insulin levels is associated with chronic kidney disease, even after adjustment for related disorders. Metabolic syndrome appears to be a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, likely due to the combination of dysglycemia and high blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome is associated with markedly reduced renal clinical benefit and increased progression to hemodialysis following endovascular intervention for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Metabolic syndrome is associated with inferior early outcomes for dialysis access procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daynene Vykoukal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin, Smith Tower, Suite 1401, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bai X, Yan Y, Song YH, Seidensticker M, Rabinovich B, Metzele R, Bankson JA, Vykoukal D, Alt E. Both cultured and freshly isolated adipose tissue-derived stem cells enhance cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009; 31:489-501. [PMID: 20037143 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We assessed whether freshly isolated human adipose tissue-derived cells (fhADCs) or cultured human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) have beneficial effects on cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI), whether the injected cells can survive long term, and whether their effects result from direct differentiation or paracrine mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial infarction was experimentally induced in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and either fhADCs, cultured hASCs, or phosphate-buffered saline was injected into the peri-infarct region. Myocardial function improved significantly in mice treated with hASCs or fhADCs 4 weeks after MI. Immunofluorescence revealed that grafted hASCs and fhADCs underwent cardiomyogenic differentiation pathway, as indicated by expression of connexin 43 and troponin I in a fusion-independent manner. Some of the injected cells integrated with host cardiomyocytes through connexin 43, and others were incorporated into newly formed vessels. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells survived in injured hearts up to 4 months, as detected by luciferase-based bioluminescence imaging. Vascular density was significantly increased, and fewer apoptotic cells were present in the peri-infarct region of cell-injected mice. CONCLUSION This is the first study to systematically compare the effects of fhADCs and hASCs on myocardial regeneration. Both cell types engraft into infarcted myocardium, survive, and improve myocardial function, suggesting that fhADCs, like hASCs, are a promising alternative cell source for myocardial repair after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, SCRB2, Unit 951, 7435 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Schimrosczyk K, Song Y, Vykoukal J, Vykoukal D, Bai X, Krohn A, Freyberg S, Alt EU. Liposome‐mediated transfection with extract from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induces transdifferentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:464-72. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701836907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bai X, Ma J, Pan Z, Song YH, Freyberg S, Yan Y, Vykoukal D, Alt E. Electrophysiological properties of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1539-50. [PMID: 17687001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) represent a potentially valuable cell source for clinical therapeutic applications. The present study was designed to investigate properties of ionic channel currents present in undifferentiated hASCs and their impact on hASCs proliferation. The functional ion channels in hASCs were analyzed by whole-cell patch-clamp recording and their mRNA expression levels detected by RT-PCR. Four types of ion channels were found to be present in hASCs: most of the hASCs (73%) showed a delayed rectifier-like K(+) current (I(KDR)); Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current (I(KCa)) was detected in examined cells; a transient outward K(+) current (I(to)) was recorded in 19% of the cells; a small percentage of cells (8%) displayed a TTX-sensitive transient inward sodium current (I(Na.TTX)). RT-PCR results confirmed the presence of ion channels at the mRNA level: Kv1.1, Kv2.1, Kv1.5, Kv7.3, Kv11.1, and hEAG1, possibly encoding I(KDR); MaxiK, KCNN3, and KCNN4 for I(KCa); Kv1.4, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 for I(to) and hNE-Na for I(Na.TTX). The I(KDR) was inhibited by tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which significantly reduced the proliferation of hASCs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), as suggested by bromodeoxyurindine (BrdU) incorporation. Other selective potassium channel blockers, including linopiridine, iberiotoxin, clotrimazole, and apamin also significantly inhibited I(KDR). TTX completely abolished I(Na.TTX). This study demonstrates for the first time that multiple functional ion channel currents such as I(KDR), I(KCa), I(to), and I(Na.TTX) are present in undifferentiated hASCs and their potential physiological function in these cells as a basic understanding for future in vitro experiments and in vivo clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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