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Hewitt G, Borel V, Segura-Bayona S, Takaki T, Ruis P, Bellelli R, Lehmann LC, Sommerova L, Vancevska A, Tomas-Loba A, Zhu K, Cooper C, Fugger K, Patel H, Goldstone R, Schneider-Luftman D, Herbert E, Stamp G, Brough R, Pettitt S, Lord CJ, West SC, Ahel I, Ahel D, Chapman JR, Deindl S, Boulton SJ. Defective ALC1 nucleosome remodeling confers PARPi sensitization and synthetic lethality with HRD. Mol Cell 2021; 81:767-783.e11. [PMID: 33333017 PMCID: PMC7895907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a barrier to efficient DNA repair, as it hinders access and processing of certain DNA lesions. ALC1/CHD1L is a nucleosome-remodeling enzyme that responds to DNA damage, but its precise function in DNA repair remains unknown. Here we report that loss of ALC1 confers sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, methyl-methanesulfonate, and uracil misincorporation, which reflects the need to remodel nucleosomes following base excision by DNA glycosylases but prior to handover to APEX1. Using CRISPR screens, we establish that ALC1 loss is synthetic lethal with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), which we attribute to chromosome instability caused by unrepaired DNA gaps at replication forks. In the absence of ALC1 or APEX1, incomplete processing of BER intermediates results in post-replicative DNA gaps and a critical dependence on HR for repair. Hence, targeting ALC1 alone or as a PARP inhibitor sensitizer could be employed to augment existing therapeutic strategies for HRD cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Hewitt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie Borel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Tohru Takaki
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Phil Ruis
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Laura C Lehmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Antonia Tomas-Loba
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kang Zhu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Christopher Cooper
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kasper Fugger
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Ellie Herbert
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen C West
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Dragana Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - J Ross Chapman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sebastian Deindl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Artios Pharma Ltd., Meditrina, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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5
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Tadros R, Francis C, Xu X, Vermeer AMC, Harper AR, Huurman R, Kelu Bisabu K, Walsh R, Hoorntje ET, Te Rijdt WP, Buchan RJ, van Velzen HG, van Slegtenhorst MA, Vermeulen JM, Offerhaus JA, Bai W, de Marvao A, Lahrouchi N, Beekman L, Karper JC, Veldink JH, Kayvanpour E, Pantazis A, Baksi AJ, Whiffin N, Mazzarotto F, Sloane G, Suzuki H, Schneider-Luftman D, Elliott P, Richard P, Ader F, Villard E, Lichtner P, Meitinger T, Tanck MWT, van Tintelen JP, Thain A, McCarty D, Hegele RA, Roberts JD, Amyot J, Dubé MP, Cadrin-Tourigny J, Giraldeau G, L'Allier PL, Garceau P, Tardif JC, Boekholdt SM, Lumbers RT, Asselbergs FW, Barton PJR, Cook SA, Prasad SK, O'Regan DP, van der Velden J, Verweij KJH, Talajic M, Lettre G, Pinto YM, Meder B, Charron P, de Boer RA, Christiaans I, Michels M, Wilde AAM, Watkins H, Matthews PM, Ware JS, Bezzina CR. Shared genetic pathways contribute to risk of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies with opposite directions of effect. Nat Genet 2021; 53:128-134. [PMID: 33495596 PMCID: PMC7611259 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The heart muscle diseases hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathies are leading causes of sudden death and heart failure in young, otherwise healthy, individuals. We conducted genome-wide association studies and multi-trait analyses in HCM (1,733 cases), DCM (5,521 cases) and nine left ventricular (LV) traits (19,260 UK Biobank participants with structurally normal hearts). We identified 16 loci associated with HCM, 13 with DCM and 23 with LV traits. We show strong genetic correlations between LV traits and cardiomyopathies, with opposing effects in HCM and DCM. Two-sample Mendelian randomization supports a causal association linking increased LV contractility with HCM risk. A polygenic risk score explains a significant portion of phenotypic variability in carriers of HCM-causing rare variants. Our findings thus provide evidence that polygenic risk score may account for variability in Mendelian diseases. More broadly, we provide insights into how genetic pathways may lead to distinct disorders through opposing genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Catherine Francis
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiao Xu
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexa M C Vermeer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-HEART)
| | - Andrew R Harper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Roy Huurman
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Kelu Bisabu
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roddy Walsh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar T Hoorntje
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter P Te Rijdt
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel J Buchan
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah G van Velzen
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon A van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Allard Offerhaus
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenjia Bai
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio de Marvao
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Najim Lahrouchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leander Beekman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco C Karper
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elham Kayvanpour
- Institute for Cardiomyopathies, Heidelberg Heart Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonis Pantazis
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A John Baksi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Mazzarotto
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Geraldine Sloane
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Department of Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Deborah Schneider-Luftman
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pascale Richard
- Service de biochimie métabolique, UF de cardiogénétique et myogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166 and ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Flavie Ader
- Service de biochimie métabolique, UF de cardiogénétique et myogénétique moléculaire et cellulaire, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166 and ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Villard
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166 and ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU Muenchen School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W T Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health (APH), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Thain
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David McCarty
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason D Roberts
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Amyot
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julia Cadrin-Tourigny
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Giraldeau
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Garceau
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Heartcenter, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Thomas Lumbers
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, Saint Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Institute of Health Informatics, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul J R Barton
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Talajic
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-HEART)
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Institute for Cardiomyopathies, Heidelberg Heart Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Charron
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-HEART)
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166 and ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Département de Génétique, Centre de référence des maladies cardiaques héréditaires ou rares, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Imke Christiaans
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Michels
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-HEART)
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-HEART), .
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6
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Elliott P, Muller DC, Schneider-Luftman D, Pazoki R, Evangelou E, Dehghan A, Neal B, Tzoulaki I. Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Among 398 628 Individuals in UK Biobank. Hypertension 2020; 76:683-691. [PMID: 32623924 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report on an analysis to explore the association between estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (surrogate for sodium intake) and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Data were obtained from 398 628 UK Biobank prospective cohort study participants (40-69 years) recruited between 2006 and 2010, with no history of CVD, renal disease, diabetes mellitus or cancer, and cardiovascular events and mortality recorded during follow-up. Hazard ratios between 24-hour sodium excretion were estimated from spot urinary sodium concentrations across incident CVD and its components and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In restricted cubic splines analyses, there was little evidence for an association between estimated 24-hour sodium excretion and CVD, coronary heart disease, or stroke; hazard ratios for CVD (95% CIs) for the 15th and 85th percentiles (2.5 and 4.2 g/day, respectively) compared with the 50th percentile of estimated sodium excretion (3.2 g/day) were 1.05 (1.01-1.10) and 0.96 (0.92-1.00), respectively. An inverse association was observed with heart failure, but that was no longer apparent in sensitivity analysis. A J-shaped association was observed between estimated sodium excretion and mortality. Our findings do not support a J-shaped association of estimated sodium excretion with CVD, although such an association was apparent for all-cause and cause-specific mortality across a wide range of diseases. Reasons for these differences are unclear; methodological limitations, including the use of estimating equations based on spot urinary data, need to be considered in interpreting our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Elliott
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, London (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom (P.E.)
| | - David C Muller
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Schneider-Luftman
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Raha Pazoki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece (E.E., I.T.)
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Neal
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (B.N.)
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (P.E., D.C.M., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., B.N., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health (P.E., D.S.-L., R.P., E.E., A.D., I.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece (E.E., I.T.)
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