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Bernal D, Nugent K, Abdelnabi M. Atypical chest pain and haemoptysis as the initial presentation of spindle rhabdomyosarcoma in elderly smoker man. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e260472. [PMID: 38589242 PMCID: PMC11015322 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bernal
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelnabi
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Morrison PR, Bernal D, Sepulveda CA, Brauner CJ. The effect of temperature on haemoglobin-oxygen binding affinity in regionally endothermic and ectothermic sharks. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286204. [PMID: 36576038 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin (Hb)-O2 binding affinity typically decreases with increasing temperature, but several species of ectothermic and regionally endothermic fishes exhibit reduced Hb thermal sensitivity. Regionally endothermic sharks, including the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) and lamnid sharks such as the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), can maintain select tissues and organs warmer than ambient temperature by retaining metabolic heat with vascular heat exchangers. In the ectothermic bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus), diurnal movements above and below the thermocline subject the tissues, including the blood, to a wide range of operating temperatures. Therefore, blood-O2 transport must occur across internal temperature gradients in regionally endothermic species, and over the range of environmental temperatures encountered by the ectothermic bigeye thresher shark. While previous studies have shown temperature-independent Hb-O2 affinity in lamnid sharks, including shortfin mako, the Hb-O2 affinity of the common and bigeye thresher sharks is unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of temperature on whole-blood Hb-O2 affinity in common thresher shark and bigeye thresher shark. For comparison, analyses were also conducted on the shortfin mako shark and two ectothermic species, blue shark (Prionace glauca) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Blood-O2 binding affinity was temperature independent for common thresher shark and shortfin mako shark, which should prevent internal temperature gradients from negatively affecting blood-O2 transport. Blue shark and spiny dogfish blood-O2 affinity decreased with increasing temperature, as expected, but bigeye thresher shark blood exhibited both a reduced temperature dependence and a high Hb-O2 affinity, which likely prevents large changes in environment temperature and low environmental oxygen from affecting O2 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Diego Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Morrison PR, Bernal D, Sepulveda CA, Wegner NC, Brauner CJ. Temperature independence of haemoglobin-oxygen affinity in smalleye Pacific opah (Lampris incognitus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276673. [PMID: 36124628 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Smalleye Pacific opah and swordfish can conserve metabolic heat and maintain specific body regions warmer than ambient water temperature (i.e., regional heterothermy). Consequently, blood-O2 uptake at the gills occurs at the environmental temperature at which the individual is found, but O2 offloading will occur at different temperatures in different tissues. While several regionally heterothermic fishes (e.g., billfishes, tunas, and sharks) show a reduced temperature effect on haemoglobin (Hb)-O2 affinity, the temperature-dependence of Hb-O2 affinity in opah and swordfish is unknown. We hypothesized that the Hb of opah and swordfish would also show a reduced temperature-dependence. Opah whole blood-O2 affinity exhibited a reverse temperature-dependence above 50% Hb-O2 saturation (10-20°C, pH 7.2-8.0), while the temperature-dependence of swordfish blood-O2 affinity (10-25°C) was saturation and pH dependent, becoming temperature-independent below 50% Hb-O2 saturation and pH 7.4. Experiments on stripped haemolysates showed that adding ATP ([ATP]/[Hb]=30) decreased the temperature sensitivity of Hb-O2 affinity, changing the overall oxygenation enthalpy (ΔH') values of opah (10-20°C) and swordfish (10-25°C) Hbs at pH 7.4 from -15 and -42 kJ mol-1 O2, respectively, to +84 and -9 kJ mol-1 O2. Swordfish blood-O2 affinity was high compared to other large, pelagic, marine teleosts, which may be due to unusually low ATP/Hb levels, but might also enable swordfish to forage in the potentially low-oxygenated water of the upper reaches of the oxygen minimum layer. The existence of Hbs with reduced temperature sensitivity in regionally heterothermic fishes may prevent marked changes in Hb-O2 affinity between the cold and warm tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diego Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Stoehr AA, Donley JM, Aalbers SA, Syme DA, Sepulveda C, Bernal D. Thermal effects on red muscle contractile performance in deep-diving, large-bodied fishes. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1833-1845. [PMID: 32588156 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bigeye thresher sharks (Alopias superciliosus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are large, pelagic fishes, which make long-duration, diurnal foraging dives from warm, surface waters (18-24 °C) to cold waters beneath the thermocline (5-10 °C). In bigeye thresher sharks, the subcutaneous position of the red, aerobic swimming muscles (RM) suggests that RM temperature mirrors ambient during dives (i.e., ectothermy). In swordfish, the RM is closer to the vertebrae and its associated with vascular counter-current heat exchangers that maintain RM temperature above ambient (i.e., RM endothermy). Here, we sought to determine how exposure to a wide range of ambient temperatures (8, 16, 24 °C) impacted peak power output and optimum cycle (i.e., tailbeat) frequency (0.25, 0.5, 1 Hz) in RM isolated from both species. Bigeye thresher shark RM did not produce substantial power at high cycle frequencies, even at high temperatures; but it did produce relatively high power at slow cycle frequencies regardless of temperature. Swordfish RM produced more power when operating at a combination of fast cycle frequencies and higher temperatures. This suggests that swordfish RM benefits considerably more from warming than bigeye thresher shark RM, while the RM of both species was able to produce power at cold temperatures and slow cycle frequencies. Despite different thermal strategies (i.e., ectothermy vs. RM endothermy), the ability of the RM to power sustained swimming during foraging-related search behaviors may contribute to the unique ability of these fishes to successfully exploit food resources in deep, cold water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott A Aalbers
- Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research, Oceanside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Diego Bernal
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.
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5
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Popp M, White CF, Bernal D, Wainwright DK, Lauder GV. The denticle surface of thresher shark tails: Three-dimensional structure and comparison to other pelagic species. J Morphol 2020; 281:938-955. [PMID: 32515875 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Shark skin denticles (scales) are diverse in morphology both among species and across the body of single individuals, although the function of this diversity is poorly understood. The extremely elongate and highly flexible tail of thresher sharks provides an opportunity to characterize gradients in denticle surface characteristics along the length of the tail and assess correlations between denticle morphology and tail kinematics. We measured denticle morphology on the caudal fin of three mature and two embryo common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus), and we compared thresher tail denticles to those of eleven other shark species. Using surface profilometry, we quantified 3D-denticle patterning and texture along the tail of threshers (27 regions in adults, and 16 regions in embryos). We report that tails of thresher embryos have a membrane that covers the denticles and reduces surface roughness. In mature thresher tails, surfaces have an average roughness of 5.6 μm which is smoother than some other pelagic shark species, but similar in roughness to blacktip, porbeagle, and bonnethead shark tails. There is no gradient down the tail in roughness for the middle or trailing edge regions and hence no correlation with kinematic amplitude or inferred magnitude of flow separation along the tail during locomotion. Along the length of the tail there is a leading-to-trailing-edge gradient with larger leading edge denticles that lack ridges (average roughness = 9.6 μm), and smaller trailing edge denticles with 5 ridges (average roughness = 5.7 μm). Thresher shark tails have many missing denticles visible as gaps in the surface, and we present evidence that these denticles are being replaced by new denticles that emerge from the skin below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Popp
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connor F White
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diego Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dylan K Wainwright
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Shadwick RE, Bernal D, Bushnell PG, Steffensen JF. Blood pressure in the Greenland shark as estimated from ventral aortic elasticity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.186957. [PMID: 30104302 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted in vitro inflations of freshly excised ventral aortas of the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, and used pressure-diameter data to estimate the point of transition from high to low compliance, which has been shown to occur at the mean blood pressure in other vertebrates including fishes. We also determined the pressure at which the modulus of elasticity of the aorta reached 0.4 MPa, as occurs at the compliance transition in other species. From these analyses, we predict the average ventral aortic blood pressure in S. microcephalus to be about 2.3-2.8 kPa, much lower than reported for other sharks. Our results support the idea that this species is slow moving and has a relatively low aerobic metabolism. Histological investigation of the ventral aorta shows that elastic fibres are present in relatively low abundance and loosely connected, consistent with this aorta having high compliance at a relatively low blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Shadwick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Diego Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, IN USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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Bernal D, Reid JP, Roessig JM, Matsumoto S, Sepulveda CA, Cech JJ, Graham JB. Temperature effects on the blood oxygen affinity in sharks. Fish Physiol Biochem 2018; 44:949-967. [PMID: 29508119 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In fish, regional endothermy (i.e., the capacity to significantly elevate tissue temperatures above ambient via vascular heat exchangers) in the red swimming muscles (RM) has evolved only in a few marine groups (e.g., sharks: Lamnidae, Alopiidae, and teleosts Scombridae). Within these taxa, several species have also been shown to share similar physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen delivery to the working tissues. Although the hemoglobin (Hb) of most fish has a decreased affinity for oxygen with an increase in temperature, some regionally endothermic teleosts (e.g., tunas) have evolved Hbs that have a very low or even an increased affinity for oxygen with an increase in temperature. For sharks, however, blood oxygen affinities remain largely unknown. We examined the effects of temperature on the blood oxygen affinity in two pelagic species (the regionally endothermic shortfin mako shark and the ectothermic blue shark) at 15, 20, and 25 °C, and two coastal ectothermic species (the leopard shark and brown smooth-hound shark) at 10, 15, and 20 °C. Relative to the effects of temperature on the blood oxygen affinity of ectothermic sharks (e.g., blue shark), shortfin mako shark blood was less affected by an increase in temperature, a scenario similar to that documented in some of the tunas. In the shortfin mako shark, this may act to prevent premature oxygen dissociation from Hb as the blood is warmed during its passage through vascular heat exchangers. Even though the shortfin mako shark and blue shark occupy a similar niche, the effects of temperature on blood oxygen affinity in the latter more closely resembled that of the blood in the two coastal shark species examined in this study. The only exception was a small, reverse temperature effect (an increase in blood oxygen affinity with temperature) observed during the warming of the leopard shark blood under simulated arterial conditions, a finding that is likely related to the estuarine ecology of this species. Taken together, we found species-specific differences in how temperature affects blood oxygen affinity in sharks, with some similarities between the regionally endothermic sharks and several regionally endothermic teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bernal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA.
| | - Joseph P Reid
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Julie M Roessig
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shinsyu Matsumoto
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chugey A Sepulveda
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research, Oceanside, CA, 92054, USA
| | - Joseph J Cech
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Graham
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Gomez-Samblas M, Bernal D, Bolado-Ortiz A, Vilchez S, Bolás-Fernández F, Espino AM, Trelis M, Osuna A. Intraperitoneal administration of the anti-IL-23 antibody prevents the establishment of intestinal nematodes in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7787. [PMID: 29773890 PMCID: PMC5958071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established that an increased Th-9 response creates a hostile environment for nematode parasites. Given that IL-23, a cytokine required for maintenance of the IL-17-secreting phenotype, has inhibitory effects on IL-9 production, we hypothesized that reducing circulating IL-23 by treatment with anti-IL-23 antibodies would reduce the establishment and development of parasitic intestinal nematodes. In this study, we show that animals treated with anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies showed a drastic reduction in the number of mouse pinworms (Aspiculuris tetraptera) recovered from the intestine (p < 0.001) at 23 days post-infection compared to the untreated animals. The cytokine levels in Peyer's patches (PP) in treated and infected animals increase the expression of interleukins such as IL-25, IL-21, and IL-9, augmenting mucus production in the crypts, and boosting chemokines, such as OX40 and CCL20 in the mucosa. Our results suggest that the Th17/Th2 regulatory mechanism provoked by the administration of the anti-IL-23 antibody prevents the implantation of the intestinal nematode in mice. The diminished inflammatory IL-17 levels alter the Th9 environment perhaps as a consequence of IL-17 inhibiting IL-9 expression. These Th9 conditions may explain the successful treatment against Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) both with antibodies against IL-23 or through parasitization with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez-Samblas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - D Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Bolado-Ortiz
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Fdo. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - F Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - M Trelis
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Fdo. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Osuna
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Fromm B, Ovchinnikov V, Høye E, Bernal D, Hackenberg M, Marcilla A. On the presence and immunoregulatory functions of extracellular microRNAs in the trematode Fasciola hepatica. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27809346 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver flukes represent a paraphyletic group of endoparasitic flatworms that significantly affect man either indirectly due to economic damage on livestock or directly as pathogens. A range of studies have focussed on how these macroscopic organisms can evade the immune system and live inside a hostile environment such as the mammalian liver and bile ducts. Recently, microRNAs, a class of short noncoding gene regulators, have been proposed as likely candidates to play roles in this scenario. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in development and pathogenicity and are highly conserved between metazoans: identical miRNAs can be found in flatworms and mammalians. Interestingly, miRNAs are enriched in extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are secreted by most cells. EVs constitute an important mode of parasite/host interaction, and recent data illustrate that miRNAs play a vital part. We have demonstrated the presence of miRNAs in the EVs of the trematode species Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica (Fhe) and identified potential immune-regulatory miRNAs with targets in the host. After our initial identification of miRNAs expressed by F. hepatica, an assembled genome and additional miRNA data became available. This has enabled us to update the known complement of miRNAs in EVs and speculate on potential immune-regulatory functions that we review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fromm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Ovchinnikov
- Department of Human and Animal Genetics, The Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E Høye
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Hackenberg
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Granada, Spain
| | - A Marcilla
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Gomez-Samblas M, García-Rodríguez JJ, Trelis M, Bernal D, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Vilchez S, Espino AM, Bolás-Fernández F, Osuna A. Self-adjuvanting C18 lipid vinil sulfone-PP2A vaccine: study of the induced immunomodulation against Trichuris muris infection. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170031. [PMID: 28404797 PMCID: PMC5413912 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the adjuvant in the immunization process, very few adjuvants merge with the antigens in vaccines. A synthetic self-adjuvant oleic-vinyl sulfone (OVS) linked to the catalytic region of recombinant serine/threonine phosphatase 2A from the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis (rPP2A) was used for intranasal immunization in mice previously infected with Trichuris muris. The animal intranasal immunization with rPP2A-OVS showed a reduction of 99.01% in the number of the nematode eggs and 97.90% in adult. The immunohistochemical analysis of the intestinal sections showed that in immunized animals with lipopeptide the mucus was significantly higher than in the other experimental groups. Also, these animals presented significantly different chemokine, CCL20 and CCL11, levels. However, although the number and size of Tuft cells did not vary between groups, the intensity of fluorescence per cell was significant in the group immunized with the rPP2A-OVS. The results of the present study suggest that mice immunized with the lipopeptide are capable of activating a combined Th17/Th9 response. This strategy of immunization may be of great applicability not only in immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis to control diseases caused by nematodes but also in pathologies necessitating action at the level of the Th9 response in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez-Samblas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J J García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Trelis
- Àrea de Parasitologia, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Fdo. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - D Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, C/ Dr Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - F J Lopez-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - F Santoyo-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - S Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine. PO Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - F Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Osuna
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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11
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Donley JM, Sepulveda CA, Aalbers SA, McGillivray DG, Syme DA, Bernal D. Effects of temperature on power output and contraction kinetics in the locomotor muscle of the regionally endothermic common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2012; 38:1507-1519. [PMID: 22527612 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) is a pelagic species with medially positioned red aerobic swimming musculature (RM) and regional RM endothermy. This study tested whether the contractile characteristics of the RM are functionally similar along the length of the body and assessed how the contractile properties of the common thresher shark compare with those of other sharks. Contractile properties of the RM were examined at 8, 16 and 24 °C from anterior and posterior axial positions (0.4 and 0.6 fork length, respectively) using the work loop technique. Experiments were performed to determine whether the contractile properties of the RM are similar along the body of the common thresher shark and to document the effects of temperature on muscle power. Axial differences in contractile properties of RM were found to be small or absent. Isometric twitch kinetics of RM were ~fivefold slower than those of white muscle, with RM twitch durations of about 1 s at 24 °C and exceeding 5 s at 8 °C, a Q(10) of nearly 2.5. Power increased approximately tenfold with the 16 °C increase in temperature, while the cycle frequency for maximal power only increased from about 0.5-1.0 Hz over this temperature range. These data support the hypothesis that the RM is functionally similar along the body of the common thresher shark and corroborate previous findings from shark species both with and without medial RM. While twitch kinetics suggest the endothermic RM is not unusually temperature sensitive, measures of power suggest that the RM is not well suited to function at cool temperatures. The cycle frequency at which power is maximized appeared relatively insensitive to temperature in RM, which may reflect the relatively cooler temperature of the thresher RM compared to that observed in lamnid sharks as well as the relatively slow RM phenotype in these large fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Donley
- Department of Biological Sciences, MiraCosta College, 1 Barnard Dr., Oceanside, CA 92056, USA
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Marshall H, Field L, Afiadata A, Sepulveda C, Skomal G, Bernal D. Hematological indicators of stress in longline-captured sharks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:121-9. [PMID: 22353217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For many shark species, little information exists about the stress response to capture and release in commercial longline fisheries. Recent studies have used hematological profiling to assess the secondary stress response, but little is known about how, and to what degree, these indicators vary interspecifically. Moreover, there is little understanding of the extent to which the level of relative swimming activity (e.g., sluggish vs. active) or the general ecological classification (e.g., coastal vs. pelagic) correlates to the magnitude of the exercise-induced (capture-related) stress response. This study compared plasma electrolytes (Na(+), Cl(-), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and K(+)), metabolites (glucose and lactate), blood hematocrit, and heat shock protein (Hsp70) levels between 11 species of longline-captured sharks (n=164). Statistical comparison of hematological parameters revealed species-specific differences in response to longline capture, as well as differences by ecological classification. Taken together, the blood properties of longline-captured sharks appear to be useful indicators of interspecific variation in the secondary stress response to capture, and may prove useful in the future for predicting survivorship of longline-captured sharks where new technologies (i.e., pop-up satellite tags) can verify post-release mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Marshall
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
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Patterson JC, Sepulveda CA, Bernal D. The vascular morphology and in vivo muscle temperatures of thresher sharks (Alopiidae). J Morphol 2011; 272:1353-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Versieren K, Heindryckx B, Qian C, Gerris J, De Sutter P, Exposito Navarro A, Ametzazurra A, Nagore D, Crisol L, Aspichueta F, Mendoza R, Matorras R, Garcia MM, Valley JK, Swinton PS, Boscardin WJ, Lue TF, P. Rinaudo, Wu MC, Bern O, Strassburger D, Komarovsky D, Kasterstein E, Komsky A, Maslansky B, Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ron-El R, Tang J, Fang C, Zhang MF, Li T, Zhuang GL, Suh DS, Joo JK, Choi JR, Kim SC, JO MS, Kim KH, Lee KS, Katz-Jaffe MG, Stevens J, McCormick S, Smith R, Schoolcraft WB, Ben-Ami I, Komsky A, Strassburger D, Bern O, Komarovsky D, Kasterstein E, Maslansky B, Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ron-El R, Koch J, Costello M, Kilani S, Namm A, Arend A, Aunapuu M, Joo JK, Lee KS, Choi YM, Cho JD, Sipe C, Pelts EJ, Matthews JM, Sanchez SR, Brohammer RLB, Wagner Y, Liebermann J, Uhler M, Beltsos A, Chen MJ, Guu HF, Chen YF, Yih YJ, Ho JYP, Lin TY, Ho ESC, Lopes FB, Figueira RCS, Braga DPAF, Ferreira RC, Aoki T, Iaconelli A, Borges E, Van de Velde H, Cauffman G, Verloes A, De Paepe C, Sterckx J, Van Ranst H, Devroey P, Tournaye H, Liebaers I, Santos MA, Teklenburg G, Macklon NS, Van Opstal D, Schuring-Blom GH, Krijtenburg PJ, de Vreeden-Elbertse J, Fauser BC, Baart EB, Cawood S, Doshi A, Gotts S, Serhal P, Milachich T, Petkova L, Barov D, Shterev A, Esteves TC, Balbach ST, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Pfeiffer MJ, Boiani M, Le Gac S, van Rossem F, Esteves T, Bioani M, van den Berg A, Valeri C, Pappalardo S, De Felici M, Manna C, Ryu H, Park CY, Min SH, Choi SK, Park C, Lee SH, Kim KR, Jeong H, Chi HJ, Wittemer C, Celebi C, Viville S, Luceno Maestre F, Castilla Alcala JA, Gomez-Palomares JL, Cabello Y, Hernandez J, Marqueta J, Herrero J, Vidal E, Fernandez-Shaw S, Coroleu B, McRae C, Baskind E, Sharma V, Fisher J, Boldi Cotti P, Colasante C, Perego L, De Lauretis L, Montag M, Koster M, Nikolov A, van der Ven H, Lee SG, Lee YC, Kang SM, Kang YJ, Shin YK, Jung JH, Lim JH, Dorfmann A, Carroll K, Sisson M, Geltinger M, Yap S, Iwaszko M, Hara T, Naruse K, Matsuura K, Kodama T, Sato K, Tateaki Y, Tanaka J, Minasi MG, Scarselli F, Rubino P, Casciani V, Colasante A, Lobascio M, Alviggi E, Ferrero S, Litwicka K, Iammarrone E, Cucinelli F, Giannini PG, Tocci A, Nagy ZP, Greco E, Borini A, Tarozzi N, Fiorentin D, Bonu MA, Nadalini M, Johnson J, De Santis L, Bianchi V, Casciani V, Rubino P, Minasi MG, Colasante A, Scarselli F, Lobascio AM, Arizzi L, Iammarrone E, Litwicka K, Ferrero S, Tocci A, Piscitelli C, Cucinelli F, Nagy ZP, Greco E, Mesut N, Ciray HN, Mesut A, Aksoy T, Bahceci M, Lee YM, Chen HW, Wu P, Tzeng CR, Antonova I, Milachich T, Petkova L, Yunakova M, Chaveeva P, A. Shterev, Hlinka D, Dudas M, Rutarova J, Rezacova J, Lazarovska S, Aoi Y, Takahashi H, Saitou H, Takiue C, Kawakami N, Tone M, Hirata R, Terada S, Yoshioka N, Habara T, Hayashi N, Montagut J, Bonald F, Guillen N, Guitard V, Balu-Genvrin E, Crae E, Nogueira D, Silva J, Cunha M, Viana P, Teixeira da Silva JM, Oliveira C, Goncalves A, Barros N, Sousa M, Barros A, van de Werken C, Jahr H, Laven JSE, Baart EB, Gamiz Izquierdo P, De los Santos JM, Tejera A, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Galan A, Albert C, Santos MJDL, Adriaenssens T, Wathlet S, Segers I, Verheyen G, Van De Velde H, Coucke W, Devroey P, Smitz J, Paternot G, D'Hooghe TM, Debrock S, Spiessens C, Hwang HK, Kim HM, Lee JH, Jung YJ, Kang A, Kook MJ, Jung JY, An SJ, Kwon HC, Lee SJ, Somova O, Feskov A, Feskova I, Chumakova N, Zozulina O, Zhilkova YE, Binda M, Campo R, Van Kerkhoven G, Frederickx V, Serneels A, Roziers P, Vranken I, Lopes AS, Van Nuland A, Gordts S, Puttemans P, Valkenburg M, Gordts S, Rodriguez-Arnedo A, Ten J, Guerrero J, Lledo B, Carracedo MA, Ortiz JA, Llacer J, Bernabeu R, Usui K, Nakajo Y, Ota M, Hattori H, Kyoya T, Takisawa T, Kyono K, Ferrieres A, Poulain M, Loup V, Anahory T, Dechaud H, Hamamah S, Eckert J, Premkumar G, Lock F, Brooks S, Haque S, Cameron IT, Cheong Y, Fleming TP, Prados N, Ruiz M, Garcia-Ortega J, Vime P, Hernaez MJ, Crespo M, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Pellicer A, Hashimoto S, Kato N, Saeki K, Morimoto Y, Leung CON, Pang RTK, Liu WM, Lee KF, Yeung WSB, Wada T, Elliott T, Kahn J, Lowderman J, Wright G, Chang C, Bernal D, Kort H, Nagy Z, de los Santos JM, Escrich L, Grau N, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Escriba MJ, Escriba M, Grau N, Escrich L, de los Santos JM, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Tasker F, Hamoda H, Wilner H, Grace J, Khalaf Y, Miyaji S, Mizuno S, Horiuchi L, Haruki A, Fukuda A, Morimoto Y, Utsunomiya T, Kumasako Y, Ito H, Goto K, Koike M, Abe H, Sakamoto T, Kojima F, Koshika T, Muzii L, Magli MC, Gioia L, Scaravelli G, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L, Capoti A, Magli MC, Lappi M, Maggi E, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L, Scott L, Finn A, Kloos B, Davies D, Yamada M, Hamatani T, Akutsu H, Chikazawa N, Ogawa S, Okumura N, Mochimaru Y, Kuji N, Aoki D, Yoshimura Y, Umezawa A, Aprysko VP, Yakovenko SA, Seregina EA, Yutkin EV, Yelke H, Milik S, Candan ZN, Altin G, Unal S, Atayurt Z, Y. Kumtepe, Chung JT, Son WY, Zhang X, Tan SL, Ao A, Seli E, Botros L, Henson M, Roos P, Judge K, Sakkas D, group MSGMS, Feliciano M, Monahan D, Ermolovich E, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Mantikou E, van Echten-Arends J, Sikkema-Raddatz B, van der Veen F, Repping S, Mastenbroek S, Botros L, Seli E, Henson M, Roos P, Judge K, Sakkas D, Group MBS, Wells V, Thum MY, Abdalla HI, Machiya R, Akimoto S, Nobuyoshi T, Yoshii N, Hosaka T, Odawara Y, Heindryckx B, Vanden Meerschaut F, Lierman S, Qian C, O'Leary T, Gerris J, De Sutter P, Assou S, Haouzi D, Pellestor F, Monzo C, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Conaghan J, Fischer E, Popwell J, Ryan I, Chenette P, Givens C, Schriock E, Herbert C, Ermolovich E, Monahan D, Neri QV, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Verheyen G, Camus M, Van de Velde H, Haentjens P, Devroey P, Mugica A, Esbert M, Molina JM, Garrido N, Pellicer A, Ballesteros A, Calderon G, Rossi ALS, Rocha AM, Alegretti JR, Hassun PA, Gomes LP, Criscuollo T, Serafini P, Motta ELA, Munoz M, Meseguer M, Cruz M, Perez-Cano I, Pellicer A, Gadea B, Martinez M, Fortuno S, Gundersen J, Garrido N, Cruz M, Garrido N, Perez-Cano I, Munoz M, Pellicer A, Martinez M, Gadea B, Selles E, Betersen J, Meseguer M, Le Meaux E, Assou S, Haouzi D, Loup V, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Ouandaogo G, Assou S, Haouzi D, Ferrieres A, Anahory T, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Monzo C, Assou S, Haouzi D, Pellestor F, Dechaud H, De Vos J, S. Hamamah, Gismano E, Borini A, Cino I, Calzi F, Rabellotti E, Papaleo E, Bianchi V, De Santis L, Sunkara SK, Siozos A, Bolton V, Khalaf Y, Braude P, El-Toukhy T, Cho YS, Ambruosi B, Totaro P, Dell'Aquila ME, Gioacchini G, Bizzaro D, Giorgini E, Ferraris P, Sabbatini S, Carnevali O, Knaggs P, Chau A, Khalil S, Trew G, Lavery S, Jovanovic VP, Gomez R, Sauer CM, Shawber CJ, Outtz HH, Wang X, Sauer MV, Kitajewski J, Zimmermann RC, Mahrous E, Clarke H, Virant-Klun I, Bacer-Kermavner L, Mivsek J, Tomazevic T, Pozlep B, Zorn B, Vrtacnik-Bokal E, Dundure I, Bazarova J, Fodina V, Brikune J, Lakutins J, Jee B, Jo J, Lee J, Suh C, Kim S, Moon S, Shufaro Y, Lebovich M, Aizenman E, Simon A, Laufer N, A. Saada Reisch, Ribeiro MA, Pinto A, Gomes F, Silva Carvalho JL, Almeida H, Massaro FC, Petersen CG, Mauri AL, Silva LFI, Nicoletti APM, Cavagna M, Pontes A, Baruffi RLR, Oliveira JBA, Franco JG, Valcarcel A, Viglierchio MI, Tiveron M, Guidobono M, Inza R, Vilela M, Vilela M, Valcarcel A, Viglierchio MI, Kenny A, Lombardi C, Marconi G. Posters * Embryology (Embryo Selection). Hum Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/de.25.s1.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Aalbers SA, Bernal D, Sepulveda CA. The functional role of the caudal fin in the feeding ecology of the common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus. J Fish Biol 2010; 76:1863-1868. [PMID: 20557638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that the common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus uses its elongate caudal fin to both produce thrust and immobilize prey during feeding. Underwater video recorded in southern California from 2007 to 2009 revealed 34 feeding events, all of which were initiated with the upper lobe of the caudal fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Aalbers
- Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research, 315 N. Clementine St, Oceanside, CA 92054, USA
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Bernal D, Donley JM, McGillivray DG, Aalbers SA, Syme DA, Sepulveda C. Function of the medial red muscle during sustained swimming in common thresher sharks: Contrast and convergence with thunniform swimmers. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 155:454-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bernal D, Aalbers S, Sepulveda C. The role of the caudal fin in the common thresher shark, it's not just for swimming. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Perry CN, Cartamil DP, Bernal D, Sepulveda CA, Theilmann RJ, Graham JB, Frank LR. Quantification of red myotomal muscle volume and geometry in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) usingT1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Morphol 2007; 268:284-92. [PMID: 17299779 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in conjunction with image and segmentation analysis (i.e., the process of digitally partitioning tissues based on specified MR image characteristics) was evaluated as a noninvasive alternative for differentiating muscle fiber types and quantifying the amounts of slow, red aerobic muscle in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis). MRI-determinations of red muscle quantity and position made for the mid-body sections of three mako sharks (73.5-110 cm fork length, FL) are in close agreement (within the 95% confidence intervals) with data obtained for the same sections by the conventional dissection method involving serial cross-sectioning and volumetric analyses, and with previously reported findings for this species. The overall distribution of salmon shark red muscle as a function of body fork length was also found to be consistent with previously acquired serial dissection data for this species; however, MR imaging revealed an anterior shift in peak red muscle cross-sectional area corresponding to an increase in body mass. Moreover, MRI facilitated visualization of the intact and anatomically correct relationship of tendon linking the red muscle and the caudal peduncle. This study thus demonstrates that MRI is effective in acquiring high-resolution three-dimensional digital data with high contrast between different fish tissue types. Relative to serial dissection, MRI allows more precise quantification of the position, volume, and other details about the types of muscle within the fish myotome, while conserving specimen structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Perry
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and VA San Diego Health Care System, USA
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Peraire C, Arias JL, Bernal D, Pou J, León B, Arañó A, Roth W. Biological stability and osteoconductivity in rabbit tibia of pulsed laser deposited hydroxylapatite coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 77:370-9. [PMID: 16425242 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of the biological stability and the osteoconductivity of hydroxylapatite (HA) coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and plasma spraying (PS) was conducted. Three different implant groups were used: grit-blasted titanium rods coated with HA-PLD (2-microm-thick), grit-blasted titanium rods coated with HA-PS (50-microm-thick), and uncoated. Implantation took place into the proximal tibia of 12 mature New Zealand White rabbits for 24 weeks. Samples were evaluated using descriptive histology and histomorphometry. While HA-PS implants showed considerable instability and reduction in thickness after 24 weeks, but no statistical difference to the titanium group, the HA-PLD group showed a significant higher amount of bone apposition (Scheffé test, p<0.05) than the other two groups, without signs of degradation or dissolution. Remarkably, after 6 months, the almost intact thin pulsed laser deposited coating could be observed by electron microscopy in extended areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peraire
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Aplicado (CIDAsal), Polígono Industrial Santiga, Argenters, 6, E-08130 Sta. Perpetua de Mogoda, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
SUMMARYA more medial and anterior position of the red aerobic myotomal muscle (RM)and the presence of a vascular counter-current heat exchange system provide the functional elements that facilitate regional RM endothermy in tunas,lamnid sharks and the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). The convergent RM morphology among all species capable of RM endothermy suggests that RM position is a strong predictor of fish endothermic capacity. The present study investigated the comparative RM morphology of the other two thresher shark species (bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus, and the pelagic thresher, Alopias pelagicus), for which there is no information regarding their capacity for RM endothermy, and compared these data with published works on A. vulpinus. The digitization of transverse sections along the body of A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus enabled quantification of the relative amount of RM and the position and placement of the RM along the body. The RM in both A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus is positioned subcutaneously,along the lateral edges of the myotomes, and is distributed relatively evenly over the trunk of the body. The position of maximum RM area is at 50% fork length (FL) for A. superciliosus and at 75% FL for A. pelagicus. The amount of RM (mean ± s.e.m.) is 2.31±0.11% and 3.01±0.10% in A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus, respectively. When compared with A. vulpinus,all three alopiid sharks have a similar amount of RM. However, A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus differ from A. vulpinusin that they do not possess the medial and anterior RM arrangement that would likely facilitate metabolic heat conservation (RM endothermy).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sepulveda
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Abstract
Effects of temperature on muscle contraction and powering movement are profound, outwardly obvious, and of great consequence to survival. To cope with the effects of environmental temperature fluctuations, endothermic birds and mammals maintain a relatively warm and constant body temperature, whereas most fishes and other vertebrates are ectothermic and conform to their thermal niche, compromising performance at colder temperatures. However, within the fishes the tunas and lamnid sharks deviate from the ectothermic strategy, maintaining elevated core body temperatures that presumably confer physiological advantages for their roles as fast and continuously swimming pelagic predators. Here we show that the salmon shark, a lamnid inhabiting cold, north Pacific waters, has become so specialized for endothermy that its red, aerobic, locomotor muscles, which power continuous swimming, seem mammal-like, functioning only within a markedly elevated temperature range (20-30 degrees C). These muscles are ineffectual if exposed to the cool water temperatures, and when warmed even 10 degrees C above ambient they still produce only 25-50% of the power produced at 26 degrees C. In contrast, the white muscles, powering burst swimming, do not show such a marked thermal dependence and work well across a wide range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bernal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA.
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Bernal D, Sepulveda CA. Evidence for Temperature Elevation in the Aerobic Swimming Musculature of the Common Thresher Shark, Alopias vulpinus. COPEIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1643/cp-04-180r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bernal D, Sepulveda C, Mathieu-Costello O, Graham JB. Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks I. Red muscle morphometrics, vascularization and ultrastructure. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:2831-43. [PMID: 12847127 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tunas (family Scombridae) and sharks in the family Lamnidae are highly convergent for features commonly related to efficient and high-performance (i.e. sustained, aerobic) swimming. High-performance swimming by fishes requires adaptations augmenting the delivery, transfer and utilization of O(2) by the red myotomal muscle (RM), which powers continuous swimming. Tuna swimming performance is enhanced by a unique anterior and centrally positioned RM (i.e. closer to the vertebral column) and by structural features (relatively small fiber diameter, high capillary density and greater myoglobin concentration) increasing O(2) flux from RM capillaries to the mitochondria. A study of the structural and biochemical features of the mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) RM was undertaken to enable performance-capacity comparisons of tuna and lamnid RM. Similar to tunas, mako RM is positioned centrally and more anterior in the body. Another lamnid, the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis), also has this RM distribution, as does the closely related common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus; family Alopiidae). However, in both the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) and the blue shark (Prionace glauca), RM occupies the position where it is typically found in most fishes; more posterior and along the lateral edge of the body. Comparisons among sharks in this study revealed no differences in the total RM quantity (approximately 2-3% of body mass) and, irrespective of position within the body, RM scaling is isometric in all species. Sharks thus have less RM than do tunas (4-13% of body mass). Relative to published data on other shark species, mako RM appears to have a higher capillary density, a greater capillary-to-fiber ratio and a higher myoglobin concentration. However, mako RM fiber size does not differ from that reported for other shark species and the total volume of mitochondria in mako RM is similar to that reported for other sharks and for tunas. Lamnid RM properties thus suggest a higher O(2) flux capacity than in other sharks; however, lamnid RM aerobic capacity appears to be less than that of tuna RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Bernal D, Smith D, Lopez G, Weitz D, Grimminger T, Dickson K, Graham JB. Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks II. Metabolic biochemistry of locomotor and myocardial muscle in endothermic and ectothermic sharks. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:2845-57. [PMID: 12847128 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic enzyme activities in red (RM) and white (WM) myotomal muscle and in the heart ventricle (HV) were compared in two lamnid sharks (shortfin mako and salmon shark), the common thresher shark and several other actively swimming shark species. The metabolic enzymes measured were citrate synthase (CS), an index of aerobic capacity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an index of anaerobic capacity. WM creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity, an index of rapid ATP production during burst swimming, was also quantified. Enzyme activities in RM, WM and HV were similar in the two lamnid species. Interspecific comparisons of enzyme activities at a common reference temperature (20 degrees C) show no significant differences in RM CS activity but higher CS activity in the WM and HV of the lamnid sharks compared with the other species. For the other enzymes, activities in lamnids overlapped with those of other shark species. Comparison of the HV spongy and compact myocardial layers in mako, salmon and thresher sharks reveals a significantly greater spongy CS activity in all three species but no differences in LDH activity. Adjustment of enzyme activities to in vivo RM and WM temperatures in the endothermic lamnids elevates CS and LDH in both tissues relative to the ectothermic sharks. Thus, through its enhancement of both RM and WM enzyme activity, endothermy may be an important determinant of energy supply for sustained and burst swimming in the lamnids. Although lamnid WM is differentially warmed as a result of RM endothermy, regional differences in WM CS and LDH activities and thermal sensitivities (Q(10) values) were not found. The general pattern of the endothermic myotomal and ectothermic HV muscle metabolic enzyme activities in the endothermic lamnids relative to other active, ectothermic sharks parallels the general pattern demonstrated for the endothermic tunas relative to their ectothermic sister species. However, the activities of all enzymes measured are lower in lamnids than in tunas. Relative to lamnids, the presence of lower WM enzyme activities in the thresher shark (which is in the same order as the lamnids, has an RM morphology similar to that of the mako and salmon sharks and may be endothermic) suggests that other factors, such as behavior and swimming pattern, also affect shark myotomal organization and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) has specialized vascular networks (retia mirabilia) forming counter-current heat exchangers that allow metabolic heat retention in certain regions of the body, including the aerobic, locomotor red muscle and the viscera. Red muscle, white muscle and stomach temperatures were measured in juvenile (5–13.6 kg) makos swimming steadily in a water tunnel and exposed to stepwise square-wave changes in ambient temperature (Ta) to estimate the rates of heat transfer and to determine their capacity for the activity-independent control of heat balance. The rates of heat gain of red muscle during warming were significantly higher than the rates of heat loss during cooling, and neither the magnitude of the change in Ta nor the direction of change in Ta had a significant effect on red muscle latency time. Our findings for mako red muscle are similar to those recorded for tunas and suggest modulation of retial heat-exchange efficiency as the underlying mechanism controlling heat balance. However, the red muscle temperatures measured in swimming makos (0.3–3°C above Ta) are cooler than those measured previously in larger decked makos. Also, the finding of non-stable stomach temperatures contrasts with the predicted independence from Ta recorded in telemetry studies of mako and white sharks. Our studies on live makos provide new evidence that, in addition to the unique convergent morphological properties between makos and tunas, there is a strong functional similarity in the mechanisms used to regulate heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Bernal D, Dickson KA, Shadwick RE, Graham JB. Review: Analysis of the evolutionary convergence for high performance swimming in lamnid sharks and tunas. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 129:695-726. [PMID: 11423338 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs and bony fishes have evolved independently for more than 400 million years. However, two Recent groups, the lamnid sharks (Family Lamnidae) and tunas (Family Scombridae), display remarkable similarities in features related to swimming performance. Traits separating these two groups from other fishes include a higher degree of body streamlining, a shift in the position of the aerobic, red, locomotor muscle that powers sustained swimming to a more anterior location in the body and nearer to the vertebral column, the capacity to conserve metabolic heat (i.e. regional endothermy), an increased gill surface area with a decreased blood-water barrier thickness, a higher maximum blood oxygen carrying capacity, and greater muscle aerobic and anaerobic enzyme activities at in vivo temperatures. The suite of morphological, physiological, and biochemical specializations that define "high-performance fishes" have been extensively characterized in the tunas. This review examines the convergent features of lamnid sharks and tunas in order to gain insight into the extent that comparable environmental selection pressures have led to the independent origin of similar suites of functional characteristics in these two distinctly different taxa. We propose that, despite differences between teleost and elasmobranch fishes, lamnid sharks and tunas have evolved morphological and physiological specializations that enhance their swimming performance relative to other sharks and most other high performance pelagic fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Almind K, Frederiksen SK, Bernal D, Hansen T, Ambye L, Urhammer S, Ekstrøm CT, Berglund L, Reneland R, Lithell H, White MF, Van Obberghen E, Pedersen O. Search for variants of the gene-promoter and the potential phosphotyrosine encoding sequence of the insulin receptor substrate-2 gene: evaluation of their relation with alterations in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 1999; 42:1244-9. [PMID: 10525667 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to screen part of the putative promoter sequence in addition to 14 potential phosphotyrosine residues of human IRS-2 for genetic variability which might cause changes in protein expression or function. Furthermore, the potential impact on insulin secretion and sensitivity of a previously identified IRS-2 variant (Gly1057Asp) was analysed. METHODS The screenings were carried out by the SSCP-heteroduplex technique on DNA from Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. The impact of the Gly1057Asp variant was analysed in four glucose-tolerant Scandinavian study groups. RESULTS The results showed no nucleotide substitutions in the promoter sequence, however, a novel heterozygous amino acid variant was identified (Leu647Val). In an association study, the new variant was found in 3 of 413 diabetic patients and in none of 280 glucose tolerant subjects. The variant did not affect the binding of IRS-2 to the insulin receptor or p85alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when measured in the yeast two-hybrid system. Examination of the common Gly1057Asp variant in 363 young healthy subjects and in 228 glucose tolerant offspring of one diabetic parent showed no differences in insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity after an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose tolerant middle-aged subjects homozygous for the polymorphism (n = 31), however, had on average a 25 % decrease in fasting serum insulin concentrations (p = 0.009) and 28 % (p = 0.01) and 34 % (p = 0.003) reductions in serum insulin concentrations at 30 and 60 min, respectively, during an OGTT compared with wildtype carriers (n = 107). In a cohort of 639 elderly Swedish men the amino acid variant did not have any detectable impact on insulin secretion after an OGTT. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION No genetic variability was found in the IRS-2 promoter. A rare IRS-2 variant at codon 647 has been identified in Type II diabetic patients. The prevalent codon 1057 polymorphism had no consistent effect on insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1244-1249]
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Affiliation(s)
- K Almind
- Steno Diabetes Centre and Hagedorn Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Yenush L, Zanella C, Uchida T, Bernal D, White MF. The pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine binding domains of insulin receptor substrate 1 mediate inhibition of apoptosis by insulin. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6784-94. [PMID: 9774692 PMCID: PMC109262 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.11.6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1998] [Accepted: 08/13/1998] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) evoke diverse biological effects through receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. We investigated the elements of IRS-1 signaling that inhibit apoptosis of interleukin 3 (IL-3)-deprived 32D myeloid progenitor cells. 32D cells have few insulin receptors and no IRS proteins; therefore, insulin failed to inhibit apoptosis during IL-3 withdrawal. Insulin stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase in 32D cells expressing insulin receptors (32DIR) but failed to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinase cascade or to inhibit apoptosis. By contrast, insulin stimulated the PI 3-kinase cascade, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted replication of 32DIR cells expressing IRS-1. As expected, insulin did not stimulate PI 3-kinase in 32DIR cells, which expressed a truncated IRS-1 protein lacking the tail of tyrosine phosphorylation sites. However, this truncated IRS-1 protein, which retained the NH2-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains, mediated phosphorylation of PKB/akt, inhibition of apoptosis, and replication of 32DIR cells during insulin stimulation. These results suggest that a phosphotyrosine-independent mechanism mediated by the PH and PTB domains promoted antiapoptotic and growth actions of insulin. Although PI 3-kinase was not activated, its phospholipid products were required, since LY294002 inhibited these responses. Without IRS-1, a chimeric insulin receptor containing a tail of tyrosine phosphorylation sites derived from IRS-1 activated the PI 3-kinase cascade but failed to inhibit apoptosis. Thus, phosphotyrosine-independent IRS-1-linked pathways may be critical for survival and growth of IL-3-deprived 32D cells during insulin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yenush
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Abstract
Many investigations have examined the relationship between age and job satisfaction. However, various types of relationships have been reported across studies: positive linear, negative linear, U-shaped, inverted U-shaped or inverted J-shaped, or no significant relations. Such conflicting results have left the true nature of the relationship unresolved. The present study used a large national probability sample of workers (N = 1,095) to investigate the shape and strength of the age--job satisfaction relationship. Results indicated a significant but weak positive linear age--job satisfaction relationship. That is, age failed to explain a substantial proportion of linear variance in our job satisfaction measure. This indicates that age, as a chronological variable, is not a viable predictor of job satisfaction. Future research attempting to explain age differences in job satisfaction should instead focus its attention on other more pertinent psychological variables associated with the underlying aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Psychology Department, University of Akron, Ohio, USA.
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Bernal D, Almind K, Yenush L, Ayoub M, Zhang Y, Rosshani L, Larsson C, Pedersen O, White MF. Insulin receptor substrate-2 amino acid polymorphisms are not associated with random type 2 diabetes among Caucasians. Diabetes 1998; 47:976-9. [PMID: 9604879 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.47.6.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Withers DJ, Gutierrez JS, Towery H, Burks DJ, Ren JM, Previs S, Zhang Y, Bernal D, Pons S, Shulman GI, Bonner-Weir S, White MF. Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 1998; 391:900-4. [PMID: 9495343 DOI: 10.1038/36116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1260] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human type 2 diabetes is characterized by defects in both insulin action and insulin secretion. It has been difficult to identify a single molecular abnormality underlying these features. Insulin-receptor substrates (IRS proteins) may be involved in type 2 diabetes: they mediate pleiotropic signals initiated by receptors for insulin and other cytokines. Disruption of IRS-1 in mice retards growth, but diabetes does not develop because insulin secretion increases to compensate for the mild resistance to insulin. Here we show that disruption of IRS-2 impairs both peripheral insulin signalling and pancreatic beta-cell function. IRS-2-deficient mice show progressive deterioration of glucose homeostasis because of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle and a lack of beta-cell compensation for this insulin resistance. Our results indicate that dysfunction of IRS-2 may contribute to the pathophysiology of human type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Withers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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32
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Rivera Del Río JR, Bernal D, Igartúa Pontón J. [What is your diagnosis? Costo-chondritis obscured by x-ray double-exposure]. Bol Asoc Med P R 1997; 89:33-4. [PMID: 9264590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The case of a 64 years old female patient with chest pain, dizziness and abnormal chest x-ray is presented. The different diagnostic possibilities are discussed. The final assessment in the case was a double radiographic exposure of the chest film confusing the clinical picture.
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Revert F, Penadés JR, Plana M, Bernal D, Johansson C, Itarte E, Cervera J, Wieslander J, Quinones S, Saus J. Phosphorylation of the Goodpasture antigen by type A protein kinases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:13254-61. [PMID: 7768924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen IV is the major component of basement membranes. The human alpha 3 chain of collagen IV contains an antigenic domain called the Goodpasture antigen that is the target for the circulating immunopathogenic antibodies present in patients with Goodpasture syndrome. Characteristically, the gene region encoding the Goodpasture antigen generates multiple alternative products that retain the antigen amino-terminal region with a five-residue motif (KRGDS). The serine therein appears to be the major in vitro cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site in the isolated antigen and can be phosphorylated in vitro by two protein kinases of approximately 50 and 41 kDa associated with human kidney plasma membrane, suggesting that it can also be phosphorylated in vivo. Consistent with this, the Goodpasture antigen is isolated from human kidney in phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms and only the non-phosphorylated form is susceptible to phosphorylation in vitro. Since this motif is exclusive to the human alpha 3(IV) chain and includes the RGD cell adhesion motif, its phosphorylation might play a role in pathogenesis and influence cell attachment to basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Revert
- Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas, València, Spain
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Penadés JR, Bernal D, Revert F, Johansson C, Fresquet VJ, Cervera J, Wieslander J, Quinones S, Saus J. Characterization and expression of multiple alternatively spliced transcripts of the Goodpasture antigen gene region. Goodpasture antibodies recognize recombinant proteins representing the autoantigen and one of its alternative forms. Eur J Biochem 1995; 229:754-60. [PMID: 7758473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Collagen IV, the major component of basement membranes, is composed of six distinct alpha chains (alpha 1-alpha 6). Atypically among the collagen IV genes, the exons encoding the carboxyl-terminal region of the human alpha 3(IV) chain undergo alternative splicing. This region has been designated as the Goodpasture antigen because of its reactivity in the kidney and lung with the pathogenic autoantibodies causing Goodpasture syndrome. The data presented in this report demonstrate that, in human kidney, the gene region encompassing the Goodpasture antigen generates at least six alternatively spliced transcripts predicting five distinct proteins that differ in their carboxyl-terminus and retain, except in one case, the exon that harbors the characteristic amino-terminus of the antigen. Goodpasture antibodies specifically recognize recombinant proteins representing the antigen and the alternative form that retains the amino-half of the antigen, suggesting that this moiety could be involved in the in vivo binding of the pathogenic antibodies. Furthermore, the sera of control individuals contain autoantibodies against the antigen that can be differentiated from those causing the syndrome based on their specific reactivities, suggesting that the binding of the pathogenic autoantibodies to a specific determinant likely trigger a distinct and unique cascade of events causing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Penadés
- Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas, València, Spain
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Quinones S, Bernal D, García-Sogo M, Elena SF, Saus J. Exon/intron structure of the human alpha 3(IV) gene encompassing the Goodpasture antigen (alpha 3(IV)NC1). Identification of a potentially antigenic region at the triple helix/NC1 domain junction. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:17358. [PMID: 8006044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Bernal D, Quinones S, Saus J. The human mRNA encoding the Goodpasture antigen is alternatively spliced. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:12090-4. [PMID: 8505332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The noncollagenous (NC1) domain of the human collagen alpha 3(IV)-chain is the primary target of autoantibodies produced in Goodpasture syndrome and, therefore, has been designated as the Goodpasture antigen. In this report, we show that Goodpasture antigen mRNA undergoes processing to at least two alternatively spliced forms in a variety of human tissues, resulting in the exclusion of sequence encoded by either one or two exons. Interestingly, no alternatively spliced forms were observed in bovine or rat tissues. The derived amino acid sequences of the two variant mRNA forms are identical and significantly shorter than that arising from the complete Goodpasture antigen mRNA. They lack the carboxyl-terminal region contributing to the formation of the Goodpasture epitope and all but one of the cysteines found in the complete form. These sequence characteristics suggest that, if translated, the variant Goodpasture antigen is likely to be defective in triple helix formation and no longer reactive with Goodpasture autoantibodies. Although each tissue expressing Goodpasture antigen displayed a specific mRNA pattern, the complete form was always the most abundant and was present at levels apparently unrelated to whether or not the organ of origin is a potential target in Goodpasture syndrome. Furthermore, the antigen sequence was identical in the kidneys of normal and Goodpasture-affected individuals, and no major differences in the expression of the complete and spliced forms were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernal
- Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas, Spain
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Quinones S, Bernal D, García-Sogo M, Elena SF, Saus J. Exon/intron structure of the human alpha 3(IV) gene encompassing the Goodpasture antigen (alpha 3(IV)NC1). Identification of a potentially antigenic region at the triple helix/NC1 domain junction. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:19780-4. [PMID: 1400291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Goodpasture antigen has been identified as the non-collagenous (NC1) domain of alpha 3(IV), a novel collagen IV chain (Saus, J., Wieslander, J., Langeveld, J., Quinones, S., and Hudson, B.G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13374-13380). In the present study, the exon/intron structure and sequence for 285 amino acids of human alpha 3(IV), comprising 53 amino acids of the triple-helical domain and the complete NC1 domain (232 amino acids), were determined. Based on the comparison of the amino acid sequences of the alpha 1(IV), alpha 2(IV), alpha 3(IV), and alpha 5(IV) NC1 domains, a phylogenetic tree was constructed which indicates that alpha 2(IV) was the first chain to evolve, followed by alpha 3(IV), and then by alpha 1(IV) and alpha 5(IV). The exon/intron structure of these domains is consistent with this evolution model. In addition, it appears that alpha 3(IV) changed most after diverging from the parental gene. Analysis of its primary structure reveals that, at the junction between the triple-helical and NC1 domains, there exists a previously unrecognized, highly hydrophilic region (GLKGKRGDSGSPATWTTR) which is unique to the human alpha 3(IV) chain, containing a cell adhesion motif (RGD) as an integral part of a sequence (KRGDSGSP) conforming to a number of protein kinase recognition sites. Based on primary structure data, we outline new aspects to be explored concerning the molecular basis of collagen IV function and Goodpasture syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quinones
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854
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39
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Quinones S, Bernal D, García-Sogo M, Elena S, Saus J. Exon/intron structure of the human alpha 3(IV) gene encompassing the Goodpasture antigen (alpha 3(IV)NC1). Identification of a potentially antigenic region at the triple helix/NC1 domain junction. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)88621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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40
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Diaz-Meco MT, Quiñones S, Municio MM, Sanz L, Bernal D, Cabrero E, Saus J, Moscat J. Protein kinase C-independent expression of stromelysin by platelet-derived growth factor, ras oncogene, and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:22597-602. [PMID: 1718997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the expression of several genes play critical roles in cell growth and tumor transformation. A number of proteases are increased in some tumors, and the level of these enzymes correlates with the metastatic potential of several cancer cell lines. Stromelysin, with the widest substrate specificity, can degrade the extracellular matrix conferring metastatic potential to tumor cells. The mechanisms whereby growth factors and oncogenes control the expression of stromelysin are beginning to be characterized. In the study shown here we also identify a region in the stromelysin promoter which is involved in the induction of stromelysin in response to platelet-derived growth factor, phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C, and ras oncogene. Our results are consistent with the notion that platelet-derived growth factor/phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C induces stromelysin gene expression through a phorbol myristate acetate/protein kinase C-independent mechanism by acting through elements in the stromelysin promoter distinct from the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive element.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Diaz-Meco
- Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Gregorio Maranón, Madrid, Spain
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Diaz-Meco M, Quiñones S, Municio M, Sanz L, Bernal D, Cabrero E, Saus J, Moscat J. Protein kinase C-independent expression of stromelysin by platelet-derived growth factor, ras oncogene, and phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
A 17-yr-old postpartum female presented with a large multicystic mass posterior to the rectum, thought clinically to be an abscess. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed numerous squamous cells. The diagnosis of retrorectal cystic hamartoma was considered and subsequently confirmed by the surgical resection specimen. The cytologic and histologic findings are presented along with a discussion of the entity "retrorectal cystic hamartoma," including a differential diagnosis of presacrococcygeal cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Young
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Jordá A, Portolés M, Guasch R, Bernal D, Saez GT. Effect of caffeine on urea biosynthesis and some related processes, ketone bodies, ATP and liver amino acids. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:2727-32. [PMID: 2764993 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An increase in urea synthesis has been found in rats administered large doses of caffeine. A parallel increase in urea biosynthesis was also found in hepatocytes isolated from caffeine-treated rats, which confirms a greater capacity for urea synthesis induced by caffeine. This increase appeared only after some days of caffeine treatment; during the first days there was no increase in serum urea levels or in in vitro studies of urea synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. However, no appreciable changes were found in either cytosolic or mitochondrial redox states, or in ATP levels in in vivo and in vitro studies. A parallelism was observed between the decreased amino acid levels in caffeine-treated rats and in isolated hepatocytes incubated with different concentrations of caffeine. Several possible mechanisms to explain these findings are considered in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jordá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas de la Caja de Ahorros de Valencia (Centro Asociado al C.S.I.C.), Spain
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Patarroyo ME, Molina E, Londoño F, Bernal D, Caro L, Velasques A, Silva Y, Moya R, Guevara J, Meness A, Gonzalez M. Identification of a particular B cell alloantigen associated with susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. LEPROSY REV 1981; 52 Suppl 1:121-35. [PMID: 6978447 DOI: 10.5935/0305-7518.19810064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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