Hydrogen bonding network dynamics of 1,2-propanediol-water binary solutions by Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman scattering

Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) were used to investigate the hydrogen bonding (HB) network in 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD)-water binary solutions. Abnormal changes in hydrogen bonds (HBs) were detected when V_1,2-PD (volume fraction of the1,2-PD) was 0.4. In the case of Raman spectroscopy, the HB strength of water is weakened and then strengthened with the increase of 1,2-PD volume fraction. In the case of SRS, two new peaks at 3283 cm^-1 and 3319 cm^-1 were appeared, which demonstrated the appearance of ice-like structures near the methyl group and the weakening of HBs. Based on these phenomena, the HB structure of this binary system underwent a transition from H₂O-H₂O to H₂O-1,2-PD when the V_1,2-PD was 0.4 as V_1,2-PD increased. This work serves as a reference value for the study of HB networks in alcohol-water binary solutions.

Electrochemical Activation of Oxygen Vacancy-Rich Nitrogen-Doped Manganese Carbonate Microspheres for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are considered as one of the ideal devices for large-scale energy storage because of their safety, low cost, and nontoxicity. Unfortunately, the choice of cathode materials for ZIBs is still limited. Herein, a novel oxygen vacancy-rich nitrogen-doped MnCO₃ (MnCO₃@N) microsphere is reported as a cathode material for rechargeable ZIBs, which displays a relatively high reversible capacity of 171.6 mAh g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1, outstanding rate performance, and long-term cyclic stability up to 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g^-1. The better electrochemical performances of MnCO₃@N should be attributed to the introduction of oxygen vacancies in the MnCO₃ microcrystal by nitrogen doping, which not only improves the conductivity of MnCO₃ microspheres but also creates more active sites for zinc-ion diffusion. In addition, the energy storage mechanism of the MnCO₃@N microspheres is systematically investigated. During the initial charge process, the MnCO₃@N microspheres are activated to form MnO@N due to the insertion of Zn²⁺, and partial MnO@N is further oxidized into layered-type MnO₂@N, which becomes a part of the active material for subsequent energy storage. This work not only provides a new insight for the ZIB cathode but also deepens the understanding of the energy storage mechanism of carbonate materials.

An Aromatic Fluoropolymer For Hydrogen Separation From Hydrocarbons

Plasticization has been a critical challenge in membrane-based gas separation. Here we report a novel fluoropolymer, poly (trifluoro styrene) (PTFS) for hydrogen separation from hydrocarbons. The polymer structure was first characterized by different techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Then, gas separation performances of the polymer were studied. The separation of H₂ /CH₄ was found to outperform most other fluorinated polymers and surpass the Robeson 1991 upper bound. Furthermore, the polymer demonstrated stable or increasing selectivity for hydrogen over hydrocarbons (CH₄ , C₂ H₆ and C₃ H₈ ) at higher pressure, suggesting excellent resistance to plasticization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

[HCV and Treponema pallidum infection status in HIV/AIDS cases in Yunnan province, January-June, 2020]

Objective: To understand the infection status of HCV and Treponema pallidum (TP) in HIV/AIDS cases in Yunnan province,and identify the risk factors. Methods: Between January 1 and June 30 in 2020,a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yunnan. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect anti-HCV, the positive results of both two kits indicated HCV infection. ELISA and syphilis toluidine red untreated serum test were applied to identify TP infection. Both Excel 2016 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for statistical analysis, and logistic regression model was conducted to identify the relevant factors of HCV and TP infection. Results: A total of 5 922 HIV/AIDS cases were included in this study, the infection rates of HCV and TP were 6.5% (383/5 922) and 5.8% (344/5 922) respectively. The co-infection rate of HCV and TP was 0.4% (22/5 922). The risk for HCV infection in HIV/AIDS cases was higher in younger age groups compared with age group ≥50 years (15-19:aOR=3.53;20-29:aOR=3.02;30-39:aOR=2.91;40-49:aOR=3.61), in males than in females (aOR=2.31), in the married and unmarried than in the divorced or widowed (married:aOR=1.61;unmarried:aOR=1.63), in other ethnic groups than in Han ethnic group (aOR=1.70), in people with lower education level than in people with education level of college and above (primary school degree and below:aOR=4.69;middle school:aOR=3.96), in people living in the central and western Yunnan than in people living in eastern Yunnan (central Yunnan:aOR=2.46; western Yunnan:aOR=7.08), in injection drug users than in MSM (aOR=131.08). The risk of TP infection in HIV/AIDS cases was higher in people with education level of college and primary school than in middle school degree (primary school and below:aOR=1.73;college and above:aOR=1.77), in people with other occupations than in farmers (aOR=1.39), in people living in eastern Yunnan than in people living in western Yunnan (aOR=1.75); in MSM than in people with heterosex (aOR=9.75). Conclusions: A certain proportion of HIV/AIDS cases reported between January and June in 2020 in Yunnan were co-infected with HCV and TP, many factors were associated with the co-infection. It is suggested to strengthen HCV and TP tests in HIV/AIDS cases and conduct active treatment of the co-infection.

[Deep learning based lesion detection from anterior segment optical coherence tomography images and its application in the diagnosis of keratoconus]

Objective: To developed an image analysis system of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) examination results based on deep learning technology, and to evaluate its effect in identifying various types of corneal pathologies and quantified indices. Methods: A total of 4 026 patients (5 617 eyes), including 1 977 males and 2 049 females, aged (45±23) years, were enrolled in Qingdao Eye Hospital from January 2011 to August 2019. The AS-OCT images were used as a training dataset, which were labeled with location information of 16 corneal pathologies (including corneal epithelial defect, corneal epithelial thickening, corneal thinning and so on) by clinical experts, as well as the tissue stratification of the corneal epithelium and stroma. The labeled AS-OCT images were used to train the corneal pathology detection model and corneal stratification model based on deep convolutional neural network algorithm. Then 1 709 AS-OCT images of the affected eyes were collected as a validation dataset. Compared with the artificial labeling results, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were evaluated in the corneal pathology detection model, and the overlapping rate (Dice coefficient) between the labeled area of the model and the artificial labeling area was used to evaluate the corneal stratification model. Results: The results of 5 617 training sets showed that there were 1 472 cases of corneal epithelial defect, 2 416 cases of corneal epithelial thickening, 2 001 cases of corneal thinning, 780 cases of corneal lordosis, 2 064 cases of corneal thickening, 358 cases of subepithelial blisters, 486 cases of subepithelial opacity, 1 010 cases of corneal ulcer, 3 635 cases of stromal opacity, 1 060 cases of posterior elastic layer fold, 137 cases of posterior elastic layer detachment, 665 cases of keratic precipitate, 176 cases of corneal perforation, 127 cases of corneal foreign body, 299 cases of after lamellar keratoplasty (LKP) and 234 cases of after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). Among 1 709 images, 1 596 were manually labeled. The average sensitivity and specificity of the corneal pathology detection model were 96.5% and 96.1% compared with the results of manual labeling. Fifteen samples were missed for detection, and the rate was 0.93%. The average Dice coefficients of the corneal stratification model for the corneal epithelium and stroma were 0.985 and 0.917, respectively. Conclusions: Our artificial intelligence-based diagnosis system with AS-OCT is able to give quantified information and location information of corneal lesions with high accuracy, which can help ophthalmologists improve the efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 447-453).

[Observation and quantification of diabetic keratopathy in type 2 diabetes patients using in vivo laser confocal microscopy]

Objective: To study the diabetic keratopathy in type 2 diabetes patients with retinopathy by in vivo laser confocal microscopy. Methods: This was a case-control study. Ninety type 2 diabetes patients were involved in this study from May 2015 to December 2019 in Qingdao Eye Hospital. According to the diabetic retinopathy clinical stage, these patients were divided into the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group (30 cases), early stage proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group (30 cases) and intermediate to late stage PDR group (30 cases). Thirty non-diabetic healthy volunteers were included in the control group. The central cornea was observed with an in vivo laser confocal microscope. The corneal nerve fiber density, nerve fiber length, nerve branch density, and nerve fiber tortuosity were compared between groups. The corneal Langerhans cells, epithelial cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells were also compared. Results: There were more nerve fibers and branches in the control group than the other three diabetic groups. The nerve fiber length in the control group, NPDR group, early stage PDR group and intermediate to late stage PDR group was (21.55±2.57), (14.73±1.56), (11.23±1.40) and (8.02±1.33) mm/mm², respectively, and there were statistically significant differences between the groups (F=316.17, P=0.00). In the nerve fiber density, nerve branch density and curvature, there were statistically significant differences between the groups (F=345.72, 479.46, 167.00, all P=0.00). The basal cell density in the control group, NPDR group, and two PDR groups was (5 761±303), (5 336±367), (4 146±379) and (3 658±365) cells/mm², respectively, and there were statistically significant differences between the groups (F=234.94, P=0.00). The anterior stromal cell density in the four groups was (836±30), (727±57), (544±59) and (360±47) cells/mm², respectively, and there were statistically significant differences between the groups (F=535.08, P=0.00). The hexagonal endothelium cell rate in the four groups was 62.0%±5.5%, 51.1%±3.7%, 40.2%±4.0% and 27.8%±3.9%, respectively, and the Langerhans cell density was (1.5±0.6), (4.2±1.3), (6.8±2.1) and (10.9±2.1) cells/mm², respectively; there were statistically significant differences between the groups (F=342.28, 179.78, all P=0.00). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the corneal endothelial cell density (F=1.58, P=0.20). Conclusions: In type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic retinopathy, the corneal nerve fiber and branch density can be significantly reduced, and the density of the hexagonal corneal endothelial cells, epithelial basal cells and anterior stromal cells can also decrease. Langerhans cells may be involved in the development diabetic keratopathy. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 754-760).

[A comparative study of two chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse models established by different methods]

Objective: To compare chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mouse models established by two different methods-cigarette smoke (CS) exposure alone and CS exposure combined with airway instillation of bacterial LPS. Methods: Male C57 mice were randomly divided into control group(CTL group), CS exposure group (CS group) and intra-tracheal LPS instillation combined with CS exposure group (LPS+CS group) according to the random number table, with 8 rats in each group. After the models were established, we measured the lung function and collected the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) to detect the number of inflammatory cells and the expression of mucin and inflammatory mediators. HE and PAS staining were performed to observe the pathological changes in airway and lung tissue and to detect the goblet cells in airway, respectively. Results: Total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway resistance (RI) of the CS and LPS+CS groups were higher than those of the CTL group, while the FEV(50)/FVC of these 2 groups was lower (P<0.05). Moreover, both RI and FEV(50)/FVC in the LPS+CS group were higher compared with the CS group (P<0.05). HE staining of lung tissue showed that the average alveolar intercept and thickness of small airway wall in the CS and LPS+CS groups were higher compared to the CTL group. In addition, the average alveolar intercept in the LPS+CS group was lower than that in the CS group [(47.86±2.82) μm and (61.94±7.68) μm respectively, P<0.05], but the area of bronchial inflammation of LPS+CS group was higher. The number of total white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in BALF of CS and LPS+CS groups were higher than those of CTL group (all P<0.05). Furthermore, the number of neutrophils and IL-6 level in BALF of LPS+CS group were higher in comparison with CS group, while the number of macrophages in BALF of LPS+CS group was lower (P<0.05). PAS staining of lung tissue indicated that the number of goblet cells in large airways of CS and LPS+CS groups increased more significantly compared to the CTL group, and the number of goblet cells in the LPS+CS group was higher than that in the CS group [(0.16±0.02) and (0.09±0.02) respectively, P<0.05]. The expression levels of Muc5ac and Muc5b in BALF of LPS+CS and CS groups were also higher than those of CTL group (P<0.05), and the level of Muc5ac in BALF of LPS+CS group was higher compared with CS group[(2.69±0.72) and (2.19±0.29) respectively, P<0.05]. Conclusions: Combined exposure of LPS and CS for establishing a COPD mouse model could better simulate the pathological characteristics of human COPD during the acute exacerbation period. The COPD mouse model established by CS exposure alone was able to better imitate the basic features of human COPD in the stable period. Researchers could choose a more appropriate modeling method according to different purposes.

[Anxiety and depression status of coal miners and related influencing factors]

Objective: To analyze the anxiety and depression status of coal miners and related influencing factors, and to provide justifications for occupational health protection. Methods: From April 2017 to June 2017, a total of 650 coal miners in a mining area in Shanxi, China were enrolled; The coal miners were evaluated for their anxiety and depression status using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (14 items) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (17 items) , respectively. The related influencing factors for anxiety and depression of the coal miners were analyzed with nonparametric test, chi-square test, and logistic regression. Results: The incidence rates of anxiety and depression were 51.1% and 60.5%, respectively. As suggested by the scores and detection rates of anxiety and depression, males had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores than females (P<0.05) ; subjects in older-age groups and those working in shifts had significantly higher anxiety scores (P<0.05) ; subjects with higher education degrees and smokers had significantly higher depression scores (P<0.05) ; while subjects with longer length of service, those with poor sleep quality, and those working in the underground mines had both significantly higher anxiety and depression scores (P<0.05) . The detection rate of anxiety was significantly higher in subjects with a drinking habit than in those who did not drink (P<0.05) . The detection rate of depression was significantly higher in subjects with hypertension than in those with normal blood pressure (P<0.05) . A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that work type and length of service were related to anxiety; gender and length of service were related to depression; length of service was positively correlated with both anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The anxiety and depression in coal miners and related influencing factors should be taken seriously. Gender, age, length of service, working in shifts, education degree, smoking, sleep quality, underground working environment, and hypertension may be risk factors for anxiety and depression in coal miners.

[Strategy for prevention and control of imported infectious disease]

The process of globalization increases the risk of global transmission of infectious diseases, resulting in pressure for country's prevention and control of imported infectious disease. Based on the risk assessment of disease importation and local transmission, a strategy that conducting importation prevention and routine prevention and control before the importation of disease and taking emergency control measures after the importation of disease was developed. In addition, it is important to take part in global infectious disease response action, aid the countries with outbreak or epidemic to actively decrease the risk of disease importation.

Study the effect of Li+ on the ν2/ν3+ν4 Fermi resonance of acetonitrile by Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectra of the solution of LiClO₄ in acetonitrile (CH₃CN) at different concentrations have been measured. With increasing the concentration of Li⁺, it was noted that several vibrational modes of CH₃CN had significant changes in Raman shifts and some new Raman peaks emerged due to the CH₃CN⋯Li⁺ complex formation. In addition, Fermi resonance phenomenon between the ν₂^' and (ν₃ + ν₄)^' Raman bands of CH₃CN⋯Li⁺ complex was observed. Based on the Bertran's equations, Fermi resonance parameters of free CH₃CN and CH₃CN⋯Li⁺ complex at different concentrations have been calculated, respectively. Compared the Fermi resonance coupling coefficients W of free CH₃CN with CH₃CN⋯Li⁺ complex at different concentrations, the free CH₃CN had a little smaller value, which indicated that the ν₂^'/(ν₃ + ν₄)^' Fermi resonance in CH₃CN⋯Li⁺ complex was much stronger than the ν₂/ν₃ + ν₄ Fermi resonance in CH₃CN. From the detailed analysis of the effect of Li⁺ on the spectral features of CH₃CN, the effect mechanism of Li⁺ coordination to CH₃CN at the nitrogen of the CN group on the ν₂/ν₃ + ν₄ Fermi resonance of CH₃CN has been elucidated.

Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has long been considered to be a key regulator of growth factor receptor- and integrin-mediated signals, with pivotal roles in tumor cells through its kinase activity and scaffolding function. Increased FAK expression and activity has been observed in tumors of various origins and is often associated with a poor prognosis. However, there have been no studies on the aberrant expression of FAK in thymic epithelial tumors to date. The aim of the present study was to evaluate FAK expression in thymic epithelial tumors and to explore the prognostic significance of FAK. FAK expression was investigated in 100 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human thymic epithelial tumor (TET) specimens using immunohistochemical analysis with FAK-specific monoclonal antibody 4.47, and the associations between FAK expression and clinicopathological parameters (including sex, age, tumor size, myasthenia gravis, World Health Organization classification and Masaoka-Koga stage) were analyzed. FAK was significantly overexpressed in TETs compared with in normal thymus tissues (P<0.001). Additionally, FAK overexpression was significantly associated with advanced tumor stages (stages III or IV; P<0.001) and highly aggressive TET subtypes (type B2 and B3 thymomas and thymic carcinomas; P<0.001). Furthermore, FAK overexpression was significantly associated with a worse 10-year overall survival, as determined by univariate analysis (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that FAK overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with TETs (P=0.034). The results of the present study suggest that FAK serves an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of TETs. Therefore, FAK may serve as a prognostic biomarker and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TETs.

Effects of lipid form and source on digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of source (corn DDGS, rice bran, or soybean) or form of oil (extracted or intact) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) and fatty acids. The study determined and compared the ATTD or TTTD of AEE and fatty acids in extracted corn oil, rice oil, and soybean oil with intact oil in corn DDGS, full-fat rice bran, and full-fat soybean. Seventy-eight barrows (initial BW = 47.2 ± 3.9 kg; Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were allotted to 1 of 13 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 6 barrows in each dietary treatment. The 13 experimental diets included 1 cornstarch-soybean meal basal diet (AEE, 0.56%) and 3 diets containing 6% extracted oils (corn oil, rice oil, and soybean oil) and 9 diets supplemented with 3 levels of corn DDGS (17%, 34%, and 51%), full-fat rice bran (14%, 28%, and 42%), and full-fat soybean (12%, 24%, and 36%). These diets provided about 2%, 4%, and 6% intact oil, respectively. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial BW per day. A 5-d total collection of feces followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The ATTD of AEE were calculated for each diet. The endogenous flow of AEE associated with each ingredient and values for TTTD were calculated using regression methods. The ATTD of AEE were greater ( < 0.05) for extracted oil than for intact oil. Compared to extracted oil, intact oil had lower ( < 0.01) ATTD of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). However, a source by form interaction ( < 0.01) was observed for ATTD of C18:0, C18:2, and C18:3. The ATTD of C18:0, C18:2, and C18:3 in extracted corn and rice oil were greater compared with intact corn DDGS and rice oil ( < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for the ATTD of C18:0, C18:2, and C18:3 between extracted soybean oil and intact oil in full-fat soybean. In conclusion, lipids that are extracted have a greater digestibility compared with intact lipids, and this is especially true regarding saturated fatty acids. The ATTD of AEE in 2 forms of rice oil (intact oil and extracted oil) was less than the values in corn oil and soybean oil. The TTTD of AEE in corn DDGS and full-fat soybeans were greater than in full-fat rice bran.

[Effect of low-dose ionizing radiation on platelet and leukocytes of radiation workers]

Objective: To explore the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation on the platelets and leukocytes of the radiation workers. Methods: We collected data from a total number of 2 055 radiation related workers and with their cumulative doses. Data on platelets and leukocytes was gathered from physical examination of the staff members, from 2013 to 2015 in Chengdu. T test, variance analysis, χ² test, linear correlation, covariance analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Results from the covariance analysis showed that with the increase of cumulative doses, the quantity of platelet and leukocyte appeared a decreasing trend. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, with the increase of BMI levels and the medium cumulative dose and above (>4.333 mSv), the risk of thrombocytopenia became more obvious (trend test as P<0.05). In the group with high-dose exposure radiation (>15.639 mSv) and combined factor as smoking, the risk of developing thrombocytopenia would increase (OR=2.33, 95% CI: 1.23-4.44). Staff with cumulative dose of less than 4.332 mSv and exercised more than 1 time per week, the risk of developing low leukocyte would decrease (OR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.09-0.70). Conclusions: Along with the increase of cumulative doses on exposure to radiation related workers. The quantity of platelet and leukocyte showed a decreasing trend among them. When this high-dose exposure radiation combined with overweight/obesity or cigarette smoking, the risk of developing thrombocytopenia was high. However, physical exercise might have served as protective factor on leukopenia.

[The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and its injury to endothelial cells]

Objective: To study the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and its injury to endothelial cells. Methods: According to the PSG test results, subjects who were the first time to take PSG examination without treatment (n=71) were divided into a control group (n=20), a mild OSAHS group (n=19), a moderate OSAHS group (n=15) and severe OSAHS group (n=17). For each patients, 4 ml fasting peripheral blood was obtained when PSG was finished around 6: 30 in the next morning, and the MIF level in plasma was detected with the ELISA method. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the control group and the severe OSAHS patients were cocultured with umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) for 72 hours. The apoptosis of HUVEC was detected by flow cytometry, while ET-1, NO, sICAM-1 and IL-6 in the supernatants were measured with the ELISA method. Results: The plasma level of MIF in the control group and the mild, the moderate, and the severe OSAHS patients was (26±8), (28±9), (31±14), (39±15) ng/ml, respectively (F=15.65, P<0.001), and it was higher in the severe OSAHS group as compared to the control group(P<0.01). The level of MIF was associated positively with the apnea hypoventilation index (AHI, r=0.365, P=0.008) and the oxygen index reduction (ODI, r=0.308, P=0.308) n but negatively with the lowest blood oxygen (r=0.323, P=0.323). Endothelial cell apoptosis rate in the control group and the severe OSAHS group was (2.94±1.02) %, (8.23± 3.01) %, respectively, t=5.97, P<0.001. ET-1 in the control group and the severe OSAHS group was (6.71±5.52), (9.88±4.79) pg/ml, respectively, t=3.018, P=0.141. sICAM-1 in the control group and the severe OSAHS group was (11±8), (20±7) ng/ml, respectively, t=7.58, P=0.014. NO in the control group and the severe OSAHS group was (35±16), (25±5) mol/L, respectively, t=2.01, P=0.067. IL-6 in the control group and the severe OSAHS group was (220±42), (436±178) mol/L, respectively, t=2.77, P<0.05. Conclusion: MIF is closely related to the degree of OSAHS severity, and it may be involved in the development and endothelial injury in OSAHS.

Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure

An experiment was conducted to determine effects on DE, ME, and NE for growing pigs of adding 15 or 30% wheat bran to a corn-soybean meal diet and to compare values for DE, ME, and NE calculated using the difference procedure with values obtained using linear regression. Eighteen barrows (54.4 ± 4.3 kg initial BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The experiment had 3 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. The control diet contained corn, soybean meal, and no wheat bran. Two additional diets were formulated by mixing 15 or 30% wheat bran with 85 or 70% of the control diet, respectively. The experimental period lasted 15 d. During the initial 7 d, pigs were adapted to their experimental diets and housed in metabolism crates and fed 573 kcal ME/kg BW per day. On d 8, metabolism crates with the pigs were moved into open-circuit respiration chambers for measurement of O consumption and CO and CH production. The feeding level was the same as in the adaptation period, and feces and urine were collected during this period. On d 13 and 14, pigs were fed 225 kcal ME/kg BW per day, and pigs were then fasted for 24 h to obtain fasting heat production. Results of the experiment indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, crude fiber, ADF, and NDF linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased in the diets. The daily O consumption and CO and CH production by pigs fed increasing concentrations of wheat bran linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05), resulting in a linear decrease ( ≤ 0.05) in heat production. The DE (3,454, 3,257, and 3,161 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), ME (3,400, 3,209, and 3,091 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), and NE (1,808, 1,575, and 1,458 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively) of diets decreased (linear, ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased. The DE, ME, and NE of wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were 2,168, 2,117, and 896 kcal/kg, respectively, and these values were within the 95% confidence interval of the DE (2,285 kcal/kg), ME (2,217 kcal/kg), and NE (961 kcal/kg) estimated by linear regression. In conclusion, increasing the inclusion of wheat bran in a corn-soybean meal based diet reduced energy and nutrient digestibility and heat production as well as DE, ME, and NE of diets, but values for DE, ME, and NE for wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were not different from values determined using linear regression.

The Nutritive Values in Different Varieties of Corn Planted in One Location Fed to Growing Pigs over Three Consecutive Years

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of variety and planting year on the nutritive values of corn fed to growing pigs. Four corn varieties examined in this experiment were planted in the same village located in Longhua County, Heibei Province, China, in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. During each year, corn was hand-harvested in early October and sun dried to about 14% moisture content. Three batches of twenty-four barrows (33.27±4.30, 31.88±2.93, 34.21±3.81 kg body wight [BW] in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively) were used and allotted to a complete block design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were individually placed in metabolic crates. The four experimental diets were formulated by mixing each variety of corn and vitamins and minerals, respectively. A five-day collection period followed a seven-day diet acclimation period. The results indicated that variety of corn significantly influenced the available energy content (digestible energy [DE] on dry matter basis, p<0.05; metabolizable energy (ME) on dry matter basis, p<0.05, respectively), and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (p<0.01), dry matter (p<0.05), gross energy (p<0.05), neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber and ether extract (p<0.05). The planting year also significantly influenced the available energy contents (DE on dry matter basis, p<0.05; ME on dry matter basis, p<0.01, respectively) and the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber (p<0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), and ether extract (p<0.01). No interaction was observed between the variety and planting year in DE and ME contents in corn. In conclusion, the variety and planting year significantly influenced the available energy and nutrient digestibility of corn fed to growing pigs.

TM4SF5-CTD-2354A18.1-miR-4697-3P may play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer

AIMS

Our aim is to identify important lncRNAs and mRNAs which may play a key role in contributing to pathogenesis of gastric cancer.

METHODS

Different LncRNAs and mRNAs are identified by microarray in gastric cancer tissue and corresponding normal tissues. The function and relationship of different LncRNAs and mRNAs is performed by GO analysis and Pathway analysis and made code-non-code network (CNC) by Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC). Then mRNA-miRNA relationship is predicted through mRNA-miRNA relationship software (http://www.targetscan.org). Lastly, mRNA-miRNA-LncRNA network is established for further research.

RESULTS

The expression profiles of 3732 lncRNAs showed different expression (fold change (FC)≥2.0, p<0.05) in gastric cancer tissue and normal tissue and expression profiles of 3994 mRNAs also showed different expression (FC≥2.0, p<0.05) in gastric cancer and corresponding normal tissue.

CONCLUSION

The expression of TM4SF5, CTD-2354A18.1 and miR-4697-3P is in balance at physiological conditions, however, the balance is disrupted by some situations, which may contribute to gastric cancer. GO analysis and Pathway analysis also showed TM4SF5 played an important role in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Therefore, TM4SF5-miR-4697-3P- CTD-2354A18.1 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 30).

Research of inhibition of survivin in rat HSC-T6 cell by siRNA interference

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects and mechanisms of siRNA targeting survivin of inducing apoptosis in rat HSC-T6 cells.

METHODS

The experiment was divided into blank group, pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC group and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-siRNA group. The siRNA was transfected into HSC-T6 cells mediated by LipofectamineTM2000 for 24 h, and then the efficiency of transfection was observed by fluorescence microscopy. After transfection for 48h, the expression of survivin mRNA and protein was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and Western-blot, and the form of cells was observed by microscopy. The apoptosis rate of HSC-T6 cells was measured by the flow cytometry with PI staining. The expression of caspase-3 protein was assessed by western-blot.

RESULTS

The prominent apoptosis of the pGPU6/GFP/Neo-siRNA group by PI staining was high, there was significant difference comparing with blank group and pGPU6/GFP/Neo- shNC group (p<0.05). The expression of caspase-3 by Western-blot in pGPU6/GFP/Neo-siRNA group was high, there was significant difference comparing with blank group and pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shNC group (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

siRNA targeting survivin can inhibit the expression of survivin mRNA and protein in rat HSC-T6 cells. Expression of survivin is negative correlation with expression of caspase-3. siRNA targeting survivin may up-regulate expression of caspase-3 and increase apoptosis of rat HST-T6 (Fig. 6, Ref. 24).

Determination and prediction of energy values in corn distillers dried grains with solubles sources with varying oil content for growing pigs

This study was conducted to determine the DE and ME content of 25 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing pigs and to generate prediction equations for DE and ME based on chemical analysis. The 25 samples included 15 full-oil (no oil extracted; ether extract [EE] > 8%) DDGS and 10 reduced-oil (oil extracted; EE < 8%) DDGS collected from 17 ethanol plants in China. A corn–soybean meal diet constituted the basal diet and the other 25 diets replaced a portion of the corn, soybean meal, and lysine of the basal diet with 28.8% of 1 of the 25 corn DDGS sources. Seventy-eight barrows (initial BW = 42.6 ± 6.2 kg) were used in the experiment conducted over 2 consecutive periods (n = 6 per treatment) using a completely randomized design. For each period, pigs were placed in metabolism cages for a 5-d total collection of feces and urine following a 7-d adaptation to the diets. Among the 25 corn DDGS samples, EE, NDF, DE, and ME content (DM basis) ranged from 2.8 to 14.2%, 31.0 to 46.6%, 3,255 to 4,103 kcal/kg, and 2,955 to 3,899 kcal/kg, respectively. Using a stepwise regression analysis, a series of DE and ME prediction equations were developed not only among all 25 DDGS but also only within 15 full-oil DDGS and 10 reduced-oil DDGS samples. The best fit equations of DE (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of 25 DDGS, 15 full-oil DDGS, and 10 reduced-oil DDGS were 2,064 – (38.51 × % NDF) + (0.64 × % GE) – (39.70 × % ash), –(87.53 × % ADF) + (1.02 × % GE) – (22.99 × % hemicellulose), and 3,491 – (40.25 × % NDF) + (46.95 × % CP), respectively. The best fit equations for ME (kcal/kg DM) for the complete set of 25 DDGS, 15 full-oil DDGS, and 10 reduced-oil DDGS were 1,554 – (44.11 × % NDF) + (0.77 × % GE) – (68.51 × % ash), 7,898 – (42.08 × % NDF) – (136.17 × % ash) + (101.19 × % EE) (103.83 × % CP), and 4,066 – (46.30 × % NDF) + (45.80 × % CP) – (106.19 × % ash), respectively. Using the sum of squared residuals to compare the accuracy of the 3 groups of prediction equations revealed that separate equations for full-oil DDGS and reduced-oil DDGS each provided a better fit than a single equation for the entire set of DDGS sources. These results indicated that the DE and ME values in corn DDGS are related to the chemical composition, primarily the EE and fiber concentrations. Specific prediction equations derived from full-oil and reduced-oil DDGS are better than equations derived from the entire set of DDGS.

Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content of rice bran fed to growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of 19 rice bran samples and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME based on their chemical composition. The 19 rice bran samples came from different rice varieties, processing methods and regions. The basal diet was formulated using corn and soybean meal (74.43% corn and 22.91% soybean meal and 2.66% vitamins and minerals). The 19 experimental diets based on a mixture of corn, soybean meal and 29.2% of each source of rice bran, respectively. In Exp. 1, 108 growing barrows (32.1±4.2 kg) were allotted to 1 of 18 treatments according to a completely randomized design with 6 pigs per treatment. The treatment 1 was the control group which was fed with basal diet. The treatments 2 to 18 were fed with experimental diets. In Exp. 2, two additional rice bran samples were measured to verify the prediction equations developed in Exp. 1. A control diet and two rice bran diets were fed to 18 growing barrows (34.6±3.5 kg). The control and experimental diets formulations were the same as diets in Exp. 1. The results showed that the DE ranged from 14.48 to 16.85 (mean 15.84) MJ/kg of dry matter while the ME ranged from 12.49 to 15.84 (mean 14.31) MJ/kg of dry matter. The predicted values of DE and ME of the two additional samples in Exp. 2 were very close to the measured values.

[Effect on Fermi Resonance by Some External Fields: Investigation of Fermi Resonance According to Raman Spectra]

Fermi resonance is a phenomenon of molecular vibrational coupling and energy transfer occurred between different groups of a single molecule or neighboring molecules. Many properties of Fermi resonance under different external fields, the investigation method of Raman spectroscopy as well as the application of Fermi resonance, etc need to be developed and extended further. In this article the research results and development about Fermi resonance obtained by Raman spectral technique were introduced systematically according to our work and the results by other researchers. Especially, the results of the behaviors of intramolecular and intermolecular Fermi resonance of some molecules under some external fields such as molecular field, pressure field and temperature field, etc were investigated and demonstrated in detail according to the Raman spectra obtained by high pressure DAC technique, temperature variation technique as well as the methods we planed originally in our group such as solution concentration variation method and LCOF resonance Raman spectroscopic technique, and some novel properties of Fermi resonance were found firstly. Concretely, (1) Under molecular field. a. The Raman spectra of C5H5 N in CH3 OH and H2O indicates that solvent effect can influence Fermi resonance distinctly; b. The phenomena of the asymmetric movement of the Fermi resonance doublets as well as the fundamental involved is tuned by the Fermi resonance which had not been found by other methods were found firstly by our variation solution concentration method; c. The Fermi resonance properties can be influenced distinctly by the molecular group reorganization induced by the hydrogen bond and anti-hydrogen bond in solution; d. Fermi resonance can occurred between C7 H8 and m-C8H10, and the Fermi resonance properties behave quite differently with the solution concentration; (2) Under pressure field. a. The spectral lines shift towards high wavenumber with increasing pressure, and frequency difference Δ varies with pressure, which induced the change of W; b. The W of νi + ν4 ν3 of CCl4 in C6H6 decreased more quickly in solution than in pure liquid with increasing pressure and the Fermi resonance disappeared ahead of that in pure liquid, which indicates that the phenomenon of Fermi resonance induced by pressure effect can reveal the mechanism of some solvent effects. (3) Under temperature field. a. The Fermi resonance properties of different molecules behave quite differently with temperature. For an instance, the one of CO2 can be influenced distinctly by temperature, while the one of CS2 behaves no change with temperature. This article offers systematic theoretical and experimental support to the investigation of identification and assignment of molecular spectral line, the confirmation of molecular conformation and conformers, the effect of hydrogen bond on molecular structure and properties, etc.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of extracts from Salvia-Nelumbinis naturalis against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet in mice

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that is characterized by both steatosis and severe injury in liver, still lacks efficient treatment. The traditional Chinese formula Salvia-Nelumbinis naturalis (SNN) is effectively applied to improve the symptoms of nonalcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL) patients. Previous studies have confirmed that SNN could reduce the liver lipid deposition and serum transaminases of NAFL experimental models. This study aims to determine whether SNN is effective for murine NASH model and investigate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms.

METHODS

C57BL/6 J mice were fed with methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for six weeks to induce NASH. Simultaneously, SNN or saline was intragastrically administered daily to the mice in the SNN or model group, respectively. A standard diet was given to the control mice. Serum biochemical indices and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured. Liver histopathology was observed, and the contents of triglycerides and lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenates were evaluated. The hepatic expression and/or activation of genes associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were determined by quantitative RT-PCR or Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The prominent liver steatosis displayed in the NASH model was prevented by SNN. The liver injury of NASH mice was obviously manifested by the increased levels of serum transaminases and bilirubin, as well as the lobular inflammation, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulated apoptosis in liver tissues. SNN administration improved the aforementioned pathological changes. The increased hepatic levels of MDA and cytochrome P450 2E1 of the model confirmed the unregulated balance of oxidative stress. The hepatic expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its target genes decreased, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in the model mice increased. Treating the mice with SNN significantly improved oxidative stress-related harmful factors.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that SNN can protect the liver from severe steatosis and damage induced by MCD diet, which suggests the potential use of SNN on the treatment of NASH patient. The results also indicate that improving the hepatic antioxidant capability of the liver may contribute to the underlying hepatoprotective mechanism.

Lentiviral-mediated RNAi targeting caspase-3 inhibits apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in rat endplate chondrocytes in vitro

Current studies find that degenerated cartilage endplates (CEP) of vertebrae, with fewer diffusion areas, decrease nutrient supply and accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration. Many more apoptotic cells have been identified in degenerated than in normal endplates, and may be responsible for the degenerated grade. Previous findings suggest that inhibition of apoptosis is one possible approach to improve disc regeneration. It is postulated that inhibition of CEP cell apoptosis may be responsible for the regeneration of endplates. Caspase-3, involved in the execution phase of apoptosis, is a candidate for regulating the apoptotic process. In the present study, CEP cells were incubated in 1% fetal bovine serum. Activated caspases were detected to identify the apoptotic pathway, and apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Lentiviral caspase-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to study its protective effects against serum deprivation. Silencing of caspase-3 expression was quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots, and inhibition of apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Serum deprivation increased apoptosis of rat CEP cells through activation of a caspase cascade. Lentiviral caspase-3 shRNA was successfully transduced into CEP cells, and specifically silenced endogenous caspase-3 expression. Surviving cells were protected by the downregulation of caspase-3 expression and activation. Thus, lentiviral caspase-3 shRNA-mediated RNAi successfully silenced endogenous caspase-3 expression, preventing inappropriate or premature apoptosis.

Estimation of the net energy requirements for maintenance in growing and finishing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy requirements for maintenance of growing and finishing pigs using regression models. Thirty-six growing (27.38 ± 2.24 kg) and 36 finishing (70.25 ± 2.61 kg) barrows were used and within each phase. Pigs received a corn-soybean meal diet fed at 6 levels of feed intake, which were calculated as 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum ME intake (2,400 kJ ME/kg BW(0.6)·d(-1)) of the pigs. Measurements were conducted on 6 pigs per feeding level and per stage of growth. After a 5-d adjustment period, barrows in the fasted treatment were kept in respiration chambers for 2 d to measure the fasting heat production. Barrows in the other treatments were kept individually in respiration chambers for a 5-d balance trial followed by a 2-d fasting period. Heat production (HP) in the fed state was measured and feces and urine were collected in the balance trial. The total HP increased (P < 0.01) with increasing feeding levels. Fasting HP increased (P < 0.01) as previous feeding level increased and was less (P = 0.012) in finishing pigs than growing pigs if calculated per kilogram BW(0.6) per day. When using an exponential regression analysis, ME requirements for maintenance were estimated at 973 and 921 kJ/kg BW(0.6)·d(-1) and NE requirements for maintenance were estimated at 758 and 732 kJ/kg BW(0.6)·d(-1) for growing and finishing pigs, respectively. The efficiencies of using ME for growth and for maintenance were estimated at 66 and 78.7% for growing and finishing pigs, respectively. It is concluded that exponential regression between HP and a wide range of ME intake may be used as a new method to determine the NE requirement for maintenance.

Raman spectra from symmetric hydrogen bonds in water by high-intensity laser-induced breakdown

Raman spectra of ice VII and X were investigated using strong plasma shockwave generated by laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in liquid water. Simultaneously, the occurrence of the hydrogen emission lines of 656 nm (Hα), 486 nm (Hβ), 434 nm (Hγ) and 410 nm (Hδ) was observed. At 5 × 10(12) W/cm(2) optical power density, the O-H symmetric stretching, translational and librational modes of ice VII and a single peak at 785 cm(-1) appeared in the spectra. The band was assigned to the Raman-active O-O mode of the monomolecular phase, which was the symmetric hydrogen bond of cuprite ice X. The spectra indicated that ice VII and X structure were formed, as the trajectory of the strong plasma shockwave passes through the stable Pressure-Temperature range of ice VII and X. The shockwave temperature and pressure were calculated by the Grüneisen model.

[Comparative study on the effects of different therapeutic methods in preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by comparing the therapeutic efficacy of methods for fortifying the spleen and replenishing qi, warming yang and fortifying the spleen and warming yang to move water.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal, model, Sijunzi Tang (SJZ), Lizhong Tang (LZ), Linggui Zhugan Tang (LGZG) and Shenzhuo Tang (SZ) groups. Rats in the normal group were fed with ordinary diet, while the rats in the other groups were fed with high fat diet including 88% ordinary food, 10% lard oil and 2% cholesterol. After four weeks of treatment, the weight of liver and epididymal fat was recorded respectively for calculating the indexes of liver (liver weight/body weight) and epididymal fat (weight of epididymal fat pads/body weight); the pathological changes in liver tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining; the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and liver TAG concentration were analyzed by biochemical test.

RESULTS

Body weight, liver and epididymal fat indexes and liver TAG level of rats all significantly increased in the model group as compared with the normal group (P<0.05). Hepatic fatty infiltration, TAG concentration and the levels of serum TAG and ALT were significantly decreased in the LGZG and SZ groups when compared to those in the model group (P<0.05). In addition, epididymal fat index and serum TC level also significantly decreased in the LGZG group as compared with the model group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant change in liver TAG concentration in LZ and model groups.

CONCLUSION

Method of warming yang or moving water can promote the lipid metabolism. It may be an effective strategy in preventing and treating NAFL by treating with warming yang and moving water together.

Butyrate promotes the recovering of intestinal wound healing through its positive effect on the tight junctions

Postweaning diarrhea is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in weanling piglets. Feeding sodium butyrate to weanling piglets decreased the incidence of diarrhea, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The present study was to evaluate the effect of sodium butyrate on diarrhea in relation to wound healing of intestinal barrier using IPEC-J2 cell model. Cultured cells were scratched to induce wound and then were treated with 4 mM sodium butyrate. The results showed that supplementation of the cells with sodium butyrate significantly promoted the process of wound healing, indicating the protective effects of butyrate on the intestinal mucosa. Butyrate treatment enhanced mRNA expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden protein-1 (P < 0.05), which suggested that the promotion of wound healing by butyrate is related to the maintenance of the function of the intestinal barrier. In addition, in the butyrate-treated group, intestinal total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), two of the main antioxidant enzymes, as well as glutathione (P < 0.05), one of the nonenzymatic antioxidant components, were enhanced whereas the malondialdehyde level, a marker of free radical mediated lipid peroxidation injury, was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Collectively, these results indicate that dietary sodium butyrate might, at least partly, play an important role in recovering the intestinal tight junctions having a positive effect on maintaining the gut integrity.

Stimulated Raman scattering from sulfur-II produced by laser decomposition of liquid carbon disulfide

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of sulfur-II (S-II) phase was investigated by laser decomposition of liquid carbon disulfide. As a matter of fact, above a threshold of the laser intensity, it is suggested that a strong shock wave is generated in the liquid carbon disulfide, which is decomposed owing to the induced high dynamic pressure and temperature. One bending mode E frequency at 289 cm(-1) and one symmetric stretching mode A1 frequency at 490 cm(-1) of S-II phase were observed. The SRS spectra indicated that S-II structure is formed by laser decomposition, as the strong shock wave generates the stable pressure-temperature range of S-II phase. The dynamic high-pressure and static-electric field generated by laser-induced breakdown results in the softening A1 mode becoming more hardened.

Evaluation of energy digestibility and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy from chemical composition of different cottonseed meal sources fed to growing pigs

The present experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content, and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in growing pigs fed diets containing one of ten cottonseed meals (CSM) collected from different provinces of China and to develop in vitro prediction equations for DE and ME content from chemical composition of the CSM samples. Twelve growing barrows with an initial body weight of 35.2±1.7 kg were allotted to two 6×6 Latin square designs, with six barrows and six periods and six diets for each. A corn-dehulled soybean meal diet was used as the basal diet, and the other ten diets were formulated with corn, dehulled soybean meal and 19.20% CSM. The DE, ME and ATTD of gross energy among different CSM sources varied largely and ranged from 1,856 to 2,730 kcal/kg dry matter (DM), 1,778 to 2,534 kcal/kg DM, and 42.08 to 60.47%, respectively. Several chemical parameters were identified to predict the DE and ME values of CSM, and the accuracy of prediction models were also tested. The best fit equations were: DE, kcal/kg DM = 670.14+31.12 CP+659.15 EE with R² = 0.82, RSD = 172.02, p<0.05; and ME, kcal/kg DM = 843.98+25.03 CP+673.97 EE with R² = 0.84, RSD = 144.79, p<0.05. These results indicate that DE, ME values and ATTD of gross energy varied substantially among different CSM sources, and that some prediction equations can be applied to predict DE and ME in CSM with an acceptable accuracy.

Whole-genome scan for signatures of recent selection reveals loci associated with important traits in White Leghorn chickens

Chicken is considered to be an excellent model for genetic studies of phenotypic and genomic evolution, with large effective population size, specialized commercial lines, and strong human-driven selection. High-density chicken SNP chips can help to achieve a better understanding of the selection mechanisms in artificially selected populations. We performed the genome-wide tests for the selection signature in 385 White Leghorn hens and mapped positively selected regions to the genome annotations. Ten QTL related to egg production, egg quality, growth, and disease resistance traits were selected for extended haplotype homozygosity tests to give a brief overview of recent selection signatures in chicken QTL. We also reported 185 candidate genes/CDSs showing top P-values and slower decay of haplotype homozygosities. Some of these genes seemed to have significant effects on important economical traits, and most of them have not been reported in chickens. The current study provides a genome-wide map of linkage disequilibrium extents and distributions and selection footprints in the chicken genome. A panel of genes, including PRL, NCKX1, NRF1, LHX2, and SFRP1 associated with egg production, metabolism traits, and response to illumination were identified. In addition, there were more genes identified that have not yet been reported in chickens, and our results provide new clues for further study.

A genome-wide SNP scan reveals two loci associated with the chicken resistance to Marek's disease

Marek's disease (MD) is a neoplastic disease in chickens, caused by the Marek's disease virus (MDV). To investigate host genetic resistance to MD, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 67 MDV-infected chickens based on a case and control design, including 57 susceptible chickens in the case group and 10 resistant chickens as controls. After searching 38 655 valid genomic markers, two SNPs were found to be associated with host resistance to MD. One SNP, rs14527240, reaching chromosome-wide significance level (P < 0.01) was located in the SPARC-related modular calcium-binding 1 (SMOC1) gene on GGA5. The other one, GGaluGA156129, reaching genome-wide significance (P < 0.05), was located in the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) gene on GGA2. In addition, expression patterns of these two genes in spleens were detected by qPCR. The expression of SMOC1 was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), whereas the expression of PTNP3 did not show significance when the case group was compared with the control group. Up-regulation of SMOC1 in susceptible spleens suggests its important roles in MD tumorigenesis. This is the first study to investigate MD-resistant loci, and it demonstrates the power of GWASs for mapping genes associated with MD resistance.

Electrochemiluminescent detection of mucin 1 protein and MCF-7 cancer cells based on the resonance energy transfer

A novel sensing strategy for sensitive detection of mucin 1 protein (MUC1) and MCF-7 cells based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) resonance energy transfer (ERET) from bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-(5-aminophenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (Ru1) to graphene oxide (GO) was proposed. The MUC1 aptamer was covalently combined with Ru1 (Ru1-aptamer) using aqueous carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Due to the strong noncovalent interaction between the Ru1-aptamer and GO, the ECL of Ru1 was efficiently quenched because of the ERET. In the presence of a target MUC1 protein, the binding between the Ru1-aptamer and MUC1 disturbed the interaction between the Ru1-aptamer and GO. These interactions led to the release of the Ru1-aptamer from GO, and resulted in the restoration of Ru1 ECL. This was shown to detect MUC1 protein sensitively in a linear range from 64.9 to 1036.8 nM with a detection limit of 40 nM. With further application in the detection of MCF-7 cells, the presented method could respond at concentrations as low as 30 cancer cells per mL. By substituting the aptamer and the corresponding target, this method could be conveniently extended for the sensitive detection of other biomolecules.

[Effects of the mixture of Swertia pseudochinensis Hara and Silybum marianum Gaertn extracts on CCl(4)-induced liver injury in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]

OBJECTIVE

To study the mechanism of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the therapeutic effects of the extract mixture of Dangyao (Swertia pseudochinensis Hara) and Shuifeiji (Silybum marianum Gaertn) on NAFLD rats with liver injury.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were randomized into normal control group, CCl(4) group, high-fat diet group, high-fat diet plus CCl(4) injection group (model group), diammonium glycyrrhizinate group and extract mixture group. Except the normal control and CCl(4) groups, rats were fed with high-fat diet (88% normal chow, 10% lard and 2% cholesterol) to induce NAFLD. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate and extracts were given by gavage. After eight weeks, a nonlethal dose of CCl(4) was injected intraperitoneally to all rats except the normal and high-fat diet groups. And 48 h later, all rats were sacrificed, and serum and liver tissues were collected for further study. Paraffin-processed liver tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to observe the pathological changes. Serum alamine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The levels of triacylglycerol (TAG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissues were also examined. Expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Liver sections stained with HE showed that the histopathological changes in the normal control group and the CCl(4) group were mild; massive hepatosteatosis diffusing in lobules was shown in the high-fat diet groups; steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning degeneration and inflammatory infiltration were severe around the central vein in sections of the model group. Compared with the model group, hepatosteatosis and ballooning were significantly attenuated in the treatment groups. Levels of serum ALT and AST, contents of TAG and MDA and the UCP2 expression in liver tissues of the model group increased obviously, while the level of liver GSH decreased. Compared with rats in the model group, the above biomarkers in the treatment groups were improved significantly.

CONCLUSION

The mixture of Dangyao and Shuifeiji extracts can decrease the susceptibility and degree of liver injury induced by hepatotoxin in rats with NAFLD. Regulation of the balance of pro- and anti-oxidative stress factors is involved in the mechanism.

[Study of Fermi resonance by means of solution concentration variation]

The values of Raman scattering coefficients of some molecules in which Fermi resonance occurs vary with solution concentration variation. We measured the Raman spectra of some solvents such as CCl4, CS2, C6H6, etc by changing the concentration of the solutions ranging from 10% to 100% in volume. As a result, the authors obtained the general law of Fermi resonance. We found some weak Fermi resonance phenomena as well that the two bands of Raman spectrum shift asymmetrically and that the fundamental of overtone is tuned by Fermi resonance and moves towards the same direction with the overtone simultaneously, which is same as the results Bier K. D. obtained by means of high-pressure technique. By means of this method, the authors demonstrated the conclusion that only the fundamental in combinations which has the same symmetry as the fundamental involved in Fermi resonance directly can its intensity variation influence the Fermi resonance. In this article, the authors present a new method to study Fermi resonance. This method is valuable in the identification and the assignment of spectral lines of solutions, the determination of molecular configuration of enzyme, the discrimination of isomer, as well as the influences on the molecular structures and properties caused by hydrogen bond.

Soybean-derived beta-conglycinin affects proteome expression in pig intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro

It is well known that β-conglycinin, a soybean allergen, induces allergies and causes intestinal damage in fetuses and neonates. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects of β-conglycinin remain elusive. In particular, it is unknown whether or not this dietary substance causes direct damage affecting the proliferation and integrity of intestinal cells. This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of β-conglycinin (0 to 1,500 µg/mL) and the duration of culture (48 or 72 h) on the proliferation and proteome of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Eight individually housed piglets (10 d old; initial BW, 3.79 ± 0.07 kg) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 4) and challenged with or without β-conglycinin via oral administration d 10 through 28. After the last administration of β-conglycinin or PBS, piglets were killed and jejuna mucosal samples were collected for proteomic analysis. Supplementing β-conglycinin to either culture medium or weanling pigs increased (P < 0.05) the expression of proteins related to apoptosis, stress, and inflammation, but decreased (P < 0.05) the expression of proteins related to cytoskeleton and nucleus replication in intestinal cells. Further analysis confirmed an increase in caspase-3 expression in the cells exposed to β-conglycinin in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, these novel results indicate that β-conglycinin directly induces intestinal damage by depressing intestinal-cell growth, damaging the cytoskeleton, and causing apoptosis in the piglet intestine.

Effects of chitosan on growth performance and energy and protein utilisation in broiler chickens

1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, energy availability and protein retention in broilers. 2. Experiment 1 was a 42-d growth assay, in which 294 1-d-old male broilers were given one of 7 dietary treatments. A control feed was supplemented with 5 levels of chitosan (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/kg) or 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC). 3. Increasing chitosan inclusion gave a nonlinear increase (P< 0.001) in feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Optimal growth and feed conversion were obtained with 0.5-1.0 g/kg chitosan. 4. In experiment 2, 42 1-d-old male broilers (6/treatment) were individually housed but fed on the same diets as in experiment 1. Excreta were collected from d 19-21 and d 40-42. 5. The addition of 0.5-1.0 g/kg chitosan increased nitrogen retention compared with the control group (P< 0.01), while apparent metabolisable energy in the diets was not altered.

[Immunophenotypic comparison of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from the greater omentums and subcutaneous adipose tissues of rats]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) isolated from the greater omentums and subcutaneous adipose tissues of rats for their characteristics in cell morphology, growth kinetics and immunophenotypes.

METHODS

ADMSCs were isolated from the greater omentums and inguinal fat pads of 6 SD rats and cultured in vitro. The morphologies of the ADMSCs were observed using phase-contrast microscopy, and their growth curves were generated and the doubling times determined. The phenotypic marker profiles including CD11b, CD29, CD45, CD49d, CD90 and CD106 of the ADMSCs in the fourth passage were determined using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The ADMSCs harvested from the greater omentums and inguinal fat pads showed almost identical morphologies. The growth curves and the mean doubling time of the ADMSCs from the two different sources showed no obvious difference. With similar positivity rates for CD11b, CD29, CD106 and CD90, the two ADMSCs exhibited different expression rates of CD45 and CD49d.

CONCLUSIONS

The immunophenotypic characteristics of the ADMSCs from the greater omentums and subcutaneous adipose tissues are not totally identical.

Transfer of conjugated linoleic acid from sows to their offspring and its impact on the fatty acid profiles of plasma, muscle, and subcutaneous fat in piglets

This experiment was conducted to determine if CLA could be transferred from sows to their offspring through the umbilical cord or milk. Eighteen pregnant Dalland sows of mixed parity were used in a completely randomized block design based on parity and BW. The sows were allotted to 1 of 3 groups and fed diets containing 0, 0.5, or 1.0% CLA during the last 50 d of gestation and throughout a 26-d lactation (n = 6). Umbilical cord blood was sampled at parturition. Colostrum and milk were collected from each sow on d 2 and 15 after farrowing. Samples of blood, backfat, and the LM were obtained from piglets at 2 and 26 d of age. Sow reproductive performance and piglet growth were not altered by CLA supplementation during the late gestation and lactation periods. The CLA supplementation of sow diets had an impact on the fatty acid profiles in colostrum and milk. Dietary CLA increased the concentrations of total SFA (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), but reduced the total MUFA in the colostrum (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01). Although dietary CLA increased the concentrations of total SFA (quadratic, P < 0.01), it had no influence on total MUFA concentrations in the milk. In addition, feeding sows diets supplemented with CLA resulted in increases (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) in the CLA content of plasma, backfat, and the LM in their offspring. However, trans-10, cis-12-18:2, rather than cis-9, trans-11-18:2, was detected in the umbilical cord blood, which indicates that CLA may be transported from the sow to the fetus in an isomer-specific manner.

Effects of Particle Size and Physical Form of Diets on Mast Cell Numbers, Histamine, and Stem Cell Factor Concentration in the Small Intestine of Broiler Chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that particle size and diet form may affect the growth of mast cells and histamine release from the small intestine of broiler chickens. A total of 288, day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 corn-soy diets in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The factors included particle size (coarse vs. fine) and physical form (mash vs. pellet). The birds were housed in 90 x 60 cm pens containing 12 birds, and each treatment contained 6 replicate pens of birds from d 1 to 22. On d 22, 6 broilers from each treatment were slaughtered. Tissues from the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) were obtained to quantify mast cells using the toluidine blue staining technique. The results showed that mast cells in the jejunum were concentrated in the upper part of the villus in birds fed the coarsely ground mash diet, whereas mast cells were evenly distributed throughout the intestine in birds fed the other 3 diets. The number of mast cells was significantly lower in the duodenum (P = 0.04), jejunum (P < 0.01), and ileum (P = 0.01) of birds fed coarsely ground diets compared with finely ground diets, and there was no difference in mast cell numbers between birds fed mashed or pelleted diets at any site in the intestine. The histamine content (P = 0.02) and stem cell factor concentration (P = 0.03) were markedly lower in the jejunum of birds that were fed coarsely ground diets compared with finely ground diets. The stem cell factor concentration in the duodenum (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P = 0.05) was higher in birds fed pelleted compared with mash diets. The overall results of this experiment suggest that particle size and diet form affect mast cell number and histamine content in the small intestine by regulation of stem cell factor concentration.

Effects of β-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide1

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of beta-glucan supplementation on pig performance and immune function. In Exp. 1, 100 weaned pigs (8.65 +/- 0.42 kg of BW and 28 +/- 2 d of age) were used in a 35-d experiment to determine the effects of graded levels of beta-glucan. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments containing beta-glucan supplemented at 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 ppm. Each treatment was replicated using 5 pens containing 4 pigs per pen. The ADG of pigs between d 14 to 28 and d 0 to 28 responded to dietary beta-glucan in a quadratic fashion (P < 0.05), whereas beta-glucan had no effect on ADFI and G:F in any period. In Exp. 2, 80 crossbred pigs (8.23 +/- 0.56 kg of BW and 28 +/- 2 d of age) were used in a 35-d experiment. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments (0 or 50 ppm of beta-glucan in the diet) using 10 pens with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs treated with beta-glucan had greater ADG in the 14- to 28-d (P = 0.05) and 0-to 28-d (P = 0.035) periods. The ADFI of pigs receiving beta-glucan was increased (P < 0.05) in the periods from 0 to 14, 0 to 28, and 28 to 35 d. The lymphocyte proliferation index in response to phytohemagglutinin (P = 0.051) and concanavalin A (P = 0.052) tended to decrease on d 14 in pigs supplemented with beta-glucan compared with pigs without supplementation. In Exp. 3, 24 barrows (8.89 +/- 0.20 kg of BW and 28 d of age) were used to investigate the immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, with the main effects of LPS challenge (saline vs. LPS) and dietary addition of beta-glucan (0 vs. 50 ppm). Pigs were raised individually in metabolic cages. Pigs were fed 0 or 50 ppm of beta-glucan for 28 d and then challenged with LPS (25 microg/kg of BW) or saline. After LPS injection, blood was obtained at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 h to determine cytokine production and the somatotropic response. Dietary beta-glucan increased plasma interleukin-6 at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at 3 and 4.5 h and increased plasma interleukin-10 from 3 to 7.5 h after LPS challenge. The beta-glucan treatments had no effect on growth hormone. In conclusion, beta-glucan can selectively influence performance and partially offer benefits on somatotropic axis and immune function in weaned piglets challenged with LPS.

Effect of stachyose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal fermentation characteristics in broilers

1. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the oligosaccharide stachyose enhances gastrointestinal tract health by fermentation and proliferation of desirable bacteria species and thus affects growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. 2. A total of 432 1-d-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly allocated to one of 6 treatments, with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 6 birds per pen. Chicks were fed a maize-hamlet protein 300 (HP300) basal diet with 0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 or 16.0 g/kg stachyose. A sixth diet contained no HP300 but soybean meal (SBM) and provided 8.7 g/kg stachyose and 3.1 g/kg raffinose. The duration of the study was 42 d. 3. Stachyose contents above 12.0 g/kg depressed group body weights, average daily gain and feed/gain but not feed intake during the whole experimental period. Broiler growth decreased linearly and quadratically with increasing stachyose content. No differences were detected between diets supplemented with 12.0 g/kg stachyose and SBM. 4. Nutrient digestibility tended to decrease but not significantly with increasing stachyose. 5. Stachyose content had no significant positive effects on caecal pH, microflora population and the resulting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites during the 42 d experiment, with only butyrate differing significantly in the initial period.

Effects of Feed Particle Size and Feed Form on Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in the Alimentary Tract and Cecal S. typhimurium Reduction in Growing Broilers

An in vitro experiment and an in vivo experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of feed particle size (coarse and fine) and feed form (mash and pellet) on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) in the alimentary tract, and the reduction of cecal ST in growing broilers in a 2 x 2 factorial design. All diets in the 2 trials were corn and soybean meal-based diets that differed only in physical characteristics. Diets were provided for birds from d 1 to 22 of age. In the in vitro trial, the relative gizzard weight was lower in birds that were fed the pellet diet (P < 0.01), whereas the relative weight of the cecum was higher in these birds (P < 0.01). Broilers receiving the pellet diet had enhanced concentrations of volatile fatty acids in contents from both the gizzards and the ceca. In addition, there was an increase in gizzard pH (P < 0.01) with the pellet diet, but a reduction in cecal pH (P < 0.05). Pellet-fed birds showed a significantly decreased and increased in vitro death rate of ST in the contents from gizzards (P < 0.01) and ceca (P < 0.05), respectively. A higher in vitro ST death rate in the gizzard was observed in birds given the coarse mash diet compared with those given the fine mash diet. In the in vivo experiment, cecal volatile fatty acid concentrations were increased, whereas cecal pH was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when birds were fed the pellet diet compared with the mash diet. Furthermore, cecal ST concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in broilers fed the pellet diet than in those fed the mash diet. Results indicated that the pellet diet increases the incidence of ST in gizzards and ceca in growing broilers and provide evidence demonstrating that the gizzard may play a critical role in reducing ST contamination in growing broilers.

Application of I125 Brachytherapy Combined Artificial Joint Prosthesis in Malignant Osteo- and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the brachytherapy effectiveness of I(125) seeds combined with artificial prosthesis in malignant sarcoma therapy.

METHODS

The combination of I(125) seeds and artificial prosthesis was implanted to replace tumor section for three clinical cases-2 malignant osteosarcoma patients and 1 malignant soft-tissue tumor patient- through the direct operation.

RESULTS

Approximately 14-18 months after the operation, the results of our post-operational investigation showed that the tumor tissues of 3 patients had been completely removed. The limb functions recovered well. The brachytherapy of the combination of I(125) seeds and artificial prosthesis in malignant tumor improved the curative effect. No tumor existed, and no infection occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

It was demonstrated that this method was safe and easy. No side-effect was observed after the implantation of I(125) seeds. The brachytherapy was proven to be a potential method for patients who were at high risk to recrudesce the malignant osteosarcoma of tumors after the tumor excision.

Effects of β-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs1

A total of 108 crossbred piglets (7.75 +/- 0.24 kg of BW) weaned at 28 d was used to study the interactive effects of beta-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weaned pigs. The treatments were in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement; main effects were level of Astragalus membranaceus glucan (AMG; 0, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg; as-fed basis) and presence of immunological challenge (with or without LPS). The experiment included six replicate pens per treatment and three pigs per pen. Lipopolysaccharide challenges were conducted on d 7 and 21 of the trial. Blood samples were obtained from the vena cava from one pig per pen at 3 h after LPS challenge to determine plasma responses. Weight gain and feed:gain ratio were unaffected by glucan. However, there was a quadratic effect on feed intake (P < 0.05): pigs fed 500 mg of glucan/kg had the highest feed intake. Immunological challenge with LPS decreased weight gain (P = 0.02). An interaction (P = 0.01 to 0.09) between AMG and LPS was observed for glucose, IL-1beta, PGE2, and cortisol. Astragalus membranaceus glucan had a quadratic effect on the plasma concentrations of glucose, IL-1beta, PGE2, and cortisol (P < 0.05) after both LPS challenges. Plasma concentrations of glucose, IL-1beta, PGE2, and cortisol (P < 0.05) were all increased in LPS-challenged pigs compared with the control pigs after both LPS challenges. The IGF-I concentrations were less for LPS-challenged pigs than for unchallenged pigs. The lymphocyte proliferation response of peripheral blood induced by 5 microg of concanavalin A/mL (P < 0.01) and IL-2 bioactivity (P < 0.05) increased linearly with increasing addition of glucan. Pigs challenged with LPS had greater T-lymphocyte proliferation (P = 0.06) and IL-2 bioactivity (P = 0.07) than unchallenged pigs after the first immunological challenge but not after the second. In conclusion, although glucan did not improve pig performance under the conditions of the present experiment, when included at 500 mg/kg, it decreased the release of inflammatory cytokine and corticosteroid and improved the lymphocyte proliferation response of weanling piglets via enhanced IL-2 bioactivity.

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the fatty acid composition of egg yolk, plasma and liver as well as hepatic stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity and gene expression in laying hens

A total of 216 Brown Dwarf laying hens (1.62 +/- 0.06 kg BW and 60 wk old) were fed 1 of 3 corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0, 2.5, or 5.0% conjugated linoleic aicd (CLA) to explore its effects on the fatty acid composition of egg yolk, plasma, and liver as well as hepatic stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD-1) activity and its mRNA gene expression. Four hens were placed in wired-floored cages (45 x 40 x 45 cm) and 3 cages were grouped as 1 replicate, resulting in 6 replicates per treatment. The experimental diets were fed for 54 d, and then eggs were collected to determine the fatty acid composition of egg yolk. Four eggs were randomly selected from the total day's production for each replicate, and the contents were pooled prior to analysis. On d 56, one randomly chosen hen from each replicate (6 hens per replicate and a total of 18 hens) was bled via heart puncture and then killed in order to collect liver samples to measure the fatty acid profile of plasma and liver tissue as well as hepatic SCD-1 activity and its mRNA abundance. Dietary supplementation of CLA resulted in a significant deposition of CLA in egg yolk, plasma, and liver lipids (P < 0.01). As the dietary level of CLA increased, the concentration of saturated fatty acids in egg yolk, plasma, and liver also increased (P < 0.05). However, the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in these same tissues decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the control, the activity of SCD-1 was reduced by feeding 2.5% CLA (P < 0.05) without a change in SCD-1 mRNA gene expression. However, feeding 5% CLA reduced both SCD-1 activity and mRNA abundance (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the conversion of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk, plasma, and liver might be modulated directly at hepatic mRNA gene expression levels, or may be indirectly regulated at the downstream post-transcriptional levels.