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Nicholson TM, Best SL, Ricke EA, Timms BG, Ricke WA. White's operation: the history of 19 th century attempts to treat prostate disease with castration. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2022; 10:462-466. [PMID: 36636690 PMCID: PMC9831916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand the roots of 19th century hormonal treatments for BPH in the career of J. William White, a prominent surgeon scientist at the University of Pennsylvania. We reviewed primary and secondary literature available in PUBMED, the University of Pennsylvania Archives, and internet resources. In 1893, Dr. White presented a series of experiments demonstrating atrophy of the canine prostate following castration and advocated for this procedure in men suffering from prostatic hypertrophy. This approach was adopted by many of White's contemporaries. In 1895, White presented findings from 111 patients and reported improvement of urinary symptoms in three quarters of these patients. Improvements in surgical techniques for prostatectomy have predominantly eliminated castration as a clinical procedure for BPH treatment. These early experiments demonstrated the critical dependence of the prostate on testicular androgens and were the basis for subsequent hormonal therapies for BPH. In conclusion, the bold experiments of late 19th century surgeons paved the way for our contemporary understanding of the important role of sex steroid hormones in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA,Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Sara L Best
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Barry G Timms
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
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Nguyen JL, Ricke EA, Liu TT, Gerona R, MacGillivray L, Wang Z, Timms BG, Bjorling DE, Vom Saal FS, Ricke WA. Bisphenol-A analogs induce lower urinary tract dysfunction in male mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114889. [PMID: 34979091 PMCID: PMC9436030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical, significantly impacts numerous diseases and abnormalities in mammals. Estrogens are known to play an important role in the biology of the prostate; however, little is known about the role of bisphenols in the etiology of prostate pathologies, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Bisphenol-F (BPF) and bisphenol-S (BPS) are analogs often used as substitutes for BPA; they are both reported to have in vitro and in vivo estrogenic effects similar to or more potent than BPA. The objective of this study was to assess the role of these bisphenols in the development of LUTD in adult male mice. In adult mice exposed to BPA, BPS or BPF, we examined urinary tract histopathology and physiological events associated with urinary dysfunction. Mice treated with bisphenols displayed increased bladder (p < 0.005) and prostate (p < 0.0001) mass, and there was an increased number of prostatic ducts in the prostatic urethra (p < 0.05) and decreased size of the urethra lumen (p < 0.05) compared to negative controls. After two months of bisphenol exposure, mice displayed notable differences in cystometric tracings compared to controls, consistent with LUTD. Treatment of male mice with all bisphenols also induced voiding dysfunction manifested by detrusor instability and histologic changes in the prostatic urethra of male rodents, consistent with LUTD. Our results implicate BPA and its replacements in the development and progression LUTD in mice and provide insights into the development and progression of BPH/LUTS in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Nguyen
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - E A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - T T Liu
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - R Gerona
- Dept of ObGyn, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - L MacGillivray
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Z Wang
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - B G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - D E Bjorling
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - F S Vom Saal
- Dept of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - W A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States.
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Vellky JE, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. Expression, Localization, and Function of the Nucleolar Protein BOP1 in Prostate Cancer Progression. Am J Pathol 2020; 191:168-179. [PMID: 33039351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Differentiating between indolent and aggressive prostate cancers (CaP) is important to decrease overtreatment and increase survival for men with the aggressive disease. Nucleolar prominence is a histologic hallmark of CaP; however, the expression, localization, and functional significance of specific nucleolar proteins have not been investigated thoroughly. The nucleolar protein block of proliferation 1 (BOP1) is associated with multiple cancers but has not been implicated in CaP thus far. Meta-analysis of publicly available data showed increased BOP1 expression in metastatic CaP and recurrent CaP, and was inversely associated with overall survival. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry was used to analyze expression and localization of BOP1 and nucleolar protein 56 in human tissue samples from various stages of CaP progression. Here, increased BOP1 expression was observed at later stages of CaP progression, coinciding with a localization change from nuclear to cytoplasmic. In patient samples, cytoplasmic BOP1 was also inversely associated with overall survival. In models of prostate cancer progression, BOP1 expression showed expression and localization similar to that in human patient samples. The functional significance of BOP1 in metastatic CaP was assessed by genetic knockdown, where BOP1 knockdown resulted in decreased proliferation and motility compared with control. Taken together, these data suggest prognostic significance of BOP1 expression and localization in CaP progression and provide a foundation for further investigation into the functional role of nucleolar proteins in advanced CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Huang
- George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Popovics P, Awadallah WN, Kohrt SE, Case TC, Miller NL, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ramirez-Solano M, Liu Q, Vezina CM, Matusik RJ, Ricke WA, Grabowska MM. Prostatic osteopontin expression is associated with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2020; 80:731-741. [PMID: 32356572 PMCID: PMC7485377 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) occur in more than half of men above 50 years of age. LUTS were traditionally attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and therefore the clinical terminology often uses LUTS and BPH interchangeably. More recently, LUTS were also linked to fibrogenic and inflammatory processes. We tested whether osteopontin (OPN), a proinflammatory and profibrotic molecule, is increased in symptomatic BPH. We also tested whether prostate epithelial and stromal cells secrete OPN in response to proinflammatory stimuli and identified downstream targets of OPN in prostate stromal cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on prostate sections obtained from the transition zone of patients who underwent surgery (Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate) to relieve LUTS (surgical BPH, S-BPH) or patients who underwent radical prostatectomy to remove low-grade prostate cancer (incidental BPH, I-BPH). Images of stained tissue sections were captured with a Nuance Multispectral Imaging System and histoscore, as a measure of OPN staining intensity, was determined with inForm software. OPN protein abundance was determined by Western blot analysis. The ability of prostate cells to secrete osteopontin in response to IL-1β and TGF-β1 was determined in stromal (BHPrS-1) and epithelial (NHPrE-1 and BHPrE-1) cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression changes in these cells in response to OPN. RESULTS OPN immunostaining and protein levels were more abundant in S-BPH than I-BPH. Staining was distributed across all cell types with the highest levels in epithelial cells. Multiple OPN protein variants were identified in immortalized prostate stromal and epithelial cells. TGF-β1 stimulated OPN secretion by NHPrE-1 cells and both IL-1β and TGF-β1 stimulated OPN secretion by BHPrS-1 cells. Interestingly, recombinant OPN increased the mRNA expression of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, PTGS2, and IL6 in BHPrS-1, but not in epithelial cell lines. CONCLUSIONS OPN is more abundant in prostates of men with S-BPH compared to men with I-BPH. OPN secretion is stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and OPN acts directly on stromal cells to drive the synthesis of proinflammatory mRNAs. Pharmacological manipulation of prostatic OPN may have the potential to reduce LUTS by inhibiting both inflammatory and fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Popovics
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Petra Popovics, University of Wisconsin, Department of Urology, WIMR 7128, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, Tel: +1 786 474 1086,
| | - Wisam N. Awadallah
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah E. Kohrt
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Thomas C. Case
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nicole L. Miller
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Magdalena M. Grabowska
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Liu TT, Ewald JA, Ricke EA, Bell R, Collins C, Ricke WA. Modeling human prostate cancer progression in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:893-902. [PMID: 30590461 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms involved in prostate cancer (CaP) development and progression are not well understood. Current experimental models used to study CaP are not well suited to address this issue. Previously, we have described the hormonal progression of non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cells (BPH1) into malignant cells via tissue recombination. Here, we describe a method to derive human cell lines from distinct stages of CaP that parallel cellular, genetic and epigenetic changes found in patients with cancers. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. Using diverse analytical strategies, we show that the BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of CaP in human patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BCaP cells have altered gene expression of shared pathways with human and transgenic mouse CaP data, as well as, increasing genomic instability with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in advanced tumor cells. Together, these cell lines represent a unique model of human CaP progression providing a novel tool that will allow the discovery and experimental validation of mechanisms regulating human CaP development and progression. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. The BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. The cells have altered gene expression with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion representing a unique model for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ewald
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Liu TT, Ricke EA, Strand D, Dhir R, Ricke WA. SUN-747 Steroid Hormone Metabolism Mediated Racial Disparity in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7208170 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Racial disparity in prostate cancer has been well established, with African American (AA) men having higher rates of diagnoses and death from the disease compared to Caucasian American (CA) men. AA men also have a high incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a disease associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that affect >210 million men worldwide. Furthermore, AA men with BPH have an increased incidence of non-surgical treatment failure, larger prostates at time of surgery, and surgery occurring at a younger age. The use of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in the treatment of BPH has been proposed, as an increase in ERα has been associated with disease progression. AA men have higher levels of circulating estrogens as compared to CA leading to an increased prenatal exposure to estrogens. Estrogen exposure has been shown to alter the epigenetic landscape of genes, and this prenatal exposure to estrogens could sensitize the AA men to altered steroid homeostasis leading to an increase susceptibility to BPH and an altered response to treatment. In this study, we examine the prostate expression and localization changes in estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) as well as steroid metabolism genes in AA and CA with or without BPH. Methods: To examine the impact of race on BPH, we examined prostate tissue from 66 men. We utilized 21 normal transition zone controls from radical prostatectomies, 8 normal transition zone controls from organ donors, and 37 BPH samples divided between CA and AA men. Using multispectral quantitative multiplex IHC, we examined the steroid hormone related protein expression of ERα, ERβ, CYP7B1, and AKR1C1 on each FFPE tissue section. We quantified the optical density of each protein of interest as well as examined colocalization and coexpression through cell and tissue segmentation. Results: In CA men, there is a dysregulation of ERα:ERβ homeostasis with BPH relative to normal as an increase in ERα and a decrease in ERβ expression was observed. Furthermore, an increase in CYP7B1, an enzyme that degrades ERβ ligands, was also observed. In AA men, we observed no difference between normal and BPH states, however in both normal and BPH prostate tissues, ERα and ERβ were increased relative to CA men. In addition, there is a decrease in AKR1C1, the enzyme that metabolizes DHT to an ERβ ligand. Conclusions: Our study supports the concept that differences in hormone pathways exist between AA and CA men. Understanding how these racial difference in steroid metabolism enzymes as well as ERs between CA and AA men with BPH could enhance treatment strategies for men with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Rajiv Dhir
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vellky JE, Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. Incidence of androgen receptor and androgen receptor variant 7 coexpression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1811-1822. [PMID: 31503366 PMCID: PMC7339117 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PRCA) is an androgen-driven disease, where androgens act through the androgen receptor (AR) to induce proliferation and survival of tumor cells. Recently, AR splice variant 7 (ARv7) has been implicated in advanced stages of PRCA and clinical recurrence. With the widespread use of AR-targeted therapies, there has been a rising interest in the expression of full-length AR and ARv7 in PRCA progression and how these receptors, both independently and together, contribute to adverse clinicopathologic outcomes. METHODS Despite a multitude of studies measuring the expression levels of AR and ARv7 in PRCA progression, the results have been inconsistent and sometimes contradictory due to technical and analytical discrepancies. To circumvent these inconsistencies, we used an automated multiplexed immunostaining platform for full-length AR and ARv7 in human PRCA samples and objectively quantified expression changes with machine learning-based software. With this technology, we can assess receptor prevalence both independently, and coexpressed, within specific tissue and cellular compartments. RESULTS Full-length AR and ARv7 expression increased in epithelial nuclei of metastatic samples compared to benign. Interestingly, a population of cells with undetectable AR persisted through all stages of PRCA progression. Coexpression analyses showed an increase of the double-positive (AR+ /ARv7+ ) population in metastases compared to benign, and an increase of the double-negative population in PRCA samples compared to benign. Importantly, analysis of clinicopathologic outcomes associated with AR/ARv7 coexpression showed a significant decrease in the double-positive population with higher Gleason score (GS), as well as in samples with recurrence in under 5 years. Conversely, the double-negative population was significantly increased in samples with higher GS and in samples with recurrence in under 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Changes in AR and ARv7 coexpression may have prognostic value in PRCA progression and recurrence. A better understanding of the prevalence and clinicopathologic outcomes associated with changes in these receptors' coexpression may provide a foundation for improved diagnosis and therapy for men with PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E. Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
| | - Tyler M. Bauman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO, USA 63110
| | - Emily A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- George M. O’Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
| | - Wei Huang
- George M. O’Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, USA 53705
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- George M. O’Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, USA, 53705
- Corresponding Author: Dr. William Ricke, Director of Research, Department of Urology, 7107 Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, USA 53705. Office 608-265-3202 Fax 608-265-0614,
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8
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Uchtmann KS, Taylor JA, Timms BG, Stahlhut RW, Ricke EA, Ellersieck MR, Vom Saal FS, Ricke WA. Fetal bisphenol A and ethinylestradiol exposure alters male rat urogenital tract morphology at birth: Confirmation of prior low-dose findings in CLARITY-BPA. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:131-141. [PMID: 31756437 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a contaminant in virtually all Americans. To examine BPA's adverse effects, the FDA-NCTR, NIEHS, and 14 groups of academic scientists formed a consortium: CLARITY-BPA. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of a wide range of doses of BPA on fetal development of the NCTR CD-SD male rat urogenital sinus (UGS). Pregnant rats were administered BPA or positive control ethinylestradiol (EE2) daily, via oral gavage, from gestational day 6 through parturition. Tissues were collected on postnatal day 1 and the UGS was analyzed using computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction. Importantly, only low doses of BPA, as well as EE2, significantly changed birth weight and UGS morphology, including an increased size of the colliculus and decreased size of the urethra, consistent with prior reported BPA and EE2 effects. Our findings provide further evidence that BPA mediates nonmonotonic developmental effects on the fetal urogenital sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Uchtmann
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Julia A Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biological Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Richard W Stahlhut
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | | | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
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9
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Liu TT, Thomas S, Mclean DT, Roldan-Alzate A, Hernando D, Ricke EA, Ricke WA. Prostate enlargement and altered urinary function are part of the aging process. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:2653-2669. [PMID: 31085797 PMCID: PMC6535061 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate disease incidence, both benign and malignant, directly correlates with age. Men under 40 years of age are rarely diagnosed with benign or malignant prostate disease, while 90% of men over the age of 80 have histological evidence of benign disease (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH). Although rodent models have been invaluable in the study of disease progression and treatment efficacy, the effect of age is often not considered. In examining aged (24-month-old) mice, we observed changes within the lower urinary tract that is typically associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) similar to models of BPH. In this study, we identify LUTD using functional testing as well as various imaging technologies. We also characterize the histological differences within the lower urinary tract between young (2-month-old) and aged mice including proliferation, stromal remodeling, and collagen deposition. Additionally, we examined serum steroid hormone levels, as steroid changes drive LUTD in mice and are known to change with age. We conclude that, with age, changes in prostate function, consistent with LUTD, are a consequence. Therapeutic targeting of endocrine and prostatic factors including smooth muscle function, prostate growth and fibrosis are likely to reestablish normal urinary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T. Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- K12 Kure, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dalton T. Mclean
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Cancer Biology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alejandro Roldan-Alzate
- K12 Kure, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Sehgal PD, Bauman TM, Nicholson TM, Vellky JE, Ricke EA, Tang W, Xu W, Huang W, Ricke WA. Tissue-specific quantification and localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2019; 89:99-108. [PMID: 31054895 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens, working together, promote prostate cancer (PRCA) initiation and progression, with androgens acting via androgen receptor (AR) and estrogens acting primarily through estrogen receptor α (ERα). While the interplay between these steroid hormones has been established, the interaction between steroid hormone receptors in prostatic disease remains unstudied. The goal of this study was to objectively determine the incidence, stage specificity, and tissue/cell type specificity of AR and ERα expression, both independently and simultaneously, during the progression of PRCA. Using multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging analysis, AR, ERα, and smooth muscle α-actin expression was detected and quantitated in benign prostate tissue (BPT), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), PRCA, and metastasis (MET) from patient specimens (n=340). Epithelial AR expression was significantly increased in HGPIN, PRCA, and MET compared with BPT, whereas ERα expression in epithelial and stromal cells was highest in HGPIN. With analysis of AR and ERα coexpression, we identified a unique population of double-positive (AR+/ERα+) cells that increased in HGPIN specimens in both the stroma and the epithelium. Double-negative (AR-/ERα-) cells significantly decreased across PRCA progression, from 65% in BPT to 30% in MET. Preliminary analysis of this AR+/ERα+ population indicates potential cell type specificity in smooth muscle α-actin-negative stromal cells. This study demonstrates stage-, tissue-, and cell type-specific AR and ERα expression changes during PRCA progression, both independently and coexpressed. A more complete understanding of steroid hormones and their receptors in the initiation and progression of prostatic disease may elucidate improved strategies for PRCA prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka D Sehgal
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tyler M Bauman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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11
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Vellky JE, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. Expression and Localization of DDX3 in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Am J Pathol 2019; 189:1256-1267. [PMID: 30926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates decrease significantly when localized prostate cancer (CaP) becomes metastatic, emphasizing the need for improved targeted therapies. DDX3, an RNA helicase, has widespread functions in RNA regulation, in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Although DDX3 has been implicated as a prognostic marker for many cancers, including primary CaP, its expression, localization, and function in metastatic CaP have not been investigated. Analysis of metadata and cell line models found increased DDX3 expression in metastatic versus primary CaP and benign prostate. Quantification of DDX3 expression in 320 human prostate samples, representing different stages of CaP progression, revealed an increase in epithelial whole cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear DDX3 in primary CaP compared with benign prostate. In metastatic tissues, cytoplasmic DDX3 remained highly expressed, whereas nuclear DDX3 significantly decreased compared with primary CaP, suggesting a potential role for cytoplasmic DDX3 in metastatic CaP. Genetic and pharmacologic loss of function for DDX3 in metastatic CaP produced a significant decrease in cell viability, proliferation, and motility but did not affect apoptosis. The data suggest that cytoplasmic DDX3 is highly expressed in metastatic CaP and that inhibition of DDX3 affects metastatic growth by decreasing proliferation and motility. These findings introduce a novel role for cytoplasmic DDX3 in CaP progression and provide a foundation for clinically targeting DDX3 in metastatic CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Cancer Biology Graduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Huang
- George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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12
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Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Drew SA, Huang W, Ricke WA. Quantitation of Protein Expression and Co-localization Using Multiplexed Immuno-histochemical Staining and Multispectral Imaging. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27167094 DOI: 10.3791/53837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. Many semi-quantitative systems have been developed for scoring expression using immunohistochemistry, but inherent subjectivity limits reproducibility and accuracy of results. Furthermore, the investigation of spatially overlapping biomarkers such as nuclear transcription factors is difficult with current immunohistochemistry techniques. We have developed and optimized a system for simultaneous investigation of multiple proteins using high throughput methods of multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is performed by sequential application of primary antibodies with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Different chromogens are used to detect each protein of interest. Stained slides are loaded into an automated slide scanner and a protocol is created for automated image acquisition. A spectral library is created by staining a set of slides with a single chromogen on each. A subset of representative stained images are imported into multispectral imaging software and an algorithm for distinguishing tissue type is created by defining tissue compartments on images. Subcellular compartments are segmented by using hematoxylin counterstain and adjusting the intrinsic algorithm. Thresholding is applied to determine positivity and protein co-localization. The final algorithm is then applied to the entire set of tissues. Resulting data allows the user to evaluate protein expression based on tissue type (ex. epithelia vs. stroma) and subcellular compartment (nucleus vs. cytoplasm vs. plasma membrane). Co-localization analysis allows for investigation of double-positive, double-negative, and single-positive cell types. Combining multispectral imaging with multiplexed immunohistochemistry and automated image acquisition is an objective, high-throughput method for investigation of biomarkers within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Bauman
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Sally A Drew
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health;
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Ricke WA, Lee CW, Clapper TR, Schneider AJ, Moore RW, Keil KP, Abler LL, Wynder JL, López Alvarado A, Beaubrun I, Vo J, Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Peterson RE, Vezina CM. In Utero and Lactational TCDD Exposure Increases Susceptibility to Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Adulthood. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:429-40. [PMID: 26865671 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and changes in the ratio of circulating testosterone and estradiol often occur concurrently in aging men and can lead to lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. To explore the possibility of a fetal basis for the development of LUT dysfunction in adulthood, Tg(CMV-cre);Nkx3-1(+/-);Pten(fl/+) mice, which are genetically predisposed to prostate neoplasia, were exposedin uteroand during lactation to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 μg/kg po) or corn oil vehicle (5 ml/kg) after a single maternal dose on 13 days post coitus, and subsequently were aged without further manipulation, or at 8 weeks of age were exposed to exogenous 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) and testosterone (25 mg) (T+E2) via slow release subcutaneous implants.In uteroand lactational (IUL) TCDD exposure in the absence of exogenous hormone treatment reduced voiding pressure in adult mice, but otherwise had little effect on mouse LUT anatomy or function. By comparison, IUL TCDD exposure followed by exogenous hormone treatment increased relative kidney, bladder, dorsolateral prostate, and seminal vesicle weights, hydronephrosis incidence, and prostate epithelial cell proliferation, thickened prostate periductal smooth muscle, and altered prostate and bladder collagen fiber distribution. We propose a 2-hit model whereby IUL TCDD exposure sensitizes mice to exogenous-hormone-induced urinary tract dysfunction later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence
| | | | | | | | | | - Kimberly P Keil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lisa L Abler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | | | - Jenny Vo
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center
| | | | | | - Richard E Peterson
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; School of Pharmacy; and
| | - Chad M Vezina
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Bauman TM, Vezina CM, Ricke EA, Halberg RB, Huang W, Peterson RE, Ricke WA. Expression and colocalization of β-catenin and lymphoid enhancing factor-1 in prostate cancer progression. Hum Pathol 2016; 51:124-33. [PMID: 27067790 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to objectively investigate β-catenin and LEF1 abundance, subcellular localization, and colocalization across benign and staged prostate cancer (PCa) specimens. A tissue microarray containing tumor-adjacent histologically benign prostate tissue (BPT; n = 48 patients), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN; n = 25), localized PCa (n = 42), aggressive PCa (n = 31), and metastases (n = 22) was stained using multiplexed immunohistochemistry with antibodies toward E-cadherin, β-catenin, and LEF1. Multispectral imaging was used for quantitation, and protein expression and colocalization was evaluated across PCa progression. Stromal nuclear β-catenin abundance was greater in HGPIN and PCa compared with BPT (P < .05 for both), and epithelial nuclear β-catenin abundance was lower in metastatic PCa than in BPT (P < .05 for both). Epithelial and stromal nuclear LEF1 abundance was greater in HGPIN compared with BPT, whereas epithelial nuclear LEF1 was also greater in metastases. The proportion of epithelial and stromal nuclear double-positive β-catenin(+)/LEF1(+) cells was greater in HGPIN compared with BPT. In addition, the proportion of epithelial β-catenin(+)/LEF1(+) cells was greater in localized PCa and metastases compared with BPT. A significant amount of stromal cells were positive for LEF1 but not β-catenin. β-Catenin and LEF1 abundance were negatively correlated in the epithelium (P < .0001) but not the stroma (P > .05). We conclude that β-catenin and LEF1 colocalization is increased in HGPIN and metastasis relative to BPT, suggesting a role for β-catenin/LEF1-mediated transcription in both malignant transformation and metastasis of PCa. Furthermore, our results suggest that LEF1 abundance alone is not a reliable readout for β-catenin activity in prostate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Bauman
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 53705
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53705; University of Wisconsin O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Richard B Halberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Wei Huang
- University of Wisconsin O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705
| | - William A Ricke
- University of Wisconsin O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705.
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15
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Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. MP31-08 A TISSUE SPECIFIC ROLE FOR LIGAND INDEPENDENT ARV7 SIGNALING IN BENIGN PROSTATE PATHOGENESIS. J Urol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. MP6-10 TISSUE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR VARIANT 7 IN PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION: A POTENTIAL ROLE OF ARV7 IN CARCINOGENESIS. J Urol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nicholson TM, Ricke EA, Marker PC, Miano JM, Mayer RD, Timms BG, vom Saal FS, Wood RW, Ricke WA. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol induce glandular prostatic growth, bladder outlet obstruction, and voiding dysfunction in male mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5556-65. [PMID: 22948219 PMCID: PMC3473198 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) are common in older men and can contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Few existing models of BOO and BPH use physiological levels of hormones associated with disease progression in humans in a genetically manipulable organism. We present a model of BPH and BOO induced in mice with testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E(2)). Male mice were surgically implanted with slow-releasing sc pellets containing 25 mg T and 2.5 mg E(2) (T+E(2)). After 2 and 4 months of hormone treatment, we evaluated voiding patterns and examined the gross morphology and histology of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Mice treated with T+E(2) developed significantly larger bladders than untreated mice, consistent with BOO. Some mice treated with T+E(2) had complications in the form of bladder hypertrophy, diverticula, calculi, and eventual decompensation with hydronephrosis. Hormone treatment caused a significant decrease in the size of the urethral lumen, increased prostate mass, and increased number of prostatic ducts associated with the prostatic urethra, compared with untreated mice. Voiding dysfunction was observed in mice treated with T+E(2), who exhibited droplet voiding pattern with significantly decreased void mass, shorter void duration, and fewer sustained voids. The constellation of lower urinary tract abnormalities, including BOO, enlarged prostates, and voiding dysfunction seen in male mice treated with T+E(2) is consistent with BPH in men. This model is suitable for better understanding molecular mechanisms and for developing novel strategies to address BPH and BOO.
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Ricke EA, Williams K, Lee YF, Couto S, Wang Y, Hayward SW, Cunha GR, Ricke WA. Androgen hormone action in prostatic carcinogenesis: stromal androgen receptors mediate prostate cancer progression, malignant transformation and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1391-8. [PMID: 22535887 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that prostatic carcinogenesis is androgen dependent and that androgens mediate their effects primarily through epithelial cells; however, definitive proof of androgen hormone action in prostate cancer (PRCA) progression is lacking. Here we demonstrate through genetic loss of function experiments that PRCA progression is androgen dependent and that androgen dependency occurs via prostatic stromal androgen receptors (AR) but not epithelial AR. Utilizing tissue recombination models of prostatic carcinogenesis, loss of AR function was evaluated by surgical castration or genetic deletion. Loss of AR function prevented prostatic carcinogenesis, malignant transformation and metastasis. Tissue-specific evaluation of androgen hormone action demonstrated that epithelial AR was not necessary for PRCA progression, whereas stromal AR was essential for PRCA progression, malignant transformation and metastasis. Stromal AR was not necessary for prostatic maintenance, suggesting that the lack of cancer progression due to stromal AR deletion was not related to altered prostatic homeostasis. Gene expression analysis identified numerous androgen-regulated stromal factors. Four candidate stromal AR-regulated genes were secreted growth factors: fibroblast growth factors-2, -7, -10 and hepatocyte growth factor which were significantly affected by androgens and anti-androgens in stromal cells grown in vitro. These data support the concept that androgens are necessary for PRCA progression and that the androgen-regulated stromal microenvironment is essential to carcinogenesis, malignant transformation and metastasis and may serve as a potential target in the prevention of PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ricke
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ricke WA, Ishii K, Ricke EA, Simko J, Wang Y, Hayward SW, Cunha GR. Steroid hormones stimulate human prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2123-31. [PMID: 16331600 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue recombinants (TRs) composed of mouse urogenital mesenchyme (mUGM) plus an immortalized nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cell line (BPH-1) were grown under the kidney capsule of male athymic nude mice under different hormonal conditions. The objectives were to determine temporal plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17beta (E2) that elicit progression of nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cells in vivo. Second, to determine whether mUGM+BPH-1 TRs in [T+E2]-treated hosts could progress to metastases. Control mouse hosts received no exogenous hormonal support, whereas treated mice received Silastic implants containing T and E2 for 1-4 months. Plasma from hormonally treated mice contained significantly higher (p < 0.01) concentrations of T at 1 month (11.7 vs. 0.9 ng/ml). Plasma levels of E2 in steroid implanted mice were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 2 months (104.5 vs. 25.6 ng/l) and 4 months (122.8 vs. 19.2 pg/ml). Wet weights of mUGM+BPH-1 TRs from [T+E2]-implanted mice were significantly larger (p < 0.001) than those from untreated hosts. Untreated mUGM+BPH-1 TRs contained a well organized differentiated epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle stroma similar to developing prostate. In [T+E2]-implanted mice, mUGM+BPH-1 TRs formed carcinomas that contained a fibrous connective tissue stroma permeating the tumor; smooth muscle when present was associated with vasculature. Renal lymph nodes collected from [T+E2]-treated mice, but not untreated mice, contained metastatic carcinoma cells. Moreover, metastases could be observed at distant sites including lung and liver. Epithelial cells isolated from untreated mUGM+BPH-1 TRs exhibited benign histology and formed small nontumorigenic grafts when subsequently transplanted into athymic nude mice. In contrast, epithelial cells isolated from mUGM+BPH-1 tumors of [T+E2]-treated hosts formed large tumors that grew independent of stromal and hormonal support and developed lymph node metastases. We conclude that [T+E2]-treatment promotes prostatic cancer progression in mUGM+BPH-1 TRs. Use of mUGM in this system will allow future studies to utilize the power of mouse genetics to identify paracrine factors involved in human prostatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Mann SE, Ricke EA, Torres EA, Taylor RN. A novel model of polyhydramnios: amniotic fluid volume is increased in aquaporin 1 knockout mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:2041-4; discussion 2044-6. [PMID: 15970890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that amniotic fluid volume is increased in aquaporin 1 knockout mice. STUDY DESIGN Transgenic mice deficient in aquaporin 1 protein were generated by targeted gene disruption, as described previously. After a cesarean section was performed, intact, individual gestational sacs were removed from the uterus and weighed. Amniotic fluid volume, osmolality, and fetal and placental weights were determined. Data were analyzed by a 1-way analysis of variance for ranks; Dunn's post hoc test was used to analyze significant trends. RESULTS Analysis of 16 litters showed 35 wild-type, 52 heterozygote, and 33 aquaporin 1 knockout mice. The knockout mice had a greater volume of amniotic fluid and lower amniotic fluid osmolality than their wild-type and heterozygote counterparts. There were no significant differences in fetal or placental weights among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Aquaporin 1 null fetuses produce a greater volume of more dilute amniotic fluid. Our findings show that aquaporin 1 water channels in fetal membranes may contribute to amniotic fluid volume regulation. We speculate that idiopathic polyhydramnios may be associated with a deficiency of aquaporin 1 channels in human fetal membranes. Transgenic aquaporin 1 knockout mice provide a unique animal of polyhydramnios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Mann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Sharpe-Timms KL, Zimmer RL, Ricke EA, Piva M, Horowitz GM. Endometriotic haptoglobin binds to peritoneal macrophages and alters their function in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002; 78:810-9. [PMID: 12372461 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of endometriotic haptoglobin on peritoneal macrophage function. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING School of medicine. PATIENT(S) Twenty-three women with and without endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S) Peritoneal macrophages cultured without or with haptoglobin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Peritoneal macrophage haptoglobin immunoreactivity, adhesion, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. RESULT(S) In vivo, significantly more peritoneal macrophages from women with endometriosis bound haptoglobin and exhibited reduced adhesion compared to women without endometriosis. In vitro, haptoglobin treatment significantly decreased peritoneal macrophage adherence only in women without endometriosis; this effect was not seen in women with endometriosis, probably owing to in vivo haptoglobin saturation. Conversely, haptoglobin treatment robustly increased IL-6 production only by macrophages from women with endometriosis, suggesting differential immune response in these women. CONCLUSION(S) Endometriotic lesions synthesize and secrete a unique form of haptoglobin (endometriosis protein-I) that is up-regulated by IL-6. This study shows that haptoglobin adheres to peritoneal macrophages; decreases adhesion, which may influence phagocytic function; and up-regulates IL-6 production. Hence, a feed-forward loop is proposed whereby endometriotic lesion haptoglobin decreases macrophage phagocytic function while increasing IL-6 production, which in turn increases endometriotic haptoglobin and promotes establishment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Sharpe-Timms
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aquaporins are a family of water-selective channels that facilitate fluid movement across cell membranes. Specifically, aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) have been found to be important in osmotic water movement across membranes. Our goal in this study was (1) to determine whether AQP1 or AQP3 messenger RNA are expressed in the chorioamniotic membrane and, if present, (2) to determine the precise membrane location of these aquaporins. STUDY DESIGN Placentas were collected from women with intact membranes not in labor who underwent elective cesarean sections at term (37-40 weeks). The membranes (amnion and chorion) directly overlying the placenta were sampled as well as the free-floating reflected membranes. RNA and protein were isolated from the amnion and chorion. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine expression and localization of AQP1 and AQP3. RESULTS AQP1 messenger RNA was found in amnion and chorion from both membrane locations. Western analysis also yielded positive results for amnion and chorion from both locations. Immunohistochemical localization of AQP1 showed it to be present on the apical aspect of the chorionic plate amnion. AQP3 protein was not found in the fetal membranes. CONCLUSIONS AQP1 is present in the fetal membranes. AQP1 may play a role in water movement from the amniotic cavity across the placenta into the fetal circulation. Further studies are needed to clarify our understanding of the role of fetal membrane aquaporins in amniotic fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Mann
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue 6D13, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Hornung D, Waite LL, Ricke EA, Bentzien F, Wallwiener D, Taylor RN. Nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma have opposing effects on monocyte chemotaxis in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3108-14. [PMID: 11443174 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.7.7615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma are nuclear receptors that play important roles in inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis and arthritis. In this study, we examined the possible role of PPARs in macrophage attraction into the peritoneal cavity of patients with endometriosis. We identified PPAR-alpha and -gamma messenger RNA by RT-PCR and protein by immunoblotting of lysates of peritoneal macrophages and monocytic U937 cells. Using immunocytochemistry, we localized PPAR-alpha and -gamma within the nuclei of both cell types. Monocyte chemotactic activity of peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis was quantified in Boyden chambers. Migration of U937 cells was increased by WY 14643 and reduced by rosiglitazone. Peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis activated U937 cells transiently transfected with a PPAR-alpha/GAL4 luciferase reporter. By contrast, peritoneal fluid did not cause significant activation of PPAR-gamma/GAL4 constructs. The U937 cells transiently transfected with a PPAR response element luciferase reporter showed disease stage-dependent up-regulation when treated with peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis. Treatment with peritoneal fluid from healthy controls down-regulated PPAR response element transactivation. We conclude that peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients contains activators of PPAR-alpha that stimulate macrophage chemotaxis. Inhibitors of PPAR-alpha or activators of PPAR-gamma could be developed for the treatment of inflammation associated with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hornung
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Sharpe-Timms KL, Ricke EA, Piva M, Horowitz GM. Differential expression and localization of de-novo synthesized endometriotic haptoglobin in endometrium and endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:2180-5. [PMID: 11006195 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.10.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis protein-I (ENDO-I) mRNA expression and protein localization were evaluated using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in endometriotic lesions and eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis, and in eutopic endometrium from women without endometriosis (controls). When present, ENDO-I mRNA and protein were observed in the functionalis zone of endometrial stroma and the stroma of endometriotic lesions. Expression and localization differences were scored and statistically analysed. During the secretory stage, ENDO-I mRNA expression by endometriotic lesions and eutopic endometrium from women with disease was significantly greater than ENDO-I mRNA expression by proliferative stage eutopic endometrium from women with disease or eutopic endometrium from controls, regardless of cycle stage (P < 0.001). More ENDO-I protein was localized in endometriotic lesions and eutopic endometrium from women with disease than in eutopic endometrium from controls, regardless of cycle stage (P < 0.001). Differential expression and localization of ENDO-I may help develop minimally invasive diagnostic strategies for endometriosis. Further, as ENDO-I shares nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence with hepatic haptoglobin-which in certain disease states is immunosuppressive and angiogenic-differences in ENDO-I expression and localization in the peritoneal cavity may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis and/or facilitate development of unprecedented diagnostic or therapeutic approaches for management of this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Sharpe-Timms
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Ricke EA, Smith DJ, Feil VJ, Larsen GL, Caton JS. Effects of ractopamine HCl stereoisomers on growth, nitrogen retention, and carcass composition in rats. J Anim Sci 1999; 77:701-7. [PMID: 10229367 DOI: 10.2527/1999.773701x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ractopamine HCl (RAC) stereoisomers (RR, RS, SR, and SS) on performance, carcass composition, and nitrogen retention in growing female rats. Forty-eight rats (eight rats/treatment) were treated with 0 or 320 microg/d of RAC or with 80 microg/d of the RR, RS, SR, or SS stereoisomers of ractopamine. Rats had free access to feed and water before and during the experiment. Ractopamine and stereoisomers were delivered via i.p. implanted osmotic pumps for 14 d, and rats were then slaughtered. Control rats were fitted with osmotic pumps containing saline. Ractopamine increased (P < .05) feed intake (d 1 to 6); body weight; carcass CP; and intake, apparent absorption, retention, and retained:intake ratio of CP on d 1 to 6 of the study. Ractopamine decreased (P < .05) carcass lipid and visceral lipid. Rats dosed with the RR stereoisomer responded similarly to rats dosed with RAC, except for carcass lipid. Carcass lipid was decreased (P < .01) by RAC relative to controls, but it was not different from controls in rats treated with the RR isomer. Compared with controls, BW, carcass CP, and CP retention were increased by the RR stereoisomer, and visceral lipid was decreased. The RS isomer also decreased visceral lipid (P < .10), but variables measured in rats dosed with the RS, SR, and SS isomers generally did not differ from controls. Results of this study indicate that the RR isomer of RAC is responsible for a majority of the leanness-enhancing effects of RAC in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ricke
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Abstract
To explore the identity and possible function of endometriosis protein-I (ENDO-I), which is an acidic glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by endometriotic lesions, partial amino acid sequence and cDNA sequence were determined. Partially purified, de novo-synthesized rat endometriosis glycoproteins were separated by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinyl difluoride membranes, and stained with Coomassie blue. Protein corresponding to the size and pI of ENDO-I was cut from the membranes and analyzed by automated Edman degradation. ENDO-I amino acid sequence analysis identified 15 residues that shared significant homology with the beta-chain of rat, mouse, and human haptoglobin (Hp) and human Hp-related protein. Western blot analyses using anti-Hp antibody demonstrated cross-reactivity with de novo-synthesized ENDO-I protein in endometriosis culture media. For nucleotide sequence analysis, poly A-enriched mRNA was isolated from rat endometriotic tissues. A gene-specific oligonucleotide primer was designed and used for 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Automated sequencing of RACE cDNA fragments identified 859 base pairs, of which 858 were identical to rat Hp. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate that ENDO-I transcripts are differentially expressed by endometriosis but not by uterine tissues. In the human, distinct subtypes of Hp as well as proteins sharing epitopes with Hp have been used to diagnose a variety of diseases; therefore, Hp-like ENDO-I may prove to be a nonsurgical diagnostic tool to assess endometriosis. Hepatic Hp, induced by acute-phase stimuli, modulates macrophage function and angiogenic activity. If ENDO-I possesses similar activities, it may be involved with anomalies of the immune system or the etiology and pathophysiology of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Sharpe-Timms
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Missouri, Columbia 65212, USA.
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