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Budenz A, Coa K, Grenen E, Keefe B, Sanders A, Wiseman KP, Roditis M. User experiences with a text messaging program for smoking cessation: A qualitative study (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2021; 6:e32342. [PMID: 35302505 PMCID: PMC8976256 DOI: 10.2196/32342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile health strategies for smoking cessation (eg, SMS text messaging–based interventions) have been shown to be effective in helping smokers quit. However, further research is needed to better understand user experiences with these platforms. Objective This qualitative study aims to explore the experiences of real-world users of a publicly available smoking cessation program (SmokefreeTXT). Methods Semistructured phone interviews were conducted with 36 SmokefreeTXT users between March and July 2014. Of these 36 participants, 50% (18/36) of participants completed the SmokefreeTXT program (ie, did not opt out of the program before the 6- to 8-week completion period), and 50% (18/36) did not complete the program (ie, requested to opt out of the program before the completion period). Interview questions focused on smoking behaviors, quitting history, opinions on the program’s content and structure, answering assessment questions, using keywords, reasons for opting out, and perceived usefulness of the program for quitting smoking. A thematic content analysis was conducted, with a focus on themes to increase program engagement and optimization. Results The findings highlighted features of the program that participants found beneficial, as well as some elements that showed opportunities for improvement to boost program retention and successful cessation. Specifically, most participants found the SmokefreeTXT program to be convenient and supportive of cessation; however, some found the messages to be repetitive and reported a desire for more flexibility based on their readiness to quit and cessation progress. We also found that program completion did not necessarily indicate successful smoking cessation and that program opt out, which might be interpreted as a less positive outcome, may occur because of successful cessation. Finally, several participants reported using SmokefreeTXT together with other evidence-based cessation methods or non–evidence-based strategies. Conclusions Qualitative interviews with real-world SmokefreeTXT users showed high program acceptability, engagement with program features, and perceived utility for smoking cessation. Our findings directly informed several program updates, such as adding an adaptive quit date feature and offering supplemental information on live support services for users who prefer human interaction during the cessation process. The study has implications for other digital tobacco cessation interventions and highlights important topics that warrant future research, such as the relationship between program engagement (eg, opt out and retention) and successful cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Budenz
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kisha Coa
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Woodlawn, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kara P Wiseman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Maria Roditis
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
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de Moor JS, Mollica M, Sampson A, Adjei B, Weaver SJ, Geiger AM, Kramer BS, Grenen E, Miscally M, Ciolino HP. Delivery of Financial Navigation Services Within National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 5:pkab033. [PMID: 34222790 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer centers have a responsibility to help patients manage the costs of their cancer treatment. This article describes the availability of financial navigation services within the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers. Methods Data were obtained from the NCI Survey of Financial Navigation Services and Research, an online survey administered to NCI-designated cancer centers from July to September 2019. Of the 62 eligible centers, 57 completed all or most of the survey, for a response rate of 90.5%. Results Nearly all cancer centers reported providing help with applications for pharmaceutical assistance programs and medical discounts (96.5%), health insurance coverage (91.2%), assistance with nonmedical costs (96.5%), and help understanding medical bills and out-of-pocket costs (85.9%). Although other services were common, in some cases they were only available to certain patients. These services included direct financial assistance with medical and nonmedical costs and referrals to outside organizations for financial assistance. The least common services included medical debt management (63.2%), detailed discussions about the cost of treatment (54.4%), and guidance about legal protections (50.1%). Providing treatment cost transparency to patients was reported as a common challenge: 71.9% of centers agreed or strongly agreed that it is difficult to determine how much a cancer patient's treatment will cost, and 70.2% of oncologists are reluctant to discuss financial issues with patients. Conclusions Cancer centers provide many financial services and resources. However, there remains a need to build additional capacity to deliver comprehensive financial navigation services and to understand the extent to which patients are referred and helped by these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet S de Moor
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Mollica
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Annie Sampson
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brenda Adjei
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sallie J Weaver
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Geiger
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Barnett S Kramer
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Henry P Ciolino
- Office of Cancer Centers, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Robinson CD, Wiseman KP, Webb Hooper M, El-Toukhy S, Grenen E, Vercammen L, Prutzman YM. Engagement and Short-term Abstinence Outcomes Among Blacks and Whites in the National Cancer Institute's SmokefreeTXT Program. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1622-1626. [PMID: 31535690 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Text-messaging programs for smoking cessation improve abstinence outcomes in the general population. However, little is known about engagement and abstinence outcomes among African Americans in text-messaging smoking cessation programs. The current study compares engagement and abstinence between Blacks and Whites in the National Cancer Institute's SmokefreeTXT program. METHOD Data were from Blacks (n = 1333) and Whites (n = 7154) who enrolled in the 6-week SmokefreeTXT program between August 2017 and June 2018. We assessed the association between race and program initiation and completion; responses to weekly smoking cessation, mood, and craving assessments; and self-reported abstinence using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Blacks and Whites initiated the program at a similar frequency, yet Blacks were more likely to complete the program (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43 to 2.06). Blacks were less likely to respond to all seven abstinence, mood, and craving assessments (eg, AOR of quit day responses = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.77; 6-week AOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.72). Self-reported abstinence was lower among Blacks for all seven smoking assessments (eg, quit day abstinence AOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.68; 6-week abstinence AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.89). CONCLUSION Although Blacks were more likely than Whites to complete the SmokefreeTXT program, they were less likely to engage with the program by responding to assessment questions and had lower abstinence rates. Qualitative research may reveal unique barriers to engagement among Blacks. IMPLICATIONS Black smokers enrolled in a nationwide mobile smoking cessation program at a rate comparable to White smokers. However, they were significantly less likely to engage with the program or quit smoking. This study highlights the need to examine barriers to cessation for Black smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine D Robinson
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kara P Wiseman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Monica Webb Hooper
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sherine El-Toukhy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Yvonne M Prutzman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Ferrer RA, Taber JM, Sheeran P, Bryan AD, Cameron LD, Peters E, Lerner JS, Grenen E, Klein WMP. The role of incidental affective states in appetitive risk behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol 2020; 39:1109-1124. [PMID: 32940529 PMCID: PMC8406737 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Appetitive risk behaviors (ARB), including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, consumption of calorie dense/nutrient-poor foods, and sexual risk behavior contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. Affective states that arise from a wide array of unrelated circumstances (i.e., incidental affect) may carry over to influence ARB. A meta-analysis is needed to systematically examine causal evidence for the role of incidental affect (including specific emotions) in influencing ARB. Method: Integrating effect sizes from 91 published and unpublished experimental studies that include both an incidental-affect induction and neutral-control condition (k = 271 effect sizes: k = 183 negative affect, k = 78 positive affect), this meta-analysis examines how negative and positive affective states influenced ARB and related health cognitions (e.g., intentions, evaluations, craving, perceived control). Results: Negative affective states reliably increased ARB, in analyses where all negative affective states were analyzed (d = .29) and in stratified analyses of just negative mood (d = .30) and stress (d = .48). These effects were stronger among study populations coded as clinically at risk. Positive affective states generally did not influence ARB or related health cognitions, except in the presence of a craving cue. Design issues of extant literature largely precluded conclusions about the effects of specific positive and negative affective states. Conclusion: Taken together, findings suggest the importance of strategies to attenuate negative affect incidental to ARB to facilitate healthier behavioral patterns, especially among clinically at-risk individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Paschal Sheeran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Ellen Peters
- Center for Science Communication Research, University of Oregon
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Robinson CD, Seaman EL, Grenen E, Montgomery L, Yockey RA, Coa K, Prutzman Y, Augustson E. A content analysis of smartphone apps for adolescent smoking cessation. Transl Behav Med 2020; 10:302-309. [PMID: 30476293 PMCID: PMC7295698 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/iby113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent cigarette smokers have an increased risk of sustained smoking into adulthood. Smartphone applications (apps) for smoking cessation are a promising treatment resource. However, research on apps for adolescent smoking cessation is limited. This study compared smoking cessation mobile apps targeting an adolescent audience with popular cessation apps for a general audience. Adolescent and general-audience apps were identified by searching the Google Play and Apple App Stores (November 2016). Two coders assessed each app for adherence to clinical practice guidelines for tobacco and adolescent-specific content (2016-2017) and developed a summary score that summed all adherence and adolescent content criteria. Eight adolescent apps were identified and compared with the top 38 general apps (as ranked by Apple and Google). Both general and adolescent apps commonly had adherence content related to developing a quit plan (general: 73.68 per cent; adolescent: 87.50 per cent) and enhancing motivation by describing the rewards of not smoking (general: 76.32 per cent; adolescent: 62.50 per cent). Adolescent-specific content such as peer influence on smoking was common in adolescent apps but not in general apps (general: 5.26 per cent; adolescent: 62.50 per cent). Adolescent apps had a higher general adherence content summary score [t (44) = 2.55, p = .01] and a higher adolescent content summary score [t (7.81) = 2.47, p = .04] than the general apps. On average, adolescent cessation apps included more adherence content and adolescent-specific content than general apps. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which adolescents engage with the adherence content available in these apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine D Robinson
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Seaman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - LaTrice Montgomery
- Addiction Sciences Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Andrew Yockey
- Addiction Sciences Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kisha Coa
- ICF International, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne Prutzman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Augustson
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kamke K, Grenen E, Robinson C, El-Toukhy S. Dropout and Abstinence Outcomes in a National Text Messaging Smoking Cessation Intervention for Pregnant Women, SmokefreeMOM: Observational Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e14699. [PMID: 31593542 PMCID: PMC6803886 DOI: 10.2196/14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-level text messaging smoking cessation interventions may reduce racial and ethnic differences in smoking among pregnant women. Objective Our objective was to examine racial and ethnic differences in dropout, response, and abstinence rates among users of a US national, publicly available text messaging cessation intervention targeting pregnant women, SmokefreeMOM. Methods Participants were online subscribers to SmokefreeMOM who set a prospective quit date within the 9 months before their due date. We examined demographics, smoking frequency, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and prequit time (up to 14 days of preparation time before quit date) as correlates of response rate and abstinence at 8 time points: quit date, day 7, day 14, day 21, day 28, day 35, day 42 (intervention end), and day 72 (1-month follow-up). We conducted survival analysis of time from quit date to dropout by race and ethnicity. Results The mean age of the analytic sample of 1288 users was 29.46 (SD 7.11) years. Of these, 65.81% (848/1288) were white, 16.04% (207/1288) were black, 8.86% (114/1288) were Latina, and 9.29% (120/1288) were multiracial, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, or other; 82.68% (1065/1288) had some college education or less. Point-prevalence abstinence was 14.51% (157/1082) on quit day, 3.51% (38/1082) at intervention end, and 1.99% (21/1053) at 1-month follow-up. Black users (hazard ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.91) and those with a high school degree or less (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.49-0.89) or some college education (hazard ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-0.99) were less likely to drop out than whites or users with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Response and abstinence rates were similar across race, ethnicity, and education. Conclusions Enrollment was low among racial and ethnic minority women but high among less-educated women. Abstinence at intervention end and 1-month follow-up was lower than that in controlled trials of text messaging cessation interventions for pregnant women (range 7%-20%). Increasing the reach, engagement, and effectiveness of SmokefreeMOM, especially among women with high rates of smoking during pregnancy, must be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Kamke
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Sherine El-Toukhy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Pugatch J, Grenen E, Surla S, Schwarz M, Cole-Lewis H. Information Architecture of Web-Based Interventions to Improve Health Outcomes: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e97. [PMID: 29563076 PMCID: PMC5978245 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rise in usage of and access to new technologies in recent years has led to a growth
in digital health behavior change interventions. As the shift to digital platforms
continues to grow, it is increasingly important to consider how the field of information
architecture (IA) can inform the development of digital health interventions. IA is the
way in which digital content is organized and displayed, which strongly impacts users’
ability to find and use content. While many information architecture best practices
exist, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the role it plays in influencing
behavior change and health outcomes. Objective Our aim was to conduct a systematic review synthesizing the existing literature on
website information architecture and its effect on health outcomes, behavioral outcomes,
and website engagement. Methods To identify all existing information architecture and health behavior literature, we
searched articles published in English in the following databases (no date restrictions
imposed): ACM Digital Library, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Ebsco, and
PubMed. The search terms used included information terms (eg, information architecture,
interaction design, persuasive design), behavior terms (eg, health behavior, behavioral
intervention, ehealth), and health terms (eg, smoking, physical activity, diabetes). The
search results were reviewed to determine if they met the inclusion and exclusion
criteria created to identify empirical research that studied the effect of IA on health
outcomes, behavioral outcomes, or website engagement. Articles that met inclusion
criteria were assessed for study quality. Then, data from the articles were extracted
using a priori categories established by 3 reviewers. However, the limited health
outcome data gathered from the studies precluded a meta-analysis. Results The initial literature search yielded 685 results, which was narrowed down to three
publications that examined the effect of information architecture on health outcomes,
behavioral outcomes, or website engagement. One publication studied the isolated impact
of information architecture on outcomes of interest (ie, website use and engagement;
health-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs; and health behaviors), while the other
two publications studied the impact of information architecture, website features (eg,
interactivity, email prompts, and forums), and tailored content on these outcomes. The
paper that investigated IA exclusively found that a tunnel IA improved site engagement
and behavior knowledge, but it decreased users’ perceived efficiency. The first study
that did not isolate IA found that the enhanced site condition improved site usage but
not the amount of content viewed. The second study that did not isolate IA found that a
tailored site condition improved site usage, behavior knowledge, and some behavior
outcomes. Conclusions No clear conclusion can be made about the relationship between IA and health outcomes,
given limited evidence in the peer-reviewed literature connecting IA to behavioral
outcomes and website engagement. Only one study reviewed solely manipulated IA, and we
therefore recommend improving the scientific evidence base such that additional
empirical studies investigate the impact of IA in isolation. Moreover, information from
the gray literature and expert opinion might be identified and added to the evidence
base, in order to lay the groundwork for hypothesis generation to improve empirical
evidence on information architecture and health and behavior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heather Cole-Lewis
- Johnson & Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions, Inc, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Grenen E, Kent EE, Hennessy E, Hamilton JG, Ferrer RA. Association Between Nutrition Resource Stress and Dietary Consumption: Results From a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey. Health Educ Behav 2017; 45:524-531. [PMID: 29143540 DOI: 10.1177/1090198117741940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little research on how affective reactions (e.g., stress) to perceptions of nutritious food accessibility contribute to dietary behaviors. AIMS This study explores whether stress associated with limited access to nutritious foods-termed nutrition resource stress (NRS)-contributes to diet outcomes, and whether these associations are mediated by health-related self-efficacy. METHOD Using data from the cross-sectional National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey, analyses were conducted to examine whether reported NRS was associated with specific dietary behaviors (i.e., fewer servings of fruit/vegetables; more servings of sugar-sweetened soda; N = 3,112). RESULTS Analyses revealed a main association such that NRS was negatively associated with fruit/vegetable consumption (β = -0.08, p = .016). There was a negative association between NRS and self-efficacy (β = -0.11, p < .001). There was no significant association between NRS and soda consumption. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect association between NRS and fruit/vegetable consumption, mediated by perceived health-related self-efficacy (β = -0.03, 95% confidence interval [-.04, -.01], p < .0001). Given that self-efficacy (the mediator) was not significantly associated with soda consumption (β = 0.01, p = .912), mediation analyses were not conducted for this outcome. CONCLUSION This study suggests that stress associated with perceptions of inability to access nutritious foods may influence dietary behaviors, and points to a psychological mechanism (i.e., self-efficacy) that may explain the association. In addition to improving objective barriers of access to healthy foods, future interventions might address ways of improving nutritious food-related self-efficacy or perceived stress related to obtaining healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grenen
- 1 ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
- 2 National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Erin E Kent
- 2 National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Erin Hennessy
- 3 Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Tobacco companies in the United States are prohibited from making reduced harm claims without filing a modified risk tobacco product application with the Food and Drug Administration and obtaining an order to market as such. However, it is possible that product marketing may suggest reduced risk to individuals. This study examines perceptions, in particular those related to harm and addiction, of snus print advertisements using a combination of eye-tracking, survey, and semistructured interviews. Participants were 22 male smokers ages 19-29 (M = 26.64, SD = 2.92). Five snus advertisements were each displayed for 20 s and eye movements were tracked. Participants responded to questions about harm and addiction after each advertisement and interviews were conducted after seeing all advertisements. For each advertisement, descriptive statistics were calculated and regression analyses predicted harm and addiction perceptions from eye tracking areas of interest (e.g., warning label). Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive/deductive thematic analysis. For certain advertisements, areas of interest were significantly associated with harm and/or addiction perceptions. For example, higher total fixation duration on the graphic in the Smokeless for Smokers advertisement was associated with decreased perceptions of addiction (B = -.360, p = .048). Qualitative themes emerged and in many instances corroborated quantitative results. This study indicates that for some advertisements, attention on certain areas (measured through eye tracking) is associated with perceptions among young male smokers. Understanding how smokers perceive and understand products after viewing advertisements may inform regulations regarding claims about product harm and addiction and may guide public health efforts to educate smokers on the risks of emerging products. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette R Kaufman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Emily Grenen
- Technology and Management Solutions, ICF International
| | - Meredith Grady
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Bryan Leyva
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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