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Shapiro GK, Tong E, Nissim R, Zimmermann C, Allin S, Gibson JL, Lau SCL, Li M, Rodin G. Perspectives of Canadian health leaders on the relationship between medical assistance in dying and palliative and end-of-life care services: a qualitative study. CMAJ 2024; 196:E222-E234. [PMID: 38408784 PMCID: PMC10896594 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) was legalized in Canada in 2016, but coordination of MAiD and palliative and end-of-life care (PEOLC) services remains underdeveloped. We sought to understand the perspectives of health leaders across Canada on the relationship between MAiD and PEOLC services and to identify opportunities for improved coordination. METHODS In this quantitative study, we purposively sampled health leaders across Canada with expertise in MAiD, PEOLC, or both. We conducted semi-structured interviews between April 2021 and January 2022. Interview transcripts were coded independently by 2 researchers and reconciled to identify key themes using content analysis. We applied the PATH framework for Integrated Health Services to guide data collection and analysis. RESULTS We conducted 36 interviews. Participants expressed diverse views about the optimal relationship between MAiD and PEOLC, and the desirability of integration, separation, or coordination of these services. We identified 11 themes to improve the relationship between the services across 4 PATH levels: client-centred services (e.g., educate public); health operations (e.g., cultivate compassionate and proactive leadership); health systems (e.g., conduct broad and inclusive consultation and planning); and intersectoral initiatives (e.g., provide standard practice guidelines across health care systems). INTERPRETATION Health leaders recognized that cooperation between MAiD and PEOLC services is required for appropriate referrals, care coordination, and patient care. They identified the need for public and provider education, standardized practice guidelines, relationship-building, and leadership. Our findings have implications for MAiD and PEOLC policy development and clinical practice in Canada and other jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilla K Shapiro
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sara Allin
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jennifer L Gibson
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sharlane C L Lau
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Madeline Li
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care (Shapiro, Tong, Nissim, Zimmermann, Lau, Li, Rodin), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (Shapiro, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Shapiro, Nissim, Zimmermann, Li, Rodin), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Social & Behavioural Health Sciences Division (Shapiro), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Zimmermann), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Zimmermann, Allin, Gibson), Joint Centre for Bioethics (Gibson), and Epidemiology Division (Rodin), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Tong E, Nissim R, Selby D, Bean S, Isenberg-Grzeda E, Thangarasa T, Rodin G, Li M, Hales S. The impact of COVID-19 on the experiences of patients and their family caregivers with medical assistance in dying in hospital. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:70. [PMID: 37312178 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures have drastically impacted end-of-life and grief experiences globally, including those related to medical assistance in dying (MAiD). No known qualitative studies to date have examined the MAiD experience during the pandemic. This qualitative study aimed to understand how the pandemic impacted the MAiD experience in hospital of persons requesting MAiD (patients) and their loved ones (caregivers) in Canada. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients who requested MAiD and their caregivers between April 2020 and May 2021. Participants were recruited during the first year of the pandemic from the University Health Network and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada. Patients and caregivers were interviewed about their experience following the MAiD request. Six months following patient death, bereaved caregivers were interviewed to explore their bereavement experience. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and de-identified. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Interviews were conducted with 7 patients (mean [SD] age, 73 [12] years; 5 [63%] women) and 23 caregivers (mean [SD] age, 59 [11] years; 14 [61%] women). Fourteen caregivers were interviewed at the time of MAiD request and 13 bereaved caregivers were interviewed post-MAiD. Four themes were generated with respect to the impact of COVID-19 and its containment measures on the MAiD experience in hospital: (1) accelerating the MAiD decision; (2) compromising family understanding and coping; (3) disrupting MAiD delivery; and (4) appreciating rule flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the tension between respecting pandemic restrictions and prioritizing control over the dying circumstances central to MAiD, and the resulting impact on patient and family suffering. There is a need for healthcare institutions to recognize the relational dimensions of the MAiD experience, particularly in the isolating context of the pandemic. Findings may inform strategies to better support those requesting MAiD and their families during the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Debbie Selby
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Bean
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elie Isenberg-Grzeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tharshika Thangarasa
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madeline Li
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Hales
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Sandoval Karamian AG, Yang QZ, Tam LT, Rao VL, Tong E, Yeom KW. Intracranial Hemorrhage in Term and Late-Preterm Neonates: An Institutional Perspective. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1494-1499. [PMID: 36137666 PMCID: PMC9575529 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm neonates is relatively unexplored. This descriptive study examines the MR imaging-detectable spectrum of intracranial hemorrhage in this population and potential risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prevalence and distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in consecutive term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging between January 2011 to August 2018 were assessed. MRIs were analyzed to determine intracranial hemorrhage distribution (intraventricular, subarachnoid, subdural, intraparenchymal, and subpial/leptomeningeal), and chart review was performed for potential clinical risk factors. RESULTS Of 725 term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging, intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 63 (9%). Fifty-two (83%) had multicompartment intracranial hemorrhage. Intraventricular and subdural were the most common hemorrhage locations, found in 41 (65%) and 39 (62%) neonates, respectively. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 33 (52%); subpial, in 19 (30%); subarachnoid, in 12 (19%); and epidural, in 2 (3%) neonates. Twenty infants (32%) were delivered via cesarean delivery, and 5 (8%), via instrumented delivery. Cortical vein thromboses were present in 34 (54%); periventricular or medullary vein thromboses, in 37 (59%); and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, in 5 (8%). Thirty-seven (59%) had elevated markers of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 1.2, fibrinogen level < 234), 9 (14%) had a clinically meaningful elevation in the international normalized ratio (>1.4), and 3 (5%) had a clinically meaningful decrease in the fibrinogen level (<150). Three (5%) neonates had thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 103/μL). CONCLUSIONS While relatively infrequent, there was a wide distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm infants; intraventricular and subdural hemorrhages were the most common types. We report a high prevalence of venous congestion or thromboses accompanying neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sandoval Karamian
- From the Division of Child Neurology (A.G.S.K.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Q-Z Yang
- Division of Child Neurology (Q.-Z.Y.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - L T Tam
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.T.T., V.L.R.), Palo Alto, California
| | - V L Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.T.T., V.L.R.), Palo Alto, California
| | - E Tong
- Department of Radiology (E.T., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (E.T., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Bell JAH, Salis M, Tong E, Nekolaichuk E, Barned C, Bianchi A, Buchman DZ, Rodrigues K, Shanker RR, Heesters AM. Clinical ethics consultations: a scoping review of reported outcomes. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:99. [PMID: 36167536 PMCID: PMC9513991 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical ethics consultations (CEC) can be complex interventions, involving multiple methods, stakeholders, and competing ethical values. Despite longstanding calls for rigorous evaluation in the field, progress has been limited. The Medical Research Council (MRC) proposed guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of complex interventions. The evaluation of CEC may benefit from application of the MRC framework to advance the transparency and methodological rigor of this field. A first step is to understand the outcomes measured in evaluations of CEC in healthcare settings. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this review was to identify and map the outcomes reported in primary studies of CEC. The secondary objective was to provide a comprehensive overview of CEC structures, processes, and roles to enhance understanding and to inform standardization. METHODS We searched electronic databases to identify primary studies of CEC involving patients, substitute decision-makers and/or family members, clinicians, healthcare staff and leaders. Outcomes were mapped across five conceptual domains as identified a priori based on our clinical ethics experience and preliminary literature searches and revised based on our emerging interpretation of the data. These domains included personal factors, process factors, clinical factors, quality, and resource factors. RESULTS Forty-eight studies were included in the review. Studies were highly heterogeneous and varied considerably regarding format and process of ethical intervention, credentials of interventionist, population of study, outcomes reported, and measures employed. In addition, few studies used validated measurement tools. The top three outcome domains that studies reported on were quality (n = 31), process factors (n = 23), and clinical factors (n = 19). The majority of studies examined multiple outcome domains. All five outcome domains were multidimensional and included a variety of subthemes. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review represents the initial phase of mapping the outcomes reported in primary studies of CEC and identifying gaps in the evidence. The confirmed lack of standardization represents a hindrance to the provision of high quality intervention and CEC scientific progress. Insights gained can inform the development of a core outcome set to standardize outcome measures in CEC evaluation research and enable scientifically rigorous efficacy trials of CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A H Bell
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Supportive Care Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Marina Salis
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,William Osler Health System, Brampton, ON, Canada
| | - Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erica Nekolaichuk
- Gerstein Science Information Centre, University of Toronto Libraries, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Barned
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andria Bianchi
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Z Buchman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruby R Shanker
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ann M Heesters
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute for Education Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Tong E. Working while pregnant in IR: a practical approach. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:717-718. [PMID: 35732570 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Tong
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
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Thangarasa T, Hales S, Tong E, An E, Selby D, Isenberg-Grzeda E, Li M, Rodin G, Bean S, Bell JAH, Nissim R. A Race to the End: Family Caregivers' Experience of Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD)-a Qualitative Study. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:809-815. [PMID: 34287775 PMCID: PMC8904693 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The June 2016 legalization of medical assistance in dying (MAiD) provided an added layer of choice to end-of-life care in Canada. Family caregivers play an important role in patient end-of-life decision-making. They may experience unique psychological burden or distress associated with their role. However, we know little about the caregiver experience associated with patient MAiD requests and the nature of psychosocial supports caregivers require before, during, and following MAiD intervention. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to better understand the caregiver experience of MAiD within the Canadian legal landscape following Bill C-14. DESIGN Caregiver experience was examined based on qualitative, semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS A total of 22 caregivers of patients who had requested MAiD were interviewed. APPROACH Transcripts were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed based on grounded theory methodology. KEY RESULTS The caregiver experience of MAiD within the legal framework was found to be understood as a "race to the end," with the ultimate goal of creating an ideal dying experience for the patient while balancing a threat to capacity that would undermine their access to MAiD. Caregivers can be described within the overarching framework as either co-runners or onlookers. Sources of caregiver distress were linked to these roles. CONCLUSIONS The "race to the end" theoretical model contributes new knowledge and understanding that can inform the development of tailored support services for caregivers, the impact of legislative changes on this population, and future research examining decision-making near end of life and the caregiver experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharshika Thangarasa
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sarah Hales
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina An
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debbie Selby
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elie Isenberg-Grzeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeline Li
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sally Bean
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A H Bell
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Shapiro GK, Tong E, Nissim R, Zimmermann C, Allin S, Gibson J, Li M, Rodin G. Exploring key stakeholders' attitudes and opinions on medical assistance in dying and palliative care in Canada: a qualitative study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055789. [PMID: 34862301 PMCID: PMC8646969 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canadians have had legal access to medical assistance in dying (MAiD) since 2016. However, despite substantial overlap in populations who request MAiD and who require palliative care (PC) services, policies and recommended practices regarding the optimal relationship between MAiD and PC services are not well developed. Multiple models are possible, including autonomous delivery of these services and formal or informal coordination, collaboration or integration. However, it is not clear which of these approaches are most appropriate, feasible or acceptable in different Canadian health settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and in the post-pandemic period. The aim of this qualitative study is to understand the attitudes and opinions of key stakeholders from the government, health system, patient groups and academia in Canada regarding the optimal relationship between MAiD and PC services. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A qualitative, purposeful sampling approach will elicit stakeholder feedback of 25-30 participants using semistructured interviews. Stakeholders with expertise and engagement in MAiD or PC who hold leadership positions in their respective organisations across Canada will be invited to provide their perspectives on the relationship between MAiD and PC; capacity-building needs; policy development opportunities; and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between MAiD and PC services. Transcripts will be analysed using content analysis. A framework for integrated health services will be used to assess the impact of integrating services on multiple levels. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethical approval from the University Health Network Research Ethics Board (No 19-5518; Toronto, Canada). All participants will be required to provide informed electronic consent before a qualitative interview is scheduled, and to provide verbal consent prior to the start of the qualitative interview. Findings from this study could inform healthcare policy, the delivery of MAiD and PC, and enhance the understanding of the multilevel factors relevant for the delivery of these services. Findings will be disseminated in conferences and peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilla K Shapiro
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Allin
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gibson
- Joint Centre for Bioethics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeline Li
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Quon JL, Bala W, Chen LC, Wright J, Kim LH, Han M, Shpanskaya K, Lee EH, Tong E, Iv M, Seekins J, Lungren MP, Braun KRM, Poussaint TY, Laughlin S, Taylor MD, Lober RM, Vogel H, Fisher PG, Grant GA, Ramaswamy V, Vitanza NA, Ho CY, Edwards MSB, Cheshier SH, Yeom KW. Deep Learning for Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Detection and Classification: A Multi-Institutional Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1718-1725. [PMID: 32816765 PMCID: PMC7583118 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Posterior fossa tumors are the most common pediatric brain tumors. MR imaging is key to tumor detection, diagnosis, and therapy guidance. We sought to develop an MR imaging-based deep learning model for posterior fossa tumor detection and tumor pathology classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study cohort comprised 617 children (median age, 92 months; 56% males) from 5 pediatric institutions with posterior fossa tumors: diffuse midline glioma of the pons (n = 122), medulloblastoma (n = 272), pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 135), and ependymoma (n = 88). There were 199 controls. Tumor histology served as ground truth except for diffuse midline glioma of the pons, which was primarily diagnosed by MR imaging. A modified ResNeXt-50-32x4d architecture served as the backbone for a multitask classifier model, using T2-weighted MRIs as input to detect the presence of tumor and predict tumor class. Deep learning model performance was compared against that of 4 radiologists. RESULTS Model tumor detection accuracy exceeded an AUROC of 0.99 and was similar to that of 4 radiologists. Model tumor classification accuracy was 92% with an F1 score of 0.80. The model was most accurate at predicting diffuse midline glioma of the pons, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Ependymoma prediction was the least accurate. Tumor type classification accuracy and F1 score were higher than those of 2 of the 4 radiologists. CONCLUSIONS We present a multi-institutional deep learning model for pediatric posterior fossa tumor detection and classification with the potential to augment and improve the accuracy of radiologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Quon
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (J.L.Q., G.A.G., M.S.B.E.)
| | - W Bala
- Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)
| | | | - J Wright
- Department of Radiology (J.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - L H Kim
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California
| | - M Han
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California
| | - K Shpanskaya
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.H.K., M.H., K.S.), Stanford, California
| | - E H Lee
- Electrical Engineering (E.H.L.)
| | | | | | - J Seekins
- Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)
| | - M P Lungren
- Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)
| | - K R M Braun
- Departments of Clinical Radiology & Imaging Sciences (K.R.M.B., C.Y.H.), Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - T Y Poussaint
- Departments of Radiology (T.Y.P.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Laughlin
- Departments of diagnostic Imaging (S.L.)
| | | | - R M Lober
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.M.L.), Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - H Vogel
- and Pathology (H.V.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - P G Fisher
- Division of Child Neurology (P.G.F.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - G A Grant
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (J.L.Q., G.A.G., M.S.B.E.)
| | - V Ramaswamy
- and Haematology/Oncology (V.R.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N A Vitanza
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (N.A.V.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle Washington.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (N.A.V.), Seattle, Washington
| | - C Y Ho
- Departments of Clinical Radiology & Imaging Sciences (K.R.M.B., C.Y.H.), Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - M S B Edwards
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (J.L.Q., G.A.G., M.S.B.E.)
| | - S H Cheshier
- Departments of Neurosurgery (S.H.C.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (W.B., J.S., M.P.L., K.W.Y.)
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9
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Jabarkheel R, Tong E, Lee EH, Cullen TM, Yousaf U, Loening AM, Taviani V, Iv M, Grant GA, Holdsworth SJ, Vasanawala SS, Yeom KW. Variable Refocusing Flip Angle Single-Shot Imaging for Sedation-Free Fast Brain MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1256-1262. [PMID: 32586967 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Conventional single-shot FSE commonly used for fast MRI may be suboptimal for brain evaluation due to poor image contrast, SNR, or image blurring. We investigated the clinical performance of variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, a variation of single-shot FSE with lower radiofrequency energy deposition and potentially faster acquisition time, as an alternative approach to fast brain MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively compared half-Fourier single-shot FSE with half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE in 30 children. Three readers reviewed images for motion artifacts, image sharpness at the brain-fluid interface, and image sharpness/tissue contrast at gray-white differentiation on a modified 5-point Likert scale. Two readers also evaluated full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE against T2-FSE for brain lesion detectability in 38 children. RESULTS Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences showed more motion artifacts (P < .001). Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE sequences scored higher regarding image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces (P < .001) and gray-white differentiation (P < .001). Acquisition times for half- and full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE were faster than for single-shot FSE (P < .001) with a 53% and 47% reduction, respectively. Intermodality agreement between full-Fourier variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE and T2-FSE findings was near-perfect (κ = 0.90, κ = 0.95), with an 8% discordance rate for ground truth lesion detection. CONCLUSIONS Variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE achieved 2× faster scan times than single-shot FSE with improved image sharpness at brain-fluid interfaces and gray-white differentiation. Such improvements are likely attributed to a combination of improved contrast, spatial resolution, SNR, and reduced T2-decay associated with blurring. While variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE may be a useful alternative to single-shot FSE and, potentially, T2-FSE when faster scan times are desired, motion artifacts were more common in variable refocusing flip angle single-shot FSE, and, thus, they remain an important consideration before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jabarkheel
- From the Stanford University School of Medicine (R.J.)
| | - E Tong
- Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)
| | - E H Lee
- Electrical Engineering (E.H.L.)
| | - T M Cullen
- Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - U Yousaf
- Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - A M Loening
- Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)
| | - V Taviani
- Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)
| | - M Iv
- Departments of Radiology (E.T., A.M.L., V.T., M.I.)
| | - G A Grant
- Neurosurgery (G.A.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - S J Holdsworth
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research (S.J.H.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S S Vasanawala
- Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (T.M.C., U.Y., S.S.V., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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10
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Aboian MS, Tong E, Solomon DA, Kline C, Gautam A, Vardapetyan A, Tamrazi B, Li Y, Jordan CD, Felton E, Weinberg B, Braunstein S, Mueller S, Cha S. Diffusion Characteristics of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas with Histone H3-K27M Mutation Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1804-1810. [PMID: 31694820 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diffuse midline gliomas with histone H3 K27M mutation are biologically aggressive tumors with poor prognosis defined as a new diagnostic entity in the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. There are no qualitative imaging differences (enhancement, border, or central necrosis) between histone H3 wildtype and H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas. Herein, we evaluated the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging to distinguish H3 K27M-mutant from histone H3 wildtype diffuse midline gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 31 pediatric patients (younger than 21 years of age) with diffuse gliomas centered in midline structures that had undergone assessment for histone H3 K27M mutation. We measured ADC within these tumors using a voxel-based 3D whole-tumor measurement method. RESULTS Our cohort included 18 infratentorial and 13 supratentorial diffuse gliomas centered in midline structures. Twenty-three (74%) tumors carried H3-K27M mutations. There was no difference in ADC histogram parameters (mean, median, minimum, maximum, percentiles) between mutant and wild-type tumors. Subgroup analysis based on tumor location also did not identify a difference in histogram descriptive statistics. Patients who survived <1 year after diagnosis had lower median ADC (1.10 × 10-3mm2/s; 95% CI, 0.90-1.30) compared with patients who survived >1 year (1.46 × 10-3mm2/s; 95% CI, 1.19-1.67; P < .06). Average ADC values for diffuse midline gliomas were 1.28 × 10-3mm2/s (95% CI, 1.21-1.34) and 0.86 × 10-3mm2/s (95% CI, 0.69-1.01) for hemispheric glioblastomas with P < .05. CONCLUSIONS Although no statistically significant difference in diffusion characteristics was found between H3-K27M mutant and H3 wildtype diffuse midline gliomas, lower diffusivity corresponds to a lower survival rate at 1 year after diagnosis. These findings can have an impact on the anticipated clinical course for this patient population and offer providers and families guidance on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Aboian
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.S.A.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - E Tong
- Department of Radiology (E.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - C Kline
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (C.K., E.F., S.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - A Gautam
- Johns Hopkins University (A.G.), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A Vardapetyan
- University of California Berkeley (A.V.), Berkeley, California
| | - B Tamrazi
- Department of Radiology (B.T.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pathology, Departments of Radiology (Y.L., C.D.J., S.C.)
| | - C D Jordan
- Department of Pathology, Departments of Radiology (Y.L., C.D.J., S.C.)
| | - E Felton
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (C.K., E.F., S.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - B Weinberg
- Department of Neuroradiology (B.W.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - S Mueller
- Neurological Surgery (S.M.).,Neurology (S.M.).,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (C.K., E.F., S.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - S Cha
- Department of Pathology, Departments of Radiology (Y.L., C.D.J., S.C.)
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11
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Tong E, Lo C, Moura S, Antes K, Buchanan S, Kamtapersaud V, Devins GM, Zimmermann C, Gallinger S, Rodin G. Development of a psychoeducational intervention for people affected by pancreatic cancer. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:80. [PMID: 31245024 PMCID: PMC6584982 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates of any malignancy, placing a substantial burden on patients and families with high unmet informational and supportive care needs. Nevertheless, access to psychosocial and palliative care services for the individuals affected is limited. There is a need for standardized approaches to facilitate adjustment and to improve knowledge about the disease and its anticipated impact. In this intervention-development paper guided by implementation science principles, we report the rationale, methods, and processes employed in developing an interdisciplinary group psychoeducational intervention for people affected by pancreatic cancer. The acceptability and feasibility of implementation will be evaluated as a part of a subsequent feasibility study. Methods The Schofield and Chambers framework for designing sustainable self-management interventions in cancer care informed the development of the intervention content and format. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research served as an overarching guide of the implementation process, including the development phase and the formative evaluation plan of implementation. Results A representative team of stakeholders collaboratively developed and tailored the intervention content and format with attention to the principles of implementation science, including available resourcing. The final intervention prototype was designed as a single group-session led by an interdisciplinary clinical team with expertise in caring for patients with pancreatic cancer and their families and in addressing nutrition guidelines, disease and symptom management, communication with family and health care providers, family impact of cancer, preparing for the future, and palliative and supportive care services. Conclusions The present paper describes the development of a group psychoeducational intervention to address the informational and supportive care needs of people affected by pancreatic cancer. Consideration of implementation science during intervention development efforts can optimize uptake and sustainability in the clinical setting. Our approach may be utilized as a framework for the design and implementation of similar initiatives to support people affected by diseases with limited prognoses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40814-019-0466-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Tong
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chris Lo
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,6Department of Psychology, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, Canada.,7Social and Behavioural Sciences Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shari Moura
- 8Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kelly Antes
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,8Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Buchanan
- 8Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Venissa Kamtapersaud
- 8Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerald M Devins
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,9The Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- 2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,8Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,10Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- 1Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 700 Bay St., Suite 2303, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z6 Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,9The Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Radini A, Tromp M, Beach A, Tong E, Speller C, McCormick M, Dudgeon JV, Collins MJ, Rühli F, Kröger R, Warinner C. Medieval women's early involvement in manuscript production suggested by lapis lazuli identification in dental calculus. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau7126. [PMID: 30662947 PMCID: PMC6326749 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During the European Middle Ages, the opening of long-distance Asian trade routes introduced exotic goods, including ultramarine, a brilliant blue pigment produced from lapis lazuli stone mined only in Afghanistan. Rare and as expensive as gold, this pigment transformed the European color palette, but little is known about its early trade or use. Here, we report the discovery of lapis lazuli pigment preserved in the dental calculus of a religious woman in Germany radiocarbon-dated to the 11th or early 12th century. The early use of this pigment by a religious woman challenges widespread assumptions about its limited availability in medieval Europe and the gendered production of illuminated texts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Radini
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - M. Tromp
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A. Beach
- Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E. Tong
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Speller
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - M. McCormick
- Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J. V. Dudgeon
- Department of Anthropology, Idaho State University, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
- Center for Archaeology, Materials and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - M. J. Collins
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - F. Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - R. Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Warinner
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research and the Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Lv H, Wang Z, Tong E, Williams LM, Zaharchuk G, Zeineh M, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Ball TM, Liao C, Wintermark M. Resting-State Functional MRI: Everything That Nonexperts Have Always Wanted to Know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:1390-1399. [PMID: 29348136 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI was first described by Biswal et al in 1995 and has since then been widely used in both healthy subjects and patients with various neurologic, neurosurgical, and psychiatric disorders. As opposed to paradigm- or task-based functional MR imaging, resting-state fMRI does not require subjects to perform any specific task. The low-frequency oscillations of the resting-state fMRI signal have been shown to relate to the spontaneous neural activity. There are many ways to analyze resting-state fMRI data. In this review article, we will briefly describe a few of these and highlight the advantages and limitations of each. This description is to facilitate the adoption and use of resting-state fMRI in the clinical setting, helping neuroradiologists become familiar with these techniques and applying them for the care of patients with neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lv
- From the Department of Radiology (H.L., Z.W.), Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology (H.L., G.Z., M.Z., M.W.), Neuroradiology Division
| | - Z Wang
- From the Department of Radiology (H.L., Z.W.), Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - E Tong
- Department of Radiology (E.T.), Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - L M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.M.W., A.N.G.-P., T.M.B.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - G Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology (H.L., G.Z., M.Z., M.W.), Neuroradiology Division
| | - M Zeineh
- Department of Radiology (H.L., G.Z., M.Z., M.W.), Neuroradiology Division
| | - A N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.M.W., A.N.G.-P., T.M.B.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - T M Ball
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.M.W., A.N.G.-P., T.M.B.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - C Liao
- Department of Radiology (C.L.), Yunnan Tumor Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - M Wintermark
- Department of Radiology (H.L., G.Z., M.Z., M.W.), Neuroradiology Division
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14
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Rodin G, Deckert A, Tong E, Le LW, Rydall A, Schimmer A, Marmar CR, Lo C, Zimmermann C. Traumatic stress in patients with acute leukemia: A prospective cohort study. Psychooncology 2017; 27:515-523. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC); University of Toronto and University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Amy Deckert
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC); University of Toronto and University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lisa W. Le
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anne Rydall
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Charles R. Marmar
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center; NYU Langone Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | - Chris Lo
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Guelph-Humber; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Global Institute of Psychosocial, Palliative and End-of-Life Care (GIPPEC); University of Toronto and University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Death anxiety is important but understudied in palliative care. New self-report measurements have been developed, but their interpretation and clinical utility may not be evident. AIM To inform our understanding of death anxiety in patients with advanced cancer by exploring the relationship between this self-reported symptom and its clinical presentation. DESIGN Participants were part of a psychotherapy trial in advanced cancer. First therapy session transcripts were analyzed using interpretive description in patients reporting low, moderate, and high death anxiety on the Death and Dying Distress Scale (DADDS). SETTING/PARTICIPANTS A total of 16 participants (10 women and 6 men) with advanced or metastatic cancer were sampled from the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada. Six participants reported low death anxiety scores (Death and Dying Distress Scale: 0-19), five moderate (Death and Dying Distress Scale: 20-50), and five high (Death and Dying Distress Scale: 51-75). RESULTS The low death anxiety group exhibited psychological readiness for death, or contrastingly, non-reflectiveness about death. The moderate group recognized the imminence of mortality, which impacted treatment decisions and future plans. Prior experience with death was discussed as raising the salience of mortality. The high group felt dominated by powerful emotions and could not make sense of their situation. Their distress was exacerbated by substantial relational concerns. CONCLUSION Self-reported death anxiety is affected by the awareness and ability to reflect on mortality. Death and Dying Distress Scale scores may facilitate exploration of this symptom as part of a clinical assessment and may serve to guide treatment approaches. Greater attention to death anxiety is consistent with and recommended by contemporary approaches to palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Tong
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Deckert
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nina Gani
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Rydall
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Hales
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Lo
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tong E, Dorairaj J, O'Sullivan JB, Kneafsey B. Deep Full Thickness Burn to a Finger from a Topical Wart Treatment. Ir Med J 2015; 108:283-284. [PMID: 26625656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a deep full thickness burn from topical formic acid. Our patient developed a burn over her proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of her finger, secondary to inappropriate application of an anti-wart treatment. The burn required extensive deridement, and the resultant defect was reconstructed using a subcutaneous flap from the adjacent finger (a reverse cross finger flap). She was reviewed six months post-surgery, and overall she has a sub-optimal result. This incident was referred to the Irish Medicine's Board who have since reviewed the case and ordered the manufacturer to alter their usage instructions.
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Tong E, Martin F, Shelley O. A novel approach to reconstruct a large full thickness abdominal wall defect: Successful treatment with Matriderm® and Split. J Wound Care 2014; 23:355-7. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2014.23.7.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Tong
- Senior house officer, National Burns Unit Dept Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery St. James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - F. Martin
- Specialist registrar, consultant, National Burns Unit Dept Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery St. James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - O. Shelley
- Consultant, National Burns Unit Dept Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery St. James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bayles
- Pharmacy Department; Alfred Hospital; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - E. Tong
- Pharmacy Department; Alfred Hospital; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
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Magge R, Lau BC, Soares BP, Fischette S, Arora S, Tong E, Cheng S, Wintermark M. Clinical risk factors and CT imaging features of carotid atherosclerotic plaques as predictors of new incident carotid ischemic stroke: a retrospective cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 34:402-9. [PMID: 22859283 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parameters other than luminal narrowing are needed to predict the risk of stroke more reliably, particularly in patients with <70% stenosis. The goal of our study was to identify clinical risk factors and CT features of carotid atherosclerotic plaques, in a retrospective cohort of patients free of stroke at baseline, that are independent predictors of incident stroke on follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified a retrospective cohort of patients admitted to our emergency department with suspected stroke between 2001-2007 who underwent a stroke work-up including a CTA of the carotid arteries that was subsequently negative for acute stroke. All patients also had to receive a follow-up brain study at least 2 weeks later. From a random sample, we reviewed charts and imaging studies of patients with subsequent new stroke on follow-up as well as those who remained stroke-free. All patients were classified either as "new carotid infarct patients" or "no-new carotid infarct patients" based on the Causative Classification for Stroke. Independently, the baseline CTA studies were processed using a custom, CT-based automated computer classifier algorithm that quantitatively assesses a set of carotid CT features (wall thickness, plaque ulcerations, fibrous cap thickness, lipid-rich necrotic core, and calcifications). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify any significant differences in CT features between the patient groups in the sample. Subsequent ROC analysis allowed comparison to the classic NASCET stenosis rule in identifying patients with incident stroke on follow-up. RESULTS We identified a total of 315 patients without a new carotid stroke between baseline and follow-up, and 14 with a new carotid stroke between baseline and follow-up, creating the main comparison groups for the study. Statistical analysis showed age and use of antihypertensive drugs to be the most significant clinical variables, and maximal carotid wall thickness was the most relevant imaging variable. The use of age ≥ 75 years, antihypertensive medication use, and a maximal carotid wall thickness of at least 4 mm was able to successfully identify 10 of the 14 patients who developed a new incident infarct on follow-up. ROC analysis showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.706 for prediction of new stroke with this new model. CONCLUSIONS Our new paradigm of using age ≥ 75 years, history of hypertension, and carotid maximal wall thickness of >4 mm identified most of the patients with subsequent new carotid stroke in our study. It is simple and may help clinicians choose the patients at greatest risk of developing a carotid infarct, warranting validation with a prospective observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Magge
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Kaur B, Harvey D, Tong E, Hofstetter CR, DeCarli C, Olichney J. The Relationship of Smoking History and Vascular Risk Factors to Motor Parkinsonism in Dementia (P04.202). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Barker A, Morton A, Gatton M, Tong E, Clements A. Sequential monitoring of hospital adverse events when control charts fail: the example of fall injuries in hospitals. Qual Saf Health Care 2011; 18:473-7. [PMID: 19955460 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2007.025601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate methods for monitoring monthly aggregated hospital adverse event data that display clustering, non-linear trends and possible autocorrelation. DESIGN Retrospective audit. SETTING The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 171,059 patients admitted between January 2001 and December 2006. MEASUREMENTS The analysis is illustrated with 72 months of patient fall injury data using a modified Shewhart U control chart, and charts derived from a quasi-Poisson generalised linear model (GLM) and a generalised additive mixed model (GAMM) that included an approximate upper control limit. RESULTS The data were overdispersed and displayed a downward trend and possible autocorrelation. The downward trend was followed by a predictable period after December 2003. The GLM-estimated incidence rate ratio was 0.98 (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99) per month. The GAMM-fitted count fell from 12.67 (95% CI 10.05 to 15.97) in January 2001 to 5.23 (95% CI 3.82 to 7.15) in December 2006 (p<0.001). The corresponding values for the GLM were 11.9 and 3.94. Residual plots suggested that the GLM underestimated the rate at the beginning and end of the series and overestimated it in the middle. The data suggested a more rapid rate fall before 2004 and a steady state thereafter, a pattern reflected in the GAMM chart. The approximate upper two-sigma equivalent control limit in the GLM and GAMM charts identified 2 months that showed possible special-cause variation. CONCLUSION Charts based on GAMM analysis are a suitable alternative to Shewhart U control charts with these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barker
- The Northern Clinical Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Tong E, Murphy WG, Kinsella A, Darragh E, Woods J, Murphy C, McSweeney E. Capillary and venous haemoglobin levels in blood donors: a 42-month study of 36 258 paired samples. Vox Sang 2010; 98:547-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wintermark M, Jawadi SS, Rapp JH, Tihan T, Tong E, Glidden DV, Abedin S, Schaeffer S, Acevedo-Bolton G, Boudignon B, Orwoll B, Pan X, Saloner D. High-resolution CT imaging of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29:875-82. [PMID: 18272562 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Plaque morphologic features have been suggested as a complement to luminal narrowing measurements for assessing the risk of stroke associated with carotid atherosclerotic disease, giving rise to the concept of "vulnerable plaque." The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of multidetector-row CT angiography (CTA) to assess the composition and characteristics of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques with use of histologic examination as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight patients with transient ischemic attacks who underwent carotid CTA and "en bloc" endarterectomy were enrolled in a prospective study. An ex vivo micro-CT study of each endarterectomy specimen was obtained, followed by histologic examination. A systematic comparison of CTA images with histologic sections and micro-CT images was performed to determine the CT attenuation associated with each component of the atherosclerotic plaques. A computer algorithm was subsequently developed that automatically identifies the components of the carotid atherosclerotic plaques, based on the density of each pixel. A neuroradiologist's reading of this computer analysis was compared with the interpretation of the histologic slides by a pathologist with respect to the types and characteristics of the carotid plaques. RESULTS There was a 72.6% agreement between CTA and histologic examination in carotid plaque characterization. CTA showed perfect concordance for calcifications. A significant overlap between densities associated with lipid-rich necrotic core, connective tissue, and hemorrhage limited the reliability of individual pixel readings to identify these components. However, CTA showed good correlation with histologic examination for large lipid cores (kappa = 0.796; P < .001) and large hemorrhages (kappa = 0.712; P = .102). CTA performed well in detecting ulcerations (kappa = 0.855) and in measuring the fibrous cap thickness (R(2) = 0.77; P < .001). CONCLUSION The composition of carotid atherosclerotic plaques determined by CTA reflects plaque composition defined by histologic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wintermark
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Hu TW, Mao Z, Ong M, Tong E, Tao M, Jiang H, Hammond K, Smith KR, de Beyer J, Yurekli A. China at the crossroads: the economics of tobacco and health. Tob Control 2006; 15 Suppl 1:i37-41. [PMID: 16723674 PMCID: PMC2563551 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2005.014621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse economic aspects of tobacco control policy issues in China. METHODS Published and collected survey data were used to analyse economic consequences of smoking. Economic analysis was used to address the role of tobacco farmers and the cigarette industry in the Chinese economy. RESULTS In the agricultural sector, tobacco has the lowest economic rate of return of all cash crops. At the same time, the tobacco industry's tax contribution to the central government has been declining. CONCLUSION Economic gains become less important as the negative health impact of smoking on the population garners more awareness. China stands at a crossroads to implement the economic promises of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and promote the health of its population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-W Hu
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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25
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Yao Y, Sun S, Kong Q, Tong E. 7beta-hydroxycholesterol reduces the extent of reactive gliosis caused by iron deposition in the hippocampus but does not attenuate the iron-induced seizures in rats. Neuroscience 2006; 138:1097-103. [PMID: 16442740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
7beta-Hydroxycholesterol has been previously demonstrated to inhibit astrocytosis in injured cortex or spinal cord of rats. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effects of the liposome containing 7beta-hydroxycholesterol on the reactive astrocytosis caused by the injection of iron into the hippocampus of rats and furthermore evaluated the involvement of reactive astrocytosis in iron-induced epilepsy. Injection of ferric chloride solution unilaterally into the hippocampus of rats induced spontaneous spiking activity ipsilaterally then developed into bilateral hippocampi and generalized convulsive seizures within the first week post-operation, and spontaneous epileptiform activity and generalized seizures lasted as long as 2 weeks post-operation, whereas none of the rats injected with sodium chloride solution unilaterally into the hippocampus developed generalized seizures. With immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses, apparent reactive astrocytosis in bilateral hippocampi was detected using antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein 14 days after the injection of ferric chloride solution, but no significant differences were found in the amount of synaptophysin protein, a presynaptic vesicle protein, as compared with the rats injected with sodium chloride solution. Infusion of liposome suspension containing 7beta-hydroxycholesterol into the same site immediately after the injection of ferric chloride solution reduced the extent of the reactive astrocytosis by 50%-55% of the amount of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampi of both hemispheres, and non-significantly elevated the amount of synaptophysin protein in both sides of hippocampus. However, these effects did not significantly modify the seizure latency and the incidence of generalized seizures in the rats. These findings demonstrate the effects of 7beta-hydroxycholesterol on the inhibition of reactive astrocytosis caused by iron deposition in the hippocampus of rats, and suggest that the reactive astrocytosis may not play a causal role in the development of iron-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1277, 430022 Wuhan, China.
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Ozer C, Gönül B, Take G, Erdoğan D, Tong E, Ercan ZS. Tryptophan administration increase contractility and change the ultrastructure of mice duodenum. Amino Acids 2004; 27:215-20. [PMID: 15503228 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-004-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a metabolite of tryptophan (TRP). 5-HT has been shown to induce contractions in rat duodenum and ileum. We planned to investigate the in vivo effects of TRP administration on duodenal contractility and ultrastructure together. Two equal groups of adult male Swiss-albino mice were used in the experiments. Controls (CONT) and TRP treated (100 mg/kg/24 hr in 0.2 ml. saline solution ip, 7 days). Body weights were recorded at the beginning and at the end of experiments. Duodenum tissues contractility responses to different concentration of KCl and acethycholine (ACh) were recorded on polygraph. The ultrastructural changes in duodenum observed by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) method and 5-HT levels determined by immunohistochemical method. Body weights decreased and duodenal contractile response of ACh increased significantly by TRP treatment. The duodenal ultrastructural changes in TRP group illustrated partially loss of apical surface and fusion in microvilli. Immunohistochemical detection showed that 5-HT increased by TRP treatment. There is a relation between duodenal contractility increased by TRP treatment and changes in the duodenal tissue 5-HT level and ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ozer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler Ankara, Turkey.
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Liu C, Xia Y, Sun S, Yuan G, Tong E. Study on relationship between anticardiolipin antibody and cerebrovascular diseases. J Tongji Med Univ 2003; 19:59-62. [PMID: 12840879 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) was measured in 91 patients with cerebral infarction (CI), 42 patients with cerebral hemorrhage (CH) and 30 healthy controls. The results showed that the ACA in CI and CH patients was significantly higher than in controls and IgG-ACA was the most important isotype. Stroke in ACA positive group tended to be recurrent and of multi-focuses. Positive rate of IgG-ACA reached its peak within the first week after stroke onset. The results suggested that ACA was an independent risk factor in CI and CH and might be valuable in stroke prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan 430022
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Chen H, Liu C, Sun S, Mei Y, Tong E. Cytokine-induced cell surface expression of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Curr Med Sci 2001; 21:68-71. [PMID: 11523254 DOI: 10.1007/bf02888042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the adhesion molecules expression by cytokine in vascular endothelial cells was investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were stimulated with cytokines, TNF-alpha (1-250 U/ml) or IL-1 beta (0.1-50 U/ml) for 24 h. HUVEC were also cultured with cytokines, TNF-alpha (100 U/ml) or IL-1 beta (10 U/ml), for 4-72 h, cell surface expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) were detected and quantitated by immunocytochemical methods and computerized imaging analysis technique. Adhesion molecules expression were up-regulated by TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Some significant differences were observed between the effects of cytokines on the ICAM-1 and on VCAM-1 expression. Cytokines might directly induce the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Our observations indicate differential functions of the two adhesion molecules during the evolution of inflammatory responses in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022
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29
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Hu B, Mei Y, Wei G, Qiu X, Sun S, Tong E. Effect of diazepam on the contents of amino acids and free radical during ischemia/reperfusion injury. Curr Med Sci 2001; 21:102-4. [PMID: 11523208 DOI: 10.1007/bf02888067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2000] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect and mechanism of diazepam on ischemia neurons during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were studied. Sixty-three Wistar rats were divided randomly into nine groups: control group (n = 7), ischemia (is) groups including subgroups of is3 h, is3-h/rep1-h, is3-h/rep2-h, is3-h/rep3-h(n = 7 in each group), diazepam treated groups (10 mg/kg, i.p.), including subgroups of is3-h, is3-h/rep1-h, is3-h/rep2-h, is3-h/rep3-h (n = 7 in each group) with Zea longa's animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The comparison between the ischemia group and diazepam-treated group showed that diazepam could obviously decrease the production of glutamate, asparate, MDA and increase the synthesis and release of GABA, SOD and GSH-PX. It was concluded that diazepam exerted its protective effects on neurons through complex mechanisms of regulating the synthesis and release of excitotary/inhibitory amino acids and free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022
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Borsa JJ, Fontaine AB, Hoffer EK, Bloch RD, Tong E, Kuhr CS, Kowdley KV, Schmiedl UP. Retrospective comparison of the patency of Wallstents and Palmaz long-medium stents used for TIPS. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2000; 23:332-9. [PMID: 11060361 DOI: 10.1007/s002700010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare patency rates of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) after placement of long-medium Palmaz stents or Wallstents. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of TIPS performed at our institution between December 1997 and December 1998. During this time period we placed long-medium Palmaz stents for TIPS procedures in 17 patients and Wallstents in 20 patients as the initial stent. Patency was determined on follow-up by ultrasound, angiography, or pathologic examination in the event of transplant. RESULTS Primary patency in the Palmaz stent group was 70.6% (12/17 patients) (follow-up 1-399 days, mean 127 days). Both primary assisted and secondary patency in the Palmaz group was 100% (17/17 patients) (follow up 1-399 days, mean 154 days). Primary patency in the Wallstent group was 50% (10/20 patients) (follow up 1-370 days, mean 65 days). Primary assisted patency in the Wallstent group was 80% (16/20 patients) (follow up 1-601 days, mean 141 days). Secondary patency in the Wallstent group was 100% (20/20 patients) (follow up 2-601 days, mean 142 days). Kaplan-Meier analysis of the two groups of patients yielded a primary patency of 266 days (standard error 45 days) for TIPS with the Palmaz stent and 139 days (standard error 45 days) for the Wallstent (p =.04). The 3, 6, and 12-month primary patency rates were .84, .63, and .42 respectively for the Palmaz stents and .36, .36, and .18 respectively for the Wallstent. There was no significant difference in primary assisted or secondary patency between the two stent groups. The mean tract curvature in the patients with Palmaz stents was 23.5 degrees (SD 18.2 degrees, range 0-69.0 degrees ) compared with 57 degrees (SD 34.5 degrees, range 7.0-144.0 degrees ) in patients with Wallstents (p =.01). CONCLUSIONS Our nonprospective, nonrandomized study suggests that TIPS created with the long-medium Palmaz stent have a higher primary patency than those created with the Wallstent in tracts that are relatively straight.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Borsa
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Borsa JJ, Fontaine AB, Hoffer EK, Bloch RD, Tong E, Kowdley KV, Schmiedl UP. Primary placement of Palmaz long medium stents in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11:189-94. [PMID: 10716388 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe our results with primary placement of the long-medium Palmaz stent for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between December 1997 and December 1998 primary placement of long-medium Palmaz stents was performed for TIPS procedures in 17 patients. Patency was determined with ultrasound, angiography, or pathologic examination in the event of transplant. RESULTS Primary patency was achieved in 13 of 17 patients (76.5%) (follow up, 1-399 days; mean, 99 days). Secondary patency was achieved in 17 of 17 patients (100%) (follow-up, 1-399 days; mean, 110 days). Among the four patients who required revision, the mean time to revision from initial shunt creation was 81 days (range, 13-125 days). Two of these four patients had symptoms of worsening ascites as well as abnormal ultrasound findings prior to their revision; the other two patients were asymptomatic and had abnormal ultrasound findings only. Revisions were performed for intimal hyperplasia within the stent in three of the patients and acute thrombus within the stent in the remaining patient. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for primary patency yielded mean survival time of 265 days (standard error, 52 days). CONCLUSION The long-medium Palmaz stent is a viable stent for creation of TIPS shunts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Borsa
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195, USA.
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Sun X, Mei Y, Tong E. Effect of magnesium on nitric oxide synthase of neurons in cortex during early period of cerebral ischemia. Curr Med Sci 2000; 20:13-5, 42. [PMID: 12845745 DOI: 10.1007/bf02887664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of magnesium on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of neurons in cortex during early cerebral ischemic period, a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. The results showed that the NOS activity of neurons in cortex was increased significantly at 15 min after MCAO, reached its peak at 30 min after MCAO and returned to normal levels at 60 min after MCAO. The NOS activity of neurons in the magnesium-treated group was decreased significantly as compared with that in the ischemic group at 15 min and 30 min after MCAO respectively. The results suggested that magnesium could inhibit the elevated NOS activity of neurons in cortex induced by cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan 430022
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Tong E, Sparacino PS. Special management issues for adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1994; 6:199-214. [PMID: 8192879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Advances in diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of children surviving to adulthood. Nurses and physicians are starting to recognize adolescents and young adults with CHD as a growing subspecialty group with unique challenges and needs. The question of who should follow these patients remains unsettled, and it is not uncommon to find adolescents and young adults with CHD on both pediatric and adult units. The special management needs of this population are discussed as well as strategies for teaching and counseling.
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Abstract
Prosthetic heart valve replacement in infants and children poses unique problems. This article provides an overview of the factors specific to children with regard to indications and timing of valve replacement, types of artificial valves, constraints, and ramifications of valve choice in children. Anticoagulation, pregnancy, and other issues related to long-term management are reviewed.
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Bittar EE, Hift H, Huddart H, Tong E. The effects of caffeine on sodium transport, membrane potential, mechanical tension and ultrastructure in barnacle muscle fibres. J Physiol 1974; 242:1-34. [PMID: 4373569 PMCID: PMC1330597 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of graded concentrations of caffeine on the Na efflux were investigated. External application of 10 mM caffeine usually caused a biphasic response, viz. a fall, followed by a rise in the Na efflux. 1 and 5 mM caffeine usually caused stimulation. Only the stimulatory phase of this response depended on the presence of external Ca(2+).2. Internal application of 100 mM caffeine caused a small rise in the Na efflux, the magnitude of which was independent of external Ca(2+) and comparable to that obtained with external application of 1 mM caffeine. This action, however, could be greatly augmented by pre-treating the fibre with 5 x 10(-5)M ouabain.3. The rise in Na efflux caused by external application of 10 mM caffeine could be greatly augmented by pre-treating the fibre with 5 x 10(-5)M ouabain. The observed stimulatory response was biphasic, more so in the absence of external Ca(2+). Restoration of external Ca(2+) following the onset of the second stimulatory phase resulted in further rise of the Na efflux. Measurements of the Na efflux during treatment with graded concentrations of ouabain and 10 mM caffeine showed that the rate coefficient for Na efflux varied with the ouabain concentration in the range 10(-8)-10(-4)M. Measurements of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux before and during treatment with 10 mM caffeine in bathing media containing varying concentrations of Ca, disclosed the existence of two Ca(2+)-thresholds, one in the 0-2.5 mM range and the other in the 12.5-15 mM range.4. Comparisons were made between the effects on the Na efflux of 10 mM caffeine followed by external acidification, and external acidification, followed by 10 mM caffeine. The magnitude of the response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux to external acidification before treatment with 10 mM caffeine was greater than that found when external acidification followed external application of the alkaloid. It also was considerably greater than that of the response to external application of 10 mM caffeine before external acidification.5. External application of 10 mM procaine prevented 10 mM caffeine from stimulating the Na efflux, and from inducing contractures. Internal application of 100 mM-EGTA reduced the response of the Na efflux to 10 mM caffeine, and also prevented the fibre from contracting. External application of 10(-4)M diphenylhydantoin reduced the response of the Na efflux to 10 mM caffeine but failed to prevent the development of contractures.6. Internal application of 0.05 M-cGMP, cAMP or its dibutyryl derivative caused a large rise in the Na efflux. The magnitude of the effects observed in ouabain-poisoned fibres was often greater than that in unpoisoned fibres. Internal application of 2.5 units/ml. phosphodiesterase beforehand failed to reduce the magnitude of the stimulatory response to injected cyclic nucleotides. Injected phosphodiesterase also failed to reduce the response of the Na efflux to 10 mM caffeine.7. External application of 10 mM caffeine to unpoisoned and ouabain-poisoned fibres caused a fall of approximately 10 mV in the membrane potential. In unpoisoned fibres this effect was transitory. The response of the membrane potential to internal application of graded concentrations of CaCl(2) was biphasic. When low concentrations of CaCl(2) were used the membrane potential underwent a small rise but when high concentrations were used the opposite was found. These results could not be repeated with graded concentrations of MgCl(2).8. The effects of graded concentrations of caffeine on tension development were also studied. Strong contractures were observed with caffeine concentrations as low as 4 mM, while peak tetanus tension was usually exceeded with 7-8 mM concentrations. The tension-external Ca(2+) curve was sigmoidal in shape.9. Electron microscopic studies showed that 10 mM caffeine in ASW caused little or no distension and disorganization of cisternal fine structure. Such structural changes, however, were far more pronounced in fibres suspended in Ca(2+)-free ASW and then treated with 10 mM caffeine in Ca(2+)-free ASW. Fibres soaked in Ca(2+)-free ASW had ruptured mitochondria and mitoplasts, whereas those additionally treated with 10 mM caffeine had relatively intact mitochondria.10. The main conclusions drawn from this work are: (i) that caffeine stimulates the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux (and inhibits the transport enzyme) by raising the internal free Ca(2+) concentration; (ii) that in the presence of inhibition of the transport enzyme, the magnitude of the stimulatory response to 10 mM caffeine depends not only on the external Ca(2+) concentration but mainly on the residual level of activity of the transport enzyme; (iii) that the Ca(2+)-sensitive and CO(2)-sensitive components of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux, though not the same, may overlap at the level of the plasma membrane or share a common metabolic step away from the membrane; (iv) that cyclic nucleotides participate in the control of the magnitude of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux, and that the phosphodiesterase system under the present experimental conditions does not seem to be involved in the mechanism underlying the stimulatory action of caffeine; (v) that the membrane potential changes caused by caffeine fail to explain the stimulatory response of the Na efflux, as well as contracture of these fibres; (vi) that the contractile machinery in these fibres is considerably more sensitive to caffeine than that in vertebrate muscle and the muscles of other arthropods, and (vii) that the Ca(2+) released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which leads to a biphasic response of the Na efflux is the result of cisternal disorganization caused by caffeine.
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Bittar EE, Tong E, Greaser M. Sensitivity of the Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibres to the microinjection of troponin-C. Experientia 1973; 29:1503-4. [PMID: 4772043 DOI: 10.1007/bf01943881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chen S, Bittar EE, Tong E, Danielson BG. Stimulation by caffeine of the calcium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers. Experientia 1972; 28:807-9. [PMID: 4658868 DOI: 10.1007/bf01923144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tse W, Pauly T, Tong E. Dual effects of adrenomimetic amines at the neuromuscular junction. Am J Phys Med 1972; 51:142-53. [PMID: 4338054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bittar EE, Tong E, Chen S, Danielson BG. Tris as a blocking agent of the proton-sensitive component of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers. Experientia 1972; 28:29-30. [PMID: 5013057 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bittar EE, Danielson BG, Tong E, Chen S. Sensitivity of sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers to the microinjection of calcium chloride. Experientia 1971; 27:1432-3. [PMID: 5144853 DOI: 10.1007/bf02154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Danielson BG, Bittar EE, Chen S, Tong E. The influence of low pH, high K and microinjected CaCl 2 on the ouabain-insensitive component of sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers. Life Sci I 1971; 10:833-9. [PMID: 5112238 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(71)90038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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