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Soteros BM, Tillmon H, Wollet M, General J, Chin H, Lee JB, Carreno FR, Morilak DA, Kim JH, Sia GM. Heterogeneous complement and microglia activation mediates stress-induced synapse loss. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.28.546889. [PMID: 37425856 PMCID: PMC10327081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially heterogeneous synapse loss is a characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that spatially-restricted complement activation mediates stress-induced heterogeneous microglia activation and synapse loss localized to the upper layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Single cell RNA sequencing also reveals a stress-associated microglia state marked by high expression of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE high ) localized to the upper layers of the mPFC. Mice lacking complement component C3 are protected from stress-induced layer-specific synapse loss, and the ApoE high microglia population is markedly reduced in the mPFC of these mice. Furthermore, C3 knockout mice are also resilient to stress-induced anhedonia and working memory behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that region-specific complement and microglia activation can contribute to the disease-specific spatially restricted patterns of synapse loss and clinical symptoms found in many brain diseases.
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Girotti M, Carreno FR, Morilak DA. Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Differential Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress on Motor Impulsivity Measured With 1-Choice Serial Reaction Time Test in Male Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:1026-1036. [PMID: 36087292 PMCID: PMC9743967 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in motor impulsivity, that is, the inability to inhibit a prepotent response, are frequently observed in psychiatric conditions. Several studies suggest that stress often correlates with higher impulsivity. Among the brain areas affected by stress, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is notable because of its role in impulse control. OFC subregions with unique afferent and efferent circuitry play distinct roles in impulse control, yet it is not clear what OFC subregions are engaged during motor impulsivity tasks. METHODS In this study we used a rodent test of motor impulsivity, the 1-choice serial reaction time test, to explore activation of OFC subregions either during a well-learned motor impulsivity task or in a challenge task with a longer wait time that increases premature responding. We also examined the effects of acute inescapable stress, chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress on motor impulsivity. RESULTS Fos expression increased in the lateral OFC and agranular insular cortex during performance in both the mastered and challenge conditions. In the ventral OFC, Fos expression increased only during challenge, and within the medial OFC, Fos was not induced in either condition. Inescapable stress produced a transient effect on premature responses in the mastered task, whereas chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress altered premature responses in both conditions in ways specific to each stressor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that different OFC subregions have different roles in motor impulse control, and the effects of stress vary depending on the nature and duration of the stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Girotti
- Correspondence: Milena Girotti, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Mail Code 7764, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA ()
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David A Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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McCoy AM, Prevot TD, Mian MY, Cook JM, Frazer A, Sibille EL, Carreno FR, Lodge DJ. Positive Allosteric Modulation of α5-GABAA Receptors Reverses Stress-Induced Alterations in Dopamine System Function and Prepulse Inhibition of Startle. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:688-698. [PMID: 35732272 PMCID: PMC9380714 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 64% of patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience psychosis, likely attributable to aberrant dopamine neuron activity. We have previously demonstrated that positive allosteric modulators of α5-GABAARs can selectively decrease hippocampal activity and reverse psychosis-like physiological and behavioral alterations in a rodent model used to study schizophrenia; however, whether this approach translates to a PTSD model remains to be elucidated. METHODS We utilized a 2-day inescapable foot shock (IS) procedure to induce stress-related pathophysiology in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We evaluated the effects of intra-ventral hippocampus (vHipp) administration GL-II-73, an α5-GABAAR, or viral overexpression of the α5 subunit, using in vivo electrophysiology and behavioral measures in control and IS-treated rats. RESULTS IS significantly increased ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron population activity, or the number of dopamine neurons firing spontaneously (n = 6; P = .016), consistent with observation in multiple rodent models used to study psychosis. IS also induced deficits in sensorimotor gating, as measured by reduced prepulse inhibition of startle (n = 12; P = .039). Interestingly, intra-vHipp administration of GL-II-73 completely reversed IS-induced increases in dopamine neuron population activity (n = 6; P = .024) and deficits in prepulse inhibition (n = 8; P = .025), whereas viral overexpression of the α5 subunit in the vHipp was not effective. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that pharmacological intervention augmenting α5-GABAAR function, but not α5 overexpression in itself, can reverse stress-induced deficits related to PTSD in a rodent model, providing a potential site of therapeutic intervention to treat comorbid psychosis in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M McCoy
- Correspondence: Alexandra M. McCoy, BS, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7764, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA ()
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Md Yenus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Etienne L Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Perez SM, McCoy AM, Prevot TD, Mian MY, Carreno FR, Frazer A, Cook JM, Sibille E, Lodge DJ. Hippocampal α5-GABA A Receptors Modulate Dopamine Neuron Activity in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022; 3:78-86. [PMID: 36712569 PMCID: PMC9874136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant dopamine neuron activity is attributable to hyperactivity in hippocampal subfields driving a pathological increase in dopamine neuron activity, which is positively correlated with psychosis in humans. Evidence indicates that hippocampal hyperactivity is due to loss of intrinsic GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibition. We have previously demonstrated that hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission can be modulated by targeting α5-GABAA receptors, which are preferentially expressed in hippocampal regions. Positive and negative allosteric modulators of α5-GABAA receptors (α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs) elicit effects on hippocampal-dependent behaviors. We posited that the selective manipulation of hippocampal inhibition, using α5-PAMs or α5-NAMs, would modulate dopamine activity in control rats. Further, α5-PAMs would reverse aberrant dopamine neuron activity in a rodent model with schizophrenia-related pathophysiologies (methylazoxymethanol acetate [MAM] model). Methods We performed in vivo extracellular recordings of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in anesthetized rats to compare the effects of two novel, selective α5-PAMs (GL-II-73, MP-III-022), a nonselective α-PAM (midazolam), and two selective α5-NAMs (L-655,708, TB 21007) in control and MAM-treated male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5-9). Results Systemic or intracranial administration of selective α5-GABAA receptor modulators regulated dopamine activity. Specifically, both α5-NAMs increased dopamine neuron activity in control rats, whereas GL-II-73, MP-III-022, and L-655,708 attenuated aberrant dopamine neuron activity in MAM-treated rats, an effect mediated by the ventral hippocampus. Conclusions This study demonstrated that α5-GABAA receptor modulation can regulate dopamine neuron activity under control or abnormal activity, providing additional evidence that α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs may have therapeutic applications in psychosis and other psychiatric diseases where aberrant hippocampal activity is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas,Address correspondence to Stephanie M. Perez, Ph.D.
| | - Alexandra M. McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Flavia R. Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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Carreno FR, Lodge DJ, Frazer A. Ketamine: Leading us into the future for development of antidepressants. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112532. [PMID: 32023492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous randomized double-blind clinical trials have consistently shown that that a single intravenous administration of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine to treatment-resistant depressed patients significantly improved depressive symptomatology rapidly, within two hours, with the effect lasting up to seven days. Despite its very promising effects, ketamine has long been associated with potential for abuse as it can cause psychotropic side effects, such as hallucinations, false beliefs, and severe impairments in judgment and other cognitive processes. Consequently, within the last two decades preclinical research has been carried out aimed at understanding its mechanisms of action and the brain circuits involved in ketamine's antidepressant effects, both of which are discussed in this review. Furthermore, with the hippocampus being a key target for ketamine's beneficial antidepressant effects, we and others have begun to examine behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs that act selectively on the hippocampus due to the preferential location of their receptor targets. Such drugs are negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) and positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the α5-GABAA receptor. Such compounds are discussed within the framework of how lessons learned with ketamine point to novel classes of drugs, targeting the GABAergic system, that can recapitulate the antidepressant effects of ketamine without its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, United States
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, United States
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent. Although standards antidepressants are more effective than placebo, up to 35% of patients do not respond to 4 or more conventional treatments and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Considerable effort has been devoted to trying to find effective treatments for TRD. This review focuses on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), approved for TRD in 2005 by the Food and Drugs Administration. Stimulation is carried by bipolar electrodes on the left cervical vagus nerve, which are attached to an implanted stimulator generator. The vagus bundle contains about 80% of afferent fibers terminating in the medulla, from which there are projections to many areas of brain, including the limbic forebrain. Various types of brain imaging studies reveal widespread functional effects in brain after either acute or chronic VNS. Although more randomized control trials of VNS need to be carried out before a definitive conclusion can be reached about its efficacy, the results of open studies, carried out over period of 1 to 2 years, show much more efficacy when compared with results from treatment as usual studies. There is an increase in clinical response to VNS between 3 and 12 months, which is quite different from that seen with standard antidepressant treatment of MDD. Preclinically, VNS affects many of the same brain areas, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine) and signal transduction mechanisms (brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B) as those found with traditional antidepressants. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which VNS benefits patients nonresponsive to conventional antidepressants is unclear, with further research needed to clarify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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7
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Carreno FR, Collins GT, Frazer A, Lodge DJ. Selective Pharmacological Augmentation of Hippocampal Activity Produces a Sustained Antidepressant-Like Response without Abuse-Related or Psychotomimetic Effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:504-509. [PMID: 28339593 PMCID: PMC5458335 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective augmentation of hippocampal activity in ways similar to that caused by ketamine may have therapeutic advantages over ketamine, which has psychotomimetic and reinforcing effects likely due to effects outside the hippocampus (i.e., off-target effects). METHODS Here we evaluated the antidepressant-like response to a negative allosteric modulator of α5 subunit- containing gamma aminobutyric acid subtype A receptors, L-655,708, as these receptors are expressed to a much greater extent in the hippocampus than in other brain areas. RESULTS Systemic administration of L-655,708 produced a sustained antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test that was comparable with that of ketamine and was blocked by hippocampal inactivation with lidocaine. However, in contrast to ketamine, L-655,708 did not affect prepulse inhibition of startle, nor did it maintain responding in rats trained to self-administer i.v. ketamine. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of the hippocampus by L-655,708 produces an antidepressant-like effect in the absence of any psychotomimetic or abuse-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R. Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology (Drs Carreno, Collins, Frazer, and Lodge), and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (Drs Carreno, Frazer, and Lodge), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas (Drs Collins and Frazer)
| | - Gregory T. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology (Drs Carreno, Collins, Frazer, and Lodge), and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (Drs Carreno, Frazer, and Lodge), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas (Drs Collins and Frazer)
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology (Drs Carreno, Collins, Frazer, and Lodge), and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (Drs Carreno, Frazer, and Lodge), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas (Drs Collins and Frazer)
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology (Drs Carreno, Collins, Frazer, and Lodge), and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience (Drs Carreno, Frazer, and Lodge), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas (Drs Collins and Frazer)
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8
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Carreno FR, Donegan JJ, Boley AM, Shah A, DeGuzman M, Frazer A, Lodge DJ. Activation of a ventral hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex pathway is both necessary and sufficient for an antidepressant response to ketamine. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1298-308. [PMID: 26619811 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Here, we examined the role of the ventral hippocampus (vHipp)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pathway in ketamine's antidepressant response. Inactivation of the vHipp with lidocaine prevented the sustained, but not acute, antidepressant-like effect of ketamine as measured by the forced swim test (FST). Moreover, optogenetic as well as pharmacogenetic specific activation of the vHipp-mPFC pathway using DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) mimicked the antidepressant-like response to ketamine; importantly, this was pathway specific, in that activation of a vHipp to nucleus accumbens circuit did not do this. Furthermore, optogenetic inactivation of the vHipp/mPFC pathway at the time of FST completely reversed ketamine's antidepressant response. In addition, we found that a transient increase in TrkB receptor phosphorylation in the vHipp contributes to ketamine's sustained antidepressant response. These data demonstrate that activity in the vHipp-mPFC pathway is both necessary and sufficient for the antidepressant-like effect of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J J Donegan
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A M Boley
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M DeGuzman
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Shah AP, Carreno FR, Wu H, Chung YA, Frazer A. Role of TrkB in the anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of vagal nerve stimulation: Comparison with desipramine. Neuroscience 2016; 322:273-86. [PMID: 26899129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A current hypothesis regarding the mechanism of antidepressant (AD) action suggests the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consistent with this hypothesis, the receptor for BDNF (and neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5)), Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), is activated in rodents by treatment with classical AD drugs. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), a therapy for treatment resistant depression (TRD), also activates TrkB in rodents. However, the role of this receptor in the therapeutic effects of VNS is unclear. In the current study, the involvement of TrkB in the effects of VNS was investigated in rats using its inhibitor, K252a. Anxiolytic-like and AD-like effects were analyzed using the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT) and forced swim test (FST), respectively. K252a blocked the anxiolytic-like effect of chronic VNS treatment and the AD-like effect of acute VNS treatment. By contrast, blocking TrkB did not prevent either the anxiolytic-like or AD-like effect of chronic treatment with desipramine (DMI), a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor; it did, however, block the acute effect of DMI in the FST. To examine whether the activation of TrkB caused by either VNS or DMI is ligand-dependent, use was made of TrkB-Fc, a molecular scavenger for ligands of TrkB. Intraventricular administration of TrkB-Fc blocked the acute activation of TrkB induced by either treatment, indicating that treatment-induced activation of this receptor is ligand-dependent. The behavioral results highlight differences in the involvement of TrkB in the chronic effects of an AD drug and a stimulation therapy as well as its role in acute versus chronic effects of DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - F R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y A Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
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10
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Carreno FR, Frazer A. The Allure of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Novel Therapeutic Modality. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:260-1. [PMID: 26796874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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11
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Saxena A, Bachelor M, Park YH, Carreno FR, Nedungadi TP, Cunningham JT. Angiotensin II induces membrane trafficking of natively expressed transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 channels in hypothalamic 4B cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R945-55. [PMID: 25080500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00224.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid family type 4 (TRPV4) channels are expressed in central neuroendocrine neurons and have been shown to be polymodal in other systems. We previously reported that in the rodent, a model of dilutional hyponatremia associated with hepatic cirrhosis, TRPV4 expression is increased in lipid rafts from the hypothalamus and that this effect may be angiotensin dependent. In this study, we utilized the immortalized neuroendocrine rat hypothalamic 4B cell line to more directly test the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on TRPV4 expression and function. Our results demonstrate the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) transcripts, for sex-determining region Y (SRY) (male genotype), arginine vasopressin (AVP), TRPV4, and ANG II type 1a and 1b receptor in 4B cells. After a 1-h incubation in ANG II (100 nM), 4B cells showed increased TRPV4 abundance in the plasma membrane fraction, and this effect was prevented by the ANG II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan (1 μM) and by a Src kinase inhibitor PP2 (10 μM). Ratiometric calcium imaging experiments demonstrated that ANG II incubation potentiated TRPV4 agonist (GSK 1016790A, 20 nM)-induced calcium influx (control 18.4 ± 2.8% n = 5 and ANG II 80.5 ± 2.4% n = 5). This ANG II-induced increase in calcium influx was also blocked by 1 μM losartan and 10 μM PP2 (losartan 26.4 ± 3.8% n = 5 and PP2 19.7 ± 3.9% n = 5). Our data suggests that ANG II can increase TRPV4 channel membrane expression in 4B cells through its action on AT1R involving a Src kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Saxena
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Martha Bachelor
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Yong H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience & North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - T Prashant Nedungadi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas;
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12
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Saxena A, Nedungadi TP, Bachelor M, Carreno FR, Cunningham JT. Effect of Angiotensin on TRPV4 expression and TRPV4 agonist induced calcium transients in Hypothalamic cell line 4B. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.694.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Saxena
- Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | | | - Martha Bachelor
- Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTX
| | - J. Thomas Cunningham
- Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteFort WorthTX
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13
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Knight WD, Little JT, Carreno FR, Toney GM, Mifflin SW, Cunningham JT. Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases blood pressure and expression of FosB/DeltaFosB in central autonomic regions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R131-9. [PMID: 21543638 PMCID: PMC3129875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00830.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) models repetitive bouts of arterial hypoxemia that occur in humans suffering from obstructive sleep apnea. CIH has been linked to persistent activation of arterial chemoreceptors and the renin-angiotensin system, which have been linked to chronic elevations of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Because Fos and FosB are transcription factors involved in activator protein (AP)-1 driven central nervous system neuronal adaptations, this study determined if CIH causes increased Fos or FosB staining in brain regions that regulate SNA and autonomic function. Male Sprague Dawley rats were instrumented with telemetry transmitters for continuous recording of MAP and heart rate (HR). Rats were exposed to continuous normoxia (CON) or to CIH for 8 h/day for 7 days. CIH increased MAP by 7-10 mmHg without persistently affecting HR. A separate group of rats was killed 1 day after 7 days of CIH for immunohistochemistry. CIH did not increase Fos staining in any brain region examined. Staining for FosB/ΔFosB was increased in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (CON: 9 ± 1; CIH: 34 ± 3 cells/section), subfornical organ (CON: 7 ± 2; CIH: 31 ± 3), median preoptic nucleus (CON 15 ± 1; CIH: 38 ± 3), nucleus of the solitary tract (CON: 9 ± 2; CIH: 28 ± 4), A5 (CON: 3 ± 1; CIH: 10 ± 1), and rostral ventrolateral medulla (CON: 5 ± 1; CIH: 17 ± 2). In the paraventricular nucleus, FosB/ΔFosB staining was located mainly in the dorsal and medial parvocellular subnuclei. CIH did not increase FosB/ΔFosB staining in caudal ventrolateral medulla or supraoptic nucleus. These data indicate that CIH induces an increase in FosB/ΔFosB in autonomic nuclei and suggest that AP-1 transcriptional regulation may contribute to stable adaptive changes that support chronically elevated SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Knight
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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14
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Nedungadi TP, Carreno FR, Walch JD, Niu X, Cunningham JT. Changes in TRPV2 expression in paraventricular nucleus of bile duct ligated cirrhotic rats. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1080.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thekkethil Prashant Nedungadi
- Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Flavia R Carreno
- Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Joseph D Walch
- Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Xinying Niu
- Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Integrative Physiology and Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
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15
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Walch JD, Ji L, Carreno FR, Hinojosa‐Laborde C, Cunningham JT. Effects of Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) and Enalapril on Angiotensin receptors in the Subfornical Organ (SFO) in Rats. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.967.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Ji
- PharmacologyUTHSCSASan AntonioTX
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16
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Carreno FR, Zhang W, Cunningham T, Mifflin S. Chronic sustained and intermittent hypoxia reduce expression of ATP‐sensitive K+ (K‐ATP) channel subunits in the caudal NTS. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.960.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Weirong Zhang
- PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTX
| | - Tom Cunningham
- PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTX
| | - Steve Mifflin
- PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTX
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17
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Ji LL, Matthews K, Carreno FR, Hinojosa‐Laborde C, Chakravarty S, Nestler EJ, Cunningham JT. Role of FosB in the supraoptic nucleus of rats with hepatic cirrhosis. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1161.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Carlisle JN, Martinez MM, Little JT, Carreno FR, Ji LL, Matthews KI, Cunningham JT. TRPV1 and Fos staining in the forebrain of rats following water deprivation. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a516-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel T Little
- PharmacologyUTHSCSA7703 Floyd Curle Dr.San AntonioTX78229
| | | | - Lisa L Ji
- PharmacologyUTHSCSA7703 Floyd Curle Dr.San AntonioTX78229
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19
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Carreno FR, Ji LL, Cunningham JT. Compartmentalization of hypothalamic TRPV4 in lipid rafts in the rat: putative role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a1406-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa L. Ji
- PharmacologyUTHSCSA7703 Floyd Curl Dr.San AntonioTX78229
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