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Pomares FB, Boucetta S, Lachapelle F, Steffener J, Montplaisir J, Cha J, Kim H, Dang-Vu TT. Beyond sleepy: structural and functional changes of the default-mode network in idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz156. [PMID: 31328786 PMCID: PMC6802570 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness but, in contrast to narcolepsy, does not involve cataplexy, sleep-onset REM periods, or any consistent hypocretin-1 deficiency. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IH remain unclear. Because of the involvement of the default-mode network (DMN) in alertness and sleep, our aim was to investigate the structural and functional modifications of the DMN in IH. We conducted multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 12 participants with IH and 15 good sleeper controls (mean age ± SD: 32 ± 9.6 years, range 22-53 years, nine males). Self-reported as well as objective measures of daytime sleepiness were collected. Gray matter volume and cortical thickness were analyzed to investigate brain structural differences between good sleepers and IH. Structural covariance and resting-state functional connectivity were analyzed to investigate changes in the DMN. Participants with IH had greater volume and cortical thickness in the precuneus, a posterior hub of the DMN. Cortical thickness in the left medial prefrontal cortex was positively correlated with thickness of the precuneus, and the strength of this correlation was greater in IH. In contrast, functional connectivity at rest was lower within the anterior DMN (medial prefrontal cortex) in IH, and correlated with self-reported daytime sleepiness. The present results show that IH is associated with structural and functional differences in the DMN, in proportion to the severity of daytime sleepiness, suggesting that a disruption of the DMN contributes to the clinical features of IH. Larger volume and thickness in this network might reflect compensatory changes to lower functional connectivity in IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence B Pomares
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Soufiane Boucetta
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Lachapelle
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Steffener
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jungho Cha
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hosung Kim
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Boucetta S, Montplaisir J, Zadra A, Lachapelle F, Soucy JP, Gravel P, Dang-Vu TT. Altered Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Idiopathic Hypersomnia. Sleep 2018; 40:4092855. [PMID: 28958044 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Idiopathic hypersomnia is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, despite normal or long sleep time. Its pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. This pilot study aims at characterizing the neural correlates of idiopathic hypersomnia using single photon emission computed tomography. Methods Thirteen participants with idiopathic hypersomnia and 16 healthy controls were scanned during resting wakefulness using a high-resolution single photon emission computed tomography scanner with 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer to assess cerebral blood flow. The main analysis compared regional cerebral blood flow distribution between the two groups. Exploratory correlations between regional cerebral blood flow and clinical characteristics evaluated the functional correlates of those brain perfusion patterns. Significance was set at p < .05 after correction for multiple comparisons. Results Participants with idiopathic hypersomnia showed regional cerebral blood flow decreases in medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex and putamen, as well as increases in amygdala and temporo-occipital cortices. Lower regional cerebral blood flow in the medial prefrontal cortex was associated with higher daytime sleepiness. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that idiopathic hypersomnia is characterized by functional alterations in brain areas involved in the modulation of vigilance states, which may contribute to the daytime symptoms of this condition. The distribution of regional cerebral blood flow changes was reminiscent of the patterns associated with normal non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, suggesting the possible presence of incomplete sleep-wake transitions. These abnormalities were strikingly distinct from those induced by acute sleep deprivation, suggesting that the patterns seen here might reflect a trait associated with idiopathic hypersomnia rather than a non-specific state of sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane Boucetta
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antonio Zadra
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francis Lachapelle
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Gravel
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology and Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Pomares F, Boucetta S, Montplaisir J, Lachapelle F, Cha J, Kim H, Dang-Vu T. 0649 STRUCTURAL BRAIN ABNORMALITIES IN IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNIA. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bauchet AL, Joubert C, Helies JM, Lacour S, Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Guillot J, Lachapelle F. Disseminated Sparganosis in a Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). J Comp Pathol 2013; 148:294-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baron-Van Evercooren A, Decker L, Picard N, Nait-Oumesmar B, Lachapelle F. Regulation of SVZ-derived gliogenesis by inflammatory-demyelination. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.81.s1.126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Baron-Van Evercooren A, Lachapelle F, Nait-Oumesmar B, Pham-Dinh D. [Promoting myelin repair in disorders such as multiple sclerosis and some types of leukodystrophy: current studies]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007; 163:523-31. [PMID: 17571021 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several ways of promoting myelin repair in myelin disorders such as multiple sclerosis and certain types of leukodystrophies are currently being investigated. Numerous studies suggest that it is possible to repair the central nervous system (CNS) by cell transplantation or by enhancing endogenous remyelination. Investigations in animal models indicate that cell therapy results in robust anatomical and functional recovery of acute myelin lesions. These models are also used to explore and validate the role of candidate molecules to stimulate endogenous remyelination by activating the myelin competent population or providing neuroprotection. However, in view of the heterogeneity of the lesion environment in MS, it seems more likely that cell therapy alone will not be able to contribute efficiently to the repair of the lesion. Further developments should indicate whether combining multiple approaches will be more powerful to achieve global myelin repair in the CNS than applying these strategies alone.
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Decker L, Lachapelle F, Magy L, Picard-Riera N, Nait-Oumesmar B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Fibroblast growth factors in oligodendrocyte physiology and myelin repair. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2006:39-59. [PMID: 16315608 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27626-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Decker
- INSERM U368, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Decker
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U-546 Laboratoire des Affections de la Myéline et des Canaux Ioniques Musculaires, IFR Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 105 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris, France
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Vitry S, Avellana-Adalid V, Lachapelle F, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Migration and multipotentiality of PSA-NCAM+ neural precursors transplanted in the developing brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:983-1000. [PMID: 11414788 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By optimizing the previously described strategy for obtention of spheres enriched in PSA-NCAM+ precursors, we prepared PSA-NCAM-immunoselected cell populations from cerebral hemispheres of neonatal MBP-LacZ transgenic mice. These cells expressed Nestin, exhibited clonal expansion potential and formed spheres, which were initially enriched in PSA-NCAM+ cells but became enriched in GD3+ oligodendrocyte progenitors after 1 week in B104 contionned medium. One month after their periventricular transplantation into the brain of wild-type and/or shiverer newborn mice, cells from PSA-NCAM+ spheres exhibited a higher rostral migration potential than cells from GD3+ spheres, and clearly contributed to myelination in the olfactory bulb. In shiverer hosts, both sphere populations generated oligodendrocytes with similar myelination potential. In addition PSA-NCAM+ sphere cells generated GFAP+ astrocytes and NeuN+ neurons, depending on their site of insertion. These results evidence the high plasticity of newborn PSA-NCAM+ neural precursors and suggest that they are promising tools for cell therapy of CNS diseases, including myelin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vitry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U546, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris cedex 13, 75634, France
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Tham TN, Lazarini F, Franceschini IA, Lachapelle F, Amara A, Dubois-Dalcq M. Developmental pattern of expression of the alpha chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 in the rat central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:845-56. [PMID: 11264658 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is an alpha-chemokine that stimulates migration of haematopoietic progenitor cells and development of the immune system. SDF-1 is also abundantly and selectively expressed in the developing and mature CNS, as we show here. At embryonic day 15, SDF-1 transcripts were detected in the germinal periventricular zone and in the deep layer of the forming cerebral cortex. At birth, granule cells in the cerebellum and glial cells of the olfactory bulb outer layer showed an SDF-1 in situ hybridization signal that decreased progressively within the next 2 weeks. In other regions such as cortex, thalamus and hippocampus, SDF-1 transcripts detected at birth progressively increased in abundance during the postnatal period. SDF-1 protein was identified by immunoblot and/or immunocytochemistry in most brain regions where these transcripts were detected. SDF-1 was selectively localized in some thalamic nuclei and neurons of the fifth cortical layer as well as in pontine and brainstem nuclei which relay the nociceptive response. The presence of SDF-1 transcripts in cerebellar granule cells was correlated with their migration from the external to the inner granular layers with disappearance of the signal when migration was completed. In contrast, SDF1 mRNA signal increased during formation of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and stayed high in this region throughout life. The selective and regulated expression of SDF-1 in these regions suggests a role in precursor migration, neurogenesis and, possibly, synaptogenesis. Thus this alpha chemokine may be as essential to nervous system function as it is to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Tham
- Unité de Neurovirologie et Régénération du Système Nerveux, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Nait-Oumesmar B, Lachapelle F, Decker L, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Do central nervous system axons remyelinate? Pathol Biol (Paris) 2000; 48:70-9. [PMID: 10729914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most frequent demyelinating diseases in man, remyelination of demyelinating lesions exists but is often incomplete. Also reported in experimental models of demyelination, this phenomenom confirms the regenerating potential of the demyelinated central nervous system (CNS) and, in particular, the existence of an endogenous mechanism of oligodendrocyte renewal. Failure in efficient remyelination could result from exhaustion of the pool of remyelinating cells, loss of axons and absence of a permissive environment for remyelination. Identifying the nature and the origin of the cells capable of generating new oligodendrocytes for remyelination could contribute to strategies to activate these cells, and thereby enhance their potential for myelin repair. Within the adult CNS, several cell types are capable of generating new oligodendrocytes following myelin damage: post-mitotic oligodendrocytes frequently found at the lesion site, oligodendrocyte progenitors whose existence has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, and multipotent cells localized in the germinative areas of the brain and the spinal cord. Although restricted to particular sites of the CNS, these multipotent cells, which maintain the capacity to self-renew and to migrate throughout adulthood, could constitute a powerful source of remyelinating cells. The study of the mechanisms of proliferation, migration and differentiation of these cells in response to demyelination should allow the definition of new strategies to promote endogenous remyelination and develop therapeutic approaches for demyelinating diseases such as MS. This goal is an appealing alternative to the transplantation of myelin-forming cells and should efficiently complement strategies aimed at reducing neuronal loss and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nait-Oumesmar
- Brookdale Center for Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029-6574, USA
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12
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Abstract
Concentrations of neurosteroids have been measured in the brains of postnatal myelin mutants jimpy (jp) and shiverer (shi) mice and of their normal controls. Progesterone (PROG) concentrations were increased more than threefold in the brains of mutant mice. Marked astroglial reaction occurs in the brains of jp mice and to a much smaller extent in shi ones. Whereas the mitochondrial benzodiazepine/diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) receptor (MBR) was below the immunohistochemical detection limit in normal mice (except in the choroid plexus and ependyma cells), it was significantly expressed in many reactive astrocytes of jp and shi mice brains. DBI-like peptides, investigated either by immunohistochemistry or by radioimmunoassay, were expressed to similar extents in mutant and control mice. Reversed-phase HPLC indicated that DBI-like peptides were almost exclusively of the triakontatetraneuropeptide size. It was concluded that the increased expression of MBR (involved in the intramitochondrial delivery of cholesterol to P450scc) likely accounts for the large PROG content in mutant mice brain. The role of PROG in myelin repair is discussed.
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Vitry S, Avellana-Adalid V, Hardy R, Lachapelle F, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Mouse oligospheres: from pre-progenitors to functional oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58:735-51. [PMID: 10583906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
To study the biology and repair capacities of mouse oligodendroglial cells, we established cultures of cells purified from neonatal wild-type and 9.6-kb MBP-LacZ transgenic newborn mice cerebral hemispheres as free-floating aggregates in the continuous presence of neuroblastoma conditioned medium (N1-B104). In vitro analysis indicated that the initial cell preparations were enriched in oligodendrocyte pre-progenitors that expressed PSA-NCAM and GAP-43 but not GD3, O4, NF68 or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) markers. These pre-progenitors required increased concentrations of insulin and progesterone to allow their survival in vitro. With time in culture, spheres composed of oligodendrocyte pre-progenitors became oligospheres enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing GAP-43 and GD3. As well as conserving bipotentiality in vitro, these spheres were able to form myelin in vivo after transplantation into the neonatal shiverer mouse brain. Thus, the oligosphere strategy is a powerful method for generating large populations of mouse oligodendrocyte pre-progenitors and progenitors. The ability to generate oligospheres from transgenic mice will be instrumental in the further dissection of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of myelination and remyelination of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vitry
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale CJF 97-11, Laboratoire des Pathologies de la Myeline, Paris cedex, France
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Nait-Oumesmar B, Decker L, Lachapelle F, Avellana-Adalid V, Bachelin C, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:4357-66. [PMID: 10594662 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying a source of cells with the capacity to generate oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS would help in the development of strategies to promote remyelination. In the present study, we examined the ability of the precursor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) to differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. After lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the corpus callosum, progenitors of the rostral SVZ (SVZa) and the rostral migratory pathway (RMS), expressing the embryonic polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), increased progressively with a maximal expansion occurring after 2 weeks. This observation correlated with an increase in the proliferation activity of the neural progenitors located in the SVZa and RMS. Moreover, polysialic acid (PSA)-NCAM-immunoreactive cells arizing from the SVZa were detected in the lesioned corpus callosum and within the lesion. Tracing of the constitutively cycling cells of the adult SVZ and RMS with 3H-thymidine labelling showed their migration toward the lesion and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes but not neurons. These data indicate that, in addition to the resident population of quiescent oligodendrocyte progenitors of the adult CNS, neural precursors from the adult SVZ constitute a source of oligodendrocytes for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nait-Oumesmar
- INSERMCJF 97-11, Laboratoire des Pathologies de la Myeline, Paris, France
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Masurier C, Salomon B, Guettari N, Pioche C, Lachapelle F, Guigon M, Klatzmann D. Dendritic cells route human immunodeficiency virus to lymph nodes after vaginal or intravenous administration to mice. J Virol 1998; 72:7822-9. [PMID: 9733818 PMCID: PMC110098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.7822-7829.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a murine model to study the involvement of dendritic cells (DC) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) routing from an inoculation site to the lymph nodes (LN). Murine bone marrow-derived DC migrate to the draining LN within 24 h after subcutaneous injection. After incubation of these cells with heat-inactivated (Hi) HIV type 1 (HIV-1), HIV RNA sequences were detected in the draining LN only. Upon injection of DC pulsed with infectious HIV, the virus recovered in the draining LN was still able to productively infect human T cells. After a vaginal challenge with Hi HIV-1, the virus could be detected in the iliac and sacral draining LN at 24 h after injection. After an intravenous challenge, the virus could be detected in peripheral LN as soon as 30 min after injection. The specific depletion of a myeloid-related LN DC population, previously shown to take up blood macromolecules and to translocate them into the LN, prevented HIV transport to LN. Together, our data demonstrate the critical role of DC for HIV routing to LN after either a vaginal or an intravenous challenge, which does not require their infection. Therefore, despite the fact that the mouse is not infectable by HIV, this small animal model might be useful to test preventive strategies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Masurier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Thérapeutique des Pathologies Immunitaires, Université Pierre et Marie Curie/CNRS ESA 70-87, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Nait Oumesmar B, Lachapelle F, Decker L, Avellana-Adalid V, Vitry S, Baron-Van Evercooren A. [Candidate cells for remyelinating of the central nervous system]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1998; 154:592-9. [PMID: 9809374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Nait Oumesmar
- INSERM CJF 96-08, Laboratoire des Pathologies de la Myéline, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris
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Avellana-Adalid V, Bachelin C, Lachapelle F, Escriou C, Ratzkin B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. In vitro and in vivo behaviour of NDF-expanded monkey Schwann cells. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:291-300. [PMID: 9753138 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells, the myelin-forming cells of the peripheral nervous system may play a major role in the regeneration and remyelination not only of the peripheral but also of the central nervous system. The discovery of the mitogenicity of human recombinant forms of neuregulins (glial growth factors) on primate Schwann cells allows us to envisage a considerable expansion of these cells in culture with a view to autologous transplantation in the central nervous system. To assay this possibility, we used human recombinant neu-differentiation factor beta (NDFbeta) to expand monkey Schwann cells derived from perinatal and adult nerve biopsies. We report that NDFbeta containing the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain (residues 177-228) is a potent mitogen for monkey Schwann cells but is more effective on perinatal than adult Schwann cells. Moreover, continuous treatment with NDFbeta, does not seem to prevent Schwann cells differentiation into myelin-forming cells after their transplantation into the demyelinated mouse spinal cord. These observations, in addition to the close similarities of in vitro behaviour which exist between human and monkey Schwann cells, indicate that monkey Schwann cells could be an ideal tool to study the potential and limits of autologous transplantation in a non-human primate model of central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Avellana-Adalid
- INSERM CJF 96-08, Laboratoire des Pathologies de la Myéline, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Studies with experimental models of dysmyelination and demyelination have shown that rodent Schwann cells including a Schwann cell line, transplanted in the central nervous system compete with host oligodendrocytes to remyelinate denuded central axons of the spinal cord. The myelin produced by transplanted SC around these central nervous system axons is structurally normal and restores, secure nerve conduction. In the presence of a favorable substrate, transplanted Schwann cells migrate over considerable distances (several mm) and are recruited by a demyelinated lesion which they will partially repair Thus Schwann cells, which can also support axonal growth, may be instrumental in central nervous system repair. In addition, the possibility of obtaining large quantities of human and non-human primate Schwann cells, makes it possible to consider autologous Schwann cell transplantation as a potential therapy for demyelinating or traumatic diseases. The various differences which may exist between rodents and humans, however, require further investigation of this possibility in a non-human primate model of demyelination. These experiments should provide not only insights on the potential of autologous transplantation in primates but also a better understanding of the process of central remyelination.
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Masurier C, Guettari N, Pioche C, Lacave R, Salomon B, Lachapelle F, Klatzmann D, Guigon M. The role of dendritic cells in the transport of HIV to lymph nodes analysed in mouse. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 417:411-4. [PMID: 9286395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Masurier
- ERS 107 CNRS, UPMC, CHU La Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Avellana-Adalid V, Nait-Oumesmar B, Lachapelle F, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Expansion of rat oligodendrocyte progenitors into proliferative "oligospheres" that retain differentiation potential. J Neurosci Res 1996; 45:558-70. [PMID: 8875321 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19960901)45:5<558::aid-jnr6>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of enriched populations of oligodendroglial progenitors has impeded the exploration of the complex spatio-temporal mechanisms which dictate the chemical "language" of their biology. We have developed a technique to prepare homotypic aggregates of oligodendrocyte progenitors called "oligospheres." These were obtained using various approaches (sieving, Percoll gradient separation and differential adhesion) to purify oligodendroglial progenitors from newborn rat brain. Culturing cells in a mixture of N1 defined medium and conditioned medium from the B104 neuronal cell line in the absence of adhesive substrate allowed to expand routinely and extensively for several months, the oligodendrocyte progenitor population. Under these conditions, the resulting population consisted of 98% GD3-positive/GFAP-negative cells. After dissociation and plating on polyornithine coated substrates, in the presence of low (2%) or high (20%) serum, oligosphere-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors were induced to differentiate into GalC-positive oligodendrocytes or GFAP-positive astrocytes, respectively. When transplanted into the newborn shiverer mouse brain, oligospheres were able to provide a focal reservoir of migrating and myelinating cells. Oligospheres are thus ideal tools for exploring the biological and molecular events of the oligodendrocyte lineage both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Avellana-Adalid
- INSERM U134, Moléculaire et Clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Mateu L, Luzzati V, Vonasek E, Borgo M, Lachapelle F. Order-disorder phenomena in myelinated nerve sheaths. VI. The effects of quaking, jimpy and shiverer mutations: an X-ray scattering study of mouse sciatic and optic nerves. J Mol Biol 1996; 256:319-29. [PMID: 8594199 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the X-ray scattering study of sciatic and optic nerve myelin from shiverer, jimpy and quaking mice mutants and from the corresponding controls. These three mutations are known to affect dramatically central nervous system (CNS) myelin and to induce comparatively minor alterations in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. Scattering experiments and data reduction were carried out using the techniques and algorithms developed in our laboratory and previously applied to several problems involving the structure of myelin. In sciatic nerve the fraction of myelin elementary pairs of membranes (total myelin) decreases in shiverer and quaking nerves (by approximately 30%) but not in jimpy nerves; in all three mutants the fraction of myelin membrane pairs that are not regularly stacked in the sheaths (loose myelin), the average number of membranes per sheath and the packing disorder are the same as in the control nerves; the repeat distance D and the membrane distance Dcyt across the cytoplasmic space increase in shiverer and decrease in jimpy; in quaking, D also decreases and the decrease is smaller than in jimpy and is not specific for Dcyt; small changes are also observed in the electron density profiles. As for the optic nerve the myelin content decreases dramatically in the three mutants; the very weak signal attests to a tiny amount of pairs of membranes structurally similar to normal CNS myelin. It is surprising that the structure of CNS myelin should be almost normal in the absence of the major structural components, namely myelin basic protein (MBP) for shiverer of proteolipid protein (PLP) for jimpy. The question arises whether the composition of the residual pairs of membranes, operationally identified as myelin in the X-ray scattering experiments, mirrors the composition determined by chemical means on the fraction of nerve tissue histologically identified as myelin, or whether in all circumstances it remains approximately the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateu
- Centro De Biofísica y Bioquímica, IVIC, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Seilhean D, Gansmüller A, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Gumpel M, Lachapelle F. Myelination by transplanted human and mouse central nervous system tissue after long-term cryopreservation. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 91:82-8. [PMID: 8773151 DOI: 10.1007/s004010050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse oligodendrocytes were transplanted, after a long period of cryostorage, into newborn mouse brain. Tissue fragments were obtained from brain and spinal cord of 10-week-old human fetuses and from the periventricular zone of embryonic and newborn mouse brains. Samples were stored at -180 degrees C for periods of 3 days to over 5 years. Frozen or fresh fragments were transplanted into the brains of newborn shiverer mutant mice, which are deficient in myelin basic protein (MBP). Normal myelin, produced by grafted oligodendrocytes, was detected by immunohistochemistry with an anti-MBP antiserum. The best results were obtained with isospecific grafts. The timing of myelin appearance did not depend significantly on the species or age of the donor. Myelination obtained with mouse grafts was more profuse when the donor was younger (embryonic versus newborn). Cryopreservation over 5 years did not impede the graft's ability to produce myelin and can be considered for long-term storage of oligodendrocytes in view of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seilhean
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Myelination in the CNS depends on the ability of oligodendrocytes (Ols) to efficiently colonize the brain, differentiate, and express a precise balance of specific genes necessary for myelin synthesis. Mutations in these genes produce different types of dysmyelination in animal as in human. Defects in the synthesis of myelin constituents usually lead to mild dysmyelinations. IN contrast, mutations affecting the gene encoding the proteolipid, another major protein of myelin, produce various perturbations of Ols biology suggesting a pleiotropic effect of the gene in the development of the CNS. Studies on expansion of cell population and survival have provided contradictory information on the extrinsic and intrinsic action of the gene on Ols biology. On one hand, in vitro studies using conditioned media as in vivo studies on heterozygotes, and transplantations experiments suggest that excess of programmed cell death in these mutants is ruled out by intrinsic factors which could act during embryonic life. On the other hand, attempts to compensate the gene defect by transgenic correction demonstrate a dominant negative effect of the jp mutation on both survival and functional potential of Ols. Finally, total suppression of PLP gene expression has a restricted effect on myelin structure without excess of cell death. These contradictory results are discussed in the perspective of regulation of cell death by competition for growth factors in limiting amount. The proposed model suggests that this contradiction is only apparent, and that excess of cell death in PLP/DM20 mutant is intrinsically determined by diminished competitivity of the mutant Ols for limited amounts of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- U 134 INSERM, Hopital de la Salpetrière 47 bd. de l'Hopital, Paris, France
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Abstract
We present an overview of the results obtained in a cross-transplantation system using respectively controls, jimpy (jp), and shiverer mutant mice as donors and recipients. Homochronic transplantations (O days into O days) demonstrated that jp environment is non-toxic for non-jp cells and that, contrary to in vitro, jp oligodendrocytes phenotype cannot be modified by environmental factors at this age. Transplantations of embryonic fragments into the newborn brain demonstrated that in contrast to oligodendrocyte precursors contained in fragments of newborn tissue, jimpy embryonic stem cells are sensitive to environmental factors able to modulate the proportion of surviving oligodendrocytes. In addition, these series evidenced a disjunction between the surviving and the myelinating capacity of jp cells demonstrating a pleiotropic effect of the jp mutation on oligodendrocyte biology. Results are discussed with regards to the recent molecular biological finding on the role of the DM20/PLP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- U 134 INSERM, Hôpital de la Salpêtriêre, Paris, France
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Lachapelle F, Duhamel-Clerin E, Gansmüller A, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Villarroya H, Gumpel M. Transplanted transgenically marked oligodendrocytes survive, migrate and myelinate in the normal mouse brain as they do in the shiverer mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 1994; 6:814-24. [PMID: 8075823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The dye Hoechst 33342 was combined with an immunodetectable transgene product (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, CAT) expressed in differentiated oligodendrocytes to trace their fate after transplantation in the normal and the shiverer mouse brain. In the shiverer brain, the technique allowed us to visualize grafted cells inside myelin basic protein-positive myelin patches. Most of these cells were CAT-positive/Hoechst 33342-negative, reinforcing our hypothesis that cell division probably follows migration of grafted oligodendrocytes. Correlation of their morphology and distribution with their location in the host CNS suggested a local effect on the cell division and morphogenesis of the grafted material. When compared with transplantation of fragments of normal newborn donor tissue into the newborn shiverer brain, no difference could be seen between the behaviour of normal and transgenic oligodendrocytes. In the normal brain, transgenic oligodendrocytes survived at least 150 days and successfully myelinated the host axons. The timing of differentiation of grafted cells was similar in both types of recipient brains. Migration occurred rostrally and caudally. Although migrating cells could be observed along the meninges and the blood vessels, migration occurred preferentially along white matter tracts. The extent of migration was influenced by the site of implantation, and grafted cells could be found up to 6 mm from the grafting point. No differences in the timing of differentiation or the pattern or extent of migration could thus be demonstrated when transgenic oligodendrocytes were transplanted in the normal or the shiverer brain. This validates our previous studies using the newborn shiverer mouse as recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- U 134 INSERM, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Duhamel-Clerin E, Villarroya H, Mehtali M, Lapie P, Besnard F, Gumpel M, Lachapelle F. Cellular expression of an HMGCR promoter-CAT fusion gene in transgenic mouse brain: evidence for a developmental regulation in oligodendrocytes. Glia 1994; 11:35-46. [PMID: 8070893 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The HMGCR gene encodes the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. Mice transgenic for the prokaryotic chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene fused with a 5' Bam H1 fragment including the promoter sequence for murine HMGCR gene have been obtained. Homozygote transgenic mice were derived from a particular line selected for similar regulation of endogenous HMGCR and the transgene expression by nutritional conditions in different tissue. In addition, high expression of the transgene was evidenced in the brain. Cellular expression of the CAT gene in the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This study was performed on frozen sections of the developing and adult brain, using a rabbit anti-CAT antiserum especially raised for that purpose. CAT expression was observed in some rare individuals in different neural cell types including Purkinje cells and astrocytes. But the most outstanding observation was the high level of CAT expression correlated with differentiated pattern of oligodendrocyte (Ol) distribution observed in white-matter tracts. Double and triple labeling for CAT and stage-specific antigens were performed on transgenic Ol-enriched preparations and cultures. This study showed a normal sequence of differentiation in the transgenic oligodendroglial cell lineage and demonstrated a strict correlation between late differentiation and activation of the CAT gene in these cells: CAT expression started in transgenic Ols between galactocerebroside (GC)-positive and myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive stages and was detected in MBP-positive cells during the myelination period. After myelination, the number of CAT-positive Ols decreased in the adult brain. These observations demonstrate a developmental regulation of the CAT transgene in Ols during myelination in CNS and reinforce the hypothesis of endogenous synthesis as major source of cholesterol during myelination.
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Lachapelle F, Lapie P, Gumpel M. Oligodendrocytes from jimpy and normal mature tissue can be 'activated' when transplanted in a newborn environment. Dev Neurosci 1992; 14:105-13. [PMID: 1396170 DOI: 10.1159/000111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragments of corpus callosum from P13 normal and jimpy (jp) mutant mice (containing only postmigrating precursors and differentiated oligodendrocytes (ODCs, some of them myelinating soon) have been transplanted into the thalamus of newborn shiverer (shi) mutant mice. The behaviour of transplanted ODCs has been assayed by immunohistochemistry of their myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive myelin synthesized in the host shi brain whose myelin is deprived of this component. ODCs and postmigrating precursors contained in P13 normal corpus callosum survived, migrated out of the graft and myelinated in the shi host parenchyma. The high ratio of positive cases observed was comparable to the one observed in previous experiments using fragments of newborn or embryonic normal tissue. When fragments of jp tissue were used as donors, postmigrating jp ODCs or precursors migrated on long distances out of the graft and synthesized large amounts of myelin as estimated by the size of the MBP-positive myelin patches present in the host shi brain. The extent of migration and the size of these myelin patches were more important than those observed in previous experiments using fragments of newborn or embryonic jp CNS as donors. By contrast, the low ratio of positive cases observed suggested that the survival of P13 jp ODCs or their postmigrating precursors cannot be restored by the newborn shi environment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- INSERM U 134, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Baron-Van Evercooren A, Clerin-Duhamel E, Lapie P, Gansmüller A, Lachapelle F, Gumpel M. The fate of Schwann cells transplanted in the brain during development. Dev Neurosci 1992; 14:73-84. [PMID: 1396177 DOI: 10.1159/000111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified rat Schwann cells labeled with Hoechst 33342 fluorescent fluorochrome were transplanted into the brain of the newborn shiverer mouse. The grafted cells survived and were able to migrate through the host parenchyma. However, Schwann cell migration was restricted to the grafted hemisphere and to structures adjacent to the graft. With time, Hoechst labeled cells, present at the site of implantation or dispersed in the host parenchyma, decreased progressively in number. Instead, they concentrated along the blood vessels, meninges and ventricles. Despite the presence of Hoechst labeled Schwann cells in white matter tracks during the process of central myelination, Schwann cell myelination could not be evidenced by immunodetection of the peripheral myelin protein or by ultrastructural observation of the typical Schwann cell basement membrane surrounding peripheral myelin. A series of additional transplantations involving Schwann cells of mouse or rat origin, grafted either as cell suspensions or as nerve fragments, demonstrated that transplanted Schwann cells formed myelin around developing host axons only when included in a nerve fragment. Immunodetection of GFAP in astrocytes and type IV collagen in basement membranes as well as electron microscopy showed that reactive astrocytes invaded the grafted area after the first week of transplantation and sometimes formed basement membranes isolating partially the graft from the host parenchyma. During host myelination, astrocytes, which were present in most white matter structures, surrounded grafted cells. Occasionally, they enclosed Schwann cells in basement membranes or encircled host axons. Later, reactive astrocytes were associated with Schwann cells restricted to blood vessel and ventricular walls, and meninges. Our results suggest that in the presence of competitive developing oligodendrocytes, astrocytes are able to limit migration and prevent myelination of Schwann cells transplanted in the newborn shiverer brain. In addition, astrocytes seem to be able to expel the grafted cells and finally exclude them from the host parenchyma.
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Thomas D, Caruelle JP, Lachapelle F, Barritault D, Boilly B. Acidic fibroblast growth factor in normal, injured, and jimpy mutant developing mouse brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 638:481-3. [PMID: 1723864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb49075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Thomas
- Laboratory of the Biology of Growth Factors, Lille, France
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Lachapelle F, Lapie P, Campagnoni AT, Gumpel M. Oligodendrocytes of the jimpy phenotype can be partially restored by environmental factors in vivo. J Neurosci Res 1991; 29:235-43. [PMID: 1890702 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490290214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cross-transplantations of neural tissue between jimpy (jp) shiverer (shi) and normal mice have been performed under heterochronic conditions. In all series, fragments of E14-E15 embryonic neural tissue from the different donors have been transplanted into newborn host brain in order to study environmental influences by differentiated tissue on transplanted embryonic cell lines. Large patches of proteolipid protein (PLP)-positive myelin have been observed in the jp brain after transplantation of shi or normal embryonic tissue into the newborn jp brain, suggesting that the jp parenchyma did not inhibit the differentiation of other oligodendrocytes (ODCs). Jp embryonic tissue had the same mitotic potential as normal tissue, as demonstrated by the larger size of myelin patches observed when jp embryonic tissue was used instead of newborn jp tissue. By contrast, whatever the conditions, jp myelin patches were always obviously smaller than normal or shi myelin patches, suggesting that the myelinating capacity of jp ODCs was not enhanced by environmental factors. Finally, comparison of the ratio of successful outcomes observed following embryonic vs. newborn jp donor tissue, strongly suggests a partial or total normalization of jp embryonic ODCs survival by a more mature shi environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- U134 INSERM, Hôpital de la Salpetrière, Paris, France
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Gansmuller A, Clerin E, Krüger F, Gumpel M, Lachapelle F. Tracing transplanted oligodendrocytes during migration and maturation in the shiverer mouse brain. Glia 1991; 4:580-90. [PMID: 1720763 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragments of neural tissue from normal newborn mouse were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye before transplantation into the newborn shiverer mouse brain. Combination of this technique with immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, after transplantation, these cells are able to survive as long as unstained cells and to myelinate in the shiverer mouse host brain. Stained cells express the normal sequence of differentiation in terms of chronology of differentiation marker expression [04, galactocerebroside (GalC), myelin basic protein (MBP)], as normal cell do in situ. It has thus been possible by this technique to show the migration pathways of transplanted cells and to correlate them with the expression of specific markers: long distance migration along white matter axonal pathways occurs when cells are o4-positive, GalC-negative. By contrast, only GalC-positive cells are able to migrate across the grey matter in the absence of radial glia. Finally, it has been possible to propose a migration and differentiation sequence of these cells, suggesting that MBP-positive oligodendrocytes divide after migration in the target zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gansmuller
- U 134 INSERM, Hopital de la Salpetrière, Paris, France
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Lachapelle F, Lapie P, Nussbaum JL, Gumpel M. Immunohistochemical studies on cross-transplantations between jimpy, shiverer, and normal newborn mice. J Neurosci Res 1990; 27:324-31. [PMID: 1711128 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490270311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cross-transplantations of neural tissue have been performed between jimpy (jp), shiverer (shi), and normal mice. Taking advantage of the absence of immunodetectable myelin basic protein (MBP) in the shi brain, jp myelin has been identified in the shi recipient by using an anti-MBP antiserum. By contrast, shi as well as normal myelin have been identified in the jp brain by using an anti-C-terminal hexapeptide of the proteolipid protein (PLP) (this PLP hexapeptide being absent in the jp PLP). When transplanted under homochronic conditions (newborn into newborn), jp oligodendrocytes (ODC) express their usual phenotype in a normal or a shi environment, suggesting that at birth the jp ODCs phenotype is strictly established and cannot be modified by environmental conditions. The reverse transplantations (newborn shi or normal into newborn jp brain) demonstrate that the jp environment does not modify the phenotype of normal or shi ODCs. Finally, these experiments demonstrated a normal timing of differentiation of jp axons and of jp ODCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- U 134 INSERM, Hopital de la Salpetrière, Paris, France
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Lachapelle F, Lapie P, Gansmuller A, Villarroya H, Baumann N, Gumpel M. What have we learned about the jimpy phenotype expression by intracerebral transplantations? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 605:332-45. [PMID: 2268120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- INSERM U 134, Hôpital de la Salpetrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
The jimpy (jp) mutation of the mouse leads to a dramatic decrease of myelination in the hemizygous mutant central nervous system (CNS). Several descriptions based on classical histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy (EM) have demonstrated the scarcity of myelin formation in the different parts of the CNS. The immunohistochemical study presented here showed a very singular patchy pattern of myelin distribution in the different areas of the whole mutant brain. The myelin patches are randomly dispersed without bilateral symmetry, and their density and location vary from one animal to another. No reproducible pattern of myelination could be found among the population observed. This distribution has been compared with observations on young heterozygotes and wild-type homozygotes from the same strain. A similar patchy and random distribution of myelin could be observed in heterozygotes, which present an intermediate level of myelination. This strongly suggests that a migration of precursors or immature oligodendrocytes (ODCs) from the periventricular zone followed by local multiplication of colonies of ODCs before myelination is a general feature in normal as well as pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lachapelle
- INSERM U 134 Hopital de la Salpètriere, Paris, France
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Panagopoulos G, King RH, Gabriel G, Stolinski C, Sofer D, Lachapelle F, Thomas PK. Morphometric and freeze-fracture studies on peripheral nerve in shiverer mice. J Comp Neurol 1989; 286:337-44. [PMID: 2768561 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902860304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Observations have been made on the peripheral nerves of shiverer (shi/shi) mice in comparison with control animals. Although this mutant lacks P1 myelin basic protein in peripheral and central myelin, myelin is defective only in the central nervous system. No ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in the shiverer nerves. Myelin spacing was normal. The density and distribution of intramembranous particles on the E and P faces of myelin and in the axolemma of myelinated and unmyelinated axons did not differ between the shiverer and control mice. Morphometric studies showed that external myelinated fiber diameter was significantly less and that myelin thickness was slightly but significantly greater in relation to axon diameter in the shiverer mice, suggesting a minor degree of axonal atrophy. It is concluded that P1 protein is not necessary for the formation and maintenance of the normal structure of peripheral myelin. The failure to detect differences in intramembranous particle density in myelin between shiverer and control mice indicates that P1 protein is not detected in freeze-fracture preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Panagopoulos
- Department of Neurological Science, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, England
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36
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Lubetzki C, Gansmüller A, Lachapelle F, Lombrail P, Gumpel M. Myelination by oligodendrocytes isolated from 4-6-week-old rat central nervous system and transplanted into newborn shiverer brain. J Neurol Sci 1988; 88:161-75. [PMID: 2465389 PMCID: PMC7118458 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(88)90214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes isolated from 4-6-week-old rat brains were transplanted into newborn shiverer brains. Cells were identified as mature oligodendrocytes both by immunocytological and ultrastructural criteria. Normal myelin was detected using immunolocalisation (with an anti-MBP antiserum) and electron microscopy (presence of the major dense line). Patches of normal myelin (made by transplanted oligodendrocytes), widely spread throughout the host brains, were detected between 20 and 130 days after grafting. No sign of acute rejection was observed, but the graft became progressively delimited by astrocytic processes forming a continuous basal lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lubetzki
- Unité de Neurobiologie cellulaire, moléculaire et clinique, INSERM U. 134, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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37
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Baulac M, Lachapelle F, Gout O, Berger B, Baumann N, Gumpel M. Transplantation of oligodendrocytes in the newborn mouse brain: extension of myelination by transplanted cells. Anatomical study. Brain Res 1987; 420:39-47. [PMID: 3676754 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The shiverer model allows for the immunocytochemical staining of the patches of myelin formed by transplanted oligodendrocytes from a normal newborn mouse. Fragments of the olfactory bulb were transplanted into various parts of the brain to place the myelinating cells in different anatomical conditions. Whole brains were horizontally sectioned in order to study the full pattern of migration and myelination of the grafted oligodendrocytes. Transplanted oligodendrocytes were capable of short and long distance migration before their differentiation. Long distance migration occurred in the caudal as well as in the rostral direction and into the contralateral part of the brain through the commissures. The patches of immunoreactive myelin were mainly found in the large myelinated bundles: corpus callosum, internal capsule, fimbria-fornix, medial lemniscus, cerebellar peduncles and spinal cord funiculi. Some sites of migration indicate that oligodendrocytes followed at least two different axonal pathways successively. The thalamic area which contained numerous patches could be a place where oligodendrocytes switch from one fasciculus to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baulac
- I.N.S.E.R.M. U. 106, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Mikoshiba K, Okano H, Inoue Y, Fujishiro M, Takamatsu K, Lachapelle F, Baumann N, Tsukada Y. Immunohistochemical, biochemical and electron microscopic analysis of myelin formation in the central nervous system of myelin deficient (mld) mutant mice. Brain Res 1987; 432:111-21. [PMID: 2443219 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(87)90013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin deficiency (mld) is an autosomal recessive mutation in mice and is considered to be allelic to the shiverer (shi) mutation. Mld mice are characterized by hypomyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). They show typical symptoms such as tremor, tonic convulsion and ataxic movement. Subcellular fractionation of the CNS revealed that the MBP bands were greatly decreased in the P2A (myelin) fraction and the total content of myelin basic protein (MBP) was much lower than that in the control in all parts of the CNS. Sections from mld mice were examined by immunohistochemical tests with MBP antiserum, and a mosaic expression of MBP was found in the myelin of the mld mice. Since the major dense line is considered to be composed mainly of MBP, we investigated the myelin of mld mice by electron microscopy and found that there were 3 types of myelin: (1) a normal type compact myelin with a major dense line, (2) a shiverer-type myelin with no major dense line, and (3) a mixed-type myelin, in which within a myelin lamella the major dense line abruptly changes to cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mikoshiba
- Division of Regulation of Macromolecular Function, Osaka University, Japan
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Gumpel M, Lachapelle F, Gansmuller A, Baulac M, Baron van Evercooren A, Baumann N. Transplantation of human embryonic oligodendrocytes into shiverer brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 495:71-85. [PMID: 3300467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gumpel M, Gansmüller A, Lubetzki C, Lombrail P, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Baulac M, Gout O, Baumann N, Lachapelle F. [Intracerebral transplantation of oligodendrocytes in mice]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1987; 35:333-8. [PMID: 3295700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe in this paper experiments in which oligodendrocytes (from newborn mouse, human embryonic brain, or isolated from adult rat brain) have been transplanted into the brain of the newborn mouse. Experimental conditions (Shiverer model) allowed the detection of myelin formed by transplanted oligodendrocytes into the Shiverer brain. The transplanted oligodendrocytes have been shown to survive, migrate over long distances and myelinate host axons. The maturation of transplanted oligodendrocytes depends upon the age of the brain tissue in which they differentiate.
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Heurteaux C, Baumann N, Lachapelle F, Wissocq JC, Thellier M. Lithium distribution in the brain of normal mice and of "quaking" dysmyelinating mutants. J Neurochem 1986; 46:1317-21. [PMID: 3950630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using nuclear reaction 6Li(n, alpha)3H and dielectric detectors, we have studied the distribution of Li in the brain of adult mice, following Li treatment of the animals. Two strains of animals were used in parallel: "quaking" dysmyelinating mutants and normally myelinated controls. The distribution appeared to be sharply regionalized in the brain of the normal mice (higher Li concentration in the gray rather than in the white matter, with the area postrema being particularly Li rich). In contrast, the Li distribution was practically homogeneous in the brain of the quaking dysmyelinating mutants, with a mean Li concentration comparable to that in the gray matter of the controls. The present method of Li detection has made it possible to estimate the Li equilibrium potentials (nerve cells with regard to plasma) in the different brain substructures. The results are consistent with (a) Li being actively extruded from nerve cells in all the cases and (b) myelination decreasing the relative importance of the passive component of Li transport in the nerve cells, as compared with the active component.
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Gansmuller A, Lachapelle F, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Hauw JJ, Baumann N, Gumpel M. Transplantations of newborn CNS fragments into the brain of shiverer mutant mice: extensive myelination by transplanted oligodendrocytes. II. Electron microscopic study. Dev Neurosci 1986; 8:197-207. [PMID: 3829986 DOI: 10.1159/000112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As already demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, oligodendrocytes from newborn normal mice are able to survive, migrate and myelinate when transplanted into the newborn shiverer (shi/shi) mouse brain. The survival of the grafted cells and their interaction with the host brain were studied at different times after transplantation. Normal myelin was found in the host parenchyma basing our observation on the morphological difference between normal and shiverer myelin: the shiverer myelin deprived of major dense line appears uncompacted as compared to normal myelin. Myelin formed by transplanted oligodendrocytes was detected around the graft and, after immunohistochemical prelocalization, at considerable distance from the site of implantation. Normal and shiverer myelin were detected around axons adjacent to each other or around the same axon. These results confirm and extend at the ultrastructural level our previous data obtained by immunohistochemistry.
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Iwamori M, Harpin ML, Lachapelle F, Baumann N. Brain gangliosides of quaking and shiverer mutants: qualitative and quantitative changes of monosialogangliosides in the quaking brain. J Neurochem 1985; 45:73-8. [PMID: 3998734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ganglioside compositions in the brains of the mutant mice quaking and shiverer were compared with those of their littermate controls, C57BL/6 and C3HSWV. Neither ganglioside content nor composition of shiverer brains differed from those of the control brains. Change in the ganglioside composition of the mutant brain from that of the control was observed only in the quaking mutant brain, in which monosialoganglioside GM1 was significantly reduced and GM4 was completely absent. The structures of the gangliosides were determined by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and the GM3 and GM4 gangliosides in the quaking brain were found to be altered in regard to their long-chain base and fatty acid compositions when compared to the normal C57BL/6 brain.
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Baumann N, Lachapelle F. Absence or delay of myelination in animals. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1983; 208 Pt 1:97-103. [PMID: 6326918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lachapelle F, Gumpel M, Baulac M, Jacque C, Duc P, Baumann N. Transplantation of CNS fragments into the brain of shiverer mutant mice: extensive myelination by implanted oligodendrocytes. I. Immunohistochemical studies. Dev Neurosci 1983; 6:325-34. [PMID: 6085571 DOI: 10.1159/000112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid fragments of olfactory bulb from new-born normal (B6CBA and C57BL6) mice were implanted into new-born shiverer (shi/shi) brains. The shiverer mouse being characterized by the absence of myelin basic protein (MBP), myelination due to implanted oligodendrocytes can be detected in the shiverer brain using an antiserum anti-MBP. Observation of sagittal sections of the host brains revealed very extensive areas of normal myelination from the level of the graft (rostral thalamus) up to the caudal brain (diencephalon, cerebellum, pons). Thus, oligodendrocytes contained in the implant migrate out of the graft over long distances in the host brain, before they differentiate and synthesize myelin. These results raise the question of the behaviour of oligodendrocytes in normal development.
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Chermat R, Doaré L, Lachapelle F, Simon P. Effects of drugs affecting the noradrenergic system on convulsions in the quaking mouse. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1981; 318:94-9. [PMID: 6276790 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Handling-induced convulsions in the quaking mouse can be blocked by: phenobarbital, pentobarbital or phenytoin; postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (noradrenaline, phenylephrine, CRL 40028); presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blockers (yohimbine, mianserine); catecholamine liberating agent (amphetamine); noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, imipramine, desipramine). Moreover, the protective effect of yohimbine was antagonized by clonidine, prazosin or alpha-methylparatyrosine, and the protective effect of CRL 40028 was antagonized by prazosin but not by alpha-methyltyrosine. Drugs acting by other mechanisms (pilocarpine, atropine, trihexyphenidyl, (--)-5-HTP, methysergide, pimozide, clonidine, alpha-methyl DOPA, prazosin, isoprenaline, salbutamol) did not protect against convulsions. A slight protection was obtained with high doses of apomorphine and also with (+/-)-propranolol. This effect is probably not related to blockade of beta-adrenoceptors because the same effect was obtained with (+)propranolol. In young quaking mice, where susceptibility to convulsions is low, both postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blockers and presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist lowered the convulsive threshold. Thus, this seems to constitute an interesting model for the in vivo study of substances which affect the central alpha-adrenoceptors either pre- or postsynaptically.
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Privat A, Valat J, Lachapelle F, Baumann N, Fulcrand J. Radioautographic evidence for the protracted proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system of jimpy mice. Brain Res 1981; 254:411-6. [PMID: 7284858 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(81)90047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of glial cells has been studied in the central nervous system of jimpy mice and control littermates with [3H]thymidine radioautography. It was found that the proliferation of glial precursors was protracted in the 3 regions studied: spinal cord, cerebellum and corpus callosum. The difference between jimpy and littermates became obvious in each of these regions at the onset of myelination. It is concluded that the maturation of the oligodendrocyte is the target of the mutation. The protracted proliferation of glioblasts is a consequence of the absence of stable interactions with the axons.
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Corpéchot C, Robel P, Lachapelle F, Baumann N, Axelson M, Sjövall J, Baulieu EE. [Free and sulfo-conjugated dehydroepiandrosterone in the brain of mice with myelin biosynthesis disorders]. C R Seances Acad Sci III 1981; 292:231-234. [PMID: 6452231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone, either unconjugated (D) or conjugated to sulfuric acid (DS), has been identified in the brain of male Mice; DS had been previously found in Rat brain. DS amounts in posterior brain, were 0.8-2.0 ng/g in controls, and very much lower in dysmyelinic jimpy and quaking Mice of the same age. Conversely, amounts of D were increased in affected Mice, suggesting an impaired sulfoconjugation. Results may be explained by accumulation of D and DS in brain, unrelated to the endocrine system.
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Delassalle A, Zalc B, Lachapelle F, Raoul M, Collier P, Jacque C. Regional distribution of myelin basic protein in the central nervous system of quaking, jimpy, and normal mice during development and aging. J Neurosci Res 1981; 6:303-13. [PMID: 6170761 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) was quantified using a RIA technique in the spinal cord, cerebellum, diencephalon plus brainstem region and cerebral hemispheres of two dysmyelinating murine mutants, quaking (qk) and jimpy (jp) mice. Comparison was made with normal control values. The whole life-span has been investigated: ie, ages ranging from 0 to 26 days for the jp, O to one year for the qk, and prenatal stage to three years for the control animals. Assays in the mutants at early ages were rendered feasible by the use of marker genes, which has allowed the diagnosis of the mutation at birth, 12 days before the expression of their typical tremor phenotype. Special care was given to the period of early myelinogenesis in order to clarify the dysynchrony between the various parts of the central nervous system. In normal mice, MBP was already detected in the brain of 19-day-old embryos. During development, rapid accumulation of MBP first occurred in the spinal cord then in the diencephalon, the brainstem, the cerebellum, and finally in the cerebral hemispheres. In the 25-day-old jimpy mutant, levels of MBP were found dramatically decreased, never exceeding 6% of the normal controls in any of the areas investigated. The situation for the quaking mouse was quite different. This mutant could be investigated up to one year old. At that age, a high discrepancy was observed between the values found in the brain and in the spinal cord (respectively, 10% and 35%) compared to normal controls. In both mutants, not only were the levels of MBP decreased, but also its appearance during development was delayed. Nevertheless, in both mutants the caudo-rostral timing of myelination as assayed by MBP levels was maintained. Furthermore, the later myelination occurred, the stronger weas the deficit in MBP. Interestingly, in the quaking mutant, the specific plasticity of the spinal cord was exemplified by its ability to reduce constantly, even at an advanced age, its initial deficit of MBP.
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Bourre JM, Jacque C, Delassalle A, Nguyen-Legros J, Dumont O, Lachapelle F, Raoul M, Alvarez C, Baumann N. Density profile and basic protein measurements in the myelin range of particulate material from normal developing mouse brain and from neurological mutants (Jimpy; quaking; Trembler; shiverer and its mld allele) obtained by zonal centrifugation. J Neurochem 1980; 35:458-64. [PMID: 6161225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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