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Fonseca M, Jarak I, Victor F, Domingues C, Veiga F, Figueiras A. Polymersomes as the Next Attractive Generation of Drug Delivery Systems: Definition, Synthesis and Applications. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:319. [PMID: 38255485 PMCID: PMC10817611 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polymersomes are artificial nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly process of amphiphilic block copolymers composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks. They can encapsulate hydrophilic molecules in the aqueous core and hydrophobic molecules within the membrane. The composition of block copolymers can be tuned, enabling control of characteristics and properties of formed polymersomes and, thus, their application in areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, or bioimaging. The preparation methods of polymersomes can also impact their characteristics and the preservation of the encapsulated drugs. Many methods have been described, including direct hydration, thin film hydration, electroporation, the pH-switch method, solvent shift method, single and double emulsion method, flash nanoprecipitation, and microfluidic synthesis. Considering polymersome structure and composition, there are several types of polymersomes including theranostic polymersomes, polymersomes decorated with targeting ligands for selective delivery, stimuli-responsive polymersomes, or porous polymersomes with multiple promising applications. Due to the shortcomings related to the stability, efficacy, and safety of some therapeutics in the human body, polymersomes as drug delivery systems have been good candidates to improve the quality of therapies against a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy can be improved by using polymersomes to deliver the drugs, protecting and directing them to the exact site of action. Moreover, this approach is also promising for targeted delivery of biologics since they represent a class of drugs with poor stability and high susceptibility to in vivo clearance. However, the lack of a well-defined regulatory plan for polymersome formulations has hampered their follow-up to clinical trials and subsequent market entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fonseca
- Univ. Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (F.V.)
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Univ. Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (F.V.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francis Victor
- Department of Pharmacy, University Chenab Gujarat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Cátia Domingues
- Univ. Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (F.V.)
- Univ. Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ. Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ. Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (F.V.)
- Univ. Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ. Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.F.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (F.V.)
- Univ. Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Victor F, Rehman K, Akash MSH, Rasheed S, Imran M, Assiri MA. Technological Advancement in ω-3 fatty acids: its Therapeutic Functions and Novel Delivery Strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:839-903. [PMID: 37005402 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230330144614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Being an important dietary component, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, which plays a crucial role in normal growth and development of an individual. ω-3 fatty acids have been reported to possess therapeutic activities against several diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological and cancer, etc. Due to unsaturation ω-3 fatty acids are highly reactive and prone oxidation, which is biggest hurdle in its administration, as oxidation produces foul smell and reduces it therapeutic efficacy. Although numerous supplementation strategies have been developed to enhance its bioavailability, targeted drug delivery and maximized therapeutic potential, the rate of compliance is low due to difficulty in swallowing and unpleasant aftertaste. To cope with these problems, several novel drug delivery approaches have been developed, that may be used as an alternative to enhance effectiveness of ω-3 when administered alone or in combination therapy. This review focuses on the how the novel drug delivery approaches are used to overcome the ω-3 stability issues and how to maximize is therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Victor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Sumbal Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Alanazi AS, Victor F, Rehman K, Khan YH, Yunusa I, Alzarea AI, Akash MSH, Mallhi TH. Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16690. [PMID: 36554576 PMCID: PMC9778778 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pre-existing diabetes, hypertension and kidney disorders are prominent risk factors of pre-eclampsia (PE). It is a multifactorial pregnancy disorder associated with high blood pressure, proteinuria, and multiorgan failure, which develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is one of the most feared pregnancy disorders, as it consumes thousands of fetomaternal lives per annum. According to clinical and pathological studies, the placenta appears to be a key player in the pathogenesis of PE; however, the exact origin of this disorder is still under debate. Defective placentation and angiogenesis are the hallmarks of PE progression. This angiogenic imbalance, together with maternal susceptibility, might determine the severity and clinical presentation of PE. This article comprehensively examines the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PE and current evidence of the factors involved in its progression. Finally, this article will explore the genetic association of PE, various candidate genes, their proposed mechanisms and variants involved in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis Victor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismaeel Yunusa
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Lazarus A, Guy-Moyat B, Mondoly P, Pons F, Quaglia C, Elkaim JP, Bayle S, Victor F. 66Value of active periodic electrograms in remote management of pacemaker recipients: The PREMS study. Europace 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euy015.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Lazarus
- Clinique Medico-Chirurgicale Ambroise Pare, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | - B Guy-Moyat
- University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - P Mondoly
- Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital (CHU), Toulouse, France
| | - F Pons
- Sainte Anne military hospital, Toulon, France
| | | | | | - S Bayle
- Hospital Louis Pasteur of Chartres, Chartres, France
| | - F Victor
- Polyclinic Saint Laurent of Rennes, Rennes, France
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Abstract
DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase and a variety of other sources were searched for English-language articles. Non-journal publications, conferences proceedings from professional organisations and from private and government agencies were screened. Bibliographies and reference lists from peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION To meet the inclusion criteria articles must have reported studies of at least 10 patients, involve diagnoses of disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) or without reduction (DDw/oR) or degenerative joint disease (DJD) and include at least one of the following surgical techniques: arthrocentesis; arthroscopy; discectomy without replacement or disc repair/repositioning. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The outcome measured was the proportion of patients who reported improvement after treatment. Study success rates were recalculated on an intent-to-treat basis. Meta-analyses were performed along with meta-regressions where heterogeneity was an issue. Three classes of meta-analyses were performed using different artificial, untreated, control groups assuming three levels of spontaneous improvement, namely 0, 37.5 and 75%. RESULTS Twenty-two studies, comprising 30 patient groups and sample sizes of 11-237 patients, met the inclusion criteria. For studies of patients with DDwR, at the 0 and 37.5% rates of control group improvement, arthroscopy and disc repair/repositioning resulted in treatment effects significantly greater than zero, with no significant differences in the efficacy of these two surgical techniques. For studies of patients with DDw/OR, the proportion of patients who improved after arthroscopy or arthrocentesis was significantly greater than zero at all three levels of estimated control improvement. Disc repair effect size was not significant at the 75% rate. CONCLUSIONS Surgical treatments appear to have some efficacy for people who have temporomandibular articular disorders that do not respond to nonsurgical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Ng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Alonso C, Leclercq C, d'Allonnes FR, Pavin D, Victor F, Mabo P, Daubert JC. Six year experience of transvenous left ventricular lead implantation for permanent biventricular pacing in patients with advanced heart failure: technical aspects. Heart 2001; 86:405-10. [PMID: 11559679 PMCID: PMC1729936 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.4.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biventricular pacing has been proposed as an adjuvant to optimal medical treatment in patients with drug refractory heart failure caused by chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction and intraventricular conduction delay. OBJECTIVE To assess the technical feasibility and long term results (over six years) of transverse left ventricular pacing with the lead inserted into a tributary vein of the coronary sinus. SUBJECTS From August 1994 to February 2000, left ventricular lead implantation was attempted in 116 patients who were eligible for biventricular pacing (mean (SD) age 67 (9) years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III/IV, left ventricular ejection fraction 22 (6)%, QRS duration 185 (26) ms). RESULTS The overall implantation success rate was 88% (n = 102). A learning curve was indicated by a progressive increase in success from 61% early on to 98% in the last year. The mean pacing threshold was 1.1 (0.7) V/0.5 ms at the time of implantation and increased slightly up to 1.9 (0.9) V/0.5 ms at the end of the follow up period (15 (13) months). The rate of acute and delayed left ventricular lead dislodgement decreased from 30% in the early years to 11% after 1999. During follow up, 19 patients required reoperation for delayed lead dislodgement or increase in left ventricular pacing threshold (n = 15), phrenic nerve stimulation (n = 3), or infection (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Transverse left ventricular pacing through the coronary sinus is feasible and safe. The rate of implantation failure and of lead related problems has decreased greatly with increasing experience and with improvements in the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alonso
- Département de Cardiologie et Maladies Cardio-vasculaires, Centre Cardio-Pneumologique, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
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Leclercq C, Victor F, Alonso C, Pavin D, Revault d'Allones G, Bansard JY, Mabo P, Daubert C. Comparative effects of permanent biventricular pacing for refractory heart failure in patients with stable sinus rhythm or chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85:1154-6, A9. [PMID: 10781772 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the long-term benefit of biventricular pacing in drug-refractory heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy who were in stable sinus rhythm or had persistent atrial fibrillation. The results showed that permanent biventricular pacing in such patients significantly improves exercise tolerance in both groups of patients; however, the benefit tended to be greater in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leclercq
- Département de Cardiologie et Maladies Vasculaires, Rennes, France.
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Victor F, Carré F, Gout B, Jean J, M'Polesha E, Mabo P, Bril A. Cardiac loading conditions modify the ventricular repolarization in conscious dogs with heart failure. Pflugers Arch 2000; 439:217-26. [PMID: 10650970 DOI: 10.1007/s004249900145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in myocardial loading conditions influence the ventricular action potential via mechanoelectric feedback, a mechanism impaired in pathology. In vivo the QT interval of the electrocardiogram which reflects the action potential duration allows appropriate determination of its modifications. The effects of changes in cardiac loading conditions (load reduction with trinitrin; volume loading with Plasmion) on regional function and ventricular local electrogram were investigated in conscious dogs before (control) and after 4 weeks of rapid pacing (dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM). In controls both interventions increased heart rate. Trinitrin increased end-diastolic wall thickness (EDWth, P<0.001) and reduced absolute QT interval duration (P<0.05). Plasmion decreased EDWth (P<0.001) and increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP, P<0.001) without QT interval alteration. However, the corrected QT interval was unchanged in both interventions. In DCM, trinitrin did not change the QT interval. Plasmion increased LVEDP (P<0.01) and prolonged QT and corrected QT intervals (P<0.01) despite the tachycardia. In controls the changes in cardiac loading conditions did not modify the QT interval, suggesting intact endogenous regulation of repolarization. The impaired adaptation observed in DCM contributed to an increase in QT interval following volume loading. In this model, a prolonged repolarization after abrupt volume loading may result from enhanced or disclosed mechanoelectric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Alonso C, Leclercq C, Victor F, Mansour H, de Place C, Pavin D, Carré F, Mabo P, Daubert JC. Electrocardiographic predictive factors of long-term clinical improvement with multisite biventricular pacing in advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84:1417-21. [PMID: 10606115 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biventricular pacing has recently been proposed for treating patients with drug refractory heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. The purpose is to restore ventricular relaxation and contraction sequences as homogeneously as possible. The aim of this study was to determine if some factors could predict the long-term clinical effectiveness of that new treatment. This study included 26 patients, aged 66 +/- 7 years, with drug refractory heart failure and wide QRS. Patients were implanted with a biventricular pacemaker. The left ventricle was paced through a coronary sinus tributary. New York Heart Association functional class, exercise tolerance, and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction were collected at baseline and after pacemaker implantation. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group I = responders; group II = nonresponders. QRS duration and axis at baseline and during biventricular pacing, interventricular conduction time, and LV and right ventricular lead positions were compared between the 2 groups. Group I patients (n = 19) had a mean reduction of 1.3 in functional class and an increase in peak oxygen consumption rate by a mean of 50%. The only parameter that differed between the 2 groups was the QRS duration during biventricular pacing, with a significantly shorter value in group I than in group II (154 +/- 17 vs 177 +/- 26 ms; p = 0.016). Thus, a positive response to biventricular pacing is correlated with the quality of electrical resynchronization. The optimal positions of the right and LV leads would be those that could induce the greatest shortening of QRS duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alonso
- Département de Cardiologie et Maladies Vasculaires, Centre Cardio-Pneumologique, Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU, Rennes, France
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Pavin D, de Place C, Le Breton H, Leclercq C, Gras D, Victor F, Mabo P, Daubert JC. Effects of permanent dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1999; 20:203-10. [PMID: 10082153 DOI: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effects of chronic dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-three patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation. treated with DDD pacing for 16 +/- 14 months, were included in the study. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by Doppler-echocardiography using semi-quantitative analysis (grades I-IV) and by measuring the maximum regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio. At the end of follow-up, DDD pacing reduced the outflow gradient from 93 +/- 37 mmHg to 31 +/- 30 mmHg (P<0.0001). Nine of the 14 patients who initially had > or =grade II mitral regurgitation improved by at least one grade, two of them exhibiting dramatic improvement (from grade IV and III to grade I). The regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio was reduced with DDD pacing from 20 +/- 13% to 11 +/- 6% (P<0.0001). Patients who had significant mitral regurgitation despite pacing were those whose outflow gradient remained high or those with mitral valve organic abnormalities (mitral annulus calcification or mitral valve prolapse). In the absence of organic abnormalities other than leaflet elongation, there was a significant correlation between the gradient value achieved with DDD pacing and the extent of mitral regurgitation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In the absence of organic mitral valve abnormalities, DDD pacing reduces in parallel mitral regurgitation and left ventricular outflow gradient. In such patients therefore, significant mitral regurgitation is not a contraindication to pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pavin
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Victor F, Leclercq C, Mabo P, Pavin D, Deviller A, de Place C, Pezard P, Victor J, Daubert C. Optimal right ventricular pacing site in chronically implanted patients: a prospective randomized crossover comparison of apical and outflow tract pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:311-6. [PMID: 9973008 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term functional and hemodynamic effects of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pacing by comparison with right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing. BACKGROUND Acute studies have suggested that RVOT pacing could significantly improve cardiac performance in comparison with RVA pacing but no data are available in chronically implanted patients. METHODS Sixteen patients with chronic atrial tachyarrhythmia and complete AV block were included. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was > or =40% in ten and <40% in six. Patients were implanted with a standard DDDR pacemaker connected to two ventricular leads. A screw-in lead was placed at the RVOT and connected to the atrial port. A second lead was positioned at the RVA and connected to the ventricular port. Right ventricular outflow tract and RVA pacing was achieved by programming either the AAIR or the VVIR mode respectively. Four months later patients were randomized so as to undergo either RVOT or RVA pacing for three months according to a blind crossover protocol. Apart from the pacing mode, programming remained unchanged throughout the study. At the end of each period, NYHA class, LVEF, exercise time and maximal oxygen uptake were assessed. RESULTS No significant difference was observed between the two modes for all the parameters analyzed. These identical results were observed in all patients globally, in patients with LVEF > or =40% as in those with LVEF <40%. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, no symptomatic improvement or hemodynamic benefit was noted after three months of RVOT pacing, by comparison with RVA pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Rennes, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography (TTE, TOE) in patients with permanent pacemaker lead infection and to evaluate the safety of medical extraction in cases of large vegetations. METHODS TTE and TOE were performed in 23 patients with definite pacemaker lead infection. Seventeen patients without previous infection served as a TOE reference for non-infected leads. RESULTS TTE was positive in seven cases (30%) whereas with TOE three different types of vegetations attached to the leads were visualised in 21 of the 23 cases (91%). Of the 20 patients with vegetations and lead culture, 17 (85%) had bacteriologically active infection. Left sided valvar endocarditis was diagnosed in two patients. In the control group, strands were visualised by TOE in five patients, and vegetations in none. Medical extraction of vegetations >/= 10 mm was performed in 12 patients and was successful in nine (75%) without clinical pulmonary embolism. After 31.2 (19.1) months of follow up (mean (SD)), all patients except one were cured of infection; three died from other causes. CONCLUSIONS Combined with bacteriological data, vegetations seen on TOE strongly suggest pacemaker lead infection. Normal TTE examinations do not exclude this diagnosis because of its poor sensitivity. Medical extraction of even large vegetations appeared to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Tebbe MJ, Spitzer WA, Victor F, Miller SC, Lee CC, Sattelberg TR, McKinney E, Tang JC. Antirhino/enteroviral vinylacetylene benzimidazoles: a study of their activity and oral plasma levels in mice. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3937-46. [PMID: 9397174 DOI: 10.1021/jm970423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to find an orally bioavailable antiviral for the treatment of rhino/enteroviral infections, a series of vinylacetylene benzimidazoles (11a-o, 12, and 18a) was made. Initial studies of this class of antivirals showed that fluorine substitution on the left-hand phenyl ring in combination with the vinylacetylene moiety gave the requisite mix of physical properties to achieve good in vitro antiviral activity as well as respectable oral bioavailability in rhesus monkeys. To ascertain the generality of this finding and to broaden the scope of the structure-activity relationship (SAR), the present study concentrated on fluoro substitution of this class of molecules. The initial antiviral activity for each analogue was measured using human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14). This served as an indicator of general antiviral activity for SAR purposes. Subsequently, the spectrum of antirhino/enteroviral activity of the more interesting analogues was evaluated through testing against a panel of seven additional rhino/enteroviruses. Broad-spectrum activity was present and consistent for all analogues tested, and it tracked closely with the antiviral activity observed against HRV-14. A simple screening protocol for oral bioavailability was established whereby compounds were administered orally to mice and plasma levels were measured. This procedure facilitated the evaluation of numerous analogues in a rapid manner. The Cmax was used as a measure of oral bioavailability to allow relative ranking of compounds. In general, fluorine substitution directly on the left-hand aromatic ring does give good oral blood levels. However, fluorine incorporation at other positions in the molecule was not as effective at maintaining either the activity or the oral plasma levels. The constructive combination of activity and oral plasma levels was maximized in three derivatives: 11a,e,g.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tebbe
- Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Victor F, Loncharich R, Tang J, Spitzer WA. Synthesis and antiviral activity of C2 analogs of enviroxime: an exploration of the role of critical functionality. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3478-83. [PMID: 9341923 DOI: 10.1021/jm970302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enviroxime is a potent antiviral agent with broad spectrum activity in tissue culture against both rhinoviruses and enteroviruses. We have synthesized and studied a series of C2-substituted analogs in order to identify critical functionality and examine its role in antiviral activity. We have found that primary amino substitution is the most active. Ab initio calculations indicate that larger groups at C2 may provide a repulsive steric interaction at N3, and in those cases where this undesirable conformation has limited flexibility, the antiviral activity is severely reduced. Further the results show that an amino hydrogen at C2 is strongly hydrogen bonded to the N1 sulfonyl oxygen, which in the case of Enviroxime may act to enhance the activity by holding the second hydrogen in a desirable orientation for interaction at an antiviral site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Victor F, Brown TJ, Campanale K, Heinz BA, Shipley LA, Su KS, Tang J, Vance LM, Spitzer WA. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and biological properties of vinylacetylene analogs of enviroxime. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1511-8. [PMID: 9154972 DOI: 10.1021/jm960718i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of vinylacetylene analogs of Enviroxime (1) was synthesized. The new compounds are potent inhibitors of poliovirus in tissue culture. Cross-sensitivity with Enviroxime-derived mutants shows that the new compounds have the same mechanism of action as Enviroxime, which involves the viral 3A protein. In studies with Rhesus monkeys, the p-fluoro derivative 12 was found to be unique in providing oral bioavailability. Metabolism studies using hepatic microsomes suggest that this procedure would be a useful in vitro method for selecting the appropriate animal model for testing oral absorption. Compound 12 was found to be efficacious by oral administration in treating a Coxsackie A21 infection in CD-1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Spitzer W, Victor F, Brown T, Campanale K, Heinz B, Shipley L, Su K, Tang J, Vance L. Antiviral activity, and biological properties of vinylacetylene analogs of enviroxime. Antiviral Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)83303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Victor F, Gras D, Le Breton H, Gras S, Amelot J, Pony JC. [Salmonella enteritidis pericarditis. Apropos of a case and review of the literature]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1997; 90:301-3. [PMID: 9181041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a case of Salmonella enteritidis pericarditis. The diagnosis was based on bacteriological analyses (blood and effusion cultures and pericardial biopsy). The microbiology of bacterial pericarditis is reviewed underlying the exceptionally rare finding of a non typhi Salmonella in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Service de cardiologie A, CHU, Rennes
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Victor F, de Place C, Leclercq C, Camus C, Gras D, Le Helloco A, Laurent M, Laporte J, Mabo P, Daubert C. [Infections on permanent endocavitary pacemaker leads: value of transesophageal echocardiography]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1995; 88:1875-81. [PMID: 8729369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of infection of permanent pacing material ranges from 0.13 to 19.9% of patients according to published series. The seriousness of this condition requires early diagnosis and treatment. Transesophageal echocardiography visualised vegetations on the intracardiac pacing lead in all of 11 patients studied, whereas transthoracic echocardiography and polynuclear leucocyte scintigraphy only provided positive diagnoses in 4 cases for each investigation. Three types of vegetation were visualised; no cases of tricuspid valve endocarditis were observed. Treatment was based on explantation of all implanted material by endovascular traction in 7 cases and by surgery in the other 4 cases according to the results of transesophageal echocardiography. There were no deaths or recurrence of infection. Transesophageal echocardiography is the investigation of choice for imaging a vegetation on an endocavitary pacing lead. Complete explanation is essential for a complete recovery of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Victor
- Service de cardiologie A, Rennes
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Colacino JM, DeLong DC, Nelson JR, Spitzer WA, Tang J, Victor F, Wu CY. Evaluation of the anti-influenza virus activities of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide (LY217896) and its sodium salt. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:2156-63. [PMID: 2073106 PMCID: PMC172017 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.11.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide (LY217896) and its sodium salt were shown to be effective against influenza A and B viruses in vitro and in the mouse model. In nondividing confluent MDCK cells, the 50% inhibitory concentration of LY217896 ranged from 0.37 to 1.19 micrograms/ml against various strains of influenza A virus and from 0.75 to 1.54 micrograms/ml against various strains of influenza B virus, with no apparent cytotoxicity. However, at a concentration of 0.31 microgram/ml, LY217896 inhibited the replication of dividing MDCK cells. LY217896 (9 mg/m2 of body surface area per day) administered in the diet, in the drinking water, by oral gavage, by intraperitoneal injection, or by aerosolization was well tolerated and protected CD-1 mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A or B virus. Effective administration of the compound could be delayed for up to 96 h postinfection. Virus titer was reduced by 1 to 2 log10 units in lungs of mice given LY217896 in the drinking water. Mice treated initially with protective levels of LY217896 were resistant to a subsequent challenge of influenza virus in the absence of the compound, indicating that the animals were able to develop immunity to the initial infection. Administration of LY217896 to uninfected mice did not induce interferon-like activity or interfere with natural killer cell function. In the ferret, LY217896 was effective in preventing fever induced by influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Colacino
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Spitzer WA, Victor F, Pollock GD, Hayes JS. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines: the role of nitrogen position in inotropic activity. J Med Chem 1988; 31:1590-5. [PMID: 3397997 DOI: 10.1021/jm00403a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure is a major medical problem for which existing medicaments have provided limited benefit. Recent new experimental drugs, including imidazo[4,5-b]- and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines, have both inotropic and vasodilatory properties. Subtle changes in nitrogen position of these compounds have been shown to dramatically affect potency. We have synthesized a series of imidazo[4,5-b]- and -[4,5-c]pyridine analogues having an imidazo nitrogen relocated at the bridgehead position. The superior inotropic activity of the [4,5-c]pyridines as compared to [4,5-b]pyridines is reaffirmed by the activity of our analogues. The biological equivalence of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines with imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines is demonstrated. Further, 2-[2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfenyl)phenyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 2-[2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine are potent inotropic agents both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Spitzer
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Götz H, Scheiffarth F, Victor F. [Studies on enzyme patterns of esterase-active components in pathologic sera]. Clin Chim Acta 1968; 21:119-26. [PMID: 4173225 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(68)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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