Investigating silent pauses in connected speech: integrating linguistic, neuropsychological, and neuroanatomical perspectives across narrative tasks in post-stroke aphasia

Introduction

Silent pauses are regarded as integral components of the temporal organization of speech. However, it has also been hypothesized that they serve as markers for internal cognitive processes, including word access, monitoring, planning, and memory functions. Although existing evidence across various pathological populations underscores the importance of investigating silent pauses' characteristics, particularly in terms of frequency and duration, there is a scarcity of data within the domain of post-stroke aphasia.

Methods

The primary objective of the present study is to scrutinize the frequency and duration of silent pauses in two distinct narrative tasks within a cohort of 32 patients with chronic post-stroke aphasia, in comparison with a control group of healthy speakers. Subsequently, we investigate potential correlation patterns between silent pause measures, i.e., frequency and duration, across the two narrative tasks within the patient group, their performance in neuropsychological assessments, and lesion data.

Results

Our findings showed that patients exhibited a higher frequency of longer-duration pauses in both narrative tasks compared to healthy speakers. Furthermore, within-group comparisons revealed that patients tended to pause more frequently and for longer durations in the picture description task, while healthy participants exhibited the opposite trend. With regard to our second research question, a marginally significant interaction emerged between performance in semantic verbal fluency and the narrative task, in relation to the location of silent pauses-whether between or within clauses-predicting the duration of silent pauses in the patient group. However, no significant results were observed for the frequency of silent pauses. Lastly, our study identified that the duration of silent pauses could be predicted by distinct Regions of Interest (ROIs) in spared tissue within the left hemisphere, as a function of the narrative task.

Discussion

Overall, this study follows an integrative approach of linguistic, neuropsychological and neuroanatomical data to define silent pauses in connected speech, and illustrates interrelations between cognitive components, temporal aspects of speech, and anatomical indices, while it further highlights the importance of studying connected speech indices using different narrative tasks.

Stopping antibiotic therapy after 72 h in patients with febrile neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy for AML/MDS (safe study): A retrospective comparative cohort study

BACKGROUND

Induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is almost universally complicated by febrile neutropenia(FN). Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (EBAT) strategies advocated by guidelines result in long periods of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. We compared the outcome of AML/MDS patients treated with a 3-day versus a prolonged (until neutrophil recovery) regimen.

METHODS

This is a retrospective comparative cohort study in AML or MDS patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy from 2011 to 2019, comparing 2 tertiary care hospitals with different strategies regarding antibiotic treatment for FN. At Erasmus University medical center(EMC), EBAT was stopped after 3 days of FN, in absence of a clinically or microbiologically documented infection. In the University Hospitals Leuven(UZL), a prolonged strategy was used, where EBAT was given until neutrophil recovery. The primary endpoint was a serious medical complication(SMC) defined as death or ICU admission in the 30 days after the start of chemotherapy.

FINDINGS

305 and 270 AML or MDS patients received chemotherapy at EMC and UZL, respectively. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment was given for a median of 19 days (IQR13-25) at UZL versus 9 days at EMC (IQR5-13) (p <0·001). With the 3-day EBAT strategy, an SMC was observed in 12·5% versus 8·9% with the prolonged strategy (p = 0·17). The hazard ratio for an SMC was not significantly higher with the 3-day strategy (HR 1·357,95%CI 0·765-2·409).

INTERPRETATION

This study suggests that during remission induction chemotherapy it is safe to stop antibiotics after 3 days of FN in absence of infection. A comparison of both strategies in a prospective trial should be pursued.

Longitudinal changes of left ventricular systolic function and risk of heart failure and mortality among men and women from a general population

Background

The incidence and characteristics of heart failure (HF) differ between men and women. However, evidence regarding sex differences in determinants and changes of cardiac function in association with incidence of HF remains scarce.

Purpose

To study the evolution and determinants of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) over time and its association with incident mortality and HF among men and women.

Methods

From a population-based cohort, we included 7923 participants, 3319 men and 4604 women, free of heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation with up to 3 repeated echocardiographic measurements. Using joint models, we analyzed the evolution of LVEF and its associated traditional cardiovascular risk factors among men and women. Second, we studied the association of LVEF changes with incident HF and mortality as a composite outcome adjusted for age (time-varying covariate) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. We then performed the analyses with HF and mortality as competing events.

Results

Mean (SD) age was 65.7 (9.6) in men and 66.5 (10) in women. During a median follow-up of 9 years, 988 events in men and 840 events in women occurred. LVEF had a one-directional nonlinear declining with increasing age among men and women (Figure). Up to age of 70, LVEF showed a sharper decline per year among men compared to women. Every unit increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was associated with 0.03% (0.05% to 0.02%) decrease in LVEF per year in men. Among women, SBP had an inverse J-shaped association with LVEF changes (P&lt;0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) also showed a non-linear association with LVEF in both sexes. Prevalent diabetes was not associated with LVEF change. In the survival analysis, every 5% decrease in LVEF was associated with 35% and 30% increase in the risk of the composite outcome among men [HR (95% CI): 1.35 (1.26 to 1.43)] and women [HR (95% CI): 1.30 (1.22 to 1.40)].

Conclusion(s)

Despite a similar risk of LVEF decline for the composite outcome, the evolution of LVEF, especially before 70 years of age, differ between men and women. Cardiovascular risk factors, especially blood pressure, play diverse roles in the evolution of left ventricular systolic function among men and women.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam.

Individualizing antipsychotic treatment selection in schizophrenia: characteristics of empirically derived patient subgroups

Treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic drugs is frequently sub-optimal. One reason for this may be heterogeneity between patients with schizophrenia. The objectives of this study were to identify patient, disease and treatment attributes that are important for physicians in choosing an antipsychotic drug, and to identify empirically subgroups of patients who may respond differentially to antipsychotic drugs. The survey was conducted by structured interview of 744 randomly-selected psychiatrists in four European countries who recruited 3996 patients with schizophrenia. Information on 39 variables was collected. Multiple component analysis was used to identify dimensions that explained the variance between patients. Three axes, accounting for 99% of the variance, were associated with disease severity (64%), socioeconomic status (27%) and patient autonomy (8%). These dimensions discriminated between six discrete patient subgroups, identified using ascending hierarchical classification analysis. The six subgroups differed regarding educational level, illness severity, autonomy, symptom presentation, addictive behaviors, comorbidities and cardiometabolic risk factors. Subgroup 1 patients had moderately severe physician-rated disease and addictive behaviours (23.2%); Subgroup 2 patients were well-integrated and autonomous with mild to moderate disease (6.7%); Subgroup 3 patients were less well-integrated with mild to moderate disease, living alone (11.2%); Subgroup 4 patients were women with low education levels (5.4%), Subgroup 5 patients were young men with severe disease (36.8%); and Subgroup 6 patients were poorly-integrated with moderately severe disease, needing caregiver support (16.7%). The presence of these subgroups, which require confirmation and extension regarding potentially identifiable biological markers, may help individualizing treatment in patients with schizophrenia.

P1675Evolution of lactate dehydrogenase levels in patients with HeartMate II, HeartWare and HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist devices during first-year follow-up

Background

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is considered as a biomarker of thrombotic events in patients receiving a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the evolution of LDH levels over time between patients supported with a HeartMate II (HMII), HeartMate 3 (HM3) or HeartWare (HVAD) LVAD during their first-year post implantation.

Methods

We analyzed in this multi-center retrospective study, all patients with HMII, HM3 and HVAD LVAD implanted between December 2006 and April 2017. Patients were classified into three groups based on their device type. Loess splines over time were used to depict the repeated measurements of LDH.

Results

In total, 134 patients received an LVAD (77% male, mean age 55 [46–61]), of whom 64 (48%) were HMII, 22 (16%) HM3 and 48 (36%) were HVAD. Loess splines over time indicate that there could be a considerable difference between evolution of LDH (Figure). During the first-year follow-up, 3 (5%) patients had a confirmed and 10 (16%) patients had a suspected pump thrombosis in the HMII group. For the HVAD, there were 6 (13%) patients with confirmed thrombosis and 1 (2%) case of suspected thrombosis, whereas none of the patients in the HM3 group experienced a suspected or confirmed pump thrombosis (p=0.01). The 1-year overall survival rate for HM II, HM3 and HVAD was 84%, 86% and 72% respectively (p=0.311). The overall stroke-free rate at one year was: 89%, 77% and 91% for HMII, HVAD and HM3 respectively (p=0.15).

Means of observed LDH values over time

Conclusion

During the first-year post LVAD implantation, there appear to be different evolutions of LDH levels over time in HMII device patients compared to HVAD or HM3 device patients. Given differences in baseline hemolysis levels between devices, currently used LDH thresholds for detection of impending pump thrombosis may be less sensitive and thus thresholds may be device specific.

Correlation Between Depression and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Outpatients: A Preliminary Study

Introduction

Depressive disorder is common psychiatric morbidity among the elderly outpatients. It is also evident that cognitive disorders, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia, are widely prevalent in the elderly coexistence of the above is quite common. Treatment for both conditions is quite challenging, aiming at symptomatic relief and improvement in functional status.

Objectives

To investigate the coexistence of depression and cognitive impairment in aged depressive outpatients, 65 years or older. Correlation of cognitive level and depressive symptomatology was measured.

Method

We used hamilton depression scale (HAM-D) and MMSE in 35 (mean age 68.2 years) depressed outpatients over 65-year-old. We excluded depressed schizophrenics and bipolar patient.

Results.

On a preliminary basis, a correlation between low MMSe and HAM-D (P < 0.05) was found. An interesting finding, though not measured primarily, was that low MMSE was accompanied with a low compliance with medication.

Conclusions

The mental deterioration that accompanies cognitive impairment is being widely studied and it is real complex. In our ongoing study previous findings are confirmed and can be interpreted both ways, i.e. depression is a risk factor for dementia and also the fact that existing dementia is positively correlated with a low HAM-D.

Compliance to medication is affected, among other variables, by the patients’ mental state.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Incidence of unplanned oophorectomy at laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for clinically benign cysts

Laparoscopic surgery is the preferred approach in women with ovarian cysts and a low risk of malignancy, and the aim in young women should be to preserve the ovary. We are not aware of any data on the success of conservative surgery in preserving the affected ovary and this is the reason why we decided to investigate the incidence of unplanned oophorectomy, when a woman is originally scheduled for laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for clinically benign cysts. We reviewed the medical notes of the 123 women who underwent surgery for clinically benign ovarian cysts between November 2004 and May 2012. The operative procedures performed were ovarian cystectomies (n = 119), salpingo-oophorectomy (n = 2) and fenestration (n = 2). In total, 61 women underwent a concomitant procedure. In our study, we found that planned laparoscopic cystectomy was mostly successful, with only 1.6% of patients in our series requiring unplanned oophorectomy.

Cortisol levels and metabolic parameters in middle- and advanced- age subjects: associations with age

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that morning cortisol levels increase with age, although there is some controversy in the literature.

AIM

The aim of this study was to examine associations of cortisol levels with advancing age in an elderly population and investigate possible interactions with metabolic and hormonal parameters.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

From 372 subjects initially evaluated, we studied 251 ambulatory subjects aged 51-90 yr, median 71 yr (169 women), all permanent residents of a small town in southern Greece. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, insulin, cortisol, and biochemical parameters were recorded.

RESULTS

Fasting cortisol levels (08:00-09:00 h) varied between 150.9- 854 nmol/l (mean 362.4 nmol/l). A significant association was found between age and cortisol levels (Spearman's rho =0.170, p=0.01). There was a positive correlation between cortisol levels and creatinine (Spearman's rho =0.144, p=0.023), homocysteine (Spearman's rho =0.283, p<0.001) and a negative correlation with body mass index (Spearman's rho =-0.128, p=0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that when creatinine was taken into account, the association of cortisol with age and with homocysteine was no longer significant. When, however, diabetic subjects were included in the analysis, the adjusted for creatinine association of cortisol with age was significant (β=0.168, p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that, in elderly ambulatory subjects, the reported associations between cortisol levels, age, and homocysteine may be affected by coexisting co-morbidities or possibly by a decline in renal function. In subsequent studies it is important that fasting glycemia is taken into account.

The EMEA ADHES survey in schizophrenia, an initiative to raise awareness of non-adherence to medication. demographics and methodology

Introduction

Rates of non-adherence of up to 72% have being reported, in schizophrenia, depending on the method used and the patient population. Rates of approximately 59% over 1 year have been reported for individuals with a first episode. Patients who stop medication are almost five times more likely to experience relapse than adherent patients. Failure to adhere to medication can have a major impact on the course of illness and treatment outcomes.

Objectives

The EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) ADHES schizophrenia survey was a survey of psychiatrists across the region, treating patients with schizophrenia, designed to canvas their perceptions of assessment, potential reasons and management for partial or non-adherence to medication amongst their patients.

Aims

To present methodology and demographics of the EMEA ADHES survey in schizophrenia.

Methods

The EMEA ADHES survey comprised 20 questions and was conducted in 36 countries across EMEA. In addition to recording the gender, age and practice setting of the respondents, questions related directly to the issue of partial-/non-adherence in patients with schizophrenia.

Results

The survey was conducted amongst psychiatrists (including neurologists with psychiatric background in Germany) from January - March 2010. Results were obtained from 4722 respondents. Psychiatrists perceived that during the previous month more than half of their patients (53%) were partially or non-adherent across all EMEA regions

Discussion

The EMEA ADHES schizophrenia survey is a large and geographically broad survey providing insight on psychiatrists’ perceptions of the assessment, causes and management of partial and non-adherence to medication.

The EMEA ADHES survey in schizophrenia: psychiatrists’ perceptions of the extent of assessment and management of partial and non-adherence to medication

Introduction

Partial or non-adherence to medication is high amongst patients with schizophrenia. Rates of non-adherence of up to 72% have being reported depending on the method used and the patient population. Adherence is essential for optimal long-term patient outcomes in schizophrenia and failure to adhere to medication can have a major impact on the course of illness and treatment outcomes.

Objectives

The objective of the EMEA (Europe, Middle east and Africa) ADHES survey was to collect psychiatrist's perceptions of the assessment, reasons and management of partial and non-adherence to medication.

Aims

The aim of this poster is to present psychiatrist's perceptions collected in the EMEA ADHES survey.

Methods

The survey was devised to ascertain psychiatrists’ preferred methods of assessing adherence, their perceptions of the level of adherence, reasons for non-adherence and on strategies to improve adherence.

Results

Psychiatrists estimated that during the previous month more than half of their patients (53%) were partially or non-adherent. They estimated that as few as a third of patients who deteriorated after stopping medication was able to attribute this to their non-adherence. 76% of psychiatrists assessed adherence most frequently by asking their patient explicitly. Use of long-acting treatment was the preferred choice to address adherence problems for 62% of respondents.

Discussion

This EMEA-wide survey illustrates that while respondents recognised the relevance and importance of partial and non-adherence to medication, there remains a need for more proactive management of treatment adherence of patients with schizophrenia to reduce the frequency and consequences of relapse.

Alanine-glutamine dipeptide pretreatment protects rat renal function from small intestine ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM

Oxidative injury can cause renal function impairment and failure. Glutathione, a free radical scavenger, plays in the kidney a central role in oxidant-related events. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effect of glutamine, a precursor of glutathione in the form of alanine-glutamine dipeptide (AGD) on small intestine ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidant renal damage in rats.

METHODS

Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal I/R for 30 min, induced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, followed by 60 min reperfusion. AGD pretreatment was given 48 and 24 hours before I/R. At the end of the experimental procedure the left kidney was excised and a thin tissue slice was obtained for electron microscopy study. Kidney biopsies were obtained for malonyl dialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and glutathione assays.

RESULTS

Intestinal I/R caused significant oxidative injury in rat renal parenchyma consisted of severe alterations observed in subcellular renal structures associated with a significant increase in renal malonyl dialdehyde levels and a significant decrease in renal glutathione levels. Changes regarding subcellular renal structures were ameliorated in AGD pre-treated animals in which renal glutathione levels did not decreased significantly.

CONCLUSION

Glutamine pretreatment in the form of AGD can prevent small bowel I/R-induced oxidant renal damage in rats.

Lower early morning plasma cortisol levels are associated with thyroid autoimmunity in the elderly

OBJECTIVES

Thyroid autoimmunity decreases in the very old. We investigated whether glucocorticoid (GC) activity, which increases in old age, is involved in this process.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 321 ambulatory subjects (age 51-95 years, median 71, 207 female) were studied. Thyroid function tests, cortisol, glucose, insulin and biochemical parameters were measured. A modified overnight dexamethasone suppression test (0.25 mg) was performed as an index of GC sensitivity.

RESULTS

Forty subjects had positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and 36 had positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, while 57 had either one or the other or both thyroid autoantibodies (ThAbs) positive. Mean basal cortisol levels were significantly lower in the ThAbs (+) groups (320+/-125 vs 378+/-128 nmol/l, P=0.002). Triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, post-dexamethasone cortisol levels, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance-index and body mass index did not differ between these two groups. Mean age of ThAbs (+) subjects was lower compared to the ThAbs (-) group (67.38+/-7.38 vs 71.64+/-8.57 years, P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced GC activity is associated with an increased prevalence of ThAbs positivity in older ambulatory subjects. Subjects without ThAbs in this population sample are relatively older. It is not known whether this is related to increasing GC activity with age.

Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in thyroid tumors and thyroid carcinoma cell lines

Whereas in normal human thyroid tissue total cell mass is maintained by a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, the programmed cell death, in thyroid tumors this equilibrium is disrupted. In tumor cells, an augmented proliferation rate is no longer counterbalanced by an equally enhanced apoptosis resulting in an increased netto growth rate. To investigate regulation of apoptosis in thyroid tumors, we analyzed the expression of apoptosis-related proteins of the bcl-2 family in human thyroid tissues and in the human thyroid carcinoma cell lines FTC 133, HTC, HTC-TSHr and HTh74. In comparison to normal tissue, we detected an increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 in adenomas, whereas follicular carcinomas showed various expression of bcl-2 with decreased levels in 32% of cases. BclxL expression was comparable in all tissues examined. The pro-apoptotic protein bax was expressed at lower levels in carcinomas than in adenomas, whereas bak and bclx were expressed in the same order of magnitude in all tissues examined. In contrast, thyroid carcinoma cell lines exhibited a relatively strong expression of bclxL, but a weak expression of bcl-2. In all four cell lines, the amounts of the pro-apoptotic proteins bax, bak and bclx were higher than in most tumor tissues. Our data show that in thyroid tumors expression of members of the bcl-2 protein family is not uniform. Rather, the expression pattern of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in thyroid tumors is heterogeneous. This may, at least in part, reflect the futile attempt of tumor cells to counterbalance the action of growth-promoting factors in thyroid tumor-igenesis.

The incorporation of dehydrated rosemary leaves in the rations of turkeys and their impact on the oxidative stability of the produced raw and cooked meat

Thirty-six 12-week-old turkeys were distributed into six groups and were raised for 4 weeks on rations containing 0%, 0.5% or 1.0% dehydrated rosemary leaves as antioxidant in the presence of alpha-tocopheryl acetate from 10 to 300 mg/kg. Following slaughtering, breast and thigh meat samples, raw or cooked, from all six groups were collected to be refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 9 days. All stored samples were submitted to analysis for their concentration in malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid oxidation marker, and alpha-tocopherol. The results showed that the rations containing 300 mg/kg alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased the mean alpha-tocopherol content of the breast and thigh significantly (P <0.05) compared with the respective control values. No significant (P>0.05) changes could be observed in the alpha-tocopherol content of breast and thigh of turkeys consuming rations containing up to 1% dehydrated rosemary leaves. The refrigeration of the meats led to spontaneous increase in the MDA content of the breast and thigh meat samples. Samples from turkeys fed rations containing 300 mg/kg alpha-tocopheryl acetate showed the lowest mean levels of MDA after the 9-day refrigerated period. The incorporation of rosemary in the rations led to a modest decrease in the formation of MDA in the meats compared with the respective mean control values. The combination of alpha-tocopheryl acetate and rosemary was not associated with an additional decrease in MDA formation.

Dietary versus post-mortem use of oregano oil and/or α-tocopherol in turkeys to inhibit development of lipid oxidation in meat during refrigerated storage

The dietary and post-mortem uses of oregano oil in turkeys to inhibit development of lipid oxidation in breast and thigh meat during refrigerated storage were investigated. Using minced meat, patties were prepared from turkey meat post-mortem added with either 200 mg oregano oil or alpha-tocopherol/kg, meat from turkeys dietary supplemented with either 200 mg oregano oil or alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed, and control meat. All patties were cooked, placed in a refrigerated cabinet at 4 degrees C, and lipid oxidation was assessed by monitoring malondialdehyde formation after 3, 6 and 9 days of storage. Treatments significantly (P<0.05) retarded lipid oxidation in both breast and thigh meat patties at all storage times compared with controls. The dietary supplementation of either oregano oil or alpha-tocopheryl acetate exhibited the highest antioxidative activity compared with the other treatments. Post-mortem addition of either oregano oil or alpha-tocopherol to the minced meat also retarded lipid oxidation in the prepared patties compared with controls; however, this effect was inferior to that of the dietary supplementation even though the post-mortem alpha-tocopherol supplemented meat contained 90-fold more alpha-tocopherol than patties from the dietary supplemented meat. Thigh meat was more susceptible to oxidation than breast meat, although the former contained alpha-tocopherol at markedly higher levels. Supplementing the diet with 200 mg oregano oil/kg, alpha-tocopherol levels in the breast and thigh meat significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with control. This increase could not be attributed to the alpha-tocopherol already present in the oregano oil since post-mortem addition of oregano oil to control breast and thigh meat at the same dose could not actually increase the alpha-tocopherol concentrations.

Blepharoptosis due to Kearns-Sayre syndrome

A 16-year-old patient suffering from Kearns-Sayre syndrome presented with severe blepharoptosis. A levator advancement procedure was performed. It seems that in conjunction with medical treatment, blepharoptosis surgery offers good and hopefully long lasting results to patients suffering from this rare syndrome.

Recombinant Sabin environmental isolates in Greece and Cyprus

AIMS

Twenty-one polioviruses (PVs) Sabin strains were isolated from sewage treatment plants from Metamorphosis, Athens, Greece during the time period from May to October 1996, and from two other sites located at Nicosia and Limassol in Cyprus between April and December 2003 were retrospectively investigated for the detection of recombinant PVs.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three PVs isolates were found as tripartite recombinants, S3/S2/S1 in the 2C genomic viral region. The first recombination site S3/S2 was located close to the 5' end of 2C while the second recombination site S2/S1 was located towards the 3' end of 2C. Such recombination is a rare event producing a tripartite hybrid 2C protein. Three more PVs isolates were characterized as bipartite S2/S1 recombinants and one as S2/S3 bipartite recombinant.

CONCLUSIONS

Detection of recombinant circulating vaccine-derived PVs (cVDPVs) is crucial, since increased transmissibility over that of the parental Sabin strains has been proposed to be the result of recombination events.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Importation of recombinant cVDPVs evolved derivatives pose a serious threat to public health and environmental surveillance should be implemented during and after PVs eradication.

Effect of dietary oregano oil and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on iron-induced lipid oxidation of turkey breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues

Twenty-five 12-week-old turkeys randomly divided into five groups were given a basal diet, or a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg, or 100 mg oregano oil/kg or 200 mg oregano oil/kg, or 100 mg oregano oil plus 100 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, for 4 weeks prior to slaughter. Breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues were subjected to iron-induced lipid oxidation, the extent of which was determined by third-order derivative spectrophotometry. Results showed that dietary oregano oil at the inclusion level of 200 mg oregano oil/kg diet was more effective in delaying lipid oxidation compared with the inclusion level of 100 mg/kg, but equivalent to the inclusion of 200 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, which in turn was inferior to the combined inclusion of 100 mg oregano oil plus 100 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg, which was superior to all dietary treatments. Thigh tissue was more susceptible to oxidation than breast tissue, although it contained alpha-tocopherol at higher concentrations. Also, lipid oxidation in heart was relatively high, although it contained the highest alpha-tocopherol levels. This indicates that tissue alpha-tocopherol is one important factor influencing the level of lipid oxidation, but the distribution of lipids, iron and oregano oil in tissues must also be taken into consideration. Tissue alpha-tocopherol levels responded to dietary intake of 30-200 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg in the order heart > liver > thigh > breast. Breast, thigh and heart tissues from the oregano groups presented significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of alpha-tocopherol compared with the control, the increase being positively correlated with the supplementation level. The increased levels of alpha-tocopherol in these tissues indicated that the dietary oregano oil exerted a protective action on alpha-tocopherol.

Blockade of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride reduces lipid peroxidation and protects liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The implication of lipid peroxidation in the inhibitory effect of GdCl3 (gadolinium chloride) on Kupffer cells activation has not been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of GdCl3 inhibition of Kupffer cells activation on lipid peroxidation after severe total hepatic ischemia/reperfusion.

METHODOLOGY

Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a control ischemia/reperfusion group, and two ischemia/reperfusion groups pretreated with GdCl3 (10 mg and 20 mg/kg bw intravenously, 48 and 24 h prior to operation). Following 60 min of total hepatic ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion, the rats were sacrificed, and liver samples were taken for determination of malondialdehyde and light microscopy examination. Blood samples were also taken for assay of aspartate and alanine transaminase. Additional animals (n = 60) were followed up for a 7-day survival rate determination.

RESULTS

Ischemia/reperfusion decreased the survival rate to 13.3%, increased (p < 0.001) the levels of aspartate and alanine transaminase in serum to 2387 +/- 75 and 2157 +/- 87 IU/L, respectively, and increased (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde levels in liver to 1.609 +/- 0.096 nmoles/g compared with 1.164 +/- 0.060 in the sham operation group. Pretreatment with GdCl3 increased the survival rate to 60%, and decreased (p < 0.001) the levels of aspartate transaminase in serum to 1549 +/- 66 and 1496 +/- 55 IU/L, the levels of alanine transaminase in serum to 1302 +/- 48 and 1305 +/- 63 IU/L, and the levels of malondialdehyde in liver to 1.132 +/- 0.034 and 1.149 +/- 0.57 nmoles/g for the lower and the higher doses of GdCl3, respectively. Histological examination showed protection of liver parenchyma in the animals treated with GdCl3.

CONCLUSIONS

Experimental data suggest that GdCl3 inhibition of Kupffer cells activation protects liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury by a mechanism that reduces lipid peroxidation.

PLP Induced Inhibition of Thymidylate Synthase Activity in T Lymphocytes

The present study was undertaken in order to examine whether pyridoxine may be used as an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and thus, as an antiproliferative agent. It has already been shown by others that pyridoxal phosphate binds thymidylate synthase in vitro. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of pyridoxine in various concentrations. Enzyme activity was measured in supernatants of sonicated cell extracts. Our results show that pyridoxine effectively inhibits thymidylate synthase (up to 60–70%) and therefore DNA synthesis (up to 42%) and cell division. We also present evidence that pyridoxine must be phosphorylated to PLP in order to exert its inhibitory effect. Our results suggest that pyridoxal phosphate, in addition to its function as a coenzyme, may have a role in regulating DNA synthesis through modulation of thymidylate synthase activity. Our findings also indicate that pyridoxal phosphate might be tested for its potential immunosuppressive and/or chemotherapeutic action, alone or in combination with other antiproliferative agents.

Microwave saturation of the Rydberg States of electrons on helium

We present measurements of the resonant microwave excitation of Rydberg energy levels for surface-state electrons on superfluid helium. The temperature-dependent contribution to the linewidth gamma(T) agrees with theoretical predictions and is very small below 700 mK, in the ripplon scattering regime. Absorption saturation and power broadening were observed as the fraction of electrons in the first excited state was increased to 0.49, close to the thermal excitation limit of 0.5. The Rabi frequency Omega was determined as a function of microwave power. High values of the ratio Omega/gamma confirm this system as an excellent candidate for creating qubits.

Photochemical and pharmacological evaluation of 7-nitroindolinyl-and 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl-amino acids as novel, fast caged neurotransmitters

Reagents capable of rapid and efficient release of neuroactive amino acids (L-glutamate, GABA and glycine) upon flash photolysis of thermally stable, inert precursors have been elusive. 7-Nitroindolinyl (NI)-caged and 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl (MNI)-caged compounds that fulfil these criteria are evaluated here. These caged precursors are highly resistant to hydrolysis. Photolysis is fast (half time< or =0.26 ms) and the conversion achieved with a xenon flashlamp is about 15% for the NI-caged L-glutamate and about 35% for the MNI-caged L-glutamate. A procedure is described for calibration of photolysis in a microscope-based experimental apparatus. NI-caged L-glutamate itself showed no agonist or antagonist effects on AMPA and NMDA receptors in cultured neurones, and had no effect on climbing fibre activation of Purkinje neurones. A control compound with identical photochemistry that generated an inert phosphate upon photolysis was used to confirm that the intermediates and by-products of photolysis have no deleterious effects. MNI-caged L-glutamate is as stable and fast as NI-caged L-glutamate and similarly inert at glutamate receptors, but about 2.5 times more efficient. However, NI-caged GABA is an antagonist at GABA(A) receptors and NI-glycine an antagonist at glycine receptors. The results show the utility and limitations of these fast and stable caged neurotransmitters in the investigation of synaptic processes.

Observation of dynamical ordering in a confined Wigner crystal

We present measurements of the conduction of nondegenerate free electrons along a low-dimensional channel at low temperatures, using surface-state electrons on liquid helium in novel microelectronic devices. Above 1 K, the electrons form an ideal classical Drude conductor. Below 1 K, Coulomb interactions produce electronic spatial order, leading to strong non-Ohmic effects and negative differential conductivity. Evidence is presented for self-organized current filaments in the channel, created by a nonequilibrium phase transition. Periodic conductance oscillations suggest an anisotropic spatial order with lines of electrons along the channel edges.

Severe total hepatic ischemia and reperfusion: relationship between very high alpha-tocopherol uptake and lipid peroxidation

Reperfusion injury of the liver occurs in liver transplantation and in major hepatectomies. It triggers a severe oxidative stress that leads to increased lipid peroxidation. In our study we examined the effect of parenteral supranutritional administration of alpha-tocopherol, a vitamin that plays a key role in the endogenous antioxidant system, to rats subjected to severe ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver. alpha-Tocopherol was administered to the animals at doses of 30 and 300 mg/kg bw, whereas total hepatic ischemia was induced for 60 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Tissue and blood samples were collected for malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and serum alpha-tocopherol assay, respectively. In the sham operation group, mean MDA level in liver was 1.14 nmole/g wet tissue in the control subgroup, and 1.01 or 0.74 nmole/g wet tissue in the subgroups given 30 or 300 mg/kg alpha-tocopherol. In the I/R group, mean MDA level was 1.57 nmole/g wet tissue in the control subgroup, and 0.97 and 0.77 nmole/g wet tissue in the subgroups given 30 or 300 mg/kg alpha-tocopherol. Mean levels of alpha-tocopherol in serum (mumole/l) were 10.20 and 1.80 in the control subgroups, 25.28 and 11.25 in the subgroups treated with 30 and 300 mg/kg bw of alpha-tocopherol, and 31.00 and 13.02 in the subgroups treated with 30 and 300 mg/kg bw of alpha-tocopherol, within the sham-operation and I/R groups, respectively. A significant decrease of MDA accompanied by a significant increase of serum alpha-tocopherol was documented in the alpha-tocopherol-treated rats within both groups. Ischemia/reperfusion triggered a significant increase of the MDA level in the liver of the rats not treated with alpha-tocopherol as compares with the treated animals.

The conductance underlying the parallel fibre slow EPSP in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurones studied with photolytic release of L-glutamate

1. Tetanic stimulation of parallel fibres (PFs) produces a slow EPSP (sEPSP) or slow EPSC (sEPSC) in Purkinje neurones (PNs), mediated by type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). The conductance change underlying the sEPSP was investigated with rapid photolytic release of L-glutamate from nitroindolinyl (NI)-caged glutamate with ionotropic glutamate receptors blocked, and showed a slow mGluR1-activated cation channel. 2. In cerebellar slices rapid photolytic release (t (1/2) < 0.7 ms) of 7--70 microM L-glutamate on PNs voltage clamped at -65 mV activated first a transient inward current, peaking in 8 ms, followed by a slow inward current with time course similar to the PF sEPSP, peaking at -1 nA in 700 ms. 3. The initial current was inhibited by 300 microM threo-hydroxyaspartate (THA) and did not reverse as the potential was made positive up to +50 mV, suggesting activation of electrogenic glutamate uptake. 4. The slow current was inhibited reversibly by 1 mM (R,S)-MCPG or the non-competitive mGluR1 antagonist CPCCOEt (20 microM), indicating activation of metabotropic type 1 glutamate receptors. The mGluR current was associated with increases of input conductance and membrane current noise, and reversed close to 0 mV, indicating activation of channels permeant to Na(+) and K(+). 5. The sEPSC was not blocked by Cd(2+), Co(2+), Mg(2+) or Gd(3+) ions, by the inhibitor of hyperpolarisation-activated current (I(H)) ZD7288, or by the purinoceptor inhibitor PPADS. Activation was not affected by inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) or protein kinase C (PKC), nor mimicked by photorelease of InsP(3) or Ca(2+). The results show that mGluR1 in PNs produces a slow activation of cation-permeable ion channels which is not mediated by PLC activation, Ca(2+) release from stores, or via the activation of PKC.

Diplopia as a complication of local anesthesia: a case report

Diplopia caused by local anesthesia at the superior posterior alveolar nerve for the removal of the maxillary third molar is a rare complication. The diplopia is due to facial palsy of the oculomotor muscles of the globe. This paper describes the case of a 22-year-old woman, in whom diplopia was observed after an overall uncomplicated removal of the semi-impacted third molar. Possible causes of the anesthetic effects are reported. The most accepted explanation is that the anesthetic diffuses on the abducent nerve in the cavernous sinus. The necessary actions that the dental surgeon must perform are reported.

Concurrent multivessel stenting in a patient with multifocal arterial disease

PURPOSE

To report the concurrent endovascular treatment of multiple stenoses in different vascular territories.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A 45-year-old male presented with an aortic arch syndrome, renovascular hypertension, and Leriche syndrome. Intra-arterial digital arteriography disclosed occlusion of the left subclavian artery and stenoses in the left common carotid artery (CCA), the right CCA at the bifurcation, the left renal artery, and both iliac arteries. In a single procedure, the patient received 5 stents in 2 carotid, 1 renal, and 2 iliac arteries. At 3-month follow-up, color flow duplex imaging confirmed continued patency of all stented arteries.

CONCLUSIONS

This case illustrates the feasibility, safety, and cost effectiveness of treating multivessel stenoses using a single-session endovascular approach executed by experienced interventionists.

Lipid peroxidation of rat myocardial tissue following daunomycin administration

Daunomycin-induced cardiotoxicity has been regarded to be the result of oxygen-mediated lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation in rat heart after administration of this anticancer drug and, further, to examine possible activation of some endogenous antioxidant defense systems. Myocardial tissue from both control and drug-treated rats was tested for lipid peroxidation using a selective third-order derivative method that is based on the analysis of the free malondialdehyde produced. Determination of reduced/oxidized glutathione levels and measurement of the activity of DT-diaphorase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were also carried out using literature methods. Significant increase of malondialdehyde content, and DT-diaphorase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were found in myocardial tissue from daunomycin-treated rats. On the other hand, reduced and oxidized glutathione levels were significantly decreased while the activity of glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase remained unchanged after daunomycin administration. The results of the present study give further evidence that daunomycin can induce lipid peroxidation in heart. However, additional experimentation is needed in order to delineate the molecular details of this process as well as of the mechanisms evolved to limit it.

Hepatic tissue microcirculation, oxygenation and energy charge in ischemia-reperfusion subjected cirrhotic rat liver

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The hemodynamic disturbances in the cirrhotic liver following severe variceal bleeding and subsequent restoration by blood transfusion is an ischemia/reperfusion injury event which represents the clinical situation of liver dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microcirculation, oxygenation and energy charge of the cirrhotic rat liver after ischemia/reperfusion.

METHODOLOGY

In eight carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic rats and an equal number of controls subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion by hepatoduodenal ligament clamping, the following parameters were assessed: hepatic microcirculation by laser-Doppler fluxmetry, hepatic tissue oxygenation by a Clark-type electrode, hepatic energy charge by tissue sampling and adenine-nucleotides determination by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

At baseline, liver microcirculation was found to be significantly decreased in the cirrhotics versus controls groups. Ischemia led to a reduction in both groups, while reperfusion improved microcirculation, but not to the baseline level. Oxygenation was reduced during ischemia and restored after reperfusion in both groups. Hepatic energy charge was reduced in the cirrhotics versus controls at baseline, and significantly decreased during ischemia in both groups. At reperfusion, a further reduction was found in the cirrhotic group, while in the control group it was restored to baseline.

CONCLUSION

Hepatic microcirculation, oxygenation and energy charge are subjected to different degrees of diminution after ischemia/reperfusion in the cirrhotic rat liver.

Human leukocyte antigen system in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis

Forty-three schizophrenic patients participating in this study were serotyped for human leukocyte antigens (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ antigens). Thirty-six of them were hospitalised in two state mental hospitals and 7 in our general hospital, psychiatric unit. The patients from our unit were typed for HLA before commencing clozapine treatment whereas the patients from state hospitals were typed after commencing treatment. Three out of 43 patients developed agranulocytosis. One had a combination of both 'high-risk' haplotypes (HLA-B16(38,39), DR4, DQ3 and HLA-DR2, DQ1), another had HLA-DR2, DQ1, whereas the last had a totally different haplotype. Between non-agranulocytic patients 1 was found to carry the HLA-B16(38,39), DR4, DQ3 haplotype and 14 (out of 40) had the HLA-DR2, DQ1. Taking into account other factors supposed to be involved (a noxious metabolite, and the presence of a humoral cytotoxic factor) we must admit that despite the finding of a high-risk haplotype in Jewish populations there are other aspects of this question awaiting clarification.