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Brugnara L, Murillo S, Novials A, Rojo-Martínez G, Soriguer F, Goday A, Calle-Pascual A, Castaño L, Gaztambide S, Valdés S, Franch J, Castell C, Vendrell J, Casamitjana R, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Carmena R, Catalá M, Delgado E, Girbés J, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad MT, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Pascual-Manich G, Serrano-Ríos M, Gomis R, Ortega E. Low Physical Activity and Its Association with Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160959. [PMID: 27532610 PMCID: PMC4988632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low physical activity (PA), or sedentary lifestyle, is associated with the development of several chronic diseases. We aimed to investigate current prevalence of sedentariness and its association with diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. PA was evaluated in a population-based, cross-sectional, randomly sampled study conducted in 2009-2010 in Spain. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (SF-IPAQ) was used to assess PA. 4991 individuals (median age 50 years, 57% women) were studied. Prevalence of sedentariness was 32.3% for men and 39% for women (p < 0.0001). Sex differences were particularly notable (age*sex interaction, p = 0.0024) at early and older ages. Sedentary individuals had higher BMI (28 vs. 27 kg/m2) and obesity prevalence (37 vs. 26%). Low PA was present in 44, 43, and 38% of individuals with known diabetes (KDM), prediabetes/unknown-diabetes (PREDM/UKDM), and normal glucose regulation (p = 0.0014), respectively. No difference between KDM and PREDM/UKDM (p = 0.72) was found. Variables independently associated (p < 0.05) with sedentariness were age, sex, BMI, central obesity, Mediterranean diet adherence, smoking habit, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and dyslipidemia. Low PA is on the rise in Spain, especially among women. Sedentariness is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors and may be responsible for the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brugnara
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serafín Murillo
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Málaga, Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Málaga, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- Hospital del Mar, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luis Castaño
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Diabetes Research Group, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Diabetes Research Group, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Sergio Valdés
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Málaga, Spain
| | - Josep Franch
- EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, IDIAP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxa Castell
- Public Health Division, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Roser Casamitjana
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bosch-Comas
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Carmena
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Catalá
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elias Delgado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Teresa Martínez-Larrad
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Pascual-Manich
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ríos
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Gomis
- CIBERDEM—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Madrid, Spain
- IDIBAPS—August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute / Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- CIBEROBN—Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, ICMDM, Hospital Clinic Barcelona
- * E-mail:
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Valdés S, Maldonado-Araque C, García-Torres F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, Casamitjana R, Castaño L, Castell C, Catalá M, Delgado E, Franch J, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, Gomis R, Gutiérrez G, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad M, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Serrano-Rios M, Urrutia I, Vázquez JA, Vendrell J, Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population: The Di@bet.es study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2328-32. [PMID: 25124468 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population using an ecological focus. METHODS The Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with lifestyle. SAMPLE 5,061 subjects in 100 clusters. VARIABLES Clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, physical examination, and blood sampling. The mean annual temperature (°C) for each study site was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency (1971-2000). RESULTS The prevalence rates of obesity in the different geographical areas divided according to mean annual temperature quartiles were 26.9% in quartile 1 (10.4-14.5°C), 30.5% in quartile 2 (14.5-15.5°C), 32% in quartile 3 (15.5-17.8°C), and 33.6% in quartile 4 (17.8-21.3°C) (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analyses including multiple socio-demographic (age, gender, educational level, marital status) and lifestyle (physical activity, Mediterranean diet score, smoking) variables showed that, as compared with quartile 1, the odd ratios for obesity were 1.20 (1.01-1.42), 1.35 (1.12-1.61), and 1.38 (1.14-1.67) in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.001 for difference, P < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Our study reports an association between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population controlled for known confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valdés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
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Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G, García-Fuentes E, Valdés S, Goday A, Calle-Pascual A, López-Alba A, Castell C, Menéndez E, Bordiú E, Delgado E, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Urrutia I, Mora-Peces I, Vendrell J, Vázquez JA, Franch J, Girbés J, Castaño L, Serrano-Ríos M, Martínez-Larrad MT, Catalá M, Carmena R, Gomis R, Casamitjana R, Gaztambide S. Variable patterns of obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes and their association with lifestyle factors in the Di@bet.es study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:947-955. [PMID: 24984822 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Prevalence rates of "metabolically healthy obese" (MHO) subjects vary depending on the criteria used. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of MHO subjects and metabolically abnormal normal-weight subjects and compared the findings with the NHANES 1999-2004 study. The aims of the present study were, first, to determine the prevalence rates of MHO and MNHNO subjects using the same criteria as those of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2004) study, and second to compare the prevalence and correlates of obese subjects who are resistant to the development of adiposity-associated cardiometabolic abnormalities (CA) and normal-weight individuals who display cardiometabolic risk factor clustering between the Spanish and the US populations. METHODS AND RESULTS Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults conducted in 2009-2010. Clinical, metabolic, sociodemographic, and anthropometric data and information about lifestyle habits, such as physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol intake and food consumption, were collected. Subjects were classified according to their body mass index (BMI) (normal-weight, <25 kg/m(2); overweight, 25-29.9 kg/m(2); and obese, >30 kg/m(2)). CA included elevated blood pressure; elevated levels of triglycerides, fasting glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); and elevated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level. Two phenotypes were defined: metabolically healthy phenotype (0-1 CA) and metabolically abnormal phenotype (≥2 CA). The prevalence of metabolically abnormal normal-weight phenotype was slightly lower in the Spanish population (6.5% vs. 8.1%). The prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and MHO subjects was 20.9% and 7.0%, respectively, while in NHANES study it was 17.9% and 9.7%, respectively. Cigarette smoking was associated with CA in each phenotype, while moderate physical activity and moderate alcohol intake were associated with being metabolically healthy. Olive oil intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of CA. CONCLUSIONS Smoking, physical activity level, and alcohol intake contribute to the explanation of the prevalence of CA in the Spanish population, as in the US population. However in Spain, olive oil intake contributes significantly to the explanation of the variance in the prevalence of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Federico Soriguer
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Valdés
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calle-Pascual
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Conxa Castell
- Public Health Division, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario San Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Pascual-Manich
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Inés Urrutia
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Spain
| | | | - Joan Vendrell
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitaries Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Franch
- EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Primary Care, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP - Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Girbés
- Diabetes Unit, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ríos
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Martínez-Larrad
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Catalá
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Carmena
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Gomis
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Casamitjana
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Biomedic Diagnostic Centre University Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Spain
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Rojo-Martínez G, Valdés S, Colomo N, Lucena MI, Gaztambide S, Gomis R, Casamitjana R, Carmena R, Catalá M, Martínez-Larrad MT, Serrano-Ríos M, Castaño L, Vendrell J, Girbés J, Franch J, Vázquez JA, Mora-Peces I, Urrutia I, Pascual-Manich G, Ortega E, Menéndez E, Delgado E, Bordiú E, Castell C, López-Alba A, Goday A, Calle A, Bosch-Comas A, Soriguer F. Use of drugs related to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish population. The Di@bet.es study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:854-63. [PMID: 24773992 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES To assess the patterns of use of 8 therapeutic drug groups for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, and to identify sociodemographic and health determinants of their use in the overall Spanish population. METHODS A representative sample of the Spanish population within the Di@bet.es study, a cross-sectional population-based survey, was included. STUDY VARIABLES sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data; physical examination, and an oral glucose tolerance test in patients without known diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, patients were systematically queried about current medication use, and 8 pharmacotherapeutic groups were evaluated: lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, thyroid hormone, uricosurics, psychoactive drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RESULTS Sixty-six percent of the Spanish population was taking at least one medication. Therapeutic drug use was associated with age, independently of the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia in older patients. Sex disparities were found in the use of lipid-lowering agents, allopurinol, levothyroxine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and psychoactive drugs. Use of psychoactive drugs was related to education level, work status, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Almost 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus were taking 6 or more medications daily. Diabetes mellitus was associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. CONCLUSIONS Age and sex are the most important factors determining therapeutic drug use. Lifestyle patterns and sociocultural factors have an impact only on psychoactive drug use. Diabetes mellitus is associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Valdés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia Colomo
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Departamento de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Grupo de Investigación de Diabetes, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ramón Gomis
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Unidad de Endocrinología y Diabetes, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Casamitjana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Centro de Diagnóstico Biomédico, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Carmena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Departamento de Medicina y Endocrinología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Catalá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Departamento de Medicina y Endocrinología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María T Martínez-Larrad
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Grupo de Investigación de Diabetes, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Girbés
- Unidad de Diabetes, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Franch
- EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Atención Primaria, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP-Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Vázquez
- Plan Nacional de Diabetes, Ministerio de Sanidad, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Urrutia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Grupo de Investigación de Diabetes, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Gemma Pascual-Manich
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Unidad de Endocrinología y Diabetes, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez
- Departamento de Medicina-Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Elias Delgado
- Departamento de Medicina-Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conxa Castell
- Departament de Salut Pública, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Goday
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calle
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bosch-Comas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Martinez-Hervas S, Carmena R, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Masana L, Catalá M, Vendrell J, Vázquez JA, Valdés S, Urrutia I, Soriguer F, Serrano-Rios M, Rojo-Martínez G, Pascual-Manich G, Ortega E, Mora-Peces I, Menéndez E, Martínez-Larrad MT, López-Alba A, Gomis R, Goday A, Girbés J, Gaztambide S, Franch J, Delgado E, Castell C, Castaño L, Casamitjana R, Calle-Pascual A, Bordiú E. Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and its association with glucose metabolism in Spain: the di@bet.es study. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2014; 26:107-14. [PMID: 24461346 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals. MATERIAL AND METHODS The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults. RESULTS A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martinez-Hervas
- Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Rafael Carmena
- Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Jose T Real
- Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Luis Masana
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miguel Catalá
- Service of Encodrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliníco Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HCUV-INCLIVA, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Valdés
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Inés Urrutia
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Rios
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gemma Pascual-Manich
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Edelmiro Menéndez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria T Martínez-Larrad
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ramón Gomis
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Girbés
- Diabetes Unit, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Josep Franch
- EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Primary Care, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP-Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Conxa Castell
- Public Health Division, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Roser Casamitjana
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Biomedic Diagnostic Centre University, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calle-Pascual
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario S. Carlos de Madrid, Spain
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Rojo-Martínez G, Valdés S, Colomo N, Lucena MI, Gaztambide S, Gomis R, Casamitjana R, Carmena R, Catalá M, Martínez-Larrad MT, Serrano-Ríos M, Castaño L, Vendrell J, Girbés J, Franch J, Vázquez JA, Mora-Peces I, Urrutia I, Pascual-Manich G, Ortega E, Menéndez E, Delgado E, Bordiú E, Castell C, López-Alba A, Goday A, Calle A, Bosch-Comas A, Soriguer F. Consumo de fármacos relacionados con el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población española. Estudio Di@bet.es. Rev Esp Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Marcuello C, Calle-Pascual AL, Fuentes M, Runkle I, Rubio MA, Montañez C, Rojo-Martinez G, Soriguer F, Bordiu E, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Carmena R, Casamitjana R, Castaño L, Castell C, Catalá M, Delgado E, Franch J, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, Gomis R, Urrutia I, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad MT, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Serrano-Rios M, Valdés S, Vázquez JA, Vendrell J. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Spain using regional cutoff points for waist circumference: the di@bet.es study. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:615-23. [PMID: 23512475 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Spain using specific cutoff points for waist circumference (WC) (>94.5 cm for men and >89.5 cm for women) and evaluating the influence of several socio-demographic and economic factors. Data on MetS were obtained from a national study of 4,727 subjects from 18 to 90 years of age, conducted in Spain between 2009 and 2010 (The di@bet.es study). MetS was defined applying the new Harmonized definition (evaluating the use of abdominal obesity (AO) as a obligatory criterion for MetS or not) as well as with other widely used criteria. Results were then compared with data from previous studies. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the influence of different social factors. The age-standardized MetS prevalence was 38.37 % (CI 35.74-40.99) in men and 29.62 % (CI 27.56-31.69) in women, when AO was required as a diagnostic criterion; 42.13 % (CI 39.37-44.89) and 32.31 % (CI 30.15-34.47) in men and women, respectively, if AO was not considered mandatory. Prevalence of MetS increased with age (p < 0.001 for trend). Women with a lower educational level were more likely to have MetS (OR 4.4; 95 % CI: 2.84-6.7) as compared with those with a higher educational level. Subjects with MetS had a worse physical quality of life. The combination of AO, hypertension and carbohydrate alterations was the most common MetS' pattern. A high prevalence of MetS was detected in the Spanish population especially in men, the elderly and women with a low educational level.
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Ortega E, Franch J, Castell C, Goday A, Ribas-Barba L, Soriguer F, Vendrell J, Casamitjana R, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, Castaño L, Catalá M, Delgado E, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad MT, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Pascual-Manich G, Rojo-Martínez G, Serrano-Rios M, Urrutía I, Valdés S, Vázquez JA, Gomis R. Mediterranean diet adherence in individuals with prediabetes and unknown diabetes: the Di@bet.es Study. Ann Nutr Metab 2013; 62:339-46. [PMID: 23838479 DOI: 10.1159/000346553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is causally related to diabetes and is a dietary pattern recommended to individuals with diabetes. We investigated MedDiet adherence in individuals with prediabetes and unknown (PREDM/UKDM) or known diabetes (KDM) compared to those with normal glucose metabolism (NORMAL). METHODS This was a national, population-based, cross-sectional, cluster-sampling study. MedDiet adherence was scored (MedScore, mean ± SD 24 ± 5) using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between MedScore and PREDM/UKDM or KDM versus control subjects. RESULTS We evaluated 5,076 individuals. Mean age was 50 years, 57% were female, 826 (582/244) were PREDM/UKDM, 478 were KDM and 3,772 were NORMAL. Mean age increased across MedScore tertiles (46, 51 and 56 years, p < 0.0001). Higher age-adjusted adherence to MedDiet (5-unit increment in the MedScore) was associated with lower and nondifferent odds (OR, 95% CI) of prevalent PREDM/UKDM (0.88, 0.81-0.96, p = 0.001) and KDM (0.97, 0.87-1.07, p = 0.279), respectively, compared to individuals in the NORMAL group. CONCLUSIONS In a representative sample of the whole Spanish population, MedDiet adherence is independently associated with PREDM/UKDM. Therapeutic intervention may be, in part, responsible for the lack of differences in adherence observed between the KDM and NORMAL groups. However, reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out in cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, Casamitjana R, Castaño L, Castell C, Catalá M, Delgado E, Franch J, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, Gomis R, Gutiérrez G, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad MT, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Rojo-Martínez G, Serrano-Rios M, Valdés S, Vázquez JA, Vendrell J. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@bet.es Study. Diabetologia 2012; 55:88-93. [PMID: 21987347 PMCID: PMC3228950 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The Di@bet.es Study is the first national study in Spain to examine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation. METHODS A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster sampling study was carried out, with target population being the entire Spanish population. Five thousand and seventy-two participants in 100 clusters (health centres or the equivalent in each region) were randomly selected with a probability proportional to population size. Participation rate was 55.8%. Study variables were a clinical and demographic structured survey, lifestyle survey, physical examination (weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure) and OGTT (75 g). RESULTS Almost 30% of the study population had some carbohydrate disturbance. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for age and sex was 13.8% (95% CI 12.8, 14.7%), of which about half had unknown diabetes: 6.0% (95% CI 5.4, 6.7%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and combined IFG-IGT were 3.4% (95% CI 2.9, 4.0%), 9.2% (95% CI 8.2, 10.2%) and 2.2% (95% CI 1.7, 2.7%), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation increased significantly with age (p < 0.0001), and was higher in men than in women (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The Di@bet.es Study shows, for the first time, the prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a representative sample of the Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Soriguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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10
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Marcuello C, Calle-Pascual AL, Fuentes M, Runkle I, Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Carmena R, Casamitjana R, Castaño L, Castell C, Catalá M, Delgado E, Franch J, Gaztambide S, Girbés J, Gomis R, Gutiérrez G, López-Alba A, Martínez-Larrad MT, Menéndez E, Mora-Peces I, Ortega E, Pascual-Manich G, Rojo-Martínez G, Serrano-Rios M, Valdés S, Vázquez JA, Vendrell J. Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life according to Carbohydrate Metabolism Status: A Spanish Population-Based Study (Di@bet.es Study). Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:872305. [PMID: 22848215 PMCID: PMC3405659 DOI: 10.1155/2012/872305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the association between diabetes mellitus and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) controlled for several sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, in a representative sample of the Spanish population. Methods. A population-based, cross-sectional, and cluster sampling study, with the entire Spanish population as the target population. Five thousand and forty-seven participants (2162/2885 men/women) answered the HRQOL short form 12-questionnaire (SF-12). The physical (PCS-12) and the mental component summary (MCS-12) scores were assessed. Subjects were divided into four groups according to carbohydrate metabolism status: normal, prediabetes, unknown diabetes (UNKDM), and known diabetes (KDM). Logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results. Mean PCS-12/MCS-12 values were 50.9 ± 8.5/ 47.6 ± 10.2, respectively. Men had higher scores than women in both PCS-12 (51.8 ± 7.2 versus 50.3 ± 9.2; P < 0.001) and MCS-12 (50.2 ± 8.5 versus 45.5 ± 10.8; P < 0.001). Increasing age and obesity were associated with a poorer PCS-12 score. In women lower PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores were associated with a higher level of glucose metabolism abnormality (prediabetes and diabetes), (P < 0.0001 for trend), but only the PCS-12 score was associated with altered glucose levels in men (P < 0.001 for trend). The Odds Ratio adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI) and educational level, for a PCS-12 score below the median was 1.62 (CI 95%: 1.2-2.19; P < 0.002) for men with KDM and 1.75 for women with KDM (CI 95%: 1.26-2.43; P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion. Current study indicates that increasing levels of altered carbohydrate metabolism are accompanied by a trend towards decreasing quality of life, mainly in women, in a representative sample of Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Marcuello
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. L. Calle-Pascual
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- *A. L. Calle-Pascual:
| | - M. Fuentes
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Runkle
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Soriguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - A. Goday
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bosch-Comas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Bordiú
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Carmena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 40010 Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Casamitjana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Biomedic Diagnostic Centre, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Castaño
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - C. Castell
- Public Health Division, Department of Health, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Catalá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 40010 Valencia, Spain
| | - E. Delgado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J. Franch
- EAP Raval Sud, Institut Català de la Salut, Red GEDAPS, Primary Care, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca (IDIAP—Fundació Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. Gaztambide
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - J. Girbés
- Diabetes Unit, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Gomis
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, UPV-EHU, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - M. T. Martínez-Larrad
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Menéndez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - E. Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Pascual-Manich
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - G. Rojo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Serrano-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Lipids and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Valdés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - J. A. Vázquez
- Diabetes National Plan, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Vendrell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitaries Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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