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Tang N, Sun B, Gupta A, Rempel H, Pulliam L. Monocyte exosomes induce adhesion molecules and cytokines via activation of NF-κB in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2016; 30:3097-106. [PMID: 27226520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600368rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals have activated monocytes with an IFNα phenotype and elevated levels of circulating LPS. These individuals also have a risk of premature cardiovascular disease. The effect of activated monocyte exosomes (Exos) on endothelial cells is unknown. To determine whether Exos from immune-activated monocytes could alter endothelial cell expression and contribute to monocyte/macrophage transmigration and adhesion, we isolated Exos from monocytes stimulated with IFNα, LPS, or both (I/L). We show that monocyte Exos contain different inflammatory microRNA cargo depending on stimulation. When LPS Exos or I/L Exos were added to HUVECs, we found a significant increase in adhesion molecule ICAM-1, chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, and cytokine IL-6 mRNAs and proteins compared with cells treated with IFNα Exos or Exos derived from unstimulated monocytes. Inhibition of transcription factor NF-κB, a common inflammatory cytokine pathway, prevented induction of CCL2, IL6, and ICAM1 Inhibition of TLR4 resulted in differential blockage of the targets. Our results demonstrate for the first time that primary human monocyte Exos enter endothelial cells and cause dysfunction via the TLR4 and NF-κB pathways, which may contribute to heart disease in HIV infection and other diseases involving chronic immune activation.-Tang, N., Sun, B., Gupta, A., Rempel, H., Pulliam, L. Monocyte exosomes induce adhesion molecules and cytokines via activation of NF-κB in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norina Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Archana Gupta
- System Biosciences, Incorporated, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Hans Rempel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pulliam L, Calosing C, Sun B, Grunfeld C, Rempel H. Monocyte activation from interferon-α in HIV infection increases acetylated LDL uptake and ROS production. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:822-8. [PMID: 24731171 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that is accelerated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Individuals with HIV infection have an activated type I interferon (IFN) monocyte phenotype, which may enhance uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) thereby initiating a prefoam cell pathology and recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques. In a sampling of HIV-infected subjects, an increase in monocyte activation genes, MX1 and CXCL10, correlated with monocyte expression of the scavenger receptor A (SR-A), a major receptor for lipid uptake and foam cell formation. Monocytes from HIV-infected subjects accumulated more lipid than control uninfected subjects. We modeled increased activation in HIV infection by priming human monocytes with IFNα followed by exposure to acetylated LDL (acLDL). Exposure to IFNα increased acLDL uptake, which generated increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We posit that HIV infection augments formation of arterial plaques by triggering monocyte activation with a type I IFN profile, which induces SR-A expression, lipid uptake, and subsequent ROS production. These findings may explain in part why HIV-infected individuals with chronic immune activation have an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Pulliam
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, California
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Rempel H, Sun B, Calosing C, Abadjian L, Monto A, Pulliam L. Monocyte activation in HIV/HCV coinfection correlates with cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55776. [PMID: 23437063 PMCID: PMC3578833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) challenges the immune system with two viruses that elicit distinct immune responses. Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection and an accurate indicator of disease progression. Suppressing HIV viremia by antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively prolongs life and significantly improves immune function. HIV/HCV coinfected individuals have peripheral immune activation despite effective ART control of HIV viral load. Here we examined freshly isolated CD14 monocytes for gene expression using high-density cDNA microarrays and analyzed T cell subsets, CD4 and CD8, by flow cytometry to characterize immune activation in monoinfected HCV and HIV, and HIV-suppressed coinfected subjects. To determine the impact of coinfection on cognition, subjects were evaluated in 7 domains for neuropsychological performance, which were summarized as a global deficit score (GDS). Monocyte gene expression analysis in HIV-suppressed coinfected subjects identified 43 genes that were elevated greater than 2.5 fold. Correlative analysis of subjects' GDS and gene expression found eight genes with significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Correlative expression of six genes was confirmed by qPCR, five of which were categorized as type 1 IFN response genes. Global deficit scores were not related to plasma lipopolysaccharide levels. In the T cell compartment, coinfection significantly increased expression of activation markers CD38 and HLADR on both CD4 and CD8 T cells but did not correlate with GDS. These findings indicate that coinfection is associated with a type 1 IFN monocyte activation profile which was further found to correlate with cognitive impairment, even in subjects with controlled HIV infection. HIV-suppressed coinfected subjects with controlled HIV viral load experiencing immune activation could benefit significantly from successful anti-HCV therapy and may be considered as preferential candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Rempel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Calosing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Abadjian
- Department of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Monto
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun B, Abadjian L, Rempel H, Monto A, Pulliam L. Differential cognitive impairment in HCV coinfected men with controlled HIV compared to HCV monoinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62:190-6. [PMID: 23187938 PMCID: PMC3587125 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31827b61f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected with both HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have shown impaired performance on different neuropsychological (NP) tests; however, whether coinfected individuals with controlled HIV and minimal liver damage in the era of antiretroviral therapy have impairment is understudied. METHODS Nineteen HCV monoinfected, 17 HIV/HCV coinfected, and 17 control male participants were evaluated for depression, attention, executive function, information processing, fine motor speed, and verbal/visual learning/memory. Eleven controls and 14 HIV monoinfected participants with controlled viral load from a previous study were also included for comparison. At time of testing, participants were not using drugs or alcohol and did not have cirrhosis. A global deficit score (GDS) was calculated from 7 domains of NP tests and alterations in specific domains were determined. RESULTS HIV/HCV subjects had a higher depression score (11.1 ± 7.5) than controls (5.4 ± 4.1, P = 0.010) and a higher GDS score (0.77 ± 0.47) than HCV (0.46 ± 0.34, P = 0.036), HIV (0.45 ± 0.36, P = 0.008), and controls (0.30 ± 0.29, P = 0.001). Coinfection was associated with worse scores in attention working memory (P =0.007), executive function (P = 0.01), fine motor function (P = 0.011), verbal learning/memory (P < 0.001), and visual learning/memory (P < 0.001) compared to controls. Within the HCV group, viral load was associated with lower attention, executive function, and information processing speed and positively with GDS. CONCLUSIONS Coinfection significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment in subjects with controlled HIV viral loads. In HCV monoinfected but not coinfected subjects, HCV viral load correlated with worsening GDS, suggesting different pathways for NP impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Linda Abadjian
- Department of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hans Rempel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alexander Monto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Forgetta V, Rempel H, Malouin F, Vaillancourt R, Topp E, Dewar K, Diarra MS. Pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia fergusonii from broiler chicken. Poult Sci 2012; 91:512-25. [PMID: 22252367 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An Escherichia spp. isolate, ECD-227, was previously identified from the broiler chicken as a phylogenetically divergent and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli possessing numerous virulence genes. In this study, whole genome sequencing and comparative genome analysis was used to further characterize this isolate. The presence of known and putative antibiotic resistance and virulence open reading frames were determined by comparison to pathogenic (E. coli O157:H7 TW14359, APEC O1:K1:H7, and UPEC UTI89) and nonpathogenic species (E. coli K-12 MG1655 and Escherichia fergusonii ATCC 35469). The assembled genome size of 4.87 Mb was sequenced to 18-fold depth of coverage and predicted to contain 4,376 open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis of 537 open reading frames present across 110 enteric bacterial species identifies ECD-227 to be E. fergusonii. The genome of ECD-227 contains 5 plasmids showing similarity to known E. coli and Salmonella enterica plasmids. The presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were identified and localized to the chromosome and plasmids. The mutation in gyrA (S83L) involved in fluoroquinolone resistance was identified. The Salmonella-like plasmids harbor antibiotic resistance genes on a class I integron (aadA, qacEΔ-sul1, aac3-VI, and sulI) as well as numerous virulence genes (iucABCD, sitABCD, cib, traT). In addition to the genome analysis, the virulence of ECD-227 was evaluated in a 1-d-old chick model. In the virulence assay, ECD-227 was found to induce 18 to 30% mortality in 1-d-old chicks after 24 h and 48 h of infection, respectively. This study documents an avian multidrug-resistant and virulent E. fergusonii. The existence of several resistance genes to multiple classes of antibiotics indicates that infection caused by ECD-227 would be difficult to treat using antimicrobials currently available for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Forgetta
- McGill University, Department of Human Genetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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O'Donovan A, Sun B, Cole S, Rempel H, Lenoci M, Pulliam L, Neylan T. Transcriptional control of monocyte gene expression in post-traumatic stress disorder. Dis Markers 2011; 30:123-32. [PMID: 21508516 PMCID: PMC3825251 DOI: 10.3233/dma-2011-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers an increased risk for disorders with an inflammatory etiology. PTSD-related dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and associated alterations in inflammatory activity may contribute to this increased risk. However, little is known about convergent SNS, HPA and inflammatory signaling at the level of the immune cell transcriptome in PTSD. To explore such signaling, we examined the prevalence of specific transcription factor binding motifs in the promoter regions of differentially expressed genes in monocytes from individuals with PTSD and matched controls. Participants included 49 men (24 PTSD+ and 25 trauma-exposed controls) and 18 women (10 PTSD+ and 8 controls). Men with PTSD showed up-regulation of target genes for the NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors, which convey inflammatory signals, up-regulation of target genes for CREB/ATF transcription factors, which convey adrenergic signals from the SNS, and down-regulation of target genes for the glucocorticoid receptor, which conveys glucocorticoid signals from the HPA axis. Women with PTSD also showed significant up-regulation of target genes for NF-κB and non-significant down-regulation of target genes for GR, but significant down-regulation of target genes for CREB/ATF. Altered transcriptional control of monocyte gene expression could contribute to exaggerated inflammatory activity in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife O'Donovan
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Neylan TC, Sun B, Rempel H, Ross J, Lenoci M, O’Donovan A, Pulliam L. Suppressed monocyte gene expression profile in men versus women with PTSD. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:524-31. [PMID: 21145962 PMCID: PMC3039086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been several attempts to use gene microarrays from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify new biological pathways or targets for therapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The few studies conducted to date have yielded an unclear pattern of findings, perhaps reflecting the use of heterogeneous samples of circulating immune cells for analysis. We used gene microarrays on a homogeneous sample of circulating monocytes to test the hypothesis that chronic PTSD would be associated with elevated inflammatory activity and to identify new pathways dysregulated in the disorder. Forty-nine men (24 PTSD+ and 25 age-matched trauma-exposed PTSD- controls) and 18 women (10 PTSD+ and 8 age-matched PTSD- controls) were recruited. Gene expression microarray analysis was performed on CD14+ monocytes, immune cells that initiate and respond to inflammatory signaling. Male subjects with PTSD had an overall pattern of under-expression of genes on monocytes (47 under-expressed versus 4 over-expressed genes). A rigorous correction for multiple comparisons and verification with qPCR showed that of only 3 genes that were differentially expressed, all were under-expressed. There was no transcriptional evidence of chronic inflammation in male PTSD+ subjects. In contrast, preliminary data from our pilot female PTSD+ subjects showed a relatively balanced pattern of increased and decreased expression of genes and an increase in activity of pathways related to immune activation. The results indicate differential patterns of monocyte gene expression in PTSD, and the preliminary data from our female pilot subjects are suggestive of gender dimorphism in biologic pathways activated in PTSD. Changes in immune cell gene expression may contribute to medical morbidity in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Neylan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bing Sun
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hans Rempel
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jessica Ross
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Maryann Lenoci
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aoife O’Donovan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA
,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Sun B, Abadjian L, Rempel H, Calosing C, Rothlind J, Pulliam L. Peripheral biomarkers do not correlate with cognitive impairment in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated subjects with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Neurovirol 2010; 16:115-24. [PMID: 20307252 DOI: 10.3109/13550280903559789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological (NP) impairments in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals remain high despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We sought to determine whether or not a monocyte gene expression profile along with other peripheral factors would correlate with neuropsychological impairment among HIV-infected individuals. Forty-four HIV-1-seropositive subjects (HIV+) on HAART and 11 HIV-1-seronegative controls (HIV-) had NP testing and blood drawn for monocyte gene expression analysis. All HIV+ subjects were assessed for CD4 counts, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype, viral load, and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble CD14 (sCD14). NP scores were normalized to age, gender, and education. Twenty-five percent of HIV+ individuals showed abnormal NP testing results (> 1.5 SD below normal in two domains). HIV+ individuals had deficits in attention/working memory, verbal learning, and information processing speed compared to HIV- controls. There was no correlation between overall NP impairment and plasma viral load, level of education, age, ethnic diversity, sCD14, plasma LPS, CD4 cell count, ApoE genotype, or years of infection. However, greater years of infection had worse visual learning performance. sCD14 and CD4 nadir positively correlated with information processing speed and fine motor skills, respectively. LPS correlated with viral load but not cognitive impairment. Monocyte gene expression confirmed a chronic inflammatory profile that correlated with viral load but not cognition. No blood index or profile was associated with overall NP impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine
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Leusink G, Rempel H, Skura B, Berkyto M, White W, Yang Y, Rhee J, Xuan S, Chiu S, Silversides F, Fitzpatrick S, Diarra M. Growth performance, meat quality, and gut microflora of broiler chickens fed with cranberry extract. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1514-23. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Furtula V, Farrell E, Diarrassouba F, Rempel H, Pritchard J, Diarra M. Veterinary pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in poultry litter from commercial farms and controlled feeding trials. Poult Sci 2010; 89:180-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background HIV-1 infection dysregulates the immune system and alters gene expression in circulating monocytes. Differential gene expression analysis of CD14+ monocytes from subjects infected with HIV-1 revealed increased expression of sialoadhesin (Sn, CD169, Siglec 1), a cell adhesion molecule first described in a subset of macrophages activated in chronic inflammatory diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed sialoadhesin expression on CD14+ monocytes by flow cytometry and found significantly higher expression in subjects with elevated viral loads compared to subjects with undetectable viral loads. In cultured CD14+ monocytes isolated from healthy individuals, sialoadhesin expression was induced by interferon-α and interferon-γ but not tumor necrosis factor-α. Using a stringent binding assay, sialoadhesin-expressing monocytes adsorbed HIV-1 through interaction with the sialic acid residues on the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Furthermore, monocytes expressing sialoadhesin facilitated HIV-1 trans infection of permissive cells, which occurred in the absence of monocyte self-infection. Conclusions/Significance Increased sialoadhesin expression on CD14+ monocytes occurred in response to HIV-1 infection with maximum expression associated with high viral load. We show that interferons induce sialoadhesin in primary CD14+ monocytes, which is consistent with an antiviral response during viremia. Our findings suggest that circulating sialoadhesin-expressing monocytes are capable of binding HIV-1 and effectively delivering virus to target cells thereby enhancing the distribution of HIV-1. Sialoadhesin could disseminate HIV-1 to viral reservoirs during monocyte immunosurveillance or migration to sites of inflammation and then facilitate HIV-1 infection of permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Rempel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Calosing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ratto-Kim S, Chuenchitra T, Pulliam L, Paris R, Sukwit S, Gongwon S, Sithinamsuwan P, Nidhinandana S, Thitivichianlert S, Shiramizu BT, de Souza MS, Chitpatima ST, Sun B, Rempel H, Nitayaphan S, Williams K, Kim JH, Shikuma CM, Valcour VG. Expression of monocyte markers in HIV-1 infected individuals with or without HIV associated dementia and normal controls in Bangkok Thailand. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 195:100-7. [PMID: 18191233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV Associated Dementia (HAD) is a complication of HIV infection in developed countries and is still poorly defined in resource-limited settings. In this study we investigated the expression of the monocyte phenotype CD14CD16HLADR and the inflammatory profiles in monocytes supernatants by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry in a cohort of HAD and non-HAD Thai volunteers prior to the initiation of ARV. The CD14CD16HLADR phenotype was significantly increased in monocytes from HAD and non-HAD versus negative controls, but there was no difference in phenotype and in the secretion protein profiles between the two seropositive groups. In addition, monocytes supernatants from HAD and non-HAD did not induced apoptosis or cell death in brain aggregate culture. In conclusion it appears that HAD in Thai individuals has a different immunological profile then in North America cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ratto-Kim
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
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Pulliam L, Sun B, Rempel H, Martinez PM, Hoekman JD, Rao RJ, Frey WH, Hanson LR. Intranasal Tat Alters Gene Expression in the Mouse Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:87-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes trafficking into the central nervous system are a risk factor for HIV-1-associated dementia. We performed global gene expression analysis on CD14+ monocytes isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals and controls to identify HIV-1-related changes in monocyte phenotype. Monocytes from subjects with high viral load (HVL) had a significant increase in monocytes expressing CD16, CCR5, and MCP-1. There was also an increase in sialoadhesin, a macrophage marker of chronic inflammation. Expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha was unchanged in individuals with HIV-1 compared to control CD14+ monocytes. Differential gene expression identified by DNA microarray analysis was confirmed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while increased protein expression was characterized by immunofluorescence. We concluded that there is a circulating CD14+ macrophage hybrid phenotype in subjects with HVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Schildhaus HU, Rempel H, Szumilo J, Peters B, Roessner A, Schneider-Stock R. Promoter methylation in esophageal squamous carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(04)80617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Elevated expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1beta), a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by activated microglia, is a pathogenic marker of numerous neurodegenerative processes including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have characterized a link between IL-1beta and the 68-kDa neurofilament light (NF-L) protein, which is a major component of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Using human brain aggregate cultures, we found that IL-1beta treatment significantly increased NF-L expression in primary neurons. Analysis of mRNA levels demonstrated elevated NF-L expression within 72 h while imaging of neurons by immunofluorescent staining for NF-L confirmed IL-1beta-induced NF-L protein expression. These observations suggest a potential inflammatory-induced mechanism for deregulation of an important cytoskeletal protein, NF-L, possibly leading to neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rempel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Pulliam L, Irwin I, Kusdra L, Rempel H, Flitter WD, Garland WA. CPI-1189 attenuates effects of suspected neurotoxins associated with AIDS dementia: a possible role for ERK activation. Brain Res 2001; 893:95-103. [PMID: 11222997 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often experience a dementia characterized by mental slowing and memory loss. Motor dysfunction may also accompany this condition. The pathogenesis of the dementia is not known, but microscopic examination of brain tissue from those afflicted shows evidence of chronic inflammation, reactive gliosis and cell death. Neurotoxic factors produced from activated macrophage or microglial cells such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), gp120 and quinolinic acid have been implicated as agents for the cell death which often appears to occur by an apoptotic mechanism. CPI-1189, a drug currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a treatment for the dementia associated with AIDS, is shown in this paper to mitigate apoptosis induced by TNFalpha, gp120, and necrosis induced by quinolinic acid. In addition, CPI-1189 mitigates the cell death produced by supernatants from cultured macrophages obtained from patients with AIDS dementia. The exact mechanism by which CPI-1189 prevents neurotoxicity is not known; however, protection from TNFalpha and supernatant-induced toxicity does not appear to involve NFkappaB translocation, and appears to be associated with an increase in activated ERK-MAP kinase. These findings may have implications for other neurological diseases where apoptotic cell death contributes to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pulliam
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Abstract
In this report, we examined the presence of the activation marker, CD69, on monocytes derived from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown that patients with AIDS dementia had an elevated percentage of a CD14+/CD69+ subset and that conditioned media from these M/M phi cultures were toxic to neural cultures. We therefore postulated that patients with AD might likewise have a higher monocyte subset and that this would be associated with neural toxicity. Flow analysis showed that AD patients (n = 13) had a higher percentage of CD69+ M/M phi over age matched controls (n = 14); this trend was statistically significant (p = 0.006). Side scatter (SSC), a measure of cellular granularity was also elevated in AD patients (p = 0.02). The elevated expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) was not found to be significant between age-matched controls and AD patients. When conditioned media from M/M phi from five AD and two control patients were evaluated for neurotoxicity, three of the five culture supernatants from AD patients induced apoptosis in neural cell aggregate cultures. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that these three supernatants also triggered NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus. Surprisingly, in vitro neurotoxicity was induced by M/M phi supernatants having a lower percentage of CD14+/CD69+ cells. Elevation of the CD14+/CD69+ subset in AD patients may therefore represent a manifestation in the peripheral blood of the pathological events occurring in the brain but may not be directly involved in neural cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kusdra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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19
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Lulsdorf MM, Rempel H, Jackson JA, Baliski DS, Hobbs SL. Optimizing the production of transformed pea (Pisum sativum L.) callus using disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. Plant Cell Rep 1991; 9:479-483. [PMID: 24213784 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1990] [Accepted: 10/17/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For optimization of the transformation procedure with Pisum sativum L. stern explant callus was used to test the effect of disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, cocultivation procedures (preconditioning of explants; use of Nicotiana tabacum L. nurse cultures), duration of cocultivation (2, 3 or 4 days), and agents for selection (kanamycin or hygromycin). The succinamopine strain EHA101(pBI1042) produced the highest percentage of transformed calli (77%) when used in conjunction with tobacco nurse culture during four days of cocultivation. Using this strain, kanamycin (76%) and hygromycin (77%) were equally effective selective agents, but for strain LBA4404(pBI1042) percentage of transformed calli was higher for hygromycin (63%) than for kanamycin (17%). The procedures and strains shown to be optimal for transformation of pea callus will now be complemented by a pea regeneration system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lulsdorf
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, NRC, 110 Gymnasium Road, S7N OW9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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20
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Tait RC, Rempel H, Rodriguez RL, Kado CI. The aminoglycoside-resistance operon of the plasmid pSa: nucleotide sequence of the streptomycin-spectinomycin resistance gene. Gene 1985; 36:97-104. [PMID: 2998941 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the probable C terminus of the kanamycin-resistance gene (KmR) and the probable complete sequence of the streptomycin-spectinomycin-resistance gene (SpR) of the IncW plasmid pSa have been determined. The two genes appear to be oriented in the same direction and separated by a spacer region of 53 bp, with transcription proceeding from the KmR gene into the SpR gene. An RNA transcript encompassing the C terminus of the KmR gene, the 53-base spacer, and the N terminus of the SpR gene has the potential to form a stem-loop structure with a free energy value of -68 kcal/mol. The SpR gene of pSa has extensive sequence homology with the aadA gene of the plasmid R538-1. Comparison of the proposed amino acid sequence of the KmR protein of pSa with those of two aminoglycoside phosphotransferases revealed a region of potential homology with those proteins.
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21
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Lotz P, Rempel H, Rudolph F. [Serodiagnosis of cartilage degeneration]. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 1977; 24:358-62. [PMID: 901393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The bones of two patients, one with a moderate and one with a severe chronic industrial fluorosis (stage I-II and stage III), and the bones of three control persons were examined. The following parameters were determined: the fracture load, the fracture load/unit area (resistance to pressure) of the body of the first lumbar vertebra, the bending strength of the neck of the femur and of the lower third of the femur, the fracture load/unit area and the modulus of elasticity of femoral slices 2 cm thick and of precisely defined cylinders from the femoral cortex. The microhardness according to Vickers on the cross section of the femur was also determined. The results obtained are discussed with regard to fluoride therapy of osteoporosis.
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23
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Rempel H, Brauer G. [Differential diagnosis of myositis ossificans]. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 1975; 22:51-2. [PMID: 1122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Franke J, Runge H, Fengler F, Rempel H. [Supplement on the topic of fluorosis as a contribution to disorders of bone metabolsim]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1973; 111:221-4. [PMID: 4275372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Signori EI, Rempel H. Note on social-distance statements relating to employment situations. Psychol Rep 1969; 24:677-8. [PMID: 5809061 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1969.24.2.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Out of a total of 116 statements, the 15 pertaining to social distance in employment received scale values that fall between those pertaining to marital and close friendship contexts and those relating to rights of citizenship.
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27
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Abstract
18 different disadvantaged groups were compared with each other by the paired-comparison method in terms of the disadvantage they meet when seeking employment. High school and university educated Manpower personnel showed high agreement in ranking the groups.
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28
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Abstract
Bipolar trait labels to be used for rating socially disadvantaged groups on employment were derived from a large pool of statements of beliefs and attitudes about these groups.
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29
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Abstract
A group of 18 disadvantaged groups were compared with each other by the paired comparison method in terms of disadvantage when seeking employment. The rank order of male and female respondents showed high agreement.
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30
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Abstract
A reworking of correlations between the spouses of three matched groups of happily married, troubled, and separating couples on the 10 traits of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey showed: (1) stronger evidence than previously reported of unhappiness in marriage being associated with inverse spouse relationships on personality traits, (2) less evidence than is shown in a study by Cattell and Nesselroade for the operability of the “completeness” principle in marriage. Some differences between the two studies are also discussed.
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31
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Abstract
The general results of a survey of discriminatory beliefs and attitudes concerning the employment of various disadvantaged groups were reported. Discriminatory beliefs and attitudes were classified under 12 heuristic categories.
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32
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Abstract
An item analysis was made of the modified form of Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles subtest of the IES Test. Most of the items had a fairly high degree of internal consistency.
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33
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Abstract
A modified form of Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles subtest was used to assess age and sex differences in impulse, ego, and superego functions in a population of university students, ranging in age from 18 to 22 yr. The ego and superego variables differentiated best on both age and sex differences, with females showing the greater changes over age. The impulse variable showed no discriminating power.
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34
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Abstract
Selected references on attitudes toward the hiring of socially disadvantaged persons for use in projects concerned with poverty and the utilization of manpower.
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35
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Abstract
An objective scoring procedure was developed for Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles test. This procedure was used to assess sex differences in impulse, ego, and superego functions on a population of university students ranging in age from 18 to 22 yr. The ego variable differentiated more consistently between the sexes than did either the impulse or superego variables. A reversal of sex differences in certain personality functions in relation to age was obtained.
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36
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Abstract
The Picture Titles subtest of Dombrose and Slobin's IES Test was administered by photographic slides to 99 male and 83 female university students. No significant sex differences were found for the predicted hypotheses.
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