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Schijven D, Postema MC, Fukunaga M, Matsumoto J, Miura K, de Zwarte SMC, van Haren NEM, Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS, Ayesa-Arriola R, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Crespo-Facorro B, Alnæs D, Dahl A, Westlye LT, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Jönsson EG, Kochunov P, Bruggemann JM, Catts SV, Michie PT, Mowry BJ, Quidé Y, Rasser PE, Schall U, Scott RJ, Carr VJ, Green MJ, Henskens FA, Loughland CM, Pantelis C, Weickert CS, Weickert TW, de Haan L, Brosch K, Pfarr JK, Ringwald KG, Stein F, Jansen A, Kircher TTJ, Nenadić I, Krämer B, Gruber O, Satterthwaite TD, Bustillo J, Mathalon DH, Preda A, Calhoun VD, Ford JM, Potkin SG, Chen J, Tan Y, Wang Z, Xiang H, Fan F, Bernardoni F, Ehrlich S, Fuentes-Claramonte P, Garcia-Leon MA, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Salvador R, Sarró S, Pomarol-Clotet E, Ciullo V, Piras F, Vecchio D, Banaj N, Spalletta G, Michielse S, van Amelsvoort T, Dickie EW, Voineskos AN, Sim K, Ciufolini S, Dazzan P, Murray RM, Kim WS, Chung YC, Andreou C, Schmidt A, Borgwardt S, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Lawrie SM, du Plessis S, Luckhoff HK, Scheffler F, Emsley R, Grotegerd D, Lencer R, Dannlowski U, Edmond JT, Rootes-Murdy K, Stephen JM, Mayer AR, Antonucci LA, Fazio L, Pergola G, Bertolino A, Díaz-Caneja CM, Janssen J, Lois NG, Arango C, Tomyshev AS, Lebedeva I, Cervenka S, Sellgren CM, Georgiadis F, Kirschner M, Kaiser S, Hajek T, Skoch A, Spaniel F, Kim M, Kwak YB, Oh S, Kwon JS, James A, Bakker G, Knöchel C, Stäblein M, Oertel V, Uhlmann A, Howells FM, Stein DJ, Temmingh HS, Diaz-Zuluaga AM, Pineda-Zapata JA, López-Jaramillo C, Homan S, Ji E, Surbeck W, Homan P, Fisher SE, Franke B, Glahn DC, Gur RC, Hashimoto R, Jahanshad N, Luders E, Medland SE, Thompson PM, Turner JA, van Erp TGM, Francks C. Large-scale analysis of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213880120. [PMID: 36976765 PMCID: PMC10083554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213880120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Left-right asymmetry is an important organizing feature of the healthy brain that may be altered in schizophrenia, but most studies have used relatively small samples and heterogeneous approaches, resulting in equivocal findings. We carried out the largest case-control study of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia, with MRI data from 5,080 affected individuals and 6,015 controls across 46 datasets, using a single image analysis protocol. Asymmetry indexes were calculated for global and regional cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume measures. Differences of asymmetry were calculated between affected individuals and controls per dataset, and effect sizes were meta-analyzed across datasets. Small average case-control differences were observed for thickness asymmetries of the rostral anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus, both driven by thinner left-hemispheric cortices in schizophrenia. Analyses of these asymmetries with respect to the use of antipsychotic medication and other clinical variables did not show any significant associations. Assessment of age- and sex-specific effects revealed a stronger average leftward asymmetry of pallidum volume between older cases and controls. Case-control differences in a multivariate context were assessed in a subset of the data (N = 2,029), which revealed that 7% of the variance across all structural asymmetries was explained by case-control status. Subtle case-control differences of brain macrostructural asymmetry may reflect differences at the molecular, cytoarchitectonic, or circuit levels that have functional relevance for the disorder. Reduced left middle temporal cortical thickness is consistent with altered left-hemisphere language network organization in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Schijven
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Merel C. Postema
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen6525 XD, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
| | - Junya Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo187-8551, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo187-8551, Japan
| | - Sonja M. C. de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- The Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY10468
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander39008, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander39011, Spain
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander39011, Spain
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- Department of Radiology, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander39011, Spain
- Advanced Computing and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santander39005, Spain
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander39008, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla41013, Spain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo0373, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo0456, Norway
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo0373, Norway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo0373, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo0372, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo0373, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm113 64, Sweden
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo0372, Norway
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo0450, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm113 64, Sweden
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
| | - Jason M. Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney2050, Australia
- Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney2006, Australia
| | - Stanley V. Catts
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane4006, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
| | - Bryan J. Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane4076, Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
| | - Paul E. Rasser
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle2305, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
| | - Frans A. Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
- PRC for Health Behaviour, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle2305, Australia
| | - Carmel M. Loughland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle2308, Australia
- Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle2305, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne3053, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY13210
| | - Thomas W. Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney2033, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney2031, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY13210
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Early Psychosis Department, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Amsterdam1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam1033 NN, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Julia-Katharina Pfarr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Kai G. Ringwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
- Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Tilo T. J. Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg35039, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg35032, Germany
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Department of General Psychiatry, Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg69115, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Department of General Psychiatry, Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg69115, Germany
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87106
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA94121
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30303
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA30303
| | - Judith M. Ford
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94121
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
- Long Beach VA Health Care System, Long Beach, CA90822
| | - Jingxu Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing100096, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing100096, P.R. China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing100096, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing404188, P.R. China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing100096, P.R. China
| | - Fabio Bernardoni
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden01307, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden01307, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden01307, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus, Dresden01307, Germany
| | - Paola Fuentes-Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Barcelona08830, Spain
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona08035, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (Ciber del Área de Salud Mental), Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome00179, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome00179, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome00179, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome00179, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome00179, Italy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Stijn Michielse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Erin W. Dickie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, TorontoM5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, TorontoM5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Aristotle N. Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, TorontoM5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, TorontoM5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore539747, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore119228, Singapore
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina Andreou
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel4002, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck23562, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel4002, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel4002, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck23562, Germany
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7505, South Africa
- Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town7505, South Africa
| | - Hilmar K. Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7505, South Africa
| | - Freda Scheffler
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7505, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7505, South Africa
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck23562, Germany
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Jesse T. Edmond
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30303
| | - Kelly Rootes-Murdy
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30303
| | | | | | - Linda A. Antonucci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari70121, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fazio
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari70121, Italy
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari70121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari70121, Italy
- Psychiatry Unit, Bari University Hospital, Bari70121, Italy
| | - Covadonga M. Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid28040, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
| | - Noemi G. Lois
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid28029, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid28009, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid28040, Spain
| | - Alexander S. Tomyshev
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Multimodal Analysis, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow115522, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Multimodal Analysis, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow115522, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm113 64, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala751 85, Sweden
| | - Carl M. Sellgren
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm113 64, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm171 65, Sweden
| | - Foivos Georgiadis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, MontrealH3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adult Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva1202, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Hajek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany250 67, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Antonin Skoch
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany250 67, Czech Republic
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague140 21, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany250 67, Czech Republic
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Kwak
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Anthony James
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Knöchel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Michael Stäblein
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden01187, Germany
| | - Fleur M. Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7505, South Africa
| | - Henk S. Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7935, South Africa
| | - Ana M. Diaz-Zuluaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín050010, Colombia
| | - Julian A. Pineda-Zapata
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín050010, Colombia
| | - Stephanie Homan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
- Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich8050, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Werner Surbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Homan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich8008, Switzerland
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY11030
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY11004
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, New York, NY11549
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen6525 XD, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT06102
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania & Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo187-8551, Japan
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland1010, New Zealand
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala752 37, Sweden
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane4006, Australia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30303
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA30303
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen6525 XD, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen6500 HB, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen6525 GA, The Netherlands
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Patel Y, Parker N, Shin J, Howard D, French L, Thomopoulos SI, Pozzi E, Abe Y, Abé C, Anticevic A, Alda M, Aleman A, Alloza C, Alonso-Lana S, Ameis SH, Anagnostou E, McIntosh AA, Arango C, Arnold PD, Asherson P, Assogna F, Auzias G, Ayesa-Arriola R, Bakker G, Banaj N, Banaschewski T, Bandeira CE, Baranov A, Bargalló N, Bau CHD, Baumeister S, Baune BT, Bellgrove MA, Benedetti F, Bertolino A, Boedhoe PSW, Boks M, Bollettini I, Del Mar Bonnin C, Borgers T, Borgwardt S, Brandeis D, Brennan BP, Bruggemann JM, Bülow R, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calhoun VD, Calvo R, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Carr VJ, Cascella N, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Crespo-Facorro B, Cubillo AI, Cullen KR, Cupertino RB, Daly E, Dannlowski U, Davey CG, Denys D, Deruelle C, Di Giorgio A, Dickie EW, Dima D, Dohm K, Ehrlich S, Ely BA, Erwin-Grabner T, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Fatjó-Vilas M, Fedor JM, Fitzgerald KD, Ford JM, Frodl T, Fu CHY, Fullerton JM, Gabel MC, Glahn DC, Roberts G, Gogberashvili T, Goikolea JM, Gotlib IH, Goya-Maldonado R, Grabe HJ, Green MJ, Grevet EH, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Gruner P, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Gur RE, Gur RC, Haar S, Haarman BCM, Haavik J, Hahn T, Hajek T, Harrison BJ, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Whalley HC, Heslenfeld DJ, Hibar DP, Hilland E, Hirano Y, Ho TC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoekstra L, Hohmann S, Hong LE, Höschl C, Høvik MF, Howells FM, Nenadic I, Jalbrzikowski M, James AC, Janssen J, Jaspers-Fayer F, Xu J, Jonassen R, Karkashadze G, King JA, Kircher T, Kirschner M, Koch K, Kochunov P, Kohls G, Konrad K, Krämer B, Krug A, Kuntsi J, Kwon JS, Landén M, Landrø NI, Lazaro L, Lebedeva IS, Leehr EJ, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch KP, Lochner C, Louza MR, Luna B, Lundervold AJ, MacMaster FP, Maglanoc LA, Malpas CB, Portella MJ, Marsh R, Martyn FM, Mataix-Cols D, Mathalon DH, McCarthy H, McDonald C, McPhilemy G, Meinert S, Menchón JM, Minuzzi L, Mitchell PB, Moreno C, Morgado P, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Mwangi B, Nabulsi L, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Namazova L, Narayanaswamy J, Jahanshad N, Nguyen DD, Nicolau R, O'Gorman Tuura RL, O'Hearn K, Oosterlaan J, Opel N, Ophoff RA, Oranje B, García de la Foz VO, Overs BJ, Paloyelis Y, Pantelis C, Parellada M, Pauli P, Picó-Pérez M, Picon FA, Piras F, Piras F, Plessen KJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Preda A, Puig O, Quidé Y, Radua J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rasser PE, Rauer L, Reddy J, Redlich R, Reif A, Reneman L, Repple J, Retico A, Richarte V, Richter A, Rosa PGP, Rubia KK, Hashimoto R, Sacchet MD, Salvador R, Santonja J, Sarink K, Sarró S, Satterthwaite TD, Sawa A, Schall U, Schofield PR, Schrantee A, Seitz J, Serpa MH, Setién-Suero E, Shaw P, Shook D, Silk TJ, Sim K, Simon S, Simpson HB, Singh A, Skoch A, Skokauskas N, Soares JC, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Spaniel F, Lawrie SM, Stern ER, Stewart SE, Takayanagi Y, Temmingh HS, Tolin DF, Tomecek D, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Tosetti M, Uhlmann A, van Amelsvoort T, van der Wee NJA, van der Werff SJA, van Haren NEM, van Wingen GA, Vance A, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Vecchio D, Venkatasubramanian G, Vieta E, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, Voineskos AN, Völzke H, von Polier GG, Walton E, Weickert TW, Weickert CS, Weideman AS, Wittfeld K, Wolf DH, Wu MJ, Yang TT, Yang K, Yoncheva Y, Yun JY, Cheng Y, Zanetti MV, Ziegler GC, Franke B, Hoogman M, Buitelaar JK, van Rooij D, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, Veltman DJ, Schmaal L, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA, Turner JA, van Erp TGM, Pausova Z, Thompson PM, Paus T. Virtual Histology of Cortical Thickness and Shared Neurobiology in 6 Psychiatric Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:47-63. [PMID: 32857118 PMCID: PMC7450410 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Large-scale neuroimaging studies have revealed group differences in cortical thickness across many psychiatric disorders. The underlying neurobiology behind these differences is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To determine neurobiologic correlates of group differences in cortical thickness between cases and controls in 6 disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Profiles of group differences in cortical thickness between cases and controls were generated using T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Similarity between interregional profiles of cell-specific gene expression and those in the group differences in cortical thickness were investigated in each disorder. Next, principal component analysis was used to reveal a shared profile of group difference in thickness across the disorders. Analysis for gene coexpression, clustering, and enrichment for genes associated with these disorders were conducted. Data analysis was conducted between June and December 2019. The analysis included 145 cohorts across 6 psychiatric disorders drawn from the ENIGMA consortium. The numbers of cases and controls in each of the 6 disorders were as follows: ADHD: 1814 and 1602; ASD: 1748 and 1770; BD: 1547 and 3405; MDD: 2658 and 3572; OCD: 2266 and 2007; and schizophrenia: 2688 and 3244. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Interregional profiles of group difference in cortical thickness between cases and controls. RESULTS A total of 12 721 cases and 15 600 controls, ranging from ages 2 to 89 years, were included in this study. Interregional profiles of group differences in cortical thickness for each of the 6 psychiatric disorders were associated with profiles of gene expression specific to pyramidal (CA1) cells, astrocytes (except for BD), and microglia (except for OCD); collectively, gene-expression profiles of the 3 cell types explain between 25% and 54% of variance in interregional profiles of group differences in cortical thickness. Principal component analysis revealed a shared profile of difference in cortical thickness across the 6 disorders (48% variance explained); interregional profile of this principal component 1 was associated with that of the pyramidal-cell gene expression (explaining 56% of interregional variation). Coexpression analyses of these genes revealed 2 clusters: (1) a prenatal cluster enriched with genes involved in neurodevelopmental (axon guidance) processes and (2) a postnatal cluster enriched with genes involved in synaptic activity and plasticity-related processes. These clusters were enriched with genes associated with all 6 psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, shared neurobiologic processes were associated with differences in cortical thickness across multiple psychiatric disorders. These processes implicate a common role of prenatal development and postnatal functioning of the cerebral cortex in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Patel
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine Parker
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Howard
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leon French
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Elena Pozzi
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Yoshinari Abe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christoph Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andre Aleman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Alloza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Silvia Alonso-Lana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrew A McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM
| | - Paul D Arnold
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London, London, England
| | - Francesca Assogna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guillaume Auzias
- INT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cibele E Bandeira
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandr Baranov
- The Research Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Premika S W Boedhoe
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Boks
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Bollettini
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Del Mar Bonnin
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiana Borgers
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brian P Brennan
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Jason M Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Calderoni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience - IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosa Calvo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erick J Canales-Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Cascella
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, England
| | - Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anastasia Christakou
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England
| | - David Coghill
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana I Cubillo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London UK; Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Renata B Cupertino
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, London, England
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erin W Dickie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, Clerkenwell, London, England
| | - Katharina Dohm
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Ely
- Department of Psychiatry and Biological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Bronx, New York
| | - Tracy Erwin-Grabner
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry, Göettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Damien A Fair
- Behavioral Neuroscience Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | | | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jennifer M Fedor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Child OCD and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cynthia H Y Fu
- University of East London, School of Psychology, London, England
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matt C Gabel
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | - David C Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jose M Goikolea
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Roberto Goya-Maldonado
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry, Göettingen, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Gruner
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Shlomi Haar
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Hahn
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, England
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Hilland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Hoekstra
- Radboud University Medical Center, Karakter University Center of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - L E Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cyril Höschl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Marie F Høvik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Fern Jaspers-Fayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming. China
| | - Rune Jonassen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Georgii Karkashadze
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and child health of the Central clinical hospital of the Ministry of Science and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph A King
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, German; JARA-Brain Institute II Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London, London, England
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils I Landrø
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luisa Lazaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sara Lera-Miguel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mario R Louza
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank P MacMaster
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luigi A Maglanoc
- University Centre for Information Technology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles B Malpas
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria J Portella
- Group of Research in Mental Health, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIBSant Pau; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Fiona M Martyn
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Hazel McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Genevieve McPhilemy
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Susanne Meinert
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- McMaster University, Mood Disorders Program, SJH Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filippo Muratori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience - IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, King's College London, London, England
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, England
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Leila Nabulsi
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Akiko Nakagawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamae
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Leyla Namazova
- The Research Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Janardhanan Narayanaswamy
- OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Danai D Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine
| | - Rosa Nicolau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kirsten O'Hearn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Opel
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Bob Oranje
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Ortiz García de la Foz
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, England
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), and Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Picó-Pérez
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Felipe A Picon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Kerstin J Plessen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Olga Puig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paul E Rasser
- Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Rauer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janardhan Reddy
- OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ronny Redlich
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Repple
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anja Richter
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro G P Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katya K Rubia
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Santonja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Kelvin Sarink
- University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mauricio H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Philip Shaw
- National Human Genome Research Institute and National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Devon Shook
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J Silk
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Schmitt Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Aditya Singh
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry, Göettingen, Germany
| | - Antonin Skoch
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jair C Soares
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Noam Soreni
- Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, SJH Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Filip Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Nathan Kline Institute, New York
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Takayanagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Henk S Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David F Tolin
- Anxiety Disorders Center, The Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - David Tomecek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | - Michela Tosetti
- Laboratory of Medical Physics and Magnetic Resonance - IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alasdair Vance
- Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Vilarroya
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg G von Polier
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Andrea S Weideman
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - T T Yang
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuliya Yoncheva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Child Study Center, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg C Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wannan CMJ, Cropley VL, Chakravarty MM, Bousman C, Ganella EP, Bruggemann JM, Weickert TW, Weickert CS, Everall I, McGorry P, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Bartholomeusz CF, Pantelis C, Zalesky A. Evidence for Network-Based Cortical Thickness Reductions in Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:552-563. [PMID: 31164006 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortical thickness reductions in schizophrenia are irregularly distributed across multiple loci. The authors hypothesized that cortical connectivity networks would explain the distribution of cortical thickness reductions across the cortex, and, specifically, that cortico-cortical connectivity between loci with these reductions would be exceptionally strong and form an interconnected network. This hypothesis was tested in three cross-sectional schizophrenia cohorts: first-episode psychosis, chronic schizophrenia, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHODS Structural brain images were acquired for 70 patients with first-episode psychosis, 153 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 47 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and in matching healthy control groups (N=57, N=168, and N=54, respectively). Cortical thickness was compared between the patient and respective control groups at 148 regions spanning the cortex. Structural connectivity strength between pairs of cortical regions was quantified with structural covariance analysis. Connectivity strength between regions with cortical thickness reductions was compared with connectivity strength between 5,000 sets of randomly chosen regions to establish whether regions with reductions were interconnected more strongly than would be expected by chance. RESULTS Significant (false discovery rate corrected) and widespread cortical thickness reductions were found in the chronic schizophrenia (79 regions) and treatment-resistant schizophrenia (106 regions) groups, with more circumscribed reductions in the first-episode psychosis group (34 regions). Cortical thickness reductions with the largest effect sizes were found in frontal, temporal, cingulate, and insular regions. In all cohorts, both the patient and healthy control groups showed significantly increased structural covariance between regions with cortical thickness reductions compared with randomly selected regions. CONCLUSIONS Brain network architecture can explain the irregular topographic distribution of cortical thickness reductions in schizophrenia. This finding, replicated in three distinct schizophrenia cohorts, suggests that the effect is robust and independent of illness stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M J Wannan
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Chad Bousman
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Eleni P Ganella
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Jason M Bruggemann
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Ian Everall
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Patrick McGorry
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Stephen J Wood
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Cali F Bartholomeusz
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Christos Pantelis
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- The Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Cropley, Bousman, Ganella, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert, McGorry, Velakoulis, Bartholomeusz, Pantelis, Zalesky); Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, McGorry, Wood, Bartholomeusz); the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Bousman, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Wannan, Ganella, Everall, Pantelis); Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia (Cropley); the Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Bousman, Everall, Pantelis); the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis); the Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Everall, Pantelis, Zalesky); Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta (Bousman); the Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal (Chakravarty); the Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (Chakravarty); the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (Bruggemann, T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K. (Wood); the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y. (T.W. Weickert, C.S. Weickert); and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Everall)
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4
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Carruthers SP, Gurvich CT, Cropley VL, Pantelis C, Bousman C, Lenroot RK, Bruggemann JM, Weickert T, Rossell SL. The effects of a muscarinic receptor 1 gene variant on cortical thickness and surface area in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 280:62-64. [PMID: 30173002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia who are homozygous at the c.267C>A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2067477) within the cholinergic muscarinic M1 receptor gene have been reported to perform less well on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and demonstrate reduced grey matter volume in the right precentral gyrus. We investigated if rs2067477 genotype variation influenced cortical thickness and cortical surface area in a sample of 176 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder patients using FreeSurfer. We were unable to detect any significant changes to either surface-based measure of brain structure across genotype. Future studies should expand the focus and include SNPs that are in linkage disequilibrium with rs2067477.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Carruthers
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Caroline T Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre (MAPrc), Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia; Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chad Bousman
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia; Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rhoshel K Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason M Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia; Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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5
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Barry RJ, Broyd SJ, Bruggemann JM, Budd TW, Johnstone SJ, Rushby JA, Smith JL. Psychophysiology in Australasia. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:285-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Abstract
While a laboratory setting and research-grade electroencephalogram (EEG) equipment allow control of variables and high-quality multiple-channel EEG recording, there are situations and populations for which this is not suitable. The present studies examined the validity of a new method of single-channel EEG measurement that is portable and uses dry-sensor technology. In study 1, EEG was recorded simultaneously from the portable device and 4 standard EEG electrodes from a research system, during eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) resting conditions, with 20 adult participants. Average correlations with the research system frequency spectra were highest at site F3 for portable device data processed onboard of the device (r = .90), and for device data processed in a standard manner (r = .89). Further, predictable variations in EO versus EC comparisons were observed. In study 2, twenty-three healthy children had EEGs recorded from the portable device during EO and EC resting conditions, and 3 EO active conditions (ie, relaxation, attention, and cognitive load). Absolute and relative EEG band power differed between conditions in predicted ways, including a reduction in relative theta power and an increase in relative alpha power in EC compared to EO resting conditions. Overall, the results suggest that, while limited in terms of scalp recording locations, the portable device has potential utility in certain EEG recording situations where ease of use is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Johnstone
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Hajos M, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M, Bruggemann JM. Acute atomoxetine effects on the EEG of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:702-7. [PMID: 19698723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although stimulant medications are the most commonly-used treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), as many as 20% of treated children do not respond clinically to stimulants. This study investigated the effects of an acute dose of atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and performance of children with AD/HD. An initial pre-medication EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting condition. Within two weeks, a second EEG was recorded 1 h after ingestion of 20 mg of atomoxetine. Data were Fourier transformed to provide absolute and relative power estimates for the delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands. Compared to controls, the unmedicated AD/HD children had significantly elevated global absolute and relative delta, with reduced global relative alpha, and absolute and relative gamma, and many topographic differences. Atomoxetine produced significant global increases in absolute and relative beta, with several topographic changes in other bands, and a significant reduction in omission errors on a Continuous Performance Task. These results indicate that SNRIs can produce substantial normalisation of the AD/HD EEG profile, together with behavioural performance improvements. Although EEG changes induced by acute administration of psychostimulants (methylphenidate/dexamphetamine) and atomoxetine are not identical, both classes of AD/HD drugs produce similar EEG band changes. Further analysis of EEG responses to SNRIs and psychostimulants could reveal common neurophysiological processes closely linked to clinical improvement of AD/HD symptoms in response to pharmacotherapy, providing translational markers for clinical efficacy studies and potential translational biomarkers for AD/HD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Barry
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
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8
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Bruggemann JM, Wilke M, Som SS, Bye AM, Bleasel A, Lawson JA. Voxel-based morphometry in the detection of dysplasia and neoplasia in childhood epilepsy: Limitations of grey matter analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:780-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ, Brown CR, Bruggemann JM, van Rijbroek I. Caffeine effects on resting-state arousal in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 73:355-61. [PMID: 19486913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From previous work in our laboratory, increases in skin conductance level (SCL), together with global (across-scalp) decreases in electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha power and increases in alpha frequency, are useful indices of arousal increase, and here we sought to identify changes in these indices with caffeine ingestion in children. We explored the effects of a single oral dose of caffeine (80 mg) in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled repeated-measures cross-over study. Thirty healthy children aged between 8 and 13 years (mean age 10.5 years; 11 females) participated in two sessions, 1 week apart. EEG and SCL from a 3 min eyes-closed epoch, commencing approximately 30 min after ingestion of caffeine or placebo, were examined. Caffeine was associated with increased SCL, and a global reduction in EEG power in the theta and alpha bands, as well as topographically-focused reductions in delta and beta power, and a focal increase in alpha frequency. Only global alpha level demonstrated the expected inverse relationship with SCL in both placebo and caffeine conditions. These results are generally consistent with recent electrodermal and EEG studies of arousal. Together with our previous adult data, they indicate that caffeine can be used to increase arousal in both adults and children, without the potential confounds associated with varying task demands. Caffeine appears useful as a simple tool for manipulating arousal in studies exploring its role in physiological and behavioural functioning. This may be helpful in determining the role of hypothetical arousal anomalies in syndromes such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Barry
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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10
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Bruggemann JM, Wilke M, Som SS, Bye AM, Bleasel A, Lawson JA. Voxel-based morphometry in the detection of dysplasia and neoplasia in childhood epilepsy: Combined grey/white matter analysis augments detection. Epilepsy Res 2007; 77:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Bruggemann JM, Som SS, Lawson JA, Haindl W, Cunningham AM, Bye AME. Application of statistical parametric mapping to SPET in the assessment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:369-77. [PMID: 14647983 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-1366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) quantification and analysis has been successfully applied to functional imaging studies of partial epilepsy syndromes in adults. The present study evaluated whether localisation of the epileptogenic zone (determined by SPM) improves upon visually examined single-photon emission tomography (SPET) imaging in presurgical assessment of children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The patient sample consisted of 24 children (15 males) aged 2.1-17.8 years (9.8+/-4.3 years; mean+/-SD) with intractable TLE or FLE. SPET imaging was acquired routinely in presurgical evaluation. All patient images were transformed into the standard stereotactic space of the adult SPM SPET template prior to SPM statistical analysis. Individual patient images were contrasted with an adult control group of 22 healthy adult females. Resultant statistical parametric maps were rendered over the SPM canonical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two corresponding sets of ictal and interictal SPM and SPET images were then generated for each patient. Experienced clinicians independently reviewed the image sets, blinded to clinical details. Concordance of the reports between SPM and SPET images, syndrome classification and MRI abnormality was studied. A fair level of inter-rater reliability (kappa=0.73) was evident for SPM localisation. SPM was concordant with SPET in 71% of all patients, the majority of the discordance being from the FLE group. SPM and SPET localisation were concordant with epilepsy syndrome in 80% of the TLE cases. Concordant localisation to syndrome was worse for both SPM (33%) and SPET (44%) in the FLE group. Data from a small sample of patients with varied focal structural pathologies suggested that SPM performed poorly relative to SPET in these cases. Concordance of SPM and SPET with syndrome was lower in patients younger than 6 years than in those aged 6 years and above. SPM is effective in localising the potential epileptogenic zone but does not provide additional benefit beyond SPET in presurgical assessment of children with intractable epilepsy. The impact of different pathologies on the efficacy of SPM warrants further study.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain Mapping/methods
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnostic imaging
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/surgery
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnostic imaging
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Preoperative Care/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Bruggemann
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital and School of Women's & Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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