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Heymer J, Raepple D. The ongoing journey in targeting hemodynamic interventions: missing miles for missing the last micron? Intensive Care Med Exp 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38594581 PMCID: PMC11004093 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-024-00621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Heymer
- Internistische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum Für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Raepple
- Internistische Intensivmedizin, Zentrum Für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Heymer J, Hein A, Ott M, Schilling T, Räpple D. Mechanisms of limitation of oxygen delivery during veno-venous extracorporal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:7119-7122. [PMID: 38249906 PMCID: PMC10797343 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Delivery of oxygen to the mitochondrium is a process involving multiple steps. We here present the integration of the mechanisms of oxygen delivery (DO2) during veno-venous (V-V) extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) into a holistic physiological model. The final steps of oxygen transport in this model are the convective transport of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the arterial blood and the diffusion to the mitochondrium from the microcirculation. Limitation of DO2 may occur on both steps. In cases of severe respiratory failure without lung function, ECMO may provide the entire oxygen supply for the patients. If the cardiac output (CO) is significantly higher than the maximal ECMO flow, the addition of deoxygenated venous blood will lead to a low arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). In this situation the convective transport of oxygen is mostly limited by the maximal ECMO flow. If a bi-caval dual lumen cannula is used, the recirculation may be very low. Lowering the CO in this situation will increase the arterial SaO2. An increased arterial SaO2 may increase the oxygen transport to the mitochondrium by diffusion. The hypothesis derived from this model is that lowering the CO during V-V ECMO support in the situation described above might increase DO2 to the tissues by improving oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Ott
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Schilling
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Räpple
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Heymer J, Hein A, Ott M, Schilling T, Räpple D. Weaning assessment of veno-arteriovenous (V-AV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:47. [PMID: 37524890 PMCID: PMC10390379 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of methods for simultaneous assessment of readiness for decannulation of the veno-venous (V-V) and veno-arterial (V-A) components during veno-arteriovenous (V-AV) extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. We describe a novel approach using a simultaneous off-sweep and controlled backflow test to assess readiness for decannulation from V-AV ECMO. This method needs testing in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Hein
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Heymer J, Fohr B, Raepple D. Veno-arterial-venous extracorporal membrane oxygenation (V-AV ECMO) in a patient in ARDS and cardiac instability after severe polytrauma. J Artif Organs 2023:10.1007/s10047-023-01393-0. [PMID: 37071339 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-023-01393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in critically ill trauma patients is underutilized, mainly due to concerns of anticoagulation. However, short-term ECLS in these patients can be safely performed with no or minimal systemic anticoagulation. Case series show favorable outcomes in trauma patients with veno-venous (V-V) and veno-arterial (V-A) ECMO, respectively, but there are only a few case reports of successful veno-arterio-venous (V-AV) ECMO in polytrauma patients. We report on a 63-year-old female admitted to our emergency department following a severe car accident who was successfully treated in a multidisciplinary approach, including bridging to damage control surgery and recovery with a V-AV ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Heymer
- Department of Internal Medicine Intensive Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fohr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstrasse 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Raepple
- Department of Internal Medicine Intensive Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Heymer J, Dengler F, Krohn A, Jaki C, Schilling T, Mueller-Schilling M, Kandulski A, Ott M. Simulation of Aerosol and Droplet Spread during Upper Airway and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Dig Dis 2022; 41:148-153. [PMID: 35738233 DOI: 10.1159/000525482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aerosols and droplets are the main vectors in transmission of highly contagious SARS-CoV-2. Invasive diagnostic procedures like upper airway and gastrointestinal endoscopy have been declared as aerosol-generating procedures. Protection of healthcare workers is crucial in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We simulated aerosol and droplet spread during upper airway and gastrointestinal endoscopy with and without physico-mechanical barriers using a simulation model. RESULTS A clear plastic drape as used for central venous access markedly reduced visualized aerosol and droplet spread during endoscopy. CONCLUSION A simple and cheap drape has the potential to reduce aerosol and droplet spread during endoscopy. In terms of healthcare worker protection, this may be important particularly in low- or moderate-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Heymer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Dengler
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Krohn
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Jaki
- Simulation Center STUPS, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Schilling
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martina Mueller-Schilling
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ott
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Katharinenhospital, Stuttgart, Germany
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Ott M, Krohn A, Bilfield LH, Dengler F, Jaki C, Echterdiek F, Schilling T, Heymer J. The authors respond: Alternatives to chest compression CPR. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 51:413. [PMID: 34756780 PMCID: PMC8547783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ott
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Krohn
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laurence H Bilfield
- Fellow of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Fellow of the American Board of Independent Medical Examiners; 4450 Belden Village St NW, Canton, Ohio, USA
| | - Florian Dengler
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Jaki
- Simulation Center STUPS, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Echterdiek
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Schilling
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Heymer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ott M, Krohn A, Bilfield LH, Dengler F, Jaki C, Echterdiek F, Schilling T, Heymer J. Leg-heel chest compression as an alternative for medical professionals in times of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 50:575-581. [PMID: 34560564 PMCID: PMC8420094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate leg-heel chest compression without previous training as an alternative for medical professionals and its effects on distance to potential aerosol spread during chest compression. METHODS 20 medical professionals performed standard manual chest compression followed by leg-heel chest compression after a brief instruction on a manikin. We compared percentage of correct chest compression position, percentage of full chest recoil, percentage of correct compression depth, average compression depth, percentage of correct compression rate and average compression rate between both methods. In a second approach, potential aerosol spread during chest compression was visualized. RESULTS Our data indicate no credible difference between manual and leg-heel compression. The distance to potential aerosol spread could have been increased by leg-heel method. CONCLUSION Under special circumstances like COVID-19-pandemic, leg-heel chest compression may be an effective alternative without previous training compared to manual chest compression while markedly increasing the distance to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ott
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Krohn
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laurence H Bilfield
- Fellow of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Fellow of the American Board of Independent Medical Examiners, 4450 Belden Village St NW, Canton, OH, USA
| | - Florian Dengler
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Jaki
- Simulation Center STUPS, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Echterdiek
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Schilling
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Heymer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ott M, Milazzo A, Liebau S, Jaki C, Schilling T, Krohn A, Heymer J. Exploration of strategies to reduce aerosol-spread during chest compressions: A simulation and cadaver model. Resuscitation 2020; 152:192-198. [PMID: 32437780 PMCID: PMC7211624 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of strategies to reduce the spread of simulated aerosol during chest compressions on manikin and cadaver experimental models. Methods To evaluate aerosol-spread we nebulized ultraviolet sensitive detergents into the artificial airway of a resuscitation dummy and performed CPR. The spread of the visualized aerosol was documented by a camera. In a further approach we applied nebulized detergents into the airways of human cadavers and detected the simulated spread on the same way. Among others we did recordings with undergoing compression-only-CPR, with a surgical mask or an oxygen mask on the patients face and with an inserted supraglottic airway device with and without a connected airway filter. Results Most aerosol-spread at the direction of the provider was visualized during compression-only-CPR. The use of a surgical mask and of an oxygen mask on the patient's face deflected the spread. Inserting a supraglottic airway device connected to an airway filter lead to a remarkable reduction of aerosol-spread. Conclusion The early insertion of a supraglottic airway device connected to an airway filter before starting chest compression may be beneficial for staff protection during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ott
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alfio Milazzo
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology INDB, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology INDB, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Christina Jaki
- Simulation Center STUPS, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tobias Schilling
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Krohn
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Johannes Heymer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Heymer J, Lienig A, Löffler J, Schilling T, Räpple D. Extreme metabolic alkalosis and acute kidney injury in a 38-year-old male patient. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22:883-885. [PMID: 30662230 PMCID: PMC6311974 DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.ijccm_180_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated vomiting may lead to profound loss of fluid and electrolytes. We describe a case with life-threatening acid-base disturbances due to vomiting. A 38-year-old man presented to an emergency department with weakness and decreased urine output after having vomited up to 20 times per day over a period of 7 days. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed a metabolic alkalosis with partial respiratory compensation. Initial management consisted of oxygen therapy and intravenous fluid therapy with normal saline and potassium chloride. To prevent further gastric losses of HCl, proton-pump inhibitors and metoclopramide were administered. The vomiting was caused most likely by a temporary duodenal stenosis due to portal hypertension of unknown etiology. In our opinion, this case demonstrates the successful management of a life-threatening condition by simple measures. Despite extensive diagnostic procedures, the effective treatment of the underlying condition consisted of watchful waiting.
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Holzhauser L, Heymer J, Kasner M, Landmesser U, Skurk C. Rare case of a multilocular primary cardiac intimal sarcoma presenting as left atrial mass with new onset atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2402. [PMID: 26040800 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Holzhauser
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johannes Heymer
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Mario Kasner
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
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Wübbelt P, Fernandez G, Heymer J. Clinical trial management and remote data entry on the Internet based on XML case report forms. Stud Health Technol Inform 2001; 77:333-7. [PMID: 11187568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The Internet and the World Wide Web have recently been introduced into the management of some aspects of clinical trials such as remote randomisation and data entry and the distribution of information on trial progress. A few larger trials use electronic Case Report Forms (eCRFs) built with HTML. This article describes a more flexible approach using the Extensible Markup Language XML.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wübbelt
- Department of Biometry, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The most obvious phenotype of Ft/+ mice is a syndactyly of fore limbs characterised by a fusion of the tips of digits 1 to 4. The tempospatial expression of genes involved in limb development revealed that patterning of Ft/+ limb buds is not affected by the mutation. However, an upregulation of Bmp4 in the anterior-distal region of the limb bud at d12.0 of embryonic development is accompanied by a loss of Fgf8 expression in the distal part of the AER. Downstream target genes of Bmp action such as Msx1 and 2 are upregulated. This induction of the signalling cascade indicates ectopic expression of functional Bmp4. Nevertheless, analysis of physical parameters of bones from adult mice revealed a reduction of the bone mass of the autopod. The data suggest a negative effect of Bmp4 on Fgf8 expression and a positive influence on the induction of bone elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heymer
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Hollnagel A, Oehlmann V, Heymer J, Rüther U, Nordheim A. Id genes are direct targets of bone morphogenetic protein induction in embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19838-45. [PMID: 10391928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.28.19838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are morphogenetic signaling molecules essential for embryonic patterning. To obtain molecular insight into the influence of BMPs on morphogenesis, we searched for new genes directly activated by BMP signaling. In vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were used, cultivated in chemically defined growth medium (CDM). CDM-cultured ES cells responded very selectively to stimulation by various mesoderm inducers (BMP2/4, activin A, and basic fibroblast growth factor). BMP2/4 rapidly induced transcript levels of the homeobox genes Msx-1 and Msx-2 and the proto-oncogene JunB, whereas c-jun transcripts displayed delayed albeit prolonged increase. Using differential display cDNA cloning, six direct BMP target genes were identified. These include Id3, which showed strong mRNA induction, and the moderately induced Cyr61, DEK, and eIF4AII genes, as well as a gene encoding a GC-binding protein. Besides Id3, also the Id1 and Id2 genes were activated by BMP4 in both ES cells and a range of different cell lines. Id genes encode negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. In vivo we observed local ectopic expression of Id3 and Msx-2 mRNAs in Ft/+ embryos at overlapping regions of ectopic Bmp4 misexpression. We therefore propose that the Msx and Id genes are direct target genes of embryonic BMP4 signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hollnagel
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
We have investigated the expression of left/right (L/R) asymmetry markers, nodal and lefty, in the situs inversus mouse mutant Fused toes (Ft). Both genes exhibited bilateral expression in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) at developmental stages whereas in wildtype embryos these genes were found to be expressed exclusively in the left LPM. Inspection of tail location and primitive heart tube looping, structures known to be handed in their orientation, documented a random orientation of these structures. Crossing of the Ft mutation into a different genetic background resulted in a strong reduction of this random orientation. Although the major fraction of these individuals still displayed nodal and lefty on both sides of the LPM, expression was almost always found to be weaker in the right LPM. These results suggest that the establishment of asymmetry is independent of nodal or lefty signals. However, handed asymmetry, which means consistent L/R differences, such as the dextral looping of the primitive heart tube or the right-oriented tail, is directed by differences in the L/R expression pattern of these two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heymer
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the developing limb is associated with the zone of polarising activity (ZPA), and both are restricted to the posterior part of the limb bud. We show that the expression patterns of Shh and Gli3, a member of the Gli-family believed to function in transcriptional control, appear to be mutually exclusive in limb buds of mouse embryos. In the polydactyly mouse mutant extra toes (Xt), possessing a null mutation of Gli3, Shh is additionally expressed in the anterior region of the limb bud. The transcript of Ptc, the putative receptor for Shh protein, can be detected anteriorly as well. Other genes known to be involved in limb outgrowth and patterning, like Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), and Hoxd are misexpressed in relation to the ectopic Shh expression domain in Xt limb buds. This data suggest that Gli3 is a regulator of Shh expression in mouse limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Büscher
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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Marquardt J, Heymer J, Heinz H, Adolf GR, Deegen E. Kinetics of inhibition of replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in blood mononuclear cells of horses after in vitro and in vivo treatment with recombinant equine interferon-beta 1. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55:1093-100. [PMID: 7978648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (reqIFN-beta 1) induces an antiviral state in blood mononuclear cells (BMC) of horses. Maximal protection against replication of vesicular stomatitis virus is achieved 6 hours after treatment with IFN in vitro and in vivo. Duration of the protective effect depends on the dose of IFN in vitro and in vivo. Availability of reqIFN-beta 1 in cultures of BMC for up to 48 hours does not prolong the antiviral state. The protective effect on BMC after treatment with IFN has similar duration in vivo and in vitro. Monitoring of the effect of IFN in vivo is, thus, simplified because the antiviral state may be recorded by testing cells twice (ie, before and 6 hours after application of interferon). All further tests may be performed in vitro. Multiple administration of reqIFN-beta 1 do not prolong duration of the protective phases after each administration. Duration of the antiviral state depends only on the dose of reqIFN-beta 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marquardt
- Immunology Unit, Veterinary School, Hannover, FRG
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Heymer J, Leibold W. Single and dual labelling of cytotoxic target cells. Comparison of three radioactive tracers, [35S]methionine, [75Se]selenomethionine, and chromium-51. J Immunol Methods 1993; 161:217-22. [PMID: 8505550 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90297-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
[75Se]selenomethionine (75SeM) has been shown to provide several advantages over Na(2)51CrO4 (51Cr) labelling of metabolizing target cells: high labelling efficiency and low spontaneous release of 75SeM-labelled target cells permit improved monitoring of cytotoxicity due to extended effector/target ratios in short- and long-term assays. Unfortunately, 75SeM will soon be difficult to obtain. Therefore we studied the suitability of [35S]methionine (35SM) as a substitute for 75SeM. Furthermore, we explored the potential of dual labelling of suspension target cells applying combinations of 35SM and 51Cr or 75SeM and 51Cr. 35SM is a suitable substitute for 75SeM retaining most of the advantages of 75SeM labelling. Although considerably higher labelling of cells is possible we obtained the most efficient labelling with 100-400 kBq/ml of 35SM or 75SeM resulting in a relatively high uptake (3-15 cpm/cell) and very low spontaneous release (1-2%/h) up to 24 h. This permits short- and long-term cytotoxic assays and the use of low numbers of target cells (1 x 10(3)) providing increased cytotoxic sensitivity with reduced amounts of effector cells. Suitable dual labelling of target cells with 35SM plus 51Cr or 75SeM plus 51Cr documented convincingly identical release kinetics for 35SM and 75SeM but partially discordant ones for 51Cr. Depending on the target cell used dual labelling permits discrimination and monitoring of different cytotoxic or release mechanisms in cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heymer
- Immunology Unit, Veterinary School, Hannover, Germany
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Heymer J, Marquardt J, Heinz H, Adolf GR, Leibold W. "Discordant" influence of equine recombinant interferon-beta 1 on the cytotoxic capacity of equine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and in vivo. J Interferon Res 1992; 12:415-23. [PMID: 1289409 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1992.12.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (rEqIFN-beta 1) on mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) was tested under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Treatment of equine PBMC with IFN in vitro enhanced the antibody-independent cytotoxicity (AICC) and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) while there was no significant effect on the cytotoxic capacity of PMN treated with rEqIFN-beta 1 in vitro. Ex vivo there was an increased capacity of AICC and ADCC upon single or multiple application of rEqIFN-beta 1 in PMN, only. Treatment with rEqIFN-beta 1 thus induced an increased cellular cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo but in different populations of peripheral blood cells. In vivo rEqIFN-beta 1 causes a pronounced activation of PMN but not of PBMC as cytotoxic effector cells. This might be achieved indirectly, e.g., by cytokines produced by IFN-sensitive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heymer
- Immunology Unit, Veterinary School, Hannover, FRG
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Marquardt J, Heymer J, Heinz H, Deegen E, Adolf GR, Leibold W. Monitoring of effects induced by recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 in whole blood and separated fractions of peripheral blood of horses. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1992; 39:327-36. [PMID: 1325723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon is known to induce antiviral mechanisms and to exert immunoregulatory capacities on various cell types. The antiviral capacity of recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (rEqIFN-beta 1) is most sensitively monitored by indirect quantitation of multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in blood cells of horses. As few as 0.5 pg rEqIFN-beta 1/ml can be assessed by means of 90% reduction of VSV-replication in whole blood (w.b.) as well as in isolated mononuclear blood cells (MNC) in spite of individual variations. The immunoregulatory influence of 20-50 pg rEqIFN-beta 1/ml is sufficient to cause at least a 50% reduction of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in MNC, while higher concentrations are needed in w.b. Of the mitogens tested the best stimulation of proliferation on the equine lymphoid cells was obtained with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from phagocytic cells in w.b. or from isolated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as monitored by chemiluminescence (CL) does not seem suitable for evaluation of rEqIFN-beta 1-induced immunoregulation as only very high rEqIFN-beta 1-concentrations (10(3)-10(4) pg/ml) result in a minute increase (up to 20%) of CL. Comparative studies on w.b. and isolated leukocyte fractions from identical specimens of individual horses suggest that monitoring of antiviral and distinct immunoregulatory capacities of rEqIFN-beta 1 can be performed on w.b. without loss of information and sensitivity as compared to isolated MNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marquardt
- Immunology Unit, Veterinary School, Hannover, Germany
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Marquardt J, Heinz H, Heymer J, Deegen E, Adolf GR, Leibold W. A method for the assay of "difficult" interferons exemplified with recombinant equine interferon-beta 1. J Interferon Res 1992; 12:83-5. [PMID: 1315833 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1992.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We wished to assay recombinant equine interferon-beta 1 (rEqIFN-beta 1) but could not obtain satisfactory results with previously described methods. Therefore, we developed a yield-reduction assay, using primary horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for challenge, which proved consistently satisfactory and highly sensitive. It is suggested that this method of assay may be useful for IFNs from other animals where problems are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marquardt
- Immunology Unit, Veterinary School, Hannover, FRG
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