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Cranford HM, Browne AS, LeCount K, Anderson T, Hamond C, Schlater L, Stuber T, Burke-France VJ, Taylor M, Harrison CJ, Matias KY, Medley A, Rossow J, Wiese N, Jankelunas L, de Wilde L, Mehalick M, Blanchard GL, Garcia KR, McKinley AS, Lombard CD, Angeli NF, Horner D, Kelley T, Worthington DJ, Valiulis J, Bradford B, Berentsen A, Salzer JS, Galloway R, Schafer IJ, Bisgard K, Roth J, Ellis BR, Ellis EM, Nally JE. Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009859. [PMID: 34780473 PMCID: PMC8592401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2019-2020, the Virgin Islands Department of Health investigated potential animal reservoirs of Leptospira spp., the bacteria that cause leptospirosis. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated Leptospira spp. exposure and carriage in the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata, syn: Herpestes auropunctatus), an invasive animal species. This study was conducted across the three main islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), which are St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. We used the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), fluorescent antibody test (FAT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (lipl32 rt-PCR), and bacterial culture to evaluate serum and kidney specimens and compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of these laboratory methods. Mongooses (n = 274) were live-trapped at 31 field sites in ten regions across USVI and humanely euthanized for Leptospira spp. testing. Bacterial isolates were sequenced and evaluated for species and phylogenetic analysis using the ppk gene. Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected in 34% (87/256) of mongooses. Reactions were observed with the following serogroups: Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Mini, Cynopteri, Australis, Hebdomadis, Autumnalis, Mankarso, Pomona, and Ballum. Of the kidney specimens examined, 5.8% (16/270) were FAT-positive, 10% (27/274) were culture-positive, and 12.4% (34/274) were positive by rt-PCR. Of the Leptospira spp. isolated from mongooses, 25 were L. borgpetersenii, one was L. interrogans, and one was L. kirschneri. Positive predictive values of FAT and rt-PCR testing for predicting successful isolation of Leptospira by culture were 88% and 65%, respectively. The isolation and identification of Leptospira spp. in mongooses highlights the potential role of mongooses as a wildlife reservoir of leptospirosis; mongooses could be a source of Leptospira spp. infections for other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Cranford
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - A. Springer Browne
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen LeCount
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tammy Anderson
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Camila Hamond
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Linda Schlater
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tod Stuber
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Valicia J. Burke-France
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Marissa Taylor
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Cosme J. Harrison
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Katia Y. Matias
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medley
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wiese
- Laboratory Leadership Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leanne Jankelunas
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leah de Wilde
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Michelle Mehalick
- St. Croix Animal Welfare Center, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Gerard L. Blanchard
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Garcia
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Alan S. McKinley
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Claudia D. Lombard
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Nicole F. Angeli
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - David Horner
- National Park Service, Cruz Bay, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kelley
- National Park Service, Cruz Bay, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer Valiulis
- St. Croix Environmental Association, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Bethany Bradford
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Are Berentsen
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ilana J. Schafer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristine Bisgard
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph Roth
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Christiansted, Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Jarlath E. Nally
- Leptospira Working Group, National Centers for Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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2
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Karmarkar EN, O'Donnell K, Prestel C, Forsberg K, Gade L, Jain S, Schan D, Chow N, McDermott D, Rossow J, Toda M, Ruiz R, Hun S, Dale JL, Gross A, Maruca T, Glowicz J, Brooks R, Bagheri H, Nelson T, Gualandi N, Khwaja Z, Horwich-Scholefield S, Jacobs J, Cheung M, Walters M, Jacobs-Slifka K, Stone ND, Mikhail L, Chaturvedi S, Klein L, Vagnone PS, Schneider E, Berkow EL, Jackson BR, Vallabhaneni S, Zahn M, Epson E. Rapid Assessment and Containment of Candida auris Transmission in Postacute Care Settings-Orange County, California, 2019. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:1554-1562. [PMID: 34487450 PMCID: PMC10984253 DOI: 10.7326/m21-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast, can spread rapidly in ventilator-capable skilled-nursing facilities (vSNFs) and long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs). In 2018, a laboratory serving LTACHs in southern California began identifying species of Candida that were detected in urine specimens to enhance surveillance of C auris, and C auris was identified in February 2019 in a patient in an Orange County (OC), California, LTACH. Further investigation identified C auris at 3 associated facilities. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of C auris and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in LTACHs and vSNFs in OC. DESIGN Point prevalence surveys (PPSs), postdischarge testing for C auris detection, and assessments of IPC were done from March to October 2019. SETTING All LTACHs (n = 3) and vSNFs (n = 14) serving adult patients in OC. PARTICIPANTS Current or recent patients in LTACHs and vSNFs in OC. INTERVENTION In facilities where C auris was detected, PPSs were repeated every 2 weeks. Ongoing IPC support was provided. MEASUREMENTS Antifungal susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to assess isolate relatedness. RESULTS Initial PPSs at 17 facilities identified 44 additional patients with C auris in 3 (100%) LTACHs and 6 (43%) vSNFs, with the first bloodstream infection reported in May 2019. By October 2019, a total of 182 patients with C auris were identified by serial PPSs and discharge testing. Of 81 isolates that were sequenced, all were clade III and highly related. Assessments of IPC identified gaps in hand hygiene, transmission-based precautions, and environmental cleaning. The outbreak was contained to 2 facilities by October 2019. LIMITATION Acute care hospitals were not assessed, and IPC improvements over time could not be rigorously evaluated. CONCLUSION Enhanced laboratory surveillance and prompt investigation with IPC support enabled swift identification and containment of C auris. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellora N Karmarkar
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and the California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (E.N.K.)
| | - Kathleen O'Donnell
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | - Christopher Prestel
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (C.P., J.R., M.T.)
| | - Kaitlin Forsberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia (K.F.)
| | - Lalitha Gade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Seema Jain
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
| | - Douglas Schan
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | - Nancy Chow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Darby McDermott
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (C.P., J.R., M.T.)
| | - Mitsuru Toda
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (C.P., J.R., M.T.)
| | - Ryan Ruiz
- Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, Washington (R.R., S.H., E.S.)
| | - Sopheay Hun
- Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, Washington (R.R., S.H., E.S.)
| | - Jennifer L Dale
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.L.D., A.G., P.S.V.)
| | - Annastasia Gross
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.L.D., A.G., P.S.V.)
| | - Tyler Maruca
- Maryland Department of Health Laboratories Administration, Baltimore, Maryland (T.M., L.K.)
| | - Janet Glowicz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Richard Brooks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and the Maryland Department of Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Outbreak Response Bureau, Baltimore, Maryland (R.B.)
| | - Hosniyeh Bagheri
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
| | - Teresa Nelson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
| | - Nicole Gualandi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Zenith Khwaja
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
| | - Sam Horwich-Scholefield
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
| | - Josh Jacobs
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | - Michele Cheung
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | - Maroya Walters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Kara Jacobs-Slifka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Nimalie D Stone
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Lydia Mikhail
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | | | - Liore Klein
- Maryland Department of Health Laboratories Administration, Baltimore, Maryland (T.M., L.K.)
| | - Paula Snippes Vagnone
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.L.D., A.G., P.S.V.)
| | - Emily Schneider
- Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, Washington (R.R., S.H., E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth L Berkow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Brendan R Jackson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Snigdha Vallabhaneni
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (L.G., N.C., D.M., J.G., N.G., M.W., K.J., N.D.S., E.L.B., B.R.J., S.V.)
| | - Matthew Zahn
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California (K.O., D.S., J.J., M.C., L.M., M.Z.)
| | - Erin Epson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California (S.J., H.B., T.N., Z.K., S.H., E.E.)
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3
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Goryoka GW, Cossaboom CM, Gharpure R, Dawson P, Tansey C, Rossow J, Mrotz V, Rooney J, Torchetti M, Loiacono CM, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Lim A, Poulsen K, Christensen D, Sweet E, Peterson D, Sangster AL, Young EL, Oakeson KF, Taylor D, Price A, Kiphibane T, Klos R, Konkle D, Bhattacharyya S, Dasu T, Chu VT, Lewis NM, Queen K, Zhang J, Uehara A, Dietrich EA, Tong S, Kirking HL, Doty JB, Murrell LS, Spengler JR, Straily A, Wallace R, Barton Behravesh C. One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Seropositivity among Pets in Households with Confirmed Human COVID-19 Cases-Utah and Wisconsin, 2020. Viruses 2021; 13:1813. [PMID: 34578394 PMCID: PMC8472995 DOI: 10.3390/v13091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 67% of U.S. households have pets. Limited data are available on SARS-CoV-2 in pets. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets during a COVID-19 household transmission investigation. Pets from households with ≥1 person with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion from April-May 2020. We enrolled 37 dogs and 19 cats from 34 households. All oropharyngeal, nasal, and rectal swabs tested negative by rRT-PCR; one dog's fur swabs (2%) tested positive by rRT-PCR at the first sampling. Among 47 pets with serological results, eight (17%) pets (four dogs, four cats) from 6/30 (20%) households had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. In households with a seropositive pet, the proportion of people with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was greater (median 79%; range: 40-100%) compared to households with no seropositive pet (median 37%; range: 13-100%) (p = 0.01). Thirty-three pets with serologic results had frequent daily contact (≥1 h) with the index patient before the person's COVID-19 diagnosis. Of these 33 pets, 14 (42%) had decreased contact with the index patient after diagnosis and none were seropositive; of the 19 (58%) pets with continued contact, four (21%) were seropositive. Seropositive pets likely acquired infection after contact with people with COVID-19. People with COVID-19 should restrict contact with pets and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace W. Goryoka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Radhika Gharpure
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Patrick Dawson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Cassandra Tansey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - John Rossow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Victoria Mrotz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jane Rooney
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg B., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Christina M. Loiacono
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Dan Christensen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Emma Sweet
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Dallin Peterson
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Anna L. Sangster
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Erin L. Young
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Kelly F. Oakeson
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Dean Taylor
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, 350 N Redwood Rd, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Amanda Price
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, 350 N Redwood Rd, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Tair Kiphibane
- Salt Lake County Health Department, 788 Woodoak Ln, Murray, UT 84107, USA;
| | - Rachel Klos
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 W Wilson St, Madison, WI 53703, USA;
| | - Darlene Konkle
- Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, 2811 Agriculture Dr, Madison, WI 53718, USA;
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, 841 N Broadway, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (S.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Trivikram Dasu
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, 841 N Broadway, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (S.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Victoria T. Chu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Nathaniel M. Lewis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Krista Queen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Anna Uehara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Dietrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Hannah L. Kirking
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Laura S. Murrell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Anne Straily
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
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Cossaboom CM, Medley AM, Spengler JR, Kukielka EA, Goryoka GW, Baird T, Bhavsar S, Campbell S, Campbell TS, Christensen D, Condrey JA, Dawson P, Doty JB, Feldpausch A, Gabel J, Jones D, Lim A, Loiacono CM, Jenkins-Moore M, Moore A, Noureddine C, Ortega J, Poulsen K, Rooney JA, Rossow J, Sheppard K, Sweet E, Stoddard R, Tell RM, Wallace RM, Williams C, Barton Behravesh C. Low SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and No Active Infections among Dogs and Cats in Animal Shelters with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Human Cases among Employees. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:898. [PMID: 34571775 PMCID: PMC8467101 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human-to-animal and animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented; however, investigations into SARS-CoV-2 transmission in congregate animal settings are lacking. We investigated four animal shelters in the United States that had identified animals with exposure to shelter employees with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Of the 96 cats and dogs with specimens collected, only one dog had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies; no animal specimens had detectable viral RNA. These data indicate a low probability of human-to-animal transmission events in cats and dogs in shelter settings with early implementation of infection prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Alexandra M. Medley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Esther A. Kukielka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Grace W. Goryoka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Tiffany Baird
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Swity Bhavsar
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Stefanie Campbell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Thomas S. Campbell
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Daniel Christensen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Jillian A. Condrey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Patrick Dawson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Amanda Feldpausch
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Gabel
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Dee Jones
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Christina M. Loiacono
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Andrea Moore
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Clarissa Noureddine
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Jane A. Rooney
- United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - John Rossow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | | | - Emma Sweet
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Robyn Stoddard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Rachel M. Tell
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Carl Williams
- North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA;
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
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5
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Browne AS, Cranford HM, Morgan CN, Ellison JA, Berentsen A, Wiese N, Medley A, Rossow J, Jankelunas L, McKinley AS, Lombard CD, Angeli NF, Kelley T, Valiulus J, Bradford B, Burke-France VJ, Harrison CJ, Guendel I, Taylor M, Blanchard GL, Doty JB, Worthington DJ, Horner D, Garcia KR, Roth J, Ellis BR, Bisgard KM, Wallace R, Ellis EM. Determination of freedom-from-rabies for small Indian mongoose populations in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019-2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009536. [PMID: 34264951 PMCID: PMC8282080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mongooses, a nonnative species, are a known reservoir of rabies virus in the Caribbean region. A cross-sectional study of mongooses at 41 field sites on the US Virgin Islands of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas captured 312 mongooses (32% capture rate). We determined the absence of rabies virus by antigen testing and rabies virus exposure by antibody testing in mongoose populations on all three islands. USVI is the first Caribbean state to determine freedom-from-rabies for its mongoose populations with a scientifically-led robust cross-sectional study. Ongoing surveillance activities will determine if other domestic and wildlife populations in USVI are rabies-free. Mongooses in the Caribbean region are known to carry rabies and infect and kill humans with the deadly virus. While many countries in the Caribbean region assume they are rabies-free, there is a lack of scientifically based surveillance. We prospectively designed a statistically valid study to determine that mongoose populations in the US Virgin Islands are rabies-free and pose no risk of transmission to human or animal populations. We are pursuing further surveillance efforts to establish rabies freedom in all wildlife and domestic animal population in the US Virgin Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Springer Browne
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah M. Cranford
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Clint N. Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James A. Ellison
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Are Berentsen
- National Wildlife Research Center, APHIS Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wiese
- Laboratory Leadership Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medley
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leanne Jankelunas
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alan S. McKinley
- Carribbean District, APHIS Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Claudia D. Lombard
- Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Fredericksted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Nicole F. Angeli
- US Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Fredericksted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kelley
- National Park Service, St. John, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Valiulus
- St. Croix Environmental Association, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Bethany Bradford
- US Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, Kingshill, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Valicia J. Burke-France
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Cosme J. Harrison
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Irene Guendel
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Marissa Taylor
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Gerard L. Blanchard
- Carribbean District, APHIS Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - David Horner
- National Park Service, St. John, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Garcia
- Carribbean District, APHIS Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Joseph Roth
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
| | - Kristine M. Bisgard
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- US Virgin Islands Department of Health, Christiansted, US Virgin Islands, United States of America
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6
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Rossow J, Ostrowsky B, Adams E, Greenko J, McDonald R, Vallabhaneni S, Forsberg K, Perez S, Lucas T, Alroy KA, Jacobs Slifka K, Walters M, Jackson BR, Quinn M, Chaturvedi S, Blog D. Factors Associated With Candida auris Colonization and Transmission in Skilled Nursing Facilities With Ventilator Units, New York, 2016-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e753-e760. [PMID: 32984882 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant yeast that spreads in healthcare settings. People colonized with C. auris can transmit this pathogen and are at risk for invasive infections. New York State (NYS) has the largest US burden (>500 colonized and infected people); many colonized individuals are mechanically ventilated or have tracheostomy, and are residents of ventilator-capable skilled nursing facilities (vSNF). We evaluated the factors associated with C. auris colonization among vSNF residents to inform prevention interventions. METHODS During 2016-2018, the NYS Department of Health conducted point prevalence surveys (PPS) to detect C. auris colonization among residents of vSNFs. In a case-control investigation, we defined a case as C. auris colonization in a resident, and identified up to 4 residents with negative swabs during the same PPS as controls. We abstracted data from medical records on patient facility transfers, antimicrobial use, and medical history. RESULTS We included 60 cases and 218 controls identified from 6 vSNFs. After controlling for potential confounders, the following characteristics were associated with C. auris colonization: being on a ventilator (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-15.4), receiving carbapenem antibiotics in the prior 90 days (aOR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.6-7.6), having ≥1 acute care hospital visit in the prior 6 months (aOR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.9-9.6), and receiving systemic fluconazole in the prior 90 days (aOR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.6-22.6). CONCLUSIONS Targeted screening of patients in vSNFs with the above risk factors for C. auris can help identify colonized patients and facilitate the implementation of infection control measures. Antimicrobial stewardship may be an important factor in the prevention of C. auris colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rossow
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Belinda Ostrowsky
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eleanor Adams
- New York State Department of Health, Metropolitan Area Regional Office, New Rochelle, New York, USA
| | - Jane Greenko
- New York State Department of Health, Metropolitan Area Regional Office, New Rochelle, New York, USA
| | - Robert McDonald
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Snigdha Vallabhaneni
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin Forsberg
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen Perez
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Todd Lucas
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen A Alroy
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kara Jacobs Slifka
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maroya Walters
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brendan R Jackson
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Monica Quinn
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Wadsworth Laboratory, Albany, New York, USA.,Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Debra Blog
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.,Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York, USA
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7
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Pettrone K, Burnett E, Link-Gelles R, Haight SC, Schrodt C, England L, Gomes DJ, Shamout M, O'Laughlin K, Kimball A, Blau EF, Ladva CN, Szablewski CM, Tobin-D'Angelo M, Oosmanally N, Drenzek C, Browning SD, Bruce BB, da Silva J, Gold JAW, Jackson BR, Morris SB, Natarajan P, Fanfair RN, Patel PR, Rogers-Brown J, Rossow J, Wong KK, Murphy DJ, Blum JM, Hollberg J, Lefkove B, Brown FW, Shimabukuro T, Midgley CM, Tate JE, Killerby ME. Characteristics and Risk Factors of Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, March-April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1164-1168. [PMID: 33754981 PMCID: PMC8007327 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.204709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the characteristics of hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients who had coronavirus disease in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. We found that risk for hospitalization increased with a patient’s age and number of concurrent conditions. We also found a potential association between hospitalization and high hemoglobin A1c levels in persons with diabetes.
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da Silva JF, Hernandez-Romieu AC, Browning SD, Bruce BB, Natarajan P, Morris SB, Gold JAW, Neblett Fanfair R, Rogers-Brown J, Rossow J, Szablewski CM, Oosmanally N, D’Angelo MT, Drenzek C, Murphy DJ, Hollberg J, Blum JM, Jansen R, Wright DW, Sewell W, Owens J, Lefkove B, Brown FW, Burton DC, Uyeki TM, Patel PR, Jackson BR, Wong KK. COVID-19 Clinical Phenotypes: Presentation and Temporal Progression of Disease in a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults in Georgia, United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofaa596. [PMID: 33537363 PMCID: PMC7798484 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological features and outcomes of hospitalized adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described; however, the temporal progression and medical complications of disease among hospitalized patients require further study. Detailed descriptions of the natural history of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients are paramount to optimize health care resource utilization, and the detection of different clinical phenotypes may allow tailored clinical management strategies. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 305 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in 8 academic and community hospitals. Patient characteristics included demographics, comorbidities, medication use, medical complications, intensive care utilization, and longitudinal vital sign and laboratory test values. We examined laboratory and vital sign trends by mortality status and length of stay. To identify clinical phenotypes, we calculated Gower's dissimilarity matrix between each patient's clinical characteristics and clustered similar patients using the partitioning around medoids algorithm. RESULTS One phenotype of 6 identified was characterized by high mortality (49%), older age, male sex, elevated inflammatory markers, high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and shock. Patients with this severe phenotype had significantly elevated peak C-reactive protein creatinine, D-dimer, and white blood cell count and lower minimum lymphocyte count compared with other phenotypes (P < .01, all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Among a cohort of hospitalized adults, we identified a severe phenotype of COVID-19 based on the characteristics of its clinical course and poor prognosis. These findings need to be validated in other cohorts, as improved understanding of clinical phenotypes and risk factors for their development could help inform prognosis and tailored clinical management for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F da Silva
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Sean D Browning
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beau B Bruce
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pavithra Natarajan
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sapna B Morris
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Jeremy A W Gold
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robyn Neblett Fanfair
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Jessica Rogers-Brown
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Rossow
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Christine M Szablewski
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Cherie Drenzek
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J Murphy
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie Hollberg
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James M Blum
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - David W Wright
- Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jack Owens
- Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Frank W Brown
- Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Decatur Hospital, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Deron C Burton
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Priti R Patel
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Brendan R Jackson
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
| | - Karen K Wong
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service
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Jackson BR, Gold JAW, Natarajan P, Rossow J, Neblett Fanfair R, da Silva J, Wong KK, Browning SD, Bamrah Morris S, Rogers-Brown J, Hernandez-Romieu AC, Szablewski CM, Oosmanally N, Tobin-D'Angelo M, Drenzek C, Murphy DJ, Hollberg J, Blum JM, Jansen R, Wright DW, SeweSll WM, Owens JD, Lefkove B, Brown FW, Burton DC, Uyeki TM, Bialek SR, Patel PR, Bruce BB. Predictors at admission of mechanical ventilation and death in an observational cohort of adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e4141-e4151. [PMID: 32971532 PMCID: PMC7543323 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause severe illness and death. Predictors of poor outcome collected on hospital admission may inform clinical and public health decisions. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational cohort investigation of 297 adults admitted to eight academic and community hospitals in Georgia, United States, during March 2020. Using standardized medical record abstraction, we collected data on predictors including admission demographics, underlying medical conditions, outpatient antihypertensive medications, recorded symptoms, vital signs, radiographic findings, and laboratory values. We used random forest models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and death. Results Compared with age <45 years, ages 65–74 years and ≥75 years were predictors of IMV (aOR 3.12, CI 1.47–6.60; aOR 2.79, CI 1.23–6.33) and the strongest predictors for death (aOR 12.92, CI 3.26–51.25; aOR 18.06, CI 4.43–73.63). Comorbidities associated with death (aORs from 2.4 to 3.8, p <0.05) included end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease, and neurologic disorders, but not pulmonary disease, immunocompromise, or hypertension. Pre-hospital use vs. non-use of angiotensin receptor blockers (aOR 2.02, CI 1.03–3.96) and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (aOR 1.91, CI 1.03–3.55) were associated with death. Conclusions After adjustment for patient and clinical characteristics, older age was the strongest predictor of death, exceeding comorbidities, abnormal vital signs, and laboratory test abnormalities. That coronary artery disease, but not chronic lung disease, was associated with death among hospitalized patients warrants further investigation, as do associations between certain antihypertensive medications and death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy A W Gold
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC
| | | | - John Rossow
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC
| | | | | | - Karen K Wong
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service
| | - Sean D Browning
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | | | - Jessica Rogers-Brown
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC.,Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Christine M Szablewski
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC.,Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James M Blum
- Emory University School of Medicine.,Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - David W Wright
- Emory University School of Medicine.,Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jack D Owens
- Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia
| | | | - Frank W Brown
- Emory University School of Medicine.,Emory Decatur Hospital, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Deron C Burton
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service
| | | | | | - Priti R Patel
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response.,U.S. Public Health Service
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Gold JAW, Wong KK, Szablewski CM, Patel PR, Rossow J, da Silva J, Natarajan P, Morris SB, Fanfair RN, Rogers-Brown J, Bruce BB, Browning SD, Hernandez-Romieu AC, Furukawa NW, Kang M, Evans ME, Oosmanally N, Tobin-D'Angelo M, Drenzek C, Murphy DJ, Hollberg J, Blum JM, Jansen R, Wright DW, Sewell WM, Owens JD, Lefkove B, Brown FW, Burton DC, Uyeki TM, Bialek SR, Jackson BR. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Adult Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 - Georgia, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:545-550. [PMID: 32379729 PMCID: PMC7737948 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Stewart RJ, Rossow J, Eckel S, Bidol S, Ballew G, Signs K, Conover JT, Burns E, Bresee JS, Fry AM, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Text-Based Illness Monitoring for Detection of Novel Influenza A Virus Infections During an Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Outbreak in Michigan, 2016: Surveillance and Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2019; 5:e10842. [PMID: 31025948 PMCID: PMC6658270 DOI: 10.2196/10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid reporting of human infections with novel influenza A viruses accelerates detection of viruses with pandemic potential and implementation of an effective public health response. After detection of human infections with influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses associated with agricultural fairs during August 2016, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services worked with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to identify infections with variant influenza viruses using a text-based illness monitoring system. Objective To enhance detection of influenza infections using text-based monitoring and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the system for use in future outbreaks of novel influenza viruses. Methods During an outbreak of H3N2v virus infections among agricultural fair attendees, we deployed a text-illness monitoring (TIM) system to conduct active illness surveillance among households of youth who exhibited swine at fairs. We selected all fairs with suspected H3N2v virus infections. For fairs without suspected infections, we selected only those fairs that met predefined criteria. Eligible respondents were identified and recruited through email outreach and/or on-site meetings at fairs. During the fairs and for 10 days after selected fairs, enrolled households received daily, automated text-messages inquiring about illness; reports of illness were investigated by local health departments. To understand the feasibility and acceptability of the system, we monitored enrollment and trends in participation and distributed a Web-based survey to households of exhibitors from five fairs. Results Among an estimated 500 households with a member who exhibited swine at one of nine selected fairs, representatives of 87 (17.4%) households were enrolled, representing 392 household members. Among fairs that were ongoing when the TIM system was deployed, the number of respondents peaked at 54 on the third day of the fair and then steadily declined throughout the rest of the monitoring period; 19 out of 87 household representatives (22%) responded through the end of the 10-day monitoring period. We detected 2 H3N2v virus infections using the TIM system, which represents 17% (2/12) of all H3N2v virus infections detected during this outbreak in Michigan. Of the 70 survey respondents, 16 (23%) had participated in the TIM system. A total of 73% (11/15) participated because it was recommended by fair coordinators and 80% (12/15) said they would participate again. Conclusions Using a text-message system, we monitored for illness among a large number of individuals and households and detected H3N2v virus infections through active surveillance. Text-based illness monitoring systems are useful for detecting novel influenza virus infections when active monitoring is necessary. Participant retention and testing of persons reporting illness are critical elements for system improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Stewart
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Seth Eckel
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Grant Ballew
- Compliant Campaign, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph S Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Stewart RJ, Rossow J, Conover JT, Lobelo EE, Eckel S, Signs K, Stobierski MG, Trock SC, Fry AM, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Do animal exhibitors support and follow recommendations to prevent transmission of variant influenza at agricultural fairs? A survey of animal exhibitor households after a variant influenza virus outbreak in Michigan. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:195-201. [PMID: 29143461 PMCID: PMC6631301 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses circulate in swine and can spread rapidly among swine when housed in close proximity, such as at agricultural fairs. Youth who have close and prolonged contact with influenza-infected swine at agricultural fairs may be at increased risk of acquiring influenza virus infection from swine. Animal and human health officials have issued written measures to minimize influenza transmission at agricultural exhibitions; however, there is little information on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of these measures among animal exhibitors. After an August 2016 outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) variant (“H3N2v”) virus infections (i.e., humans infected with swine influenza viruses) in Michigan, we surveyed households of animal exhibitors at eight fairs (including one with known H3N2v infections) to assess their KAP related to variant virus infections and their support for prevention measures. Among 170 households interviewed, most (90%, 151/167) perceived their risk of acquiring influenza from swine to be low or very low. Animal exhibitor households reported high levels of behaviours that put them at increased risk of variant influenza virus infections, including eating or drinking in swine barns (43%, 66/154) and hugging, kissing or snuggling with swine at agricultural fairs (31%, 48/157). Among several recommendations, including limiting the duration of swine exhibits and restricting eating and drinking in the animal barns, the only recommendation supported by a majority of households was the presence of prominent hand-washing stations with a person to monitor hand-washing behaviour (76%, 129/170). This is a unique study of KAP among animal exhibitors and highlights that animal exhibitor households engage in behaviours that could increase their risk of variant virus infections and have low support for currently recommended measures to minimize infection transmission. Further efforts are needed to understand the lack of support for recommended measures and to encourage healthy behaviours at fairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stewart
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Rossow
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.,University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J T Conover
- Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E E Lobelo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Eckel
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - K Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M G Stobierski
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S C Trock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Schicker RS, Rossow J, Eckel S, Fisher N, Bidol S, Tatham L, Matthews-Greer J, Sohner K, Bowman AS, Avrill J, Forshey T, Blanton L, Davis CT, Schiltz J, Skorupski S, Berman L, Jang Y, Bresee JS, Lindstrom S, Trock SC, Wentworth D, Fry AM, de Fijter S, Signs K, DiOrio M, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Outbreak of Influenza A(H3N2) Variant Virus Infections Among Persons Attending Agricultural Fairs Housing Infected Swine — Michigan and Ohio, July–August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:1157-1160. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6542a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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