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Mazer-Amirshahi M, Cole JB, Stolbach AI, Perrone J, Nelson LS. In Response to "Comment on Ensuring the Efficacy and Safety of Approved Medications". J Med Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s13181-024-01006-z. [PMID: 38702539 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-024-01006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew I Stolbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Perrone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Mazer-Amirshahi M, Cole JB, Stolbach AI, Perrone J, Nelson LS. Ensuring the Efficacy and Safety of Approved Medications. J Med Toxicol 2024; 20:81-83. [PMID: 38393519 PMCID: PMC10959846 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-024-00998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, National Capital Poison Center, 110 Irving St NW, 20010, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew I Stolbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Perrone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Robinson AE, Driver BE, Cole JB, Miner JR, Dreyfuss AP, Strom AW, Brodt ER, Wyatt TE. Factors Associated With Physical Restraint in an Urban Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2024; 83:91-99. [PMID: 37725022 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine what patient characteristics were associated with the application of physical restraints in our emergency department (ED). METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of encounters in the ED of an urban, Level I academic trauma center. We included ED encounters of adult patients (aged ≥18 years) during a 5-year period starting in 2017. We evaluated the independent association of restraint application during an encounter using a generalized estimating equation model. RESULTS There were 464,031 ED encounters during the time period from 162,244 unique patients, including 34,798 (7.5%) with restraint application, comprising 18,166 unique patients. Several variables were associated with an increased likelihood of restraint use during an encounter. The variable with the highest odds ratio was intoxication with drugs or alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.94 to 8.65). American Indian race was associated with increased odds of restraint application (aOR 1.42; 95% CI 1.31 to 1.54) compared to the reference value of White race. Black race (aOR 0.58; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.61) and Hispanic ethnicity (aOR 0.42; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.48) were associated with lower odds of restraint application. CONCLUSIONS Drug and alcohol intoxication were most closely associated with restraint. Encounters in which the patient was American Indian had higher odds of restraint, but this study does not replicate prior findings regarding other racial disparities in restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Robinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, Keshena, WI, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea P Dreyfuss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aida W Strom
- Department of Health Equity, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erik R Brodt
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas E Wyatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Loyal Shawnee Tribe and Quapaw Nation, OK, USA
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Stolbach AI, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Nelson LS, Cole JB. American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Position Statement: Nalmefene Should Not Replace Naloxone as the Primary Opioid Antidote at This Time. J Med Toxicol 2024; 20:64-67. [PMID: 38032431 PMCID: PMC10774510 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Stolbach AI, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Nelson LS, Cole JB. Correction: American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Position Statement: Nalmefene Should Not Replace Naloxone as the Primary Opioid Antidote at This Time. J Med Toxicol 2024; 20:75. [PMID: 38153673 PMCID: PMC10774307 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Guinan FL, Wiggans GR, Norman HD, Dürr JW, Cole JB, Van Tassell CP, Misztal I, Lourenco D. Corrigendum to "Changes in genetic trends in US dairy cattle since the implementation of genomic selection" (J. Dairy Sci. 106:1110-1129). J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9911. [PMID: 38115381 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-106-12-9911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F L Guinan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - G R Wiggans
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - H D Norman
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J W Dürr
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J B Cole
- URUS Group LP, 2418 Crossroads Drive, Suite 3600, Madison, WI 53718
| | - C P Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - I Misztal
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - D Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Stolbach AI, Mazer-Amirshahi ME, Nelson LS, Cole JB. American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology position statement: nalmefene should not replace naloxone as the primary opioid antidote at this time. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:952-955. [PMID: 38039052 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2283391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nalmefene is a potent opioid antagonist that has recently been reintroduced in the United States to treat known or suspected opioid overdose. NALMEFENE CLINICAL TRIAL DATA The injection formulation, which had been withdrawn in 2008, was reintroduced in 2022, and in 2023 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a new intranasal formulation of nalmefene. Because nalmefene had been previously approved for use in 1995 via injection, the new intranasal formulation did not require new clinical data as it was approved under an Abbreviated New Drug Application. Inherent to this abbreviated approval process, intranasal nalmefene was not studied in patients currently suffering opioid overdose. NALOXONE AND NALMEFENE Nalmefene also has unique characteristics compared with naloxone, the current standard opioid antidote. Nalmefene has a higher affinity for opioid receptors and a longer duration of action than naloxone. Comparative effectiveness data regarding naloxone and nalmefene are sparse, and it is unclear if the inherent properties of nalmefene are beneficial in opioid overdose. We have decades of experience using naloxone safely and effectively as the primary opioid antidote, even in cases of fentanyl and fentanyl analog overdoses. There is, however, evidence to suggest nalmefene may result in more prolonged and severe opioid withdrawal than naloxone, which could be harmful to patients. POSITION As nalmefene is untested in the current clinical environment of synthetic opioid overdoses and has the potential to cause harm via prolonged withdrawal, it is the opinion of the American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology that nalmefene should not replace naloxone as the primary opioid antidote at this time. RECOMMENDATIONS We recommend additional clinical studies of nalmefene, administered via all approved routes, be conducted in a comparative fashion with naloxone, and that safety and effectiveness outcomes be evaluated before nalmefene is recommended as a primary opioid antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Cole JB, Oakland CL, Lee SC, Considine KA, Rudis MI, Swanson AL, Olives TD. Is Two Better Than Three? A Systematic Review of Two-bag Intravenous N-acetylcysteine Regimens for Acetaminophen Poisoning. West J Emerg Med 2023; 24:1131-1145. [PMID: 38165196 PMCID: PMC10754191 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.59099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acetaminophen poisoning is commonly treated by emergency physicians. First-line therapy is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), traditionally administered intravenously via a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved three-bag protocol in which each bag has a unique concentration and infusion duration. Recently, simplified, off-label two-bag NAC infusion protocols have become more common. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effectiveness and safety of two-bag NAC. Methods We undertook a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from inception to December 13, 2022, for articles describing human acetaminophen poisonings treated with two-bag NAC, defined as any regimen involving two discrete infusions in two separate bags. Outcomes included effectiveness (measured by incidence of liver injury); incidence of non-allergic anaphylactoid reactions (NAAR); gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and systemic reactions; treatments for NAARs; incidence of NAC-related medication errors; and delays or interruptions in NAC administration. Results Twelve articles met final inclusion, 10 of which compared two-bag NAC to the three-bag regimen. Nine articles evaluated the two-bag/20-hour regimen, a simplified version of the FDA-approved three-bag regimen in which the traditional first and second bags are combined into a single four-hour infusion. Nine articles assessed comparative effectiveness of two-bag NAC in terms of liver injury, most commonly assessed for by incidence of hepatotoxicity (aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase >1,000 international units per liter). No difference in liver injury was observed between two-bag and three-bag regimens. Of nine articles comparing incidence of NAARs, eight demonstrated statistically fewer NAARs with two-bag regimens, and one showed no difference. In seven articles evaluating treatment for NAARs (antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine), all showed that patients received fewer medications for NAARs with two-bag NAC. Three articles evaluated NAC-related medication errors; two demonstrated no difference, while one study evaluating only children showed fewer errors with two-bag NAC. Two studies evaluated delays and/or interruptions in NAC infusions; both favored two-bag NAC. Conclusion For patients with acetaminophen poisoning, two-bag NAC regimens appear to have similar outcomes to the traditional three-bag regimen in terms of liver injury. Two-bag NAC regimens are associated with fewer adverse events and fewer treatments for those events than the three-bag regimen and fewer interruptions in antidotal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Kelly A Considine
- Hennepin Healthcare, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Maria I Rudis
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Pharmacy, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alison L Swanson
- Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Travis D Olives
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Dart RC, Mullins ME, Matoushek T, Ruha AM, Burns MM, Simone K, Beuhler MC, Heard KJ, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Stork CM, Varney SM, Funk AR, Cantrell LF, Cole JB, Banner W, Stolbach AI, Hendrickson RG, Lucyk SN, Sivilotti MLA, Su MK, Nelson LS, Rumack BH. Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada: A Consensus Statement. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2327739. [PMID: 37552484 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The US and Canada currently have no formal published nationwide guidelines for specialists in poison information or emergency departments for the management of acetaminophen poisoning, resulting in significant variability in management. Objective To develop consensus guidelines for the management of acetaminophen poisoning in the US and Canada. Evidence Review Four clinical toxicology societies (America's Poison Centers, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Canadian Association of Poison Control Centers) selected participants (n = 21). Led by a nonvoting chairperson using a modified Delphi method, the panel created a decision framework and determined the appropriate clinical management of a patient with acetaminophen poisoning. Unique to this effort was the collection of guidelines from most poison centers in addition to systematic collection and review of the medical literature. Comments from review by external organizations were incorporated before the guideline was finalized. The project began in March 2021 and ended in March 2023. Findings The search retrieved 84 guidelines and 278 publications. The panel developed guidelines for emergency department management of single or repeated ingestion of acetaminophen. In addition, the panel addressed extended-release formulation, high-risk ingestion, coingestion of anticholinergics or opioids, age younger than 6 years, pregnancy, weight greater than 100 kg, and intravenous acetaminophen use. Differences from current US practice include defining acute ingestion as an ingestion presentation from 4 to 24 hours after overdose was initiated. A revised form of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram was developed. The term massive ingestion was replaced with the term high-risk ingestion and denoted by a specific nomogram line. Other recommendations include specific criteria for emergency department triage, laboratory evaluation and monitoring parameters, defining the role of gastrointestinal decontamination, detailed management of acetylcysteine treatment, associated adverse effects, and stopping criteria for acetylcysteine treatment, as well as criteria for consultation with a clinical toxicologist. Finally, specific treatment considerations, including acetylcysteine dosing, fomepizole administration, and considerations for extracorporeal elimination and transplant evaluation, were addressed. Conclusions and Relevance This qualitative study provides a consensus statement on consistent evidence-based recommendations for medical, pharmacy, and nursing education and practice to optimize care of patients with acetaminophen poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Dart
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Michael E Mullins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Anne-Michelle Ruha
- Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Michele M Burns
- Massachusetts/Rhode Island Poison Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Simone
- Northern New England Poison Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Beuhler
- Northern Carolina Poison Control, Atrium Health, Charlotte
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kennon J Heard
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center, National Capital Poison Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Christine M Stork
- Upstate New York Poison Center, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Shawn M Varney
- South Texas Poison Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio
| | | | - Lee F Cantrell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco
- California Poison Control System, San Diego Division, University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, San Diego
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | | | | | | | - Scott N Lucyk
- Poison and Drug Information Service, University of Calgary Department of Emergency Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mark K Su
- New York City Poison Control Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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Orozco BS, Lee SC, Fuchs RT, Fushianes GD, Cole JB. QT prolongation, torsades des pointes, and cardiac arrest after 4 mg of IV ondansetron. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 68:214.e3-214.e6. [PMID: 37085406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ondansetron is a commonly used antiemetic in the emergency department despite a 2011 FDA warning regarding dose-related QTc prolongation and torsades des pointes (TdP). Cases of TdP from small ondansetron doses administered in the emergency department are lacking. A 41-year-old-woman with alcohol use disorder on no medications or supplements presented to an emergency department with one day of nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain. Examination revealed a pulse of 77 beats/min and epigastric tenderness. The patient received 4 mg IV ondansetron, 30 mg IV ketorolac, and was placed on cardiac monitoring. ECG obtained one minute after ondansetron demonstrated premature ventricular contractions with QTc = 653 ms. Thirteen minutes after receiving ondansetron she suffered TdP and cardiac arrest. She received immediate CPR and IV epinephrine with successful defibrillation at one minute. She then received IV magnesium. Post-arrest ECGs demonstrated persistent QTc prolongation immediately and at three hours post-arrest. Laboratory studies, drawn prior to arrest, demonstrated hypokalemia (3.2 mEq/L), hypomagnesemia (1.3 mg/dL), and elevated lipase (4918 IU/L). She received no additional QT-prolonging agents. Transthoracic echocardiogram and troponins were normal; ECG intervals completely normalized within 12 h and she was discharged neurologically intact. The patient returned 18 months later with recurrent pancreatitis and similar electrolyte abnormalities; QT-prolonging drugs were avoided at that time and her course was uncomplicated. QT prolongation with subsequent torsades des pointes and cardiac arrest may occur in high-risk patients receiving small doses of ondansetron. Further studies are warranted to determine the safest antiemetic for use in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Orozco
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA; Tomah Health, Tomah, WI, USA.
| | - Samantha C Lee
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Ryan T Fuchs
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Driver BE, Prekker ME, Wagner E, Cole JB, Puskarich MA, Stang J, DeVries P, Maruggi E, Miner JR. Recall of Awareness During Paralysis Among ED Patients Undergoing Tracheal Intubation. Chest 2023; 163:313-323. [PMID: 36089069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients sometimes remember periods of neuromuscular blockade. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the prevalence of recalled awareness during paralysis in patients who underwent emergency tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, and what clinical variables are associated with this outcome? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This study analyzed data from a prospectively collected continuous quality improvement database of emergency tracheal intubation in an urban, county hospital. Patients who received a neuromuscular blocking agent to facilitate emergency tracheal intubation in the ED were included. The database contained details of intubation management, including medications received and patient mental status prior to intubation. Patient recall of awareness of paralysis was assessed by trained staff during an in-person interview following extubation using a modified Brice questionnaire. For this analysis, three expert reviewers used these data to adjudicate whether patients may have had awareness of paralysis, the primary outcome. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine whether clinical variables were associated with the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 886 patients were analyzed. There were 66 patients (7.4%; 95% CI, 5.8-9.4) determined to possibly (61 patients) or definitely (5 patients) have experienced and recalled awareness of paralysis. A logistic regression model revealed that a decreased level of consciousness prior to intubation was associated with lower odds of awareness (adjusted OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.69), whereas the class of neuromuscular blocking agent used, sedative used, preintubation shock index, and postintubation sedation were not significantly associated with recall of this outcome. INTERPRETATION Among patients intubated emergently using a neuromuscular blocking agent, 7.4% of patients recalled awareness without being able to move, which was more likely when patients had a normal level of consciousness prior to intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Matthew E Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Emily Wagner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Puskarich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jamie Stang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paige DeVries
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ellen Maruggi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Guinan FL, Wiggans GR, Norman HD, Dürr JW, Cole JB, Van Tassell CP, Misztal I, Lourenco D. Changes in genetic trends in US dairy cattle since the implementation of genomic selection. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1110-1129. [PMID: 36494224 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic selection increases accuracy and decreases generation interval, accelerating genetic changes in populations. Assumptions of genetic improvement must be addressed to quantify the magnitude and direction of change. Genetic trends of US dairy cattle breeds were examined to determine the genetic gain since the implementation of genomic evaluations in 2009. Inbreeding levels and generation intervals were also investigated. Breeds included Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein (HO), and Jersey (JE), which were characterized by the evaluation breed the animal received. Mean genomic predicted breeding values (PBV¯) were analyzed per year to calculate genetic trends for bulls and cows. The data set contained 154,008 bulls and 33,022,242 cows born since 1975. Breakpoints were estimated using linear regression, and nonlinear regression was used to fit the piecewise model for the small sample number in some years. Generation intervals and inbreeding levels were also investigated since 1975. Milk, fat, and protein yields, somatic cell score, productive life, daughter pregnancy rate, and livability PBV¯ were documented. In 2017, 100% of bulls in this data set were genotyped. The percentage of genotyped cows has increased 23 percentage points since 2010. Overall, production traits have increased steadily over time, as expected. The HO and JE breeds have benefited most from genomics, with up to 192% increase in genetic gain since 2009. Due to the low number of observations, trends for Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Guernsey are difficult to infer from. Trends in fertility are most substantial; particularly, most breeds are trending downwards and daughter pregnancy rate for JE has been decreasing steadily since 1975 for bulls and cows. Levels of genomic inbreeding are increasing in HO bulls and cows. In 2017, genomic inbreeding levels were 12.7% for bulls and 7.9% for cows. A suggestion to control this is to include the genomic inbreeding coefficient with a negative weight to the selection index of bulls with high future genomic inbreeding levels. For sires of bulls, the current generation intervals are 2.2 yr in HO, 3.2 in JE, 4.4 in Brown Swiss, 5.1 in Ayrshire, and 4.3 in Guernsey. The number of colored breed bulls in the United States is currently at an extremely low level, and this number will only increase with a market incentive or additional breed association involvement. Increased education and extension could be beneficial to increase knowledge about inbreeding levels, use of genomics and genetic improvement, and genetic diversity in the genomic selection era.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Guinan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
| | - G R Wiggans
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - H D Norman
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J W Dürr
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, 4201 Northview Drive, Suite 302, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J B Cole
- URUS Group LP, 2418 Crossroads Drive, Suite 3600, Madison, WI 53718
| | - C P Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - I Misztal
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - D Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Kunzler NM, Cole JB, Driver BE, Carlson J, April M, Brown CA. Risk of peri-intubation adverse events during emergency department intubation of overdose patients: a national emergency airway registry (near) analysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:1293-1298. [PMID: 36346031 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2131564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 20,000 emergency department (ED) patients undergo intubation for overdose each year. While the characteristics of patients intubated for overdose and poisoning are well described, little is known about the intubation outcomes of overdose patients in the ED. OBJECTIVES We quantify the frequency of peri-intubation adverse events for patients intubated in the ED for overdose, and determine whether first attempt success without adverse events differs between patients intubated for overdose and patients intubated for other reasons. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR), a prospective multicenter registry of ED intubations collected from an international network of 22 academic and community hospitals. We included patients 14 years and older whose first attempt was oral intubation, with data entered into NEAR between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018. The primary outcome was successful intubation on the first attempt. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine whether indication was independently associated with successful intubation on the first attempt after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, initial impression of difficult airway, presence of difficult airway characteristics, and use of video laryngoscopy. Secondary outcomes included successful intubation on the first attempt without adverse events, the occurrence of rescue surgical airways, and the occurrence of adverse events. Adverse events included hypoxemia, hypotension, peri-intubation cardiac arrest, bradycardia, mechanical injury to oral or airway structures, vomiting, tachydysrhythmia, esophageal intubation, laryngospasm, and pneumothorax. RESULTS We analyzed 17,984 patients, including 1,983 (11%) intubated for overdose, and 16,001 (89%) intubated for other indications. Patients intubated for overdose were younger (median age 38 vs 55 years), were less frequently obese (26% vs 34%), and fewer had difficult airway characteristics (38% vs 53%). Overdose patients were more likely to have preoxygenation performed (45% vs 35%), more likely to have apenic oxygenation (39% vs 31%), and more likely to have bougie used (33% vs 17%). First attempt success was 90.5% in patients intubated for overdose and 87.5% in patients intubated for other reasons (absolute difference 3.0%; 95% CI: -1.3 to 7.3). First attempt success without adverse events was higher in overdose patients (85.0%) compared to other patients (78.7%) (absolute difference, 6.3%; 95% CI 1.0 to 11.7%). Overdose patients experienced significantly less hypotension (1.5% vs 4.1%), and tended to have fewer adverse events overall. Multivariable model results were consistent with the unadjusted results including no difference in first pass success (adjusted odd ratio 1.02 [95% CI 0.86-1.23]). There was a higher first pass success without complication in patients intubated for overdose (adjusted odds ratio 1.23; 95% CI 1.07 to1.43). CONCLUSION For patients in whom the primary indication for intubation is overdose there is an increased chance of first attempt success without adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Kunzler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jestin Carlson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Michael April
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of The Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Calvin A Brown
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cole JB, Lee SC, Prekker ME, Kunzler NM, Considine KA, Driver BE, Puskarich MA, Olives TD. Vasodilation in patients with calcium channel blocker poisoning treated with high-dose insulin: a comparison of amlodipine versus non-dihydropyridines. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:1205-1213. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2131565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon B. Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha C. Lee
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew E. Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nathan M. Kunzler
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael A. Puskarich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Travis D. Olives
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Fuchs RT, McHale EK, Zarzar RA, Cole JB. A woman with pallor, cyanosis, and bounding peripheral pulses immediately after overdose. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12669. [PMID: 35387321 PMCID: PMC8976193 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Fuchs
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Regions Hospital, St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Elisabeth K. McHale
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Rochelle A. Zarzar
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Minnesota Poison Control System Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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17
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Cole JB, Meiners RB, Bangh SA. Fluvoxamine used to treat COVID-19 resulting in theophylline toxicity from CYP 1A2 drug-drug interaction. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:985-986. [PMID: 35362343 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2057323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca B Meiners
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stacey A Bangh
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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18
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Al-Khudhair A, Null DJ, Cole JB, Wolfe CW, Steffen DJ, VanRaden PM. Inheritance of a mutation causing neuropathy with splayed forelimbs in Jersey cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1338-1345. [PMID: 34955244 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new undesirable genetic factor, neuropathy with splayed forelimbs (JNS), has been identified recently in the Jersey breed. Calves affected with JNS are unable to stand on splayed forelimbs that exhibit significant extensor rigidity and excessive lateral abduction at birth. Affected calves generally are alert at birth but exhibit neurologic symptoms, including spasticity of head and neck and convulsive behavior. Other symptoms reported include dislocated shoulders, congenital craniofacial anomalies, and degenerative myelopathy. Inheritance of an undesirable genetic factor was determined from a study of 16 affected calves reported by Jersey breeders across the United States. All of their pedigrees traced back on both paternal and maternal sides to a common ancestor born in 1995. Genotypes revealed that JNS is attributable to a specific haplotype on Bos taurus autosome 6. Currently 8.2% of the genotyped US Jersey population are carriers of the haplotype. Sequencing of the region of shared homozygosity revealed missense variant rs1116058914 at base 60,158,901 of the ARS-UCD1.2 reference map as the most concordant with the genetic condition and the most likely cause. The single-base G to A substitution is in the coding region of the last exon of UCHL1, which is conserved across species. Mutations in humans and gene knockouts in mice cause similar recessive symptoms and muscular degeneration. Since December 2020, carrier status has been tracked using the identified haplotype and reported for all 459,784 genotyped Jersey animals. With random mating, about 2,200 affected calves per year with losses of about $250,000 would result from the 1.3 million US Jersey cows in the national population. Selection and mating programs can reduce numbers of JNS-affected births using either the haplotype status or a direct gene test in the future. Breeders should report calf abnormalities to their breed association to help discover new defects such as JNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Khudhair
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - D J Null
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - J B Cole
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - C W Wolfe
- American Jersey Cattle Association, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068-2362
| | - D J Steffen
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0905
| | - P M VanRaden
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
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19
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Martel ML, Driver BE, Miner JR, Biros MH, Cole JB. In reply: In fact, one size (or dose) does not fit all. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:1202-1203. [PMID: 33899989 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc L. Martel
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - James R. Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Michelle H. Biros
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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20
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Klein LR, Driver BE, Stang J, Ahmed F, Kim E, Carrabre K, Cole JB, Miner JR, Martel M. The use of verbal de-escalation in intoxicated emergency department patients. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 56:348-350. [PMID: 34736795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jamie Stang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Farhiyo Ahmed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ellen Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kailey Carrabre
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marc Martel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Bakshy K, Heimeier D, Schwartz JC, Glass EJ, Wilkinson S, Skuce RA, Allen AR, Young J, McClure JC, Cole JB, Null DJ, Hammond JA, Smith TPL, Bickhart DM. Development of polymorphic markers in the immune gene complex loci of cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6897-6908. [PMID: 33685702 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The addition of cattle health and immunity traits to genomic selection indices holds promise to increase individual animal longevity and productivity, and decrease economic losses from disease. However, highly variable genomic loci that contain multiple immune-related genes were poorly assembled in the first iterations of the cattle reference genome assembly and underrepresented during the development of most commercial genotyping platforms. As a consequence, there is a paucity of genetic markers within these loci that may track haplotypes related to disease susceptibility. By using hierarchical assembly of bacterial artificial chromosome inserts spanning 3 of these immune-related gene regions, we were able to assemble multiple full-length haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex, the leukocyte receptor complex, and the natural killer cell complex. Using these new assemblies and the recently released ARS-UCD1.2 reference, we aligned whole-genome shotgun reads from 125 sequenced Holstein bulls to discover candidate variants for genetic marker development. We selected 124 SNPs, using heuristic and statistical models to develop a custom genotyping panel. In a proof-of-principle study, we used this custom panel to genotype 1,797 Holstein cows exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) that were the subject of a previous GWAS study using the Illumina BovineHD array. Although we did not identify any significant association of bTB phenotypes with these new genetic markers, 2 markers exhibited substantial effects on bTB phenotypic prediction. The models and parameters trained in this study serve as a guide for future marker discovery surveys particularly in previously unassembled regions of the cattle genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bakshy
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706
| | - D Heimeier
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J C Schwartz
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - E J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Wilkinson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Skuce
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT4 3SD, UK
| | - A R Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT4 3SD, UK
| | - J Young
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J C McClure
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - D J Null
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - J A Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - T P L Smith
- Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - D M Bickhart
- Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706.
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Cole JB, Stang JL, DeVries PA, Martel ML, Miner JR, Driver BE. A Prospective Study of Intramuscular Droperidol or Olanzapine for Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department: A Natural Experiment Owing to Drug Shortages. Ann Emerg Med 2021; 78:274-286. [PMID: 33846015 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Intramuscular medications are commonly used to treat agitation in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study is to compare intramuscular droperidol and olanzapine for treating agitation. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of ED patients receiving intramuscular droperidol or olanzapine for acute agitation. The treating physician determined the medication and dose; however, over time drug shortages made either olanzapine (July to September 2019) or droperidol (November 2019 to March 2020) unavailable, creating a natural experiment. The primary outcome was time to adequate sedation, assessed by the Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS), defined as time to AMSS score less than or equal to 0. RESULTS We analyzed 1,257 patients (median age 42 years; 73% men); 538 received droperidol (median dose 5 mg) and 719 received olanzapine (median dose 10 mg). The majority of patients (1,086; 86%) had agitation owing to alcohol intoxication. Time to adequate sedation was 16 minutes (interquartile range 10 to 30 minutes) for droperidol and 17.5 minutes (interquartile range 10 to 30 minutes) for olanzapine (absolute difference -0.7 minutes; 95% confidence interval -2.1 to 0.5 minutes). Adjusted Cox proportional hazard model analysis revealed no difference between groups in time to sedation (hazard ratio for adequate sedation for droperidol compared with olanzapine 1.12; 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.25). Patients receiving olanzapine were more likely to receive additional medications for sedation (droperidol 17%; olanzapine 24%; absolute difference -8% [95% confidence interval -12% to -3%]). We observed no difference between drugs regarding adverse effects except for extrapyramidal adverse effects, which were more common with droperidol (n=6; 1%) than olanzapine (n=1; 0.1%). CONCLUSION We found no difference in time to adequate sedation between intramuscular droperidol and olanzapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Jamie L Stang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paige A DeVries
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marc L Martel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - James R Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
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Martel ML, Driver BE, Miner JR, Biros MH, Cole JB. Randomized Double-blind Trial of Intramuscular Droperidol, Ziprasidone, and Lorazepam for Acute Undifferentiated Agitation in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:421-434. [PMID: 32888340 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal agent to treat acute agitation in the emergency department (ED) has not been determined. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular droperidol, ziprasidone, and lorazepam for acute agitation in the ED. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind trial of ED patients with acute agitation requiring parenteral sedation. The study was conducted under exception from informed consent (21 CFR 50.24) from July 2004 to March 2005. Patients were randomized to receive 5 mg of droperidol, 10 mg of ziprasidone, 20 mg of ziprasidone, or 2 mg of lorazepam intramuscularly. We recorded Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS) scores, nasal end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ), and pulse oximetry (SpO2 ) at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes as well as QTc durations and dysrhythmias. Respiratory depression was defined as a change in ETCO2 consistent with respiratory depression or SpO2 < 90%. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients adequately sedated (AMSS ≤ 0) at 15 minutes. RESULTS We enrolled 115 patients. Baseline AMSS scores were similar between groups. For the primary outcome, adequate sedation at 15 minutes, droperidol administration was effective in 16 of 25 (64%) patients, compared to seven of 28 (25%) for 10 mg of ziprasidone, 11 of 31 (35%) for 20 mg of ziprasidone, and nine of 31 (29%) for lorazepam. Pairwise comparisons revealed that droperidol was more effective that the other medications, with 39% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3% to 54%) more compared to 20 mg of ziprasidone and 33% (95% CI = 8% to 58%) more compared to lorazepam. There was no significant difference between groups in need of additional rescue sedation. Numerically, respiratory depression was lower with droperidol (3/25 [12%]) compared to 10 mg of ziprasidone (10/28 [36%]), 20 mg of ziprasidone (12/31 [39%]), or lorazepam (15/31 [48%]). One patient receiving 20 mg of ziprasidone required intubation to manage an acute subdural hematoma. No patients had ventricular dysrhythmias. QTc durations were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Droperidol was more effective than lorazepam or either dose of ziprasidone for the treatment of acute agitation in the ED and caused fewer episodes of respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L. Martel
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MNUSA
| | - Brian E. Driver
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MNUSA
| | - James R. Miner
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MNUSA
- and the Department of Emergency Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MNUSA
| | - Michelle H. Biros
- and the Department of Emergency Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MNUSA
| | - Jon B. Cole
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MNUSA
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24
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Stang JL, DeVries PA, Klein LR, Cole JB, Martel M, Reing ML, Raiter AM, Driver BE. Medical needs of emergency department patients presenting with acute alcohol and drug intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 42:38-42. [PMID: 33440329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Some contend that patients with acute alcohol or illicit substance intoxication should be treated in outpatient detoxification centers rather than in the ED. However, these patients often have underlying acute medical needs. We sought to determine the frequency of medical interventions required by ED patients with alcohol or illicit substance intoxication. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of consecutive ED patients presenting to an urban tertiary care ED with altered mental status due to alcohol or illicit substance use. We performed data collection for patients deemed to be low-risk for complications, as defined by receiving care in an intoxication observation unit. Trained staff observed and recorded all medical interventions, including medications administered, diagnostic testing, procedures performed, and airway interventions. The incidence of agitation was recorded using the Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS, ordinal scale from -4 to +4, where +4 is most agitated). The data analysis is descriptive. RESULTS This analysis included 2685 encounters (1645 unique patients; median age 39; 73% male) from January to May 2019. Average breath alcohol concentration was 0.20 g/dL (range 0.00-0.47). There were 89% encounters with alcohol intoxication, and in 17% encounters the patient was suspected or known to have drug intoxication (either alone or in conjunction with alcohol use). On arrival to the ED, 372 (14%) had agitation (AMSS +1 or higher) and 32 (1%) were profoundly agitated (AMSS +4). In total, 1526 (56%) received at least one intervention that could not be provided by a local detoxification or sobering facility. Of the study population, 955 (36%) received a sedating medication, 903 (34%) required physical restraints for patients or staff safety, 575 (21%) underwent imaging studies, 318 (12%) underwent laboratory testing, 367 (13%) received another intervention (IV access, EKG, splinting, wound care, etc). Additionally, 111 (4%) patients received an airway intervention (19 intubation, 23 nasal airway, 85 supplemental oxygen) and 275 (10%) required repositioning to protect the airway. There were 168 (6%) patients admitted to the hospital. CONCLUSION In this population of relatively low-risk ED patients with drug and alcohol intoxication, a substantial proportion of patients received medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Stang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paige A DeVries
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauren R Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marc Martel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Reing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abagail M Raiter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Cole JB, Lee SC, Martel ML, Smith SW, Biros MH, Miner JR. Respone to: "Limitations of Retrospective Chart Reviews to Determine Rare Events, and the Unknown Relative Risk of Droperidol". West J Emerg Med 2020; 22:396-397. [PMID: 33856329 PMCID: PMC7972375 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.9.49870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Marc L Martel
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen W Smith
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michelle H Biros
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James R Miner
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Li B, VanRaden PM, Null DJ, O'Connell JR, Cole JB. Major quantitative trait loci influencing milk production and conformation traits in Guernsey dairy cattle detected on Bos taurus autosome 19. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:550-560. [PMID: 33189290 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify potential quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 27 production, fitness, and conformation traits of Guernsey cattle through genome-wide association (GWA) analyses, with extra emphasis on BTA19, where major QTL were observed for several traits. Animals' de-regressed predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) from the December 2018 traditional US evaluation were used as phenotypes. All of the Guernsey cattle included in the QTL analyses were predictor animals in the reference population, ranging from 1,077 to 1,685 animals for different traits. Single-trait GWA analyses were carried out by a mixed-model approach for all 27 traits using imputed high-density genotypes. A major QTL was detected on BTA19, influencing several milk production traits, conformation traits, and livability of Guernsey cattle, and the most significant SNP lie in the region of 26.2 to 28.3 Mb. The myosin heavy chain 10 (MYH10) gene residing within this region was found to be highly associated with milk production and body conformation traits of dairy cattle. After the initial GWA analyses, which suggested that many significant SNP are in linkage with one another, conditional analyses were used for fine mapping. The top significant SNP on BTA19 were fixed as covariables in the model, one at a time, until no more significant SNP were detected on BTA19. After this fine-mapping approach was applied, only 1 significant SNP was detected on BTA19 for most traits, but multiple, independent significant SNP were found for protein yield, dairy form, and stature. In addition, the haplotype that hosts the major QTL on BTA19 was traced to a US Guernsey born in 1954. The haplotype is common in the breed, indicating a long-term influence of this QTL on the US Guernsey population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - P M VanRaden
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - D J Null
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - J R O'Connell
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
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Olives TD, Westgard B, Steinberg LW, Cole JB. Characterization of Regional Poison Center Utilization Through Geospatial Mapping. West J Emerg Med 2020; 21:249-256. [PMID: 33207173 PMCID: PMC7673882 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.7.46385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Penetrance is the annual rate of human exposure calls per 1000 persons, a measure that historically describes poison center (PC) utilization. Penetrance varies by sociodemographic characteristics and by geography. Our goal in this study was to characterize the geospatial distribution of PC calls and describe the contribution of geospatial mapping to the understanding of PC utilization. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective study of closed, human, non-healthcare facility exposure calls to a regional PC over a five-year period. Exposure substance, gender, age, and zone improvement plan (ZIP) Code were geocoded to 2010 US Census data (household income, educational attainment, age, primary language) and spatially apportioned to US census tracts, and then analyzed with linear regression. Penetrance was geospatially mapped and qualitatively analyzed. Results From a total of 304,458 exposure calls during the study period, we identified 168,630 non-healthcare exposure calls. Of those records, 159,794 included ZIP Codes. After exclusions, we analyzed 156,805 records. Penetrance ranged from 0.081 – 38.47 calls/1000 population/year (median 5.74 calls/1000 persons/year). Regression revealed positive associations between >eighth-grade educational attainment (β = 5.05, p = 0.008), non-Hispanic Black (β = 1.18, p = 0.032) and American Indian (β = 3.10, p = 0.000) populations, suggesting that regions with higher proportions of these groups would display greater PC penetrance. Variability explained by regression modelling was low (R2 = 0.054), as anticipated. Geospatial mapping identified previously undocumented penetrance variability that was not evident in regression modeling. Conclusion PC calls vary substantially across sociodemographic strata. Higher proportions of non-Hispanic Black or American Indian residents and >eighth-grade educational attainment were associated with higher PC call penetrance. Geospatial mapping identified novel variations in penetrance that were not identified by regression modelling. Coupled with sociodemographic correlates, geospatial mapping may reveal disparities in PC access, identifying communities at which PC resources may be appropriately directed. Although the use of penetrance to describe PC utilization has fallen away, it may yet provide an important measure of disparity in healthcare access when coupled with geospatial mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Olives
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bjorn Westgard
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Regions Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Lila W Steinberg
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Farmer BM, Cole JB, Olives TD, Farrell NM, Rao R, Nelson LS, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Stolbach AI. ACMT Position Statement: Medication Administration and Safety During the Response to COVID-19 Pandemic. J Med Toxicol 2020; 16:481-483. [PMID: 32617893 PMCID: PMC7332309 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Farmer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Travis D Olives
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Natalija M Farrell
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rama Rao
- Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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McWhorter TM, Hutchison JL, Norman HD, Cole JB, Fok GC, Lourenco DAL, VanRaden PM. Investigating conception rate for beef service sires bred to dairy cows and heifers. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10374-10382. [PMID: 32896403 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of sexed semen on US dairy cows and heifers has led to an excess of replacement heifers' calves, and the sale prices for those calves are much lower than in the past. Females not selected to produce the next generation of replacement heifers are increasingly being bred to beef bulls to produce crossbred calves for beef production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of beef service sires bred to dairy cows and heifers and to provide a tool for dairy producers to evaluate beef service sires' conception. Sire conception rate (SCR) is a phenotypic evaluation of service sire fertility that is routinely calculated for US dairy bulls. A total of 268,174 breedings were available, which included 36 recognized beef breeds and 7 dairy breeds. Most of the beef-on-dairy inseminations (95.4%) were to Angus (AN) bulls. Because of the limited number of records among other breeds, we restricted our final evaluations to AN service sires bred to Holstein (HO) cows. Service-sire inbreeding and expected inbreeding of resulting embryo were set to zero because pedigree data for AN bulls were unavailable. There were 233,379 breedings from 1,344 AN service sire to 163,919 HO cows. A mean (SD) conception rate of 33.8% (47.3%) was observed compared with 34.3% (47.5%) for breedings with HO sires mated to HO cows. Publishable AN bulls were required to have ≥100 total matings, ≥10 matings in the most recent 12 mo, and breedings in at least 5 herds. Mean SCR reliability was 64.5% for 116 publishable bulls, with a maximum reliability of 99% based on 25,217 breedings. Average SCR was near zero (on AN base) with a range of -5.1 to 4.4. Breedings to HO heifers were also examined, which included 19,437 breedings (443 AN service sire and 15,971 HO heifers). A mean (SD) conception rate of 53.0% (49.9%) was observed, compared with 55.3% (49.7%) for breedings with a HO sire mated to a HO heifer. Beef sires were used more frequently in cows known to be problem breeders, which explains some of the difference in conception rate. Mean service number was 1.92 and 2.87 for HO heifers and 2.13 and 3.04 for HO cows mated to HO and AN sires, respectively. Mating dairy cows and heifers to beef bulls may be profitable if calf prices are higher, fertility is improved, or if practices such as sexed semen, genomic testing, and improved cow productive life allow herd owners to produce both higher quality dairy replacement and increased income from market calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McWhorter
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
| | - J L Hutchison
- USDA Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - H D Norman
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J B Cole
- USDA Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - G C Fok
- USDA Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - D A L Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - P M VanRaden
- USDA Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Corcoran J, Gray T, Bangh SA, Singh V, Cole JB. Fatal Yellow Oleander Poisoning Masquerading as Benign Candlenut Ingestion Taken for Weight Loss. J Emerg Med 2020; 59:e209-e212. [PMID: 32917446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candlenuts (Aleurites moluccana) and yellow oleander seeds (Thevetia peruviana) bear a physical resemblance to one another. Candlenuts are benign and marketed as weight loss supplements. Yellow oleander seeds, however, contain toxic cardioactive steroids; as few as 2 seeds may cause fatal poisoning. Because of their physical similarities, the potential for a lethal substitution exists. CASE REPORT A 63-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with vomiting after ingesting 5 of what she believed to be candlenuts that were ordered online under the colloquial name "Nuez de la India" for the purpose of weight loss. She was bradycardic (nadir pulse of 30 beats/min) and hyperkalemic (serum potassium 7.3 mEq/L). Within hours of presentation she suffered a ventricular fibrillation arrest, followed by a terminal asystolic arrest. Postmortem analyses of liver tissue and the seeds were consistent with fatal T. peruviana poisoning. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: T. peruviana seeds contain toxic cardioactive steroids; their physical resemblance to candlenuts poses a risk of potentially fatal substitution. Therapy with high-dose digoxin specific immune fragments (20-30 vials) may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted Gray
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Veena Singh
- Midwest Medical Examiner's Office, Ramsey, Minnesota
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Greller HA. Urine Drug Screens in the Emergency Department: The Best Test May Be No Test at All. J Emerg Nurs 2020; 46:923-931. [PMID: 32843202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript purpose is to provide a resource for clinicians on the functionality and pitfalls of the rapid urine drug screen for clinical decision making. Many providers remain under-informed about the inherent inaccuracies. The rapid urine drug screen is the first, and often only, step of drug testing. In the majority of emergency departments the urine drug screen is a collection of immunoassays reliant on an interaction between the structure of a particular drug or metabolite and an antibody. Drugs in separate pharmacologic classes often have enough structural similarity to cause false positives. Conversely, drugs within the same pharmacologic class often have different enough structures that they may result in inappropriate negatives. This lack of sensitivity and specificity significantly reduces the test utility, and may cause decision-making confusion. The timing of the drug screen relative to the drug exposure also limits accuracy, as does detection threshold. Confirmatory steps following the initial immunoassay include chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. These are unavailable at many institutions and results rarely return while the patient is in the emergency department. In addition, institutional capabilities vary, even with confirmatory testing. Confirmation accuracy depends on a number of factors, including the extent of the catalog of drugs/metabolites that the facility is calibrated to detect and report. In summary, the standard emergency department urine drug screen is a test with extremely limited clinical utility with multiple properties contributing to poor sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The test should be used rarely, if ever, for clinical decision making.
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Cole JB, Olives TD, Ulici A, Litell JM, Bangh SA, Arens AM, Puskarich MA, Prekker ME. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Poisonings Reported to U.S. Poison Centers from 2000 to 2018: An Analysis of the National Poison Data System. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:1111-1119. [PMID: 32697480 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess trends in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for poisoning in the United States. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The National Poison Data System, the databased owned and managed by the American Association of Poison Control Centers, the organization that supports and accredits all 55 U.S. Poison Centers, 2000-2018. PATIENTS All patients reported to National Poison Data System treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In total, 407 patients met final inclusion criteria (332 adults, 75 children). Median age was 27 years (interquartile range, 15-39 yr); 52.5% were male. Median number of ingested substances was three (interquartile range, 2-4); 51.5% were single-substance exposures. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in poisoned patients in the United States has significantly increased over time (z = 3.18; p = 0.001) in both adults (age > 12 yr) and children (age ≤ 12 yr), increasing by 9-100% per year since 2008. Increase in use occurred more commonly in adults. We found substantial geographical variation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use by geospatially mapping the ZIP code associated with the initial call, with large, primarily rural areas of the United States reporting no cases. Overall survival was 70% and did not vary significantly over the study period for children or adults. Patients with metabolic and hematologic poisonings were less likely to survive following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation than those with other poisonings (49% vs 72%; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to support critically ill, poisoned patients in the United States is increasing, driven primarily by increased use in patients greater than 12 years old. We observed no trends in survival over time. Mortality was higher when extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used for metabolic or hematologic poisonings. Large, predominantly rural regions of the United States reported no cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for poisoning. Further research should focus on refining criteria for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Travis D Olives
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - John M Litell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Ann M Arens
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael A Puskarich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew E Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
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Corcoran JN, Jacoby KJ, Olives TD, Bangh SA, Cole JB. Persistent Hyperinsulinemia Following High-Dose Insulin Therapy: A Case Report. J Med Toxicol 2020; 16:465-469. [PMID: 32656624 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overdoses of beta-adrenergic antagonists and calcium channel antagonists represent an uncommonly encountered but highly morbid clinical presentation. Potential therapies include fluids, calcium salts, vasopressors, intravenous lipid emulsion, methylene blue, and high-dose insulin. Although high-dose insulin is commonly used, the kinetics of insulin under these conditions are unknown. CASE REPORT We present a case of a 51-year-old male who sustained a life-threatening overdose after ingesting approximately 40 tablets of a mixture of amlodipine 5 mg and metoprolol tartrate 25 mg. Due to severe bradycardia and hypotension, he was started on high-dose insulin (HDI) therapy; this was augmented with epinephrine. Despite the degree of his initial shock state, he ultimately recovered, and HDI was discontinued. Insulin was infused for a total of approximately 37 hours, most of which was dosed at 10 U/kg/hour; following discontinuation, serial serum insulin levels were drawn and remained at supraphysiologic levels for at least 24 hours and well above reference range for multiple days thereafter. CONCLUSION The kinetics of insulin following discontinuation of high-dose insulin therapy are largely unknown, but supraphysiologic insulin levels persist for some time following therapy; this may allow for simple discontinuation rather than titration of insulin at the end of therapy. Dextrose replacement is frequently needed; although the duration is often difficult to predict, prolonged infusions may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Corcoran
- Minnesota Poison Control System, 701 Park Ave RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
| | | | - Travis D Olives
- Minnesota Poison Control System, 701 Park Ave RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Stacey A Bangh
- Minnesota Poison Control System, 701 Park Ave RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Jon B Cole
- Minnesota Poison Control System, 701 Park Ave RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
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Cole JB, Lee SC, Martel ML, Smith SW, Biros MH, Miner JR. The Incidence of QT Prolongation and Torsades des Pointes in Patients Receiving Droperidol in an Urban Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2020; 21:728-736. [PMID: 32726229 PMCID: PMC7390553 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Droperidol carries a boxed warning from the United States Food and Drug Administration for QT prolongation and torsades des pointes (TdP). After a six-year hiatus, droperidol again became widely available in the US in early 2019. With its return, clinicians must again make decisions regarding the boxed warning. Thus, the objective of this study was to report the incidence of QT prolongation or TdP in patients receiving droperidol in the ED. METHODS Patients receiving droperidol at an urban Level I trauma center from 1997-2001 were identified via electronic health record query. All patients were reviewed for cardiac arrest. We reviewed electrocardiogram (ECG) data for both critically-ill and noncritical patients and recorded Bazett's corrected QT intervals (QTc). ECGs from critically-ill patients undergoing resuscitation were further risk-stratified using the QT nomogram. RESULTS Of noncritical patients, 15,374 received 18,020 doses of droperidol; 2,431 had an ECG. In patients with ECGs before and after droperidol, the mean QTc was 424.3 milliseconds (ms) (95% confidence interval [CI], 419.7-428.9) before and 427.6 ms (95% CI, 424.3-430.9), after droperidol (n = 170). Regarding critically-ill patients, 1,172 received droperidol and 396 had an ECG. In the critically-ill group with ECGs before and after droperidol mean QTc was 435.7 ms (95% CI, 426.7-444.7) before and 435.8 ms (95% CI, 427.5-444.1) after droperidol (n = 114). Of 337 ECGs suitable for plotting on the QT nomogram, 13 (3.8%) were above the "at-risk" line; 3/136 (2.2%; 95% CI, 0.05-6.3%) in the before group, and 10/202 (4.9%; 95% CI, 2.4%-8.9%) in the after group. A single case of TdP occurred in a patient with multiple risk factors that did not reoccur after a droperidol rechallenge. Thus, the incidence of TdP was 1/16,546 (0.006%; 95% CI, 0.00015 - 0.03367%). CONCLUSION We found the incidence of QTc prolongation and TdP in ED patients receiving droperidol to be extremely rare. Our data suggest the FDA "black box warning" is overstated, and that close ECG monitoring is useful only in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B. Cole
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Poison Control System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Marc L. Martel
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen W. Smith
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michelle H. Biros
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James R. Miner
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Hennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Parker Gaddis KL, VanRaden PM, Cole JB, Norman HD, Nicolazzi E, Dürr JW. Symposium review: Development, implementation, and perspectives of health evaluations in the United States. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5354-5365. [PMID: 32331897 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which new traits are being developed is increasing, leading to an expanding number of evaluations provided to dairy producers, especially for functional traits. This review will discuss the development and implementation of genetic evaluations for direct health traits in the United States, as well as potential future developments. Beginning in April 2018, routine official genomic evaluations for 6 direct health traits in Holsteins were made available to US producers from the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (Bowie, MD). Traits include resistance to milk fever, displaced abomasum, ketosis, clinical mastitis, metritis, and retained placenta. These health traits were included in net merit indices beginning in August 2018, with a total weight of approximately 2%. Previously, improvement of cow health was primarily made through changes to management practices or genetic selection on indicator traits, such as somatic cell score, productive life, or livability. Widespread genomic testing now allows for accelerated improvement of traits with low heritabilities such as health; however, phenotypes remain essential to the success of genomic evaluations. Establishment and maintenance of data pipelines is a critical component of health trait evaluations, as well as appropriate data quality control standards. Data standardization is a necessary process when multiple data sources are involved. Model refinement continues, including implementation of variance adjustments beginning with the April 2019 evaluation. Mastitis evaluations are submitted to Interbull along with somatic cell score for international validation and evaluation of udder health. Additional areas of research include evaluation of other breeds for direct health traits, use of multiple-trait models, and evaluations for additional functional traits such as calf health and feed efficiency. Future developments will require new and continued cooperation among numerous industry stakeholders. There is more information available than ever before with which to make better selection decisions; however, this also makes it increasingly important to provide accurate and unbiased information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P M VanRaden
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - H D Norman
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - E Nicolazzi
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD 20716
| | - J W Dürr
- Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, Bowie, MD 20716
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Maltecca C, Tiezzi F, Cole JB, Baes C. Symposium review: Exploiting homozygosity in the era of genomics-Selection, inbreeding, and mating programs. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5302-5313. [PMID: 32331889 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genomic selection paved the way for an unprecedented acceleration in genetic progress. The increased ability to select superior individuals has been coupled with a drastic reduction in the generation interval for most dairy populations, representing both an opportunity and a challenge. Homozygosity is now rapidly accumulating in dairy populations. Currently, inbreeding depression is managed mostly by culling at the farm level and by controlling the overall accumulation of homozygosity at the population level. A better understanding of how homozygosity and recessive load are related will guarantee continued genetic improvement while curtailing the accumulation of harmful recessives and maintaining enough genetic variability to ensure the possibility of selection in the face of changing environmental conditions. In this review, we present a snapshot of the current dairy selection structure as it relates to response to selection and accumulation of homozygosity, briefly outline the main approaches currently used to manage inbreeding and overall variability, and present some approaches that can be used in the short term to control accumulation of harmful recessives while maintaining sustained selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maltecca
- Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
| | - F Tiezzi
- Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - C Baes
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Driver BE, Reardon RF, Cole JB, Klein LR, Miner JR, Prekker ME. In Reply. Acad Emerg Med 2020; 27:347-348. [PMID: 31648400 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Robert F. Reardon
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Lauren R. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - James R. Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Matthew E. Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Department of Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
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Monte AA, Hopkinson A, Saben J, Shelton S, Thornton S, Schneir A, Pomerleau A, Hendrickson R, Arens AM, Cole JB, Chenoweth J, Martin S, Adams A, Banister SD, Gerona RR. The Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network (PSCAN): the first year. Addiction 2020; 115:270-278. [PMID: 31769125 PMCID: PMC6982594 DOI: 10.1111/add.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network (PSCAN) is a national network of academic emergency departments (ED), analytical toxicologists and pharmacologists that collects clinical data paired with biological samples to identify and improve treatments of medical conditions arising from use of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The aim of this study was to gather clinical data with paired drug identification from NPS users who presented to EDs within PSCAN during its first year (2016-17). DESIGN Observational study involving patient records and biological samples. SETTING Seven academic emergency medical centers across the United States. PARTICIPANTS ED patients (n = 127) > 8 years of age with possible NPS use who were identified and enrolled in PSCAN by clinical providers or research personnel. MEASUREMENTS Clinical signs, symptoms and treatments were abstracted from the patients' health records. Biological samples were collected from leftover urine, serum and whole blood. Biological and drug samples, when available, were tested for drugs and drug metabolites via liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). FINDINGS Patients in whom synthetic opioids were detected (n = 9) showed higher rates of intubation (four of nine), impaired mental status (four of nine) and respiratory acidosis (five of nine) compared with the rest of the cohort (nine of 118, P-value < 0.05). Patients in whom synthetic cannabinoid (SC) were found (n = 27) had lower median diastolic blood pressures (70.5 versus 77 mmHg, P = 0.046) compared with the rest of the cohort. In 64 cases of single drug ingestion, benzodiazepines were administered in 25 cases and considered effective by the treating physician in 21 (84%) cases. CONCLUSIONS During its first year of operation, the Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network captured clinical data on new classes of drugs paired with biological samples over a large geographical area in the United States. Synthetic cannabinoids were the most common new psychoactive drug identified. Synthetic opioids were associated with a high rate of intubation and respiratory acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Monte
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, CO,Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO
| | - Andrew Hopkinson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessica Saben
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Shelby Shelton
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen Thornton
- University of Kansas, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kansas City, KS
| | - Aaron Schneir
- University of California San Diego Health System, Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam Pomerleau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ann M. Arens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Spencer Martin
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Axel Adams
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Li B, Fang L, Null DJ, Hutchison JL, Connor EE, VanRaden PM, VandeHaar MJ, Tempelman RJ, Weigel KA, Cole JB. High-density genome-wide association study for residual feed intake in Holstein dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11067-11080. [PMID: 31563317 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving feed efficiency (FE) of dairy cattle may boost farm profitability and reduce the environmental footprint of the dairy industry. Residual feed intake (RFI), a candidate FE trait in dairy cattle, can be defined to be genetically uncorrelated with major energy sink traits (e.g., milk production, body weight) by including genomic predicted transmitting ability of such traits in genetic analyses for RFI. We examined the genetic basis of RFI through genome-wide association (GWA) analyses and post-GWA enrichment analyses and identified candidate genes and biological pathways associated with RFI in dairy cattle. Data were collected from 4,823 lactations of 3,947 Holstein cows in 9 research herds in the United States. Of these cows, 3,555 were genotyped and were imputed to a high-density list of 312,614 SNP. We used a single-step GWA method to combine information from genotyped and nongenotyped animals with phenotypes as well as their ancestors' information. The estimated genomic breeding values from a single-step genomic BLUP were back-solved to obtain the individual SNP effects for RFI. The proportion of genetic variance explained by each 5-SNP sliding window was also calculated for RFI. Our GWA analyses suggested that RFI is a highly polygenic trait regulated by many genes with small effects. The closest genes to the top SNP and sliding windows were associated with dry matter intake (DMI), RFI, energy homeostasis and energy balance regulation, digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, immune regulation, leptin signaling, mitochondrial ATP activities, rumen development, skeletal muscle development, and spermatogenesis. The region of 40.7 to 41.5 Mb on BTA25 (UMD3.1 reference genome) was the top associated region for RFI. The closest genes to this region, CARD11 and EIF3B, were previously shown to be related to RFI of dairy cattle and FE of broilers, respectively. Another candidate region, 57.7 to 58.2 Mb on BTA18, which is associated with DMI and leptin signaling, was also associated with RFI in this study. Post-GWA enrichment analyses used a sum-based marker-set test based on 4 public annotation databases: Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, Reactome pathways, and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms. Results of these analyses were consistent with those from the top GWA signals. Across the 4 databases, GWA signals for RFI were highly enriched in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids and proteins, digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates, skeletal development, mitochondrial electron transport, immunity, rumen bacteria activities, and sperm motility. Our findings offer novel insight into the genetic basis of RFI and identify candidate regions and biological pathways associated with RFI in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - L Fang
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - D J Null
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - J L Hutchison
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - E E Connor
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - P M VanRaden
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - M J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - R J Tempelman
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
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Driver BE, Klein LR, Cole JB, Miner JR, Reardon RF, Prekker ME. In Reply. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:1108. [PMID: 31121080 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Lauren R. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - James R. Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Robert F. Reardon
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Matthew E. Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Department of Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
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Driver BE, Klein LR, Prekker ME, Cole JB, Satpathy R, Kartha G, Robinson A, Miner JR, Reardon RF. Drug Order in Rapid Sequence Intubation. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:1014-1021. [PMID: 30834639 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal order of drug administration (sedative first vs. neuromuscular blocking agent first) in rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is debated. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine if RSI drug order was associated with the time elapsed from administration of the first RSI drug to the end of a successful first intubation attempt. METHODS We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a randomized trial of adult ED patients undergoing emergency orotracheal intubation that demonstrated higher first-attempt success with bougie use compared to a tracheal tube + stylet. Drug choice, dose, and the order of sedative and neuromuscular blocking agent were not stipulated. We analyzed trial patients who received both a sedative and a neuromuscular blocking agent within 30 seconds of each other who were intubated successfully on the first attempt. The primary outcome was the time elapsed from complete administration of the first RSI drug to the end of the first intubation attempt, a surrogate outcome for apnea time. We performed a multivariable analysis using a mixed-effects generalized linear model. RESULTS Of 757 original trial patients, 562 patients (74%) met criteria for analysis; 153 received the sedative agent first, and 409 received the neuromuscular blocking agent first. Administration of the neuromuscular blocking agent before the sedative agent was associated with a reduction in time from RSI administration to the end of intubation attempt of 6 seconds (95% confidence interval = 0 to 11 sec). CONCLUSION Administration of either the neuromuscular blocking or the sedative agent first are both acceptable. Administering the neuromuscular blocking agent first may result in modestly faster time to intubation. For now, it is reasonable for physicians to continue performing RSI in the way they are most comfortable with. If future research determines that the order of medication administration is not associated with awareness of neuromuscular blockade, administration of the neuromuscular blocking agent first may be a logical default administration method to attempt to minimize apnea time during intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Lauren R. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Matthew E. Prekker
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Department of Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Jon B. Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Rajesh Satpathy
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Gautham Kartha
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Aaron Robinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - James R. Miner
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
| | - Robert F. Reardon
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis MN
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Chittineni C, Driver BE, Halverson M, Cole JB, Prekker ME, Pandey V, Lai T, Harrington J, Zhao S, Klein LR. Incidence and Causes of Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:833-837. [PMID: 31539342 PMCID: PMC6754198 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.7.42996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypoglycemia is frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED) and has potential for serious morbidity. The incidence and causes of iatrogenic hypoglycemia are not known. We aim to describe how often the cause of ED hypoglycemia is iatrogenic and to identify its specific causes. Methods We included adult patients with a chief complaint or ED diagnosis of hypoglycemia, or an ED glucose value of ≤70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) between 2009–2014. Two independent abstractors each reviewed charts of patients with an initial glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, or initial glucose ≥ 70 mg/dL with a subsequent glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, to determine if the hypoglycemia was caused by iatrogenesis. The data analysis was descriptive. Results We reviewed the charts of 591 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Of these 591 patients, 99 (17%; 95% confidence interval, 14–20%) were classified as iatrogenic. Of these 99 patients, 61 (61%) cases of hypoglycemia were caused by insulin administration and 38 (38%) were caused by unrecognized malnutrition. Of the 61 patients with iatrogenic hypoglycemia after ED insulin administration, 45 and 15 patients received insulin for hyperkalemia and uncomplicated hyperglycemia, respectively. One patient received insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusion In ED patients with hypoglycemia, iatrogenic causes are relatively common. The most frequent cause was insulin administration for hyperkalemia and uncomplicated hyperglycemia. Additionally, patients at risk of hypoglycemia in the absence of insulin, including those with alcohol intoxication or poor nutritional status, should be monitored closely in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Chittineni
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian E Driver
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Halverson
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jon B Cole
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew E Prekker
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vidhu Pandey
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tarissa Lai
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Justin Harrington
- Mercy Medical Center-North Iowa, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mason City, Iowa
| | - Sean Zhao
- Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Lauren R Klein
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Cole JB, Knack SK, Karl ER, Horton GB, Satpathy R, Driver BE. Human Errors and Adverse Hemodynamic Events Related to "Push Dose Pressors" in the Emergency Department. J Med Toxicol 2019; 15:276-286. [PMID: 31270748 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-019-00716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the use of small bolus doses of vasopressors, termed "push dose pressors," has become common in emergency medicine, data examining this practice are scant. Push dose pressors frequently involve bedside dilution, which may result in errors and adverse events. The objective of this study was to assess for instances of human error and adverse hemodynamic events during push dose pressor use in the emergency department. METHODS This was a structured chart and video review of all patients age ≥ 16 years undergoing resuscitation and receiving push dose pressors from a single center from January 2010 to November 2017. Push dose pressors were defined as intended intravenous boluses of phenylephrine (any dose) or epinephrine (≤ 100 mcg). RESULTS A total of 249 patients were analyzed. Median age was 60 years (range, 16-97), 58% were male, 49% survived to discharge. Median initial epinephrine dose was 20 mcg (n = 139, IQR 10-100, range 1-100); median phenylephrine dose was 100 mcg (n = 110, IQR 100-100, range 25-10,000). Adverse hemodynamic events occurred in 98 patients (39%); 30 in the phenylephrine group (27%; 95% CI, 19-36%), and 68 in the epinephrine group (50%; 95% CI, 41-58%). Human errors were observed in 47 patients (19%), including 7 patients (3%) experiencing dosing errors (all overdoses; range, 2.5- to 100-fold) and 43 patients (17%) with a documentation error. Only one dosing error occurred when a pharmacist was present. CONCLUSIONS Human errors and adverse hemodynamic events were common with the use of push dose pressors in the emergency department. Adverse hemodynamic events were more common than in previous studies. Future research should determine if push dose pressors improve outcomes and if so, how to safely implement them into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Ave, Mail Code RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
| | - Sarah K Knack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Ave, Mail Code RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erin R Karl
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gabriella B Horton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Ave, Mail Code RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Rajesh Satpathy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Ave, Mail Code RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, 701 Park Ave, Mail Code RL.240, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
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Cole JB, Null DJ. Short communication: Phenotypic and genetic effects of the polled haplotype on yield, longevity, and fertility in US Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8247-8250. [PMID: 31255269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypes from the December 2018 US national genetic evaluations were used to compute effects of the polled haplotype in US Brown Swiss (BS), Holstein (HO), and Jersey (JE) cattle on milk, fat, and protein yields, somatic cell score, single-trait productive life, daughter pregnancy rate, heifer conception rate, and cow conception rate. Lactation records pre-adjusted for nongenetic factors and direct genomic values were used to estimate phenotypic and genetic effects of the polled haplotype, respectively. No phenotypic or direct genomic values effects were different from zero for any trait in any breed. Genomic PTA (gPTA) for the lifetime net merit (NM$) selection index of bulls born since January 1, 2012, that received a marketing code from the National Association of Animal Breeders (Madison, WI), and cows born on or after January 1, 2015, were compared to determine whether there was a systematic benefit to polled or horned genetics. Horned bulls had the highest average gPTA for NM$ in all 3 breeds, but that difference was significant only in HO and JE (HO: 615.4 ± 1.9, JE: 402.3 ± 3.4). Homozygous polled BS cows had significantly higher average gPTA for NM$ than their heterozygous polled or horned contemporaries (PP = 261.4 ± 43.5, Pp = 166.1 ± 13.7, pp = 174.1 ± 1.8), but the sample size was very small (n = 9). In HO and JE, horned cows had higher gPTA for NM$ (HO = 378.3 ± 0.2, JE = 283.3 ± 0.3). Selection for polled cattle should not have a detrimental effect on yield, fertility, or longevity, but these differences show that, in the short term, selection for polled over horned cattle will result in lower rates of genetic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350.
| | - D J Null
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
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Klein LR, Driver BE, Martel ML, Miner JR, Cole JB. In reply:. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 73:693-694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Perez-Lauterbach D, Nahum R, Ahmad H, Topeff JM, Dossick D, Cole JB, Arens AM. Dose-Dependent Pulmonary Injury Following Nitrogen Dioxide Inhalation From Kinepak ™ Detonation. J Emerg Med 2019; 57:177-180. [PMID: 31060842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a pulmonary irritant produced as a byproduct of bacterial anaerobic metabolism of organic materials, and is also produced as a byproduct of explosive detonations. Significant NO2 exposure results in free-radical-induced pulmonary injury that may be delayed up to 3-30 h after exposure and can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Here we present a case series of 3 patients with dose-dependent pulmonary injury consistent with NO2 inhalation following exposure to fumes from detonation of an ammonium nitrate/nitromethane (ANNM) explosive device. CASE REPORTS Three individuals presented to the emergency department over the course of 16 h, beginning approximately 16 h after exposure to fumes from an ANNM explosive device. Patient 1, with the most significant exposure, developed ARDS necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. Patient 2 exhibited hypoxia and findings concerning for diffuse airway inflammation, but ultimately required only supplemental oxygen. Patient 3, with the least exposure, had imaging abnormalities but required no intervention. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Respiratory distress is a common presenting complaint to the emergency department. Because of the delayed presentation and the potential for progressive worsening of symptoms associated with NO2 exposure, it is important that emergency physicians be aware of the multiple potential means of exposure and consider this diagnosis in the proper clinical context. Patients with suspicion of NO2-related lung injury should undergo more extended observation than their initial clinical presentation may suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Lauterbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca Nahum
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hamna Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jill M Topeff
- Minnesota Poison Control, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Deborah Dossick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Poison Control, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ann M Arens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minnesota Poison Control, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Cole JB, Klein LR, Mullinax SZ, Nordstrom KD, Driver BE, Wilson MP. Study Enrollment When "Preconsent" Is Utilized for a Randomized Clinical Trial of Two Treatments for Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:559-566. [PMID: 30548977 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute agitation in the emergency department (ED) represents a danger to both patients and their caregivers. Medication is often needed, and few high-quality randomized trials have evaluated the optimal drugs for this vulnerable population. In the United States, as of 2017, randomized trials of drugs typically cannot be conducted under Waiver of Consent (46 CFR 45.116), and Exception From Informed Consent trials (21 CFR 50.24) are limited to life-threatening conditions, are onerous, and require filing an investigational new drug application with the FDA. We sought to conduct a randomized double-dummy trial of inhaled loxapine versus intramuscular haloperidol + lorazepam for acute agitation in the ED by obtaining consent in advance ("preconsent") in patients at risk of future agitation, allowing study drug administration up to 3 years later if the patient presented with acute agitation. OBJECTIVE We sought to report the successful enrollment rate of patients preconsented at an earlier ED visit for this trial. METHODS This was an analysis of patients age 18 to 64 with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia preconsented for enrollment in the trial (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02877108) conducted at a single urban academic center seeing approximately 60,000 patients per year. Eligible patients were assessed for capacity to consent by trained research associates, and informed consent was obtained at an ED visit for the possibility of administering drugs for agitation within the next 3 years. In the event the patient later presented to the ED and the attending physician deemed the patient required treatment for acute agitation, preconsent was confirmed and study drug would be administered. RESULTS Over 67 days, 1,461 patients were screened in the ED, 269 had bipolar I or schizophrenia, 194 of whom had a contraindication to inhaled loxapine leaving 75 eligible patients; preconsent was obtained in 43 patients. Four additional patients who had not preconsented were consented for the trial in real time (three by surrogate, one patient had capacity while agitated) resulting in a total of 47 consented patients. Of these 47, a total of 12 were later removed from the study: 10 patients had unrecognized exclusion criteria for inhaled loxapine, one preconsented patient contacted the investigators at a later date and asked to be removed, and one surrogate revoked consent immediately after providing it. Only two patients were successfully enrolled, neither by preconsent: one was enrolled via a surrogate the day of enrollment, and the other was mildly agitated and had capacity to consent. The remaining patient with a valid surrogate consent did not receive study medication. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of preconsent to enroll patients in a randomized trial of treatments for acute agitation in the ED requires substantial resources and may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Cole
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis MN
| | - Lauren R. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis MN
| | - Samuel Z. Mullinax
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR
| | | | - Brian E. Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine Hennepin Healthcare Minneapolis MN
| | - Michael P. Wilson
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR
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Santos DJA, Cole JB, Lawlor TJ, VanRaden PM, Tonhati H, Ma L. Variance of gametic diversity and its application in selection programs. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5279-5294. [PMID: 30981488 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The variance of gametic diversity ( σgamete2) can be used to find individuals that more likely produce progeny with extreme breeding values. The aim of this study was to obtain this variance for individuals from routine genomic evaluations, and to apply gametic variance in a selection criterion in conjunction with breeding values to improve genetic progress. An analytical approach was developed to estimate σgamete2 by the sum of binomial variances of all individual quantitative trait loci across the genome. Simulation was used to verify the predictability of this variance in a range of scenarios. The accuracy of prediction ranged from 0.49 to 0.85, depending on the scenario and model used. Compared with sequence data, SNP data are sufficient for estimating σgamete2 Results also suggested that markers with low minor allele frequency and the covariance between markers should be included in the estimation. To incorporate σgamete2 into selective breeding programs, we proposed a new index, relative predicted transmitting ability, which better utilizes the genetic potential of individuals than traditional predicted transmitting ability. Simulation with a small genome showed an additional genetic gain of up to 16% in 10 generations, depending on the number of quantitative trait loci and selection intensity. Finally, we applied σgamete2 to the US genomic evaluations for Holstein and Jersey cattle. As expected, the DGAT1 gene had a strong effect on the estimation of σgamete2 for several production traits. However, inbreeding had a small impact on gametic variability, with greater effect for more polygenic traits. In conclusion, gametic variance, a potentially important parameter for selection programs, can be easily computed and is useful for improving genetic progress and controlling genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J A Santos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; Departamento de Zootecinia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - J B Cole
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - T J Lawlor
- Holstein Association USA, Brattleboro, VT 05302-0808
| | - P M VanRaden
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - H Tonhati
- Departamento de Zootecinia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - L Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
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Guarini AR, Sargolzaei M, Brito LF, Kroezen V, Lourenco DAL, Baes CF, Miglior F, Cole JB, Schenkel FS. Estimating the effect of the deleterious recessive haplotypes AH1 and AH2 on reproduction performance of Ayrshire cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5315-5322. [PMID: 30954262 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 2 deleterious recessive haplotypes on reproduction performance of Ayrshire cattle, Ayrshire Haplotype 1 (AH1) and Ayrshire Haplotype 2 (AH2), were investigated in Canadian Ayrshire cattle. We calculated their phenotypic effects on stillbirth (SB) rate and 56-d nonreturn rate (NRR) by estimating the interaction of service sire carrier status with maternal grandsire carrier status using the official Canadian evaluation models for those 2 traits. The interaction term included 9 subclasses for the 3 possible statuses of each bull: haplotype carrier, noncarrier, or not genotyped. For AH1, 394 carriers and 1,433 noncarriers were available, whereas 313 carriers and 1,543 noncarriers were available for the AH2 haplotype. The number of matings considered for SB was 34,312 for heifers (first parity) and 115,935 for cows (later parities). For NRR, 49,479 matings for heifers and 160,528 for cows were used to estimate the haplotype effects. We observed a negative effect of AH1 on SB rates, which was 2.0% higher for matings of AH1-carrier sires to dams that had an AH1-carrier sire; this effect was found for both heifers and cows. However, AH1 had small, generally nonsignificant effects on NRR. The AH2 haplotype had a substantial negative effect on NRR, with 5.1% more heifers and 4.0% more cows returning to service, but the effects on SB rates were inconsistent and mostly small effects. Our results validate the harmful effects of AH1 and AH2 on reproduction traits in the Canadian Ayrshire population. This information will be of great interest for the dairy industry, allowing producers to make mating decisions that would reduce reproductive losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Guarini
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH 43064
| | - L F Brito
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - V Kroezen
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D A L Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - C F Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, Ontario N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - F S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Mueller ML, Cole JB, Sonstegard TS, Van Eenennaam AL. Comparison of gene editing versus conventional breeding to introgress the POLLED allele into the US dairy cattle population. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4215-4226. [PMID: 30852022 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disbudding and dehorning are commonly used cattle management practices to protect animals and humans from injury. They are unpleasant, costly processes subject to increased public scrutiny as an animal welfare issue. Horns are a recessively inherited trait, so one option to eliminate dehorning is to breed for polled (hornlessness). However, due to the low genetic merit and scarcity of polled dairy sires, this approach has not been widely adopted. In March 2018, only 3 Holstein and 0 Jersey active homozygous polled sires were registered with the National Association of Animal Breeders. Alternatively, gene editing to produce high-genetic-merit polled sires has been proposed. To further explore this concept, introgression of the POLLED allele into both the US Holstein and Jersey cattle populations via conventional breeding or gene editing (top 1% of bulls/year) was simulated for 3 polled mating schemes and compared with baseline selection on lifetime net merit (NM$) alone, over the course of 20 yr. Scenarios were replicated 10 times and the changes in HORNED allele frequency, inbreeding, genetic gain (NM$), and number of unique sires used were calculated. Gene editing decreased the frequency of the HORNED allele to <0.1 after 20 yr, which was as fast or faster than conventional breeding for both breeds. In the mating scheme that required the use of only existing homozygous polled sires, inbreeding reached 17% (Holstein) and 14% (Jersey), compared with less than 7% in the baseline scenarios. However, gene editing in the same mating scheme resulted in significantly less inbreeding, 9% (Holstein) and 8% (Jersey). Also, gene editing resulted in significantly higher NM$ after 20 yr compared with conventional breeding for both breeds. Additionally, the gene editing scenarios of both breeds used a significantly greater number of unique sires compared with either the conventional breeding or baseline scenarios. Overall, our simulations show that, given the current genetic merit of horned and polled dairy sires, the use of conventional breeding methods to decrease the frequency of the HORNED allele will increase inbreeding and slow genetic improvement. Furthermore, this study demonstrates how gene editing could be used to rapidly decrease the frequency of the HORNED allele in US dairy cattle populations while maintaining the rate of genetic gain, constraining inbreeding to acceptable levels, and simultaneously addressing an emerging animal welfare concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mueller
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - J B Cole
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | | | - A L Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
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