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Xie W, Berlowitz JB, Raquib R, Harlow AF, Benjamin EJ, Bhatnagar A, Stokes AC. Association of cigarette and electronic cigarette use patterns with all-cause mortality: A national cohort study of 145,390 US adults. Prev Med 2024; 182:107943. [PMID: 38552720 PMCID: PMC11039355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While e-cigarette use is associated with adverse cardiopulmonary health effects, the mortality risks associated with e-cigarette use alone and combined with smoking remain unexamined. METHODS Data between 2014 and 2018 were obtained from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), an annual cross-sectional survey of US adults. All-cause mortality and date of death were obtained via linkage of the NHIS to the National Death Index through December 31, 2019. A 6-category composite cigarette (never, former, current) and e-cigarette (current, non-current) exposure variable was created. We examined the association of cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns with all-cause mortality using adjusted Cox models. RESULTS Among 145,390 participants (79,294 women [51.5%]; 60,560 aged 18-44 [47.4%]), 5220 deaths were observed over a median follow-up of 3.5 years (508,545 total person-years). Dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes was associated with higher mortality risk compared with non-current e-cigarette use in combination with never smoking (hazard ratio [HR] 2.44; 95% CI, 1.90-3.13) and had a risk that did not differ from current exclusive smoking (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.83-1.37). Current e-cigarette use in combination with former smoking was associated with a lower mortality risk than current exclusive cigarette smoking (HR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41-0.99). CONCLUSIONS The addition of e-cigarette use to smoking does not reduce mortality risk compared with exclusive smoking. However, transitioning completely from cigarettes to e-cigarettes may be associated with mortality risk reduction. Further research is needed to verify these findings in larger cohorts and over longer periods of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Xie
- Population and Global Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan B Berlowitz
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafeya Raquib
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa F Harlow
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Harlow AF, Xie W, Goghari AR, Lundberg DJ, Raquib RV, Berlowitz JB, Stokes AC. Sociodemographic Differences in E-Cigarette Uptake and Perceptions of Harm. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:356-365. [PMID: 36924804 PMCID: PMC10440280 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differences in e-cigarette uptake and harm perceptions about e-cigarettes among adults who smoke cigarettes in the U.S. METHODS Five waves of the U.S. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2019) were used to assess transitions from exclusive cigarette smoking to (1) exclusive e-cigarette use, (2) dual use, and (3) nonuse of either product (N=7,172). Analyses (conducted in 2022) estimated differences in transitions and e-cigarette harm perceptions by race/ethnicity, income, and education. RESULTS Hispanic (OR=0.32; 95% CI=0.18, 0.54) and Black (OR=0.38; 95% CI=0.22, 0.65) adults were less likely than White adults to transition from exclusive cigarette to exclusive e-cigarette use after 1 year. Adults with a bachelor's degree (versus those with less than high school) (OR=2.57; 95% CI=1.49, 4.45) and adults making ≥$100,000/year (versus those making <$10,000) (OR=3.61; 95% CI=2.10, 6.22) were more likely to transition from exclusive cigarette to exclusive e-cigarette use. Hispanic and Black adults and those with lower income and education were more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as equally or more harmful than cigarettes, which in turn was associated with lower odds of transitioning from exclusive cigarette smoking to exclusive e-cigarette use (OR=0.62; 95% CI=0.47, 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Adults who were Hispanic, were Black, and/or had lower SES were less likely to use e-cigarettes to quit cigarettes. Findings provide preliminary evidence that differences in harm perceptions may contribute to disparities in e-cigarette transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F Harlow
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Wubin Xie
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aboli R Goghari
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dielle J Lundberg
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafeya V Raquib
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan B Berlowitz
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Berlowitz JB, Xie W, Harlow AF, Blaha MJ, Bhatnagar A, Benjamin EJ, Stokes AC. Cigarette‒E-cigarette Transitions and Respiratory Symptom Development. Am J Prev Med 2023; 64:556-560. [PMID: 36470837 PMCID: PMC10033326 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarette use is associated with pulmonary inflammation, functional respiratory changes, and chronic lung disease. Most population-level E-cigarette research has utilized point-in-time measures of E-cigarette exposures, which may not generalize to adults who transition between cigarettes and E-cigarettes. METHODS Data obtained from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were collected from 2013 to 2019 and analyzed in 2022. Three observations were created per respondent, with exposure intervals assessed over Waves 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4. Each wave of the exposure interval was classified as nonuse, exclusive E-cigarette use, exclusive smoking, or dual use, producing 16 possible cigarette‒E-cigarette transitions. The association between transitions and both dry nighttime cough and wheeze symptom development during follow-up were assessed using mixed-effects Poisson models. RESULTS Among 33,231 observations from 13,528 unique participants, transitioning from nonuse to exclusive E-cigarette use was associated with 1.62 times higher incidence rate of wheeze (incident rate ratio=1.62; 95% CI=1.12, 2.34) than persistent nonuse. There was no change in reported dry nighttime cough (incident rate ratio=0.84; 95% CI=0.52, 1.35) or wheeze (incident rate ratio=0.87; 95% CI=0.52, 1.46) in individuals who switched from cigarettes to E-cigarettes, whereas transitioning from dual use to E-cigarette use was associated with large reductions in both symptoms (incident rate ratio=0.58; 95% CI=0.39, 0.87 and incident rate ratio=0.36; 95% CI=0.20, 0.63, respectively). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette initiation among nonusers is associated with increased respiratory morbidity. Further research should assess the risks and benefits of E-cigarette‒assisted cigarette cessation given the reduction in symptom development rates among dual use to E-cigarette switchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Berlowitz
- From the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wubin Xie
- From the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa F Harlow
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- From the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Xie W, Tackett AP, Berlowitz JB, Harlow AF, Kathuria H, Galiatsatos P, Fetterman JL, Cho J, Blaha MJ, Hamburg NM, Robertson RM, DeFilippis AP, Hall ME, Bhatnagar A, Benjamin EJ, Stokes AC. Association of Electronic Cigarette Use with Respiratory Symptom Development among U.S. Young Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1320-1329. [PMID: 35089853 PMCID: PMC9873120 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202107-1718oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is highly prevalent among young adults. However, longitudinal data assessing the association between e-cigarette use and respiratory symptoms are lacking. Objectives: To determine whether e-cigarette use is associated with the development of respiratory symptoms in young adults. Methods: Data are derived from the PATH (Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health) study waves 2 (2014-2015), 3 (2015-2016), 4 (2016-2018), and 5 (2018-2019). Young adults aged 18-24 years at baseline with no prevalent respiratory disease or symptoms were included in the analyses. Binary logistic regression models with a generalized estimating equation were used to estimate time-varying and time-lagged associations of e-cigarette use during waves 2-4, with respiratory symptom development approximately 12 months later at waves 3-5. Measurements and Main Results: The per-wave prevalence of former and current e-cigarette use was 15.2% and 5.6%, respectively. Former e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of developing any respiratory symptom (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.39) and wheezing in the chest (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.08-1.83) in multivariable adjusted models. Current e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds for any respiratory symptom (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.65) and wheezing in the chest (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06-2.14). Associations persisted among participants who never smoked combustible cigarettes. Conclusions: In this nationally representative cohort of young adults, former and current e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of developing wheezing-related respiratory symptoms, after accounting for cigarette smoking and other combustible tobacco product use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alayna P. Tackett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Alyssa F. Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Panagis Galiatsatos
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L. Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael J. Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew P. DeFilippis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael E. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Evans Department of Medicine
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew C. Stokes
- Department of Global Health
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas
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Berlowitz JB, Xie W, Harlow AF, Hamburg NM, Blaha MJ, Bhatnagar A, Benjamin EJ, Stokes AC. E-Cigarette Use and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Analysis of the PATH Study (2013-2019). Circulation 2022; 145:1557-1559. [PMID: 35514292 PMCID: PMC9362726 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Berlowitz
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wubin Xie
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa F. Harlow
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J. Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew C. Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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