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Sarafian R, Kloog I, Rosenblatt JD. Optimal-design domain-adaptation for exposure prediction in two-stage epidemiological studies. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2023; 33:963-970. [PMID: 35459930 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first stage of a two-stage study, the researcher uses a statistical model to impute the unobserved exposures. In the second stage, imputed exposures serve as covariates in epidemiological models. Imputation error in the first stage operate as measurement errors in the second stage, and thus bias exposure effect estimates. OBJECTIVE This study aims to improve the estimation of exposure effects by sharing information between the first and second stages. METHODS At the heart of our estimator is the observation that not all second-stage observations are equally important to impute. We thus borrow ideas from the optimal-experimental-design theory, to identify individuals of higher importance. We then improve the imputation of these individuals using ideas from the machine-learning literature of domain adaptation. RESULTS Our simulations confirm that the exposure effect estimates are more accurate than the current best practice. An empirical demonstration yields smaller estimates of PM effect on hyperglycemia risk, with tighter confidence bands. SIGNIFICANCE Sharing information between environmental scientist and epidemiologist improves health effect estimates. Our estimator is a principled approach for harnessing this information exchange, and may be applied to any two stage study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Sarafian
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan D Rosenblatt
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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2
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Rosenblatt JD, Benjamini Y, Gilron R, Mukamel R, Goeman JJ. Better-than-chance classification for signal detection. Biostatistics 2019; 22:365-380. [PMID: 31612223 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimated accuracy of a classifier is a random quantity with variability. A common practice in supervised machine learning, is thus to test if the estimated accuracy is significantly better than chance level. This method of signal detection is particularly popular in neuroimaging and genetics. We provide evidence that using a classifier's accuracy as a test statistic can be an underpowered strategy for finding differences between populations, compared to a bona fide statistical test. It is also computationally more demanding than a statistical test. Via simulation, we compare test statistics that are based on classification accuracy, to others based on multivariate test statistics. We find that the probability of detecting differences between two distributions is lower for accuracy-based statistics. We examine several candidate causes for the low power of accuracy-tests. These causes include: the discrete nature of the accuracy-test statistic, the type of signal accuracy-tests are designed to detect, their inefficient use of the data, and their suboptimal regularization. When the purpose of the analysis is the evaluation of a particular classifier, not signal detection, we suggest several improvements to increase power. In particular, to replace V-fold cross-validation with the Leave-One-Out Bootstrap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rosenblatt
- Department of IE&M and Zlotowsky Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. 653, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Yuval Benjamini
- Department of Statistics, Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Roee Gilron
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, 1635 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Roy Mukamel
- School of Psychological Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rosenblatt
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, , Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ya’acov Ritov
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, 1085 South University, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Rosenblatt JD, Finos L, Weeda WD, Solari A, Goeman JJ. All-Resolutions Inference for brain imaging. Neuroimage 2018; 181:786-796. [PMID: 30056198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent approach to activation localization in neuroimaging is to identify brain regions as contiguous supra-threshold clusters, check their significance using random field theory, and correct for the multiple clusters being tested. Besides recent criticism on the validity of the random field assumption, a spatial specificity paradox remains: the larger the detected cluster, the less we know about the location of activation within that cluster. This is because cluster inference implies "there exists at least one voxel with an evoked response in the cluster", and not that "all the voxels in the cluster have an evoked response". Inference on voxels within selected clusters is considered bad practice, due to the voxel-wise false positive rate inflation associated with this circular inference. Here, we propose a remedy to the spatial specificity paradox. By applying recent results from the multiple testing statistical literature, we are able to quantify the proportion of truly active voxels within selected clusters, an approach we call All-Resolutions Inference (ARI). If this proportion is high, the paradox vanishes. If it is low, we can further "drill down" from the cluster level to sub-regions, and even to individual voxels, in order to pinpoint the origin of the activation. In fact, ARI allows inference on the proportion of activation in all voxel sets, no matter how large or small, however these have been selected, all from the same data. We use two fMRI datasets to demonstrate the non-triviality of the spatial specificity paradox, and its resolution using ARI. We verify that the endless circularity permitted by ARI does not render its estimates overly conservative using both simulation, and a data split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rosenblatt
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
| | - Livio Finos
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Wouter D Weeda
- Methodology and Statistics Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Solari
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, Italy; NeuroMI- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Italy
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Rosenblatt
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Shev, Israel
| | - Yoav Benjamini
- Department of Statistics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Amar-Halpert R, Laor-Maayany R, Nemni S, Rosenblatt JD, Censor N. Memory reactivation improves visual perception. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1325-1328. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Berchenko Y, Rosenblatt JD, Frost SDW. Modeling and analyzing respondent-driven sampling as a counting process. Biometrics 2017; 73:1189-1198. [PMID: 28257143 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is an approach to sampling design and analysis which utilizes the networks of social relationships that connect members of the target population, using chain-referral. RDS sampling will typically oversample participants with many acquaintances. Naïve estimators, such as the sample average, will thus be biased towards the state of the most highly connected individuals. Current methodology cannot estimate population size from RDS, and promotes inverse probability weighted estimators for population parameters such as HIV prevalence. We propose to use the timing of recruitment, typically collected and discarded, in order to estimate the population size via a counting process model. Once population size and degree frequencies are made available, prevalence can be debiased in a post-stratified framework. We adapt methods developed for inference in epidemiology and software reliability to estimate the population size, degree counts and frequencies. A fundamental advantage of our approach is that it makes the assumptions of the sampling design explicit. This enables verification of the assumptions, maximum likelihood estimation, extension with covariates, and model selection. We develop large-sample theory, proving consistency and asymptotic normality. We further compare our estimators to other estimators in the RDS literature, through simulation and real-world data. In both cases, we find our estimators to outperform current methods. The likelihood problem in the model we present is separable, and thus efficiently solvable. We implement these estimators in an accompanying R package, chords, available on CRAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir Berchenko
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Jonathan D Rosenblatt
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Simon D W Frost
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Perez O, Mukamel R, Tankus A, Rosenblatt JD, Yeshurun Y, Fried I. Preconscious Prediction of a Driver's Decision Using Intracranial Recordings. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1492-502. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While driving, we make numerous conscious decisions such as route and turn direction selection. Although drivers are held responsible, the neural processes that govern such decisions are not clear. We recorded intracranial EEG signals from six patients engaged in a computer-based driving simulator. Patients decided which way to turn (left/right) and subsequently reported the time of the decision. We show that power modulations of gamma band oscillations (30–100 Hz) preceding the reported time of decision (up to 5.5 sec) allow prediction of decision content with high accuracy (up to 82.4%) on a trial-by-trial basis, irrespective of subsequent motor output. Moreover, these modulations exhibited a spatiotemporal gradient, differentiating left/right decisions earliest in premotor cortices and later in more anterior and lateral regions. Our results suggest a preconscious role for the premotor cortices in early stages of decision-making, which permits foreseeing and perhaps modifying the content of real-life human choices before they are consciously made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariel Tankus
- 2University of California Los Angeles
- 3Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
| | | | | | - Itzhak Fried
- 1Tel Aviv University
- 2University of California Los Angeles
- 5Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
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9
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Abstract
The problem of "voodoo" correlations-exceptionally high observed correlations in selected regions of the brain-is well recognized in neuroimaging. It arises when quantities of interest are estimated from the same data that was used to select them as interesting. In statistical terminology, the problem of inference following selection from the same data is that of selective inference. Motivated by the unwelcome side-effects of splitting the data- the recommended remedy-we adapt the recent developments in selective inference in order to construct confidence intervals (CIs) with good reproducibility prospects, even if selection and estimation are done with the same data. These intervals control the expected proportion of non-covered correlations in the selected voxels-the False Coverage Rate (FCR). They extend further toward zero than standard intervals, thus attenuating the impression made by highly biased observed correlations. They do so adaptively, in that they coincide with the standard CIs when far away from the selection point. We complement existing analytic proofs with a simulation, showing that the proposed intervals control the FCR in realistic social neuroscience problems. We also suggest a "confidence calibration plot", to allow the intervals to be reported in a clear and interpretable way. Applying the proposed methodology on a loss-aversion study, we demonstrate that with the sample size and selection type employed, selection bias is considerable. Finally, selective intervals are compared to the currently recommended data-splitting approach. We discover that our approach has more power and typically more informative, as no data is discarded. Computation of the intervals is implemented in an accompanying software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rosenblatt
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Y Benjamini
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; The Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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10
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Admon R, Lubin G, Rosenblatt JD, Stern O, Kahn I, Assaf M, Hendler T. Imbalanced Neural Responsivity to Risk and Reward Indicates Stress Vulnerability in Humans. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:28-35. [PMID: 22291028 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roee Admon
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.
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11
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Liesveld JL, Lancet JE, Rosell KE, Menon A, Lu C, McNair C, Abboud CN, Rosenblatt JD. Effects of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 on normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2003; 17:1806-12. [PMID: 12970780 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome may respond to farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) with partial or complete response rates noted in about 30% of such patients. FTIs prevent the attachment of a lipid farnesyl moiety to dependent proteins prior to their insertion into the plasma membrane and thereby prevent activity of these prenylation-dependent proteins, but their mechanism of tumor suppression remains unknown. Many patients receiving FTIs do experience myelosuppression. In this work, the in vitro effects of the FTI, R115777 on normal and leukemic hematopoiesis have been examined as have its effects on apoptosis induction and cell cycle profile in both leukemic blasts and normal CD34+ cells. R115777 was inhibitory to normal CD34+ cell proliferation and to leukemic blast cells, but did not affect long-term culture initiating cell frequency nor NOD-SCID reconstituting capacity. No induction of apoptosis or cell cycle changes were noted in AML blasts. These data suggest that myelosuppression with R115777 occurs largely at the intermediate to late progenitor stage of hematopoiesis and that cyclic use might avoid long-term marrow suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Liesveld
- James P Wilmot Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Khorana AA, Rosenblatt JD, Sahasrabudhe DM, Evans T, Ladrigan M, Marquis D, Rosell K, Whiteside T, Phillippe S, Acres B, Slos P, Squiban P, Ross M, Kendra K. A phase I trial of immunotherapy with intratumoral adenovirus-interferon-gamma (TG1041) in patients with malignant melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:251-9. [PMID: 12679797 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has been shown to upregulate MHC class I and II expression, and to promote generation of specific antitumor immune responses. We hypothesized that intratumoral administration of an IFN-gamma gene transfer vector facilitates its enhanced local production and may activate effector cells locally. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study of a replication-deficient adenovirus-interferon-gamma construct (TG1041) to determine safety and tolerability of intratumoral administration, in advanced or locally recurrent melanoma. METHODS Patients were enrolled at four successive dose levels: 10(7) infectious units (iu) (n=3), 10(8) iu (n=3), 10(9) iu (n=3), and 10(10) iu (n=2) per injection per week for 3 weeks. TG1041 was injected in the same tumor nodule weekly in each patient. Safety, toxicity, local and distant tumor responses and biologic correlates were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 11 patients were enrolled and received the planned three injections per cycle. One patient with stable disease received a second cycle of treatment. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached in this study. No grade 4 toxicities were observed. Two grade 3 toxicities, fever and deep venous thrombosis were observed in one patient. The most frequently reported toxicities were grade 1 pain and redness at the injected site (n=8), and grade 1 fatigue (n=5) patients. Clinical changes observed at the local injected tumor site included erythema (n=5), a minor decrease in size of the injected lesion (n=5) and significant central necrosis by histopathology (n=1). Systemic effects included stable disease in one patient. Correlative studies did not reveal evidence of immunologic activity. CONCLUSION Weekly intratumoral administration of TG1041 appears to be safe and well tolerated in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok A Khorana
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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13
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Renda MJ, Rosenblatt JD, Klimatcheva E, Demeter LM, Bambara RA, Planelles V. Mutation of the methylated tRNA(Lys)(3) residue A58 disrupts reverse transcription and inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2001; 75:9671-8. [PMID: 11559799 PMCID: PMC114538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9671-9678.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular tRNA(Lys)(3) serves as the primer for reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). tRNA(Lys)(3) interacts directly with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), is packaged into viral particles, and anneals to the primer-binding site (PBS) of the HIV-1 genome in order to initiate reverse transcription. Residue A58 of tRNA(Lys)(3), which lies outside the PBS-complementary region, is posttranscriptionally methylated to form 1-methyladenosine 58 (M(1)A58). This methylation is thought to serve as a pause signal for plus-strand strong-stop DNA synthesis during reverse transcription. However, formal proof that the methylation is necessary for the pausing of RT has not been obtained in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the role of tRNA(Lys)(3) residue A58 in the replication cycle of HIV-1 in living cells. We have developed a mutant tRNA(Lys)(3) derivative, tRNA(Lys)(3)A58U, in which A58 was replaced by U. This mutant tRNA was expressed in CEM cells. We demonstrate that the presence of M(1)A58 is necessary for the appropriate termination of plus-strand strong-stop DNA synthesis and that the absence of M(1)A58 allows RT to read the tRNA sequences beyond residue 58. In addition, we show that replacement of M(1)A58 with U inhibits the replication of HIV-1 in vivo. These results highlight the importance of tRNA primer residue A58 in the reverse transcription process. Inhibition of reverse transcription with mutant tRNA primers constitutes a novel approach for therapeutic intervention against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Renda
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Cancer Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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14
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Belly RT, Rosenblatt JD, Steinmann M, Toner J, Sun J, Shehadi J, Peacock JL, Raubertas RF, Jani N, Ryan CK. Detection of mutated K12-ras in histologically negative lymph nodes as an indicator of poor prognosis in stage II colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2001; 1:110-6. [PMID: 12445369 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2001.n.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stage II colorectal carcinoma is characterized by negative lymph node pathology as determined by conventional microscopic examination. These patients generally do not receive adjuvant therapy although 20%-30% will die from metastatic disease. To determine whether K-ras mutations at codon 12 could be used as a sensitive indicator of occult lymph node metastasis in stage II colon carcinoma, a retrospective study was performed using restriction endonuclease-mediated selective polymerase chain reaction (REMS-PCR) amplification. Of 106 colonic tumors analyzed, 46 were identified as positive for a K12-ras mutation in the primary tumor. Multiple lymph node samples from 38 of these 46 patients were examined by a sensitive nested PCR protocol for the presence of a K12-ras mutation. Of these 38 patients, 14 had 1 or more positive lymph nodes by PCR (37%) and 24 were negative for the mutation (63%). Of the 14 patients with a K12-ras mutation detected in lymph nodes, 8 died of the disease within 5 years (57%) compared to only 4 of the 24 patients with ras-negative lymph nodes (17%). The difference in time to death from disease, stratified using K12-ras status of lymph nodes, was statistically significant (P = 0.036; log-rank test). These results suggest K-ras mutation status of lymph nodes in patients with stage II colon cancer might identify a subgroup of patients who are more likely to develop recurrent and/or metastatic disease and benefit from adjuvant therapy. Larger studies are indicated to determine whether detection of K-ras mutation positivity in histologically negative lymph nodes portends a poor prognosis and to determine whether more aggressive use of adjuvant therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Belly
- Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, 100 Indigo Creek Drive, Rochester, NY 14626, USA.
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15
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Tolba KA, Bowers WJ, Hilchey SP, Halterman MW, Howard DF, Giuliano RE, Federoff HJ, Rosenblatt JD. Development of herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon-based immunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 98:287-95. [PMID: 11435295 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors have favorable biologic features for gene therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. These include high transduction efficiency, ability to infect postmitotic cells, and large packaging capacity. The usefulness of HSV amplicon vectors for the transduction of primary human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was explored. Vectors were constructed encoding beta-galactosidase (LacZ), CD80 (B7.1), or CD154 (CD40L) and were packaged using either a standard helper virus (HSVlac, HSVB7.1, and HSVCD40L) or a helper virus-free method (hf-HSVlac, hf-HSVB7.1, and hf-HSVCD40L). Both helper-containing and helper-free vector stocks were studied for their ability to transduce CLL cells, up-regulate costimulatory molecules, stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte tumor reaction, and generate autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although helper-containing and helper-free amplicon stocks were equivalent in their ability to transduce CLL cells, a vigorous T-cell proliferative response was obtained using cells transduced with hf-HSVB7.1 but not with HSVB7.1. CLL cells transduced with either HSVCD40L or hf-HSVCD40L were compared for their ability to up-regulate resident B7.1 and to function as T-cell stimulators. Significantly enhanced B7.1 expression in response to CD40L was observed using hf-HSVCD40L but not with HSVCD40L. CLL cells transduced with hf-HSVCD40L were also more effective at stimulating T-cell proliferation than those transduced with HSVCD40L stocks and were successful in stimulating autologous CTL activity. It is concluded that HSV amplicons are efficient vectors for gene therapy of hematologic malignancies and that helper virus-free HSV amplicon preparations are better suited for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Tolba
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Cancer Center, NY, USA
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16
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Penichet ML, Dela Cruz JS, Challita-Eid PM, Rosenblatt JD, Morrison SL. A murine B cell lymphoma expressing human HER2 / neu undergoes spontaneous tumor regression and elicits antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001; 49:649-62. [PMID: 11258791 PMCID: PMC11036999 DOI: 10.1007/s002620000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we describe a novel murine tumor model in which the highly malignant murine B cell lymphoma 38C13 has been transduced with the cDNA encoding human tumor-associated antigen HER2/neu. This new cell line (38C13-HER2/neu) showed stable surfiace expression but not secretion of human HER2/neu. It also maintained expression of the idiotype (Id) of the surface immunoglobulin of 38C13, which serves as another tumor-associated antigen. Surprisingly, spontaneous tumor regression was observed following s.c. but not i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu cells in immunocompetent syngeneic mice. Regression was more frequently observed with larger tumor cell challenges and was mediated through immunological mechanisms because it was not observed in syngeneic immunodeficient mice. Mice that showed complete tumor regression were immune to challenge with the parental cell line 38C13 and V1, a variant of 38C13 that does not express the Id. Immunity could be transferred with sera, suggesting that an antibody response mediated rejection and immunity. Continuously growing s.c. tumors as well as metastatic tumors obtained after the i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu maintained expression of human HER2/neu, which can serve as a target for active immunotherapy. As spontaneous tumor regression has not been observed in other human murine models expressing human HER2/neu, our results illustrate the enormous differences that can exist among different murine tumors expressing the same antigen. The present model provides a useful tool for the study of the mechanisms of protective immunity to B cell lymphoma and for the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches based on the stimulation or suppression of the immune response.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous/pathology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Penichet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1489, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Khorana
- Cancer Center and Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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18
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Abstract
B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are rare but serious complications of solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. We report that these tumors frequently express the CD-20 antigen, and immunotherapy directed at this antigen may be a well-tolerated and effective treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antigens, CD20/blood
- Child
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Intestine, Small/transplantation
- Liver Transplantation/adverse effects
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/etiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
- Postoperative Complications/drug therapy
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- Rituximab
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ifthikharuddin
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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19
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Harris JM, Morgan JE, Rosenblatt JD, Peckham M, Edwards YH, Partridge TA, Porter AC. Forced MyHCIIB expression following targeted genetic manipulation of conditionally immortalized muscle precursor cells. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:523-32. [PMID: 10585276 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to carry out gene targeting in somatic stem cells while maintaining their stem cell characteristics would have important implications for gene therapy and for the analysis of gene function. Using mouse myoblasts, we have explored this possibility by attempting to alter the promoter of a myosin heavy chain gene (MyHCIIB) characteristic of physiologically "fast" muscle so as to force its unscheduled expression in physiologically "slow" muscle fibers. Conditionally immortalized muscle precursor cells were transfected with a gene targeting construct designed to replace the MyHCIIB promoter with that for the carbonic anhydrase III gene (CAIII), which is highly expressed in slow muscle. A potentially targeted clone was isolated and differentiated in culture to form myotubes which expressed MyHCIIB. Cells from the same clone were injected into both slow and fast muscle of host mice, where they contributed to fiber formation. In slow muscle, the fibers derived from this clone did not express MyHCIIB; this may reflect an instability of the targeted MyHCIIB locus and/or a failure of the hybrid promoter to function in slow fibers in vivo. Nonetheless, we have demonstrated that a "promoter knock-in" gene targeting procedure can be used to generate unique MyHCIIB-expressing myotubes in culture and that conditionally immortalized myoblasts can be subjected to extensive passaging and genetic manipulation without losing their ability to form fibers in culture and in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed/chemistry
- Cell Line, Transformed/cytology
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Mice
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Stem Cells/chemistry
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Harris
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Repair of damaged skeletal muscle fibers by muscle precursor cells (MPC) is central to the regeneration that occurs after injury or disease of muscle and is vital to the success of myoblast transplantation to treat inherited myopathies. However, we lack a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of this muscle repair. Here, we have used a novel combination of techniques to study this process, marking MPC with nuclear-localizing LacZ and tracing their contribution to regeneration of muscle fibers after grafting into preirradiated muscle of the mdx nu/nu mouse. In this model system, there is muscle degeneration, but little or no regeneration from endogenous MPC. Incorporation of donor MPC into injected muscles was analyzed by preparing single viable muscle fibers at various times after cell implantation. Fibers were either stained immediately for beta-gal, or cultured to allow their associated satellite cells to migrate from the fiber and then stained for beta-gal. Marked myonuclei were located in discrete segments of host muscle fibers and were not incorporated preferentially at the ends of the fibers. All branches on host fibers were also found to be composed of myonuclei carrying the beta-gal marker. There was no significant movement of donor myonuclei within myofibers for up to 7 weeks after MPC implantation. Although donor-derived dystrophin was usually located coincidentally with donor myonuclei, in some fibers, the dystrophin protein had spread further along the mosaic myofibers than had the myonuclei of donor origin. In addition to repairing segments of the host fiber, the implanted MPC also gave rise to satellite cells, which may contribute to future muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blaveri
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England
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21
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Amado RG, Mitsuyasu RT, Symonds G, Rosenblatt JD, Zack J, Sun LQ, Miller M, Ely J, Gerlach W. A phase I trial of autologous CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with an anti-HIV ribozyme. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:2255-70. [PMID: 10498256 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R G Amado
- Department of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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22
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Shostak LD, Ludlow J, Fisk J, Pursell S, Rimel BJ, Nguyen D, Rosenblatt JD, Planelles V. Roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by HIV-1 vpr. Exp Cell Res 1999; 251:156-65. [PMID: 10438581 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vpr gene from the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes a 14-kDa protein that prevents cell proliferation by causing a block in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle. This cellular function of vpr is conserved in evolution because other primate lentiviruses, including HIV-2, SIV(mac), and SIV(agm) encode related genes that also induce G(2) arrest. After G(2) arrest, cells expressing vpr undergo apoptosis. The signaling pathways that result in vpr-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis have yet to be determined. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is involved in signaling pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of cell types. In this work, we examine the potential role of p53 in mediating cell cycle block and/or apoptosis by HIV-1 vpr and demonstrate that both phenomena occur independently of the presence and function of p53. Caspases are common mediators of apoptosis. We examined the potential role of caspases in mediating vpr-induced apoptosis by treating vpr-expressing cells with Boc-D-FMK, a broad spectrum, irreversible inhibitor of the caspase family. Boc-D-FMK significantly reduced the numbers of apoptotic cells induced by vpr. Therefore, we conclude that vpr-induced apoptosis is effected via the activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Shostak
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Cancer Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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23
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Abstract
Gene therapy is a novel method under investigation for the treatment of genetic, metabolic and neurologic diseases, cancer and AIDS. The primary goal of gene therapy is to deliver a specific gene to a pre-determined target cell, and to direct expression of such a gene in a manner which will result in a therapeutic effect. Retroviral vectors have the ability to integrate in the host cell DNA irreversibly and therefore, are suitable vectors for permanent genetic modification of cells. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer has been limited, however, by the inability of onco-retroviruses to productively infect non-dividing cells. Lentiviruses are unique among retroviruses because of their ability to infect target cells independently of their proliferation status. This chapter presents an up-to-date description of available lentiviral vectors, including vector design, applications to disease treatment and safety considerations. In addition, general aspects of the biology of lentiviruses with relevance to vector development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Klimatcheva
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Cancer Center, NY 14642, USA
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24
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Penichet ML, Challita PM, Shin SU, Sampogna SL, Rosenblatt JD, Morrison SL. In vivo properties of three human HER2/neu-expressing murine cell lines in immunocompetent mice. Lab Anim Sci 1999; 49:179-88. [PMID: 10331548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Expression of the HER2/neu proto-oncogene, a receptor-like transmembrane protein expressed at low levels on some normal cells, is markedly increased in a subset of human breast, colon, lung, and ovarian cancers. A humanized HER2/neu antibody has been tested as a therapeutic agent in several clinical trials, with promising results. We have developed a family of anti-HER2/neu fusion proteins. To evaluate the immunologic efficacy of these proteins, it is critical that tumors expressing the target antigen can grow in immunologically intact mice. METHOD To produce murine tumors expressing human HER2/neu on the surface, CT26, MC38, and EL4 murine cell lines were transduced by use of a retroviral construct containing the cDNA encoding the human HER2/neu gene. RESULTS Histologic features and kinetics of tumor growth in subcutaneous space of the human HER2/neu-expressing cells were similar to those of the respective parental cell lines. Intravenous inoculation with these cells induced disseminated malignant disease. Flow cytometric and immmunohistochemical analyses of freshly isolated tumors revealed in vivo expression of human HER2/neu. Secretion of antigen was not detected by use of an ELISA. CONCLUSION Although an antibody response against the human HER2/neu antigen was observed, this response does not affect the growth rate of the HER2/neu-expressing cells. These murine models may be useful tools for evaluation of anti-cancer therapeutic approaches that target human HER2/neu.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Penichet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1489, USA
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25
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White SM, Renda M, Nam NY, Klimatcheva E, Zhu Y, Fisk J, Halterman M, Rimel BJ, Federoff H, Pandya S, Rosenblatt JD, Planelles V. Lentivirus vectors using human and simian immunodeficiency virus elements. J Virol 1999; 73:2832-40. [PMID: 10074131 PMCID: PMC104041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.2832-2840.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) constitute a recent development in the field of gene therapy. A key property of HIV-1-derived vectors is their ability to infect nondividing cells. Although high-titer HIV-1-derived vectors have been produced, concerns regarding safety still exist. Safety concerns arise mainly from the possibility of recombination between transfer and packaging vectors, which may give rise to replication-competent viruses with pathogenic potential. We describe a novel lentivirus vector which is based on HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and which we refer to as HIV/SIVpack/G. In this system, an HIV-1-derived genome is encapsidated by SIVmac core particles. These core particles are pseudotyped with VSV glycoprotein G. Because the nucleotide homology between HIV-1 and SIVmac is low, the likelihood of recombination between vector elements should be reduced. In addition, the packaging construct (SIVpack) for this lentivirus system was derived from SIVmac1A11, a nonvirulent SIV strain. Thus, the potential for pathogenicity with this vector system is minimal. The transduction ability of HIV/SIVpack/G was demonstrated with immortalized human lymphocytes, human primary macrophages, human bone marrow-derived CD34(+) cells, and primary mouse neurons. To our knowledge, these experiments constitute the first demonstration that the HIV-1-derived genome can be packaged by an SIVmac capsid. We demonstrate that the lentivirus vector described here recapitulates the biological properties of HIV-1-derived vectors, although with increased potential for safety in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M White
- Departments of Medicine, University of Rochester Cancer Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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26
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Kutubuddin M, Federoff HJ, Challita-Eid PM, Halterman M, Day B, Atkinson M, Planelles V, Rosenblatt JD. Eradication of pre-established lymphoma using herpes simplex virus amplicon vectors. Blood 1999; 93:643-54. [PMID: 9885227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus amplicon vectors expressing RANTES (HSVrantes) and the T-cell costimulatory ligand B7.1 (HSVB7.1) were studied for their ability to elicit a tumor-specific T-cell response in a murine lymphoma model. HSVB7.1- and HSVrantes-transduced EL4 cells expressed high levels of B7.1 and RANTES as analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Inoculation of ex vivo HSVB7.1 transduced cells in syngeneic mice resulted in regression of both transduced cells and nontransduced cells inoculated contralaterally. Direct intratumoral injection of HSVB7.1 and/or HSVrantes alone or in combination into established EL4 tumors led to complete tumor regression in injected tumors as well as in nontransduced contralaterally implanted tumor, whereas control tumors or tumors injected with HSVlac expressing beta-galactosidase did not regress. Maximal protection was achieved with combined injection of HSVB7.1 and HSVrantes; mice showing tumor regression were resistant to rechallenge with parental EL4 cells, and tumor cell-specific cytolytic T-cell activity was observed in mice demonstrating regression. HSV amplicon-mediated delivery of immune effector molecules may represent a useful strategy for immunotherapy in the setting of pre-existing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kutubuddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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27
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Challita-Eid PM, Klimatcheva E, Day BT, Evans T, Dreyer K, Rimel BJ, Rosenblatt JD, Planelles V. Inhibition of HIV type 1 infection with a RANTES-IgG3 fusion protein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1617-24. [PMID: 9870314 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural ligands for the chemokine receptors CCR5 (RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta) and CXCR4 (SDF-1) can act as potent inhibitors of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at the level of viral entry. Unlike antibody-mediated inhibition, chemokine-mediated inhibition is broadly effective. Different HIV-1 strains can utilize the same coreceptor(s) for viral entry and, therefore, can be blocked by the same chemokine(s). HIV-1 strains that are highly resistant to neutralization by V3-specific antibodies are sensitive to inhibition by chemokines. Therefore, the use of chemokine-derived molecules constitutes a potential therapeutic approach to prevent infection by HIV-1. We have generated a fusion protein between RANTES and human IgG3 (RANTES-IgG3). The effectiveness of RANTES-IgG3 inhibition of infection by HIV-1 was similar to that of rRANTES. Inhibition of HIV-1 by RANTES-IgG3 was specific for CCR5-dependent but not CXCR4-dependent HIV-1 isolates. Fusion of a chemokine to an IgG moiety offers two desirable properties with respect to the recombinant chemokine alone. First, IgG fusion proteins have extended half-lives in vivo. Second, molecules with IgG heavy chain moieties may be able to cross the placenta and potentially induce fetal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Challita-Eid
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Cancer Center, New York 14642, USA
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28
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Irintchev A, Rosenblatt JD, Cullen MJ, Zweyer M, Wernig A. Ectopic skeletal muscles derived from myoblasts implanted under the skin. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 22):3287-97. [PMID: 9788871 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.22.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential of cultured myoblasts to generate skeletal muscle in an ectopic site. Myoblasts from a clonal cell line or from expanded primary cultures were injected under the skin of the lumbar region of adult syngenic Balb/c mice. One to 7 weeks after injection, distinct muscles, of greater mass in mice injected with clonal myoblasts (6–78 mg, n=37) than in mice injected with primary myoblasts (1–7 mg, n=26), had formed between the subcutaneous panniculus carnosus muscle and the trunk muscles of host animals. These ectopic muscles exhibited spontaneous and/or electrically-evoked contractions after the second week and, when stimulated directly in vitro, isometric contractile properties similar to those of normal muscles. Histological, electron microscopical and tissue culture examination of these muscles revealed their largely mature morphology and phenotype. The fibres, most of which were branched, were contiguous, aligned and capillarised, exhibited normal sarcormeric protein banding patterns, and expressed muscle-specific proteins, including desmin, dystrophin, and isoforms of developmental and adult myosin heavy chain. Enveloping each fibre was a basal lamina, beneath which lay quiescent satellite cells, which could be stimulated to produce new muscle in culture. Presence of endplates (revealed by alpha-bungarotoxin and neurofilament staining), and the eventual loss of expression of neural cell adhesion molecule and extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors, indicated that some fibres were innervated. That these muscle fibres were of implanted-cell origin was supported by the finding of Y-chromosome and a lack of dystrophin in ectopic muscles formed after subcutaneous injection of, respectively, male myoblasts into female mice and dystrophin-deficient (mdx) myoblasts into normal C57Bl/10 muscle. Our results demonstrate that an organised, functional muscle can be generated de novo from a disorganised mass of myoblasts implanted in an extramuscular subcutaneous site, whereby the host contributes significantly in providing support tissues and innervation. Our observations are also consistent with the idea that myogenic cells behave like tissue-specific stem cells, generating new muscle precursor (satellite) cells as well as mature muscle. Subcutaneous implantation of myoblasts may have a range of useful applications, from the study of myogenesis to the delivery of gene products.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/transplantation
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/analysis
- Receptors, Cholinergic/analysis
- Skin
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irintchev
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Challita-Eid PM, Abboud CN, Morrison SL, Penichet ML, Rosell KE, Poles T, Hilchey SP, Planelles V, Rosenblatt JD. A RANTES-antibody fusion protein retains antigen specificity and chemokine function. J Immunol 1998; 161:3729-36. [PMID: 9759898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The successful eradication of cancer cells in the setting of minimal residual disease may require targeting of metastatic tumor deposits that evade the immune system. We combined the targeting flexibility and specificity of mAbs with the immune effector function of the chemokine RANTES to target established tumor deposits. We describe the construction of an Ab fusion molecule with variable domains directed against the tumor-associated Ag HER2/neu, linked to sequences encoding the chemokine RANTES (RANTES.her2.IgG3). RANTES is a potent chemoattractant of T cells, NK cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and expression of RANTES has been shown to enhance immune responses against tumors in murine models. RANTES.her2.IgG3 fusion protein bound specifically to HER2/neu Ag expressed on EL4 cells and on SKBR3 breast cancer cells as assayed by flow cytometry. RANTES.her2.IgG3 could elicit actin polymerization of THP-1 cells and transendothelial migration of primary T lymphocytes. RANTES.her2.IgG3 prebound to SKBR3 cells also facilitated migration of T cells. RANTES.her2.IgG3 bound specifically to the CCR5 chemokine receptor, as demonstrated by flow cytometry, and inhibited HIV-1 infection via the CCR5 coreceptor. RANTES.her2.IgG3, alone or in combination with other chemokine or cytokine fusion Abs, may be a suitable reagent for recruitment and activation of an expanded repertoire of effector cells to tumor deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Challita-Eid
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Rochester Cancer Center, NY 14642, USA
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30
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Challita-Eid PM, Penichet ML, Shin SU, Poles T, Mosammaparast N, Mahmood K, Slamon DJ, Morrison SL, Rosenblatt JD. A B7.1-antibody fusion protein retains antibody specificity and ability to activate via the T cell costimulatory pathway. J Immunol 1998; 160:3419-26. [PMID: 9531302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the construction and characterization of an Ab fusion protein specific for the tumor-associated Ag HER2/neu linked to sequences encoding the extracellular domain of the B7.1 T cell costimulatory ligand. The Ab domain of the fusion molecule will specifically target HER2/neu-expressing tumor cells, while the B7.1 domain is designed to activate a specific immune response. We show that the B7.1 fusion Ab retained ability to selectively bind to the HER2/neu Ag and to the CTLA4/CD28 counter-receptors for B7.1. Specific T cell activation was observed when the B7.1 Ab fusion protein was bound to HER2/neu-expressing cells. The use of the B7.1 Ab fusion protein may overcome limitations of gene transfer and/or standard Ab therapy and represents a novel approach to the eradication of minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Challita-Eid
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Rochester Cancer Center, NY 14642, USA
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31
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Seeger RC, Rosenblatt JD, Duerst RE, Reynolds CP, Villablanca JG, Hasenauer B, Feig SA. A Phase I study of human gamma interferon gene-transduced tumor cells in patients with neuroblastoma. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:379-90. [PMID: 9508055 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.3-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R C Seeger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
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32
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Abstract
In the early stages of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, chronic muscle degeneration is counterbalanced by regeneration whose progressive failure beyond the fifth year is attributed to an accelerated senescence associated with excessive myogenic cell division. This idea was tested by counting the numbers of myogenic cells accumulating over 90 h around individual living fibers isolated from muscles of dystrophic (mdx) and normal mice, 14-550 days of age. In cultures of normal muscle fibers, the number of myogenic cells per fiber decreased with increasing age of the animal. Cultures from young mdx mice exhibited an age-related increase in myogenic cell number, attaining at 50 days three times the number in control cultures. Thereafter, myogenic cell number progressively declined with animal age to control values. Thus, there is no evidence that extensive myoblast proliferation in young dystrophic mice-and, by association, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients-depletes their myogenic responsiveness in later life when they become weak and wasted.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/pathology
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Cellular Senescence
- Culture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Bockhold
- Muscle Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, England
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33
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Amado RG, Symonds G, Jamieson BD, Zhao G, Rosenblatt JD, Zack JA. Effects of megakaryocyte growth and development factor on survival and retroviral transduction of T lymphoid progenitor cells. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:173-83. [PMID: 9472777 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.2-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine retroviral vectors have the potential to mediate stable gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor cells. A known drawback to the use of these vectors is that transduction can only take place in cells actively progressing through the cell cycle. Thrombopoietin, the c-mpl ligand, is known to support division of hematopoietic precursors of primitive origin. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a polypeptide related to thrombopoietin that stimulates megakaryocyte production. To investigate whether MGDF would also induce stem cell division and support retroviral transduction of CD34+ cells, we compared the effects of MGDF, stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-6, alone or in combination, using amphotropic and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) pseudotyped murine retroviral vectors. Similar transduction efficiency was observed when CD34+ cells were transduced in the presence of SCF and MGDF as compared to SCF, IL-3, and IL-6. Using the SCID-hu mouse model of thymopoiesis, we investigated whether CD34+ cells transduced in the presence of these cytokines could reconstitute irradiated thymic implants, and whether vector sequences were present in mature thymocytes. At early timepoints, no significant differences were observed on engraftment of donor progenitors incubated with each cytokine combination. However, a significant difference in the percentage of donor derived CD4+/CD8+ immature thymocytes was observed 9 weeks after implantation of CD34+ cells exposed to the combination of SCF and MGDF as compared to SCF, IL-3, and IL-6 (p = 0.04), indicating that MGDF/SCF better supported the survival of thymocyte precursor cells. Approximately 4% of thymocytes in both cytokine groups harbored vector sequences. These studies provide evidence that MGDF and SCF in combination can mediate transduction of hematopoietic progenitors capable of contributing to long-term thymopoiesis. These results may have important applications for the implementation of gene therapy strategies in disorders affecting the T lymphoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Amado
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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34
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Streppel M, Angelov DN, Guntinas-Lichius O, Hilgers RD, Rosenblatt JD, Stennert E, Neiss WF. Slow axonal regrowth but extreme hyperinnervation of target muscle after suture of the facial nerve in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19:83-8. [PMID: 9562508 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral transection and suture of the facial nerve was performed in 60 old rats (20 months of age). The time course of mimetic reinnervation was studied by counting all retrogradely labeled motoneurons in the facial nucleus after injection of HRP into the whiskerpad muscles for 14-112 days post operation. The comparison between these neuron counts and data for young rats yielded four conclusions. First, the qualitative equivalent of the phenomenon "misdirected reinnervation" in aged rats was the same as in young adults: HRP-labeled motoneurons were scattered throughout the facial nucleus lacking myotopic organization from 18 until 112 days post operation. Second, no age-related loss of motoneurons was detected. Third, the axonal regrowth was delayed in aged rats. Fourth, the postoperative hyperinnervation (the projection of more motoneurons into a muscle than under normal conditions, i.e., the quantitative aspect of misdirected reinnervation) was more than two times higher than in young rats. These data may provide reasonable explanations for the poor functional recovery after reconstructive surgery on the facial nerve in old patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Streppel
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitaet zu Koeln, Germany.
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35
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Feero WG, Li S, Rosenblatt JD, Sirianni N, Morgan JE, Partridge TA, Huang L, Hoffman EP. Selection and use of ligands for receptor-mediated gene delivery to myogenic cells. Gene Ther 1997; 4:664-74. [PMID: 9282167 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of myogenic cell targeting ligands is a critical step in the development of synthetic vectors for gene delivery to skeletal muscle. Here we describe the screening of six potential targeting ligands (insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, iron transferrin, gallium transferrin, alpha-bungarotoxin and carnitine) for their ability to bind dystrophin-deficient myotubes in vitro. Those ligands showing high levels of binding to myotubes were then tested on fully differentiated, isolated, viable myofibers. Of the ligands tested, transferrin showed the most promise based on high levels of binding to myogenic cells, high levels of receptor observed in regenerating fibers of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the ability to direct a large enzyme conjugate to the cytoplasm of myotubes. Finally, we show that incorporation of transferrin into an artificial virus consisting of poly-L-lysine-condensed DNA coated with a lipid shell (LPDII formulation) results in ligand-directed delivery of DNA to myogenic cells. This is the first report of gene transfer to myogenic cells using a ligand-directed synthetic vector. These results suggest that rational design of ligand-directed, fully synthetic, gene delivery vehicles is a viable approach to skeletal muscle vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Feero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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36
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Lu Y, Planelles V, Li X, Palaniappan C, Day B, Challita-Eid P, Amado R, Stephens D, Kohn DB, Bakker A, Fay P, Bambara RA, Rosenblatt JD. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication using a mutated tRNALys-3 primer. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14523-31. [PMID: 9169409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.23.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular tRNALys-3 serves as the primer for reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1). tRNALys-3 interacts directly with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, is packaged into viral particles and anneals to the primer-binding site (PBS) of the HIV-1 genome to initiate reverse transcription. Therefore, the priming step of reverse transcription is a potential target for antiviral strategies. We have developed a mutant tRNALys-3 derivative with mutations in the PBS-binding region such that priming specificity was re-directed to the highly conserved TAR stem-loop region. This mutant tRNA retains high-affinity binding to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, viral encapsidation, and is able to prime at both the targeted TAR sequence and at the viral PBS. Constitutive expression of mutant tRNA in T-cells results in marked inhibition of HIV-1 replication, as determined by measurements of viral infectivity, syncytium formation, and p24 production. Inhibition of retroviral replication through interference with the normal process of priming constitutes a new anti-retroviral approach and also provides a novel tool for dissecting molecular aspects of priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- UCLA Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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37
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Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic viruses type I and type II are closely related human retroviruses that have similar biological properties, genetic organization and tropism for T lymphocytes. Along with the simian T-cell lymphoma virus type I, they define the group of retroviruses known as the primate T-cell leukemia/lymphoma viruses. Initially identified in 1980, the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I has been implicated as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and of a degenerative neurologic disorder known as tropical spastic paraparesis or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. The intriguing link between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type, T-cell malignancy, and a totally unrelated and non-overlapping neurological disorder suggests divergent and unique pathogenetic mechanisms. This review will address the epidemiology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Ferreira
- University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA
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38
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Feero WG, Rosenblatt JD, Huard J, Watkins SC, Epperly M, Clemens PR, Kochanek S, Glorioso JC, Partridge TA, Hoffman EP. Viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle: insights on maturation-dependent loss of fiber infectivity for adenovirus and herpes simplex type 1 viral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:371-80. [PMID: 9054512 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.4-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms causing age-dependent loss of muscle fiber infectivity observed in vivo for both adenoviral (Ad) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene delivery vectors remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the possible bases for this phenomenon using the novel application of enzymatically isolated, viable, single muscle fibers. We show that maturation-dependent loss of fiber infectivity is recapitulated in single fibers, and, thus, is not solely due to host immune response. Using localized irradiation of muscle in vivo, we show data suggesting that Ad infectivity of differentiated myofibers depends, at least in part, on myoblasts to mediate fiber transduction. On the other hand, infection of single fibers by HSV-1 is not affected by irradiation. Using confocal microscopy, we show that the basal lamina of myogenic cells efficiently infected by HSV-1 is structurally less organized than that of fibers resistant to infection by HSV-1. As well, we show that single myofibers isolated from adult, basal lamina-defective mice (merosin-deficient, dy/dy) are at least 10-fold more susceptible to infection by HSV-1 than are myofibers isolated from control mice. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that the basal lamina acts as a physical barrier to HSV-1 infection of mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Feero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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39
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Bakker A, Li X, Ruland CT, Stephens DW, Black AC, Rosenblatt JD. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 Rex inhibits pre-mRNA splicing in vitro at an early stage of spliceosome formation. J Virol 1996; 70:5511-8. [PMID: 8764063 PMCID: PMC190509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.8.5511-5518.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rex protein is an essential regulator of RNA expression in human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) that promotes the accumulation of full-length and partially spliced viral transcripts in the cytoplasm. Rex-mediated regulation correlates with specific binding to a cognate RNA recognition element which overlaps the 5' splice site in the viral long terminal repeat. It has been unclear whether Rex directly affects splicing or only nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transport of viral mRNA. We demonstrate that HTLV-2 Rex is a potent inhibitor of splicing in vitro at an early step in spliceosome assembly. Inhibition requires phosphorylation of Rex and the ability of Rex to bind to the Rex response element. Direct inhibition of early spliceosome assembly by Rex may account for differential accumulation of unspliced transcripts and represents a novel mechanism of retroviral gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakker
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, California 90024-1678, USA
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40
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Watanabe CT, Rosenblatt JD, Bakker A, Morgan JP, Luo J, Chun S, Black AC. Negative regulation of gene expression from the HTLV type II long terminal repeat by Rex: functional and structural dissociation from positive posttranscriptional regulation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:535-46. [PMID: 8679309 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of human T cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) gene expression by Rex is mediated by cis-acting elements in the 5' viral long terminal repeat (LTR). Rex acts posttranscriptionally to enhance cytoplasmic accumulation of incompletely spliced viral mRNAs encoding structural proteins. We report a distinct negative regulatory function mediated by Rex affecting expression from the viral 5' LTR. Using both LTR-driven CAT reporters and a full-length HTLV-II proviral construct, we demonstrate that Rex decreases total cellular levels of LTR-containing mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Negative regulation is an independent function as demonstrated by structural and functional dissociation from Rex positive posttranscriptional regulation. This negative regulatory action was dependent on nuclear localization sequences, but did not require the previously defined Rex-responsive element (RxRE). Negative regulation was observed in T cell lines but not in B cell lines, suggesting the involvement of cell type-specific factors distinct from those involved in posttranscriptional regulation. An internal deletion mutant of Rex removing aa 38-80 retained the ability to repress, but did not posttranscriptionally increase expression, while negative regulation requires a previously uncharacterized carboxy-terminal region (aa 154-170). These findings suggest that Rex may serve two simultaneous functions: to decrease overall levels of transcribed viral mRNA, and to facilitate nuclear to cytoplasmic export of mRNAs encoding structural proteins. The negative regulatory function of Rex may play a role in viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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41
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Abstract
Phenotypic diversity among mature skeletal muscle fibers originates from muscle progenitor cells, primary and secondary myoblasts, each of which is intrinsically committed to express a characteristic complement of developmentally regulated myosin heavy chain genes when differentiated. Similarly, postnatal muscle myoblasts, the satellite cells nestling beneath basement membranes of mature skeletal muscle fibers, have been shown to exhibit diversity, related to whether the muscle in which they reside is of a slow, fast or superfast type. Here we analyzed this association in more detail, evaluating the myosin heavy chain gene expression in immature muscle fibers (myotubes) formed in vitro from satellite cells extracted from isolated, living, single muscle-fibers of mature murine muscle. We identified a population of satellite cells that form myotubes expressing type I (slow) myosin heavy chain and found this population to be preferentially associated with individual slow muscle-fibers. These results not only confirm diversity among mammalian satellite cells, but also demonstrate that the phenotype of satellite cells is indicative of the type of fiber from which they derive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rosenblatt
- Muscle Cell Biology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital
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42
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Black AC, Luo J, Chun S, Bakker A, Fraser JK, Rosenblatt JD. Specific binding of polypyrimidine tract binding protein and hnRNP A1 to HIV-1 CRS elements. Virus Genes 1996; 12:275-85. [PMID: 8883365 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rev and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) Rex proteins regulate viral RNA processing. Both proteins act to overcome the block to viral structural gene expression, at least in part, by reversing the inhibitory effect of intronic RNA sequences, termed cis-acting repressive (CRS) sequences. Using HTLV type II (HTLV-II) as a model, we recently showed that the function of a 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) CRS correlates with in vitro binding by both polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) protein (also known as hnRNP I) and hnRNP A1 to CRS RNA (1,2). Using radioimmunoprecipitation of proteins ultraviolet (UV) crosslinked to each HIV CRS RNA with monoclonal anti-hnRNP antibodies, we now demonstrate that hnRNP I and hnRNP A1 bind to two different HIV-1 CRS RNAs. In addition, we show that hnRNP I and hnRNP A1 binding to HIV-1 CRS RNAs can be specifically competed by HTLV-II CRS RNAs using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)/UV crosslinking assays. Binding by both hnRNP I and hnRNP A1 to HIV-1 and HTLV-II CRS RNAs suggests a role for these proteins in CRS function that may be influenced by the Rev and Rex proteins, respectively.
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43
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Black AC, Luo J, Watanabe C, Chun S, Bakker A, Fraser JK, Morgan JP, Rosenblatt JD. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 bind to human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 RNA regulatory elements. J Virol 1995; 69:6852-8. [PMID: 7474099 PMCID: PMC189599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.6852-6858.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient expression of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) and human immunodeficiency virus structural proteins requires Rx and Rev proteins, respectively. Decreased expression of Gag and Env appears to be due, in part, to intragenic RNA sequences, termed cis-acting repressive sequences (CRS), and may be mediated by binding of specific cellular factors. We demonstrated previously that two cellular proteins, p60CRS and p40CRS, interact with HTLV type 2.5' long terminal repeat CRS RNA and that the interaction of both proteins with CRS RNA correlates with function (A. C. Black, C. T. Ruland, J. Luo, A. Bakker, J. K. Fraser, and J. D. Rosenblatt, Virology 200:29-41, 1994). By radioimmunoprecipitation of HeLa nuclear proteins UV cross-linked to CRS RNAs with murine monoclonal antibodies, we now show that p40CRS is heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 and p60CRS is polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or hnRNP I. These immunoprecipitation results were confirmed by an immunobinding assay with hnRNP I and hnRNP AI antibodies and by cross-competition electrophoretic mobility shift experiments. In addition, we mapped a putative hnRNP A1 binding site in U5 RNA and demonstrated that p40CRS (hnRNP A1) binding to that site correlates with CRS function. Since both hnRNP I and hnRNP A1 have been shown to influence splicing and potentially other steps in RNA processing, the binding of both hnRNP I and hnRNP A1 to HTLV RNA regulatory elements may alter retrovirus RNA processing and may be involved in regulation by Rex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Black
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1678, USA
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44
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Abstract
Conventional methods for isolating myogenic (satellite) cells are inadequate when only small quantities of muscle, the tissue in which satellite cells reside, are available. We have developed a tissue culture system that reliably permits isolation of intact, living, single muscle fibers with associated satellite cells from predominantly fast and slow muscles of rat and mouse; maintenance of the isolated fibers in vitro; dissociation, proliferation, and differentiation of satellite cells from each fiber; and removal of the fiber from culture for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rosenblatt
- Muscle Cell Biology Group, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England
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45
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Woodruff KA, Rosenblatt JD, Moore TB, Medzoyan RH, Pai DS, Noland JL, Yamashiro JM, Wada RK. Cell type-specific activity of the N-myc promoter in human neuroblastoma cells is mediated by a downstream silencer. Oncogene 1995; 10:1335-41. [PMID: 7731684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-myc oncogene is actively transcribed in many neuroblastoma tumors, but is not expressed in mature, normal tissue of any type. Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assays of constructs containing N-myc sequence transfected into N-myc expressing LA-N-5 neuroblastoma cells or non-expressing HeLa carcinoma cells have revealed a 201 base pair (bp) regulatory region mediating the cell type-specific activity of the promoter. While located downstream from 5' mRNA cap sites, the region appears to function by preventing transcriptional initiation. This downstream region is capable of suppressing promoter activity independently of position, and contains an element having 100% homology with the 9 bp consensus sequence of a transcriptional silencer found in the upstream region of the lysozyme gene. DNA gel retardation assays have shown that this sequence is involved in a specific DNA-protein interaction with nuclear extract from HeLa cells that is distinct from that occurring with extract from LA-N-5 cells. These results suggest that the N-myc promoter's cell type-specific activity is regulated by a downstream silencer, and that differential binding of regulatory protein from that present in non-expressing cells may result in the constitutive N-myc expression seen in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Woodruff
- Department of Pediatrics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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46
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Abstract
We have focused this chapter on interactions with two of the best characterized transregulatory genes, tax for HTLV-I/II and Tat for HIV-1. Both genes illustrate the complex interplay between retroviral regulatory genes and cellular gene regulation. In both instances a viral gene of relatively straightforward function in the viral context appears to cause extensive dysregulation of cellular genes, either directly or as a consequence of altered cellular differentiation. Understanding this viral/cellular gene cross-talk may elucidate mechanisms leading to malignant transformation autoimmune disease and to neurologic and paraneoplastic complications such as hypercalcemia for HTLV-I/II, as well as the pathogenesis of immune dysfunction and opportunistic malignancy in HIV-I/II-infected individuals. An understanding of functional mechanisms of these transregulatory viral genes will undoubtedly afford better explanations for the myriad manifestations of retroviral infection.
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47
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Kilim Y, Rosenblatt JD, Danon YL. Sequence analysis of the new human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I isolate (HTLV-I) in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 1994; 30:891-4. [PMID: 8002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established the presence of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) in Israel. The entire nucleotide sequence of HTLV-I virus from a previously described HE isolate of a Mashadi Jewish Iranian patient was determined. To further characterize the LTR and env genes from the HTLV-I isolate we employed polymerase chain reaction amplification with subsequent cloning and sequencing of the amplified products on both strands. Sequence analyses of amplified LTR regions of this variant showed marked nucleotide homology of 98% compared to Japanese isolates, while African and Indo-Malay (Papua, New Guinea) and Solomon Island isolates showed more divergence with sequence homology of 95% and 91%. Higher homology of 98-99% was conserved in the amplified HTLV-env gene. In this respect the Iranian isolate was most similar to the African and Japanese isolate and divergent from the Melanesian HTLV-I variant, supporting the theory that HTLV-I may have originated in Africa and reached the Far East by overland trade routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kilim
- Kipper Institute of Immunology, Felsenstein Research Center, Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva
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48
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Akkina RK, Rosenblatt JD, Campbell AG, Chen IS, Zack JA. Modeling human lymphoid precursor cell gene therapy in the SCID-hu mouse. Blood 1994; 84:1393-8. [PMID: 7520766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy of human T-lymphocyte disorders, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), would be greatly facilitated by the development of an in vivo system in which transduced human hematopoietic stem cells can be used to reconstitute the T-lymphoid compartment. Here we use the SCID-hu mouse as a recipient for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced in vitro with a retroviral vector carrying the neomycin resistance gene (neoR). The transduced cells engraft and reconstitute the lymphoid compartments of the human thymus implant with as few as 5 x 10(4) CD34+ cells. The neoR gene was expressed at low levels in human thymocytes and there was no apparent effect on thymocyte differentiation as a result of vector transduction. Thus, this SCID-hu mouse system is the first in vivo model showing human thymopoiesis after transduction of exogenous vectors, and should allow preclinical testing of gene therapeutic reagents designed to function in human cells of the T-lymphoid lineage. Because human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection induces depletion of human thymocytes in SCID-hu mice, this system may be particularly valuable in evaluating efficacy of gene therapies to combat AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Akkina
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1678
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49
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Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) associated with HTLV-1 infection is characterized by the development of hypercalcemia in over two thirds of patients. Dysregulation of cellular gene transcription by viral proteins is an emerging paradigm for molecular pathogenesis of disease. A recent example is the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene, which has been implicated in the hypercalcemia of ATL, and is transactivated by the HTLV-1 tax and HTLV-11 tax proteins. PTHrP is expressed at high levels in leukemia cells derived from ATL patients, as well as in asymptomatic HTLV-1 positive carriers. This article reviews the interaction of the HTLV-1 transcriptional regulator tax with the PTHrP promoter. Tax mediates its effects on PTHrP via cellular transcription factors AP-2 and AP-1, and transactivation via an AP-2 motif represents a novel interaction of tax with a cellular transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prager
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Danon
- Kipper Institute of Immunology, Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
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