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Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Cserbik D, Flores C, Farré MJ, Sanchís J, Alcolea JA, Planas C, Caixach J, Villanueva CM. Insights to estimate exposure to regulated and non-regulated disinfection by-products in drinking water. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2024; 34:23-33. [PMID: 35768489 PMCID: PMC9244125 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about human exposure and health effects associated with non-routinely monitored disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water is sparse. OBJECTIVE To provide insights to estimate exposure to regulated and non-regulated DBPs in drinking water. METHODS We collected tap water from homes (N = 42), bottled water (N = 10), filtered tap water with domestic activated carbon jars (N = 6) and reverse osmosis (N = 5), and urine (N = 39) samples of participants from Barcelona, Spain. We analyzed 11 haloacetic acids (HAAs), 4 trihalomethanes (THMs), 4 haloacetonitriles (HANs), 2 haloketones, chlorate, chlorite, and trichloronitromethane in water and HAAs in urine samples. Personal information on water intake and socio-demographics was ascertained in the study population (N = 39) through questionnaires. Statistical models were developed based on THMs as explanatory variables using multivariate linear regression and machine learning techniques to predict non-regulated DBPs. RESULTS Chlorate, THMs, HAAs, and HANs were quantified in 98-100% tap water samples with median concentration of 214, 42, 18, and 3.2 μg/L, respectively. Multivariate linear regression models had similar or higher goodness of fit (R2) compared to machine learning models. Multivariate linear models for dichloro-, trichloro-, and bromodichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile, trichloropropnanone, and chlorite showed good predictive ability (R2 = 0.8-0.9) as 80-90% of total variance could be explained by THM concentrations. Activated carbon filters reduced DBP concentrations to a variable extent (27-80%), and reverse osmosis reduced DBP concentrations ≥98%. Only chlorate was detected in bottled water samples (N = 3), with median = 13.0 µg/L. Creatinine-adjusted trichloroacetic acid was the most frequently detected HAA in urine samples (69.2%), and moderately correlated with estimated drinking water intake (r = 0.48). SIGNIFICANCE Findings provide valuable insights for DBP exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. Validation of predictive models in a larger number of samples and replication in different settings is warranted. IMPACT STATEMENT Our study focused on assessing and describing the occurrence of several classes of DBPs in drinking water and developing exposure models of good predictive ability for non-regulated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Cserbik
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jose A Alcolea
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Planas
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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Alcolea JA, Donat-Vargas C, Chatziioannou AC, Keski-Rahkonen P, Robinot N, Molina AJ, Amiano P, Gómez-Acebo I, Castaño-Vinyals G, Maitre L, Chadeau-Hyam M, Dagnino S, Cheng SL, Scalbert A, Vineis P, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Metabolomic Signatures of Exposure to Nitrate and Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Spanish Multicentric Study (MCC-Spain). Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19316-19329. [PMID: 37962559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the metabolomic profile associated with exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and nitrate in drinking water and with colorectal cancer risk in 296 cases and 295 controls from the Multi Case-Control Spain project. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted in blood samples using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A variety of univariate and multivariate association analyses were conducted after data quality control, normalization, and imputation. Linear regression and partial least-squares analyses were conducted for chloroform, brominated THMs, total THMs, and nitrate among controls and for case-control status, together with a N-integration model discriminating colorectal cancer cases from controls through interrogation of correlations between the exposure variables and the metabolomic features. Results revealed a total of 568 metabolomic features associated with at least one water contaminant or colorectal cancer. Annotated metabolites and pathway analysis suggest a number of pathways as potentially involved in the link between exposure to these water contaminants and colorectal cancer, including nicotinamide, cytochrome P-450, and tyrosine metabolism. These findings provide insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and potential biomarkers associated with water contaminant exposure and colorectal cancer risk. Further research in this area is needed to better understand the causal relationship and the public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Alcolea
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Antonio José Molina
- Research Group in Gene - Environment and Health Interactions (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, León 24071, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, León 24071, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa; BioGipuzkoa (BioDonostia) Health Research Institute, San Sebastián 20013, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria S/N, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Lea Maitre
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Transporters in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), School of Medicine, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, Nice 06107, France
| | - Sibo Lucas Cheng
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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