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Wilson JB, Epstein M, Lopez B, Brown AK, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. The role of Neurochemicals, Stress Hormones and Immune System in the Positive Feedback Loops between Diabetes, Obesity and Depression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1224612. [PMID: 37664841 PMCID: PMC10470111 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. They commonly co-occur, with T2DM occurring in 11.3% of the US population, while depression has a prevalence of about 9%, with higher rates among youths. Approximately 31% of patients with T2DM suffer from depressive symptoms, with 11.4% having major depressive disorders, which is twice as high as the prevalence of depression in patients without T2DM. Additionally, over 80% of people with T2DM are overweight or obese. This review describes how T2DM and depression can enhance one another, using the same molecular pathways, by synergistically altering the brain's structure and function and reducing the reward obtained from eating. In this article, we reviewed the evidence that eating, especially high-caloric foods, stimulates the limbic system, initiating Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Analogous to other addictive behaviors, neurochemical changes in those with depression and/or T2DM are thought to cause individuals to increase their food intake to obtain the same reward leading to binge eating, weight gain and obesity. Treating the symptoms of T2DM, such as lowering HbA1c, without addressing the underlying pathways has little chance of eliminating the disease. Targeting the immune system, stress circuit, melatonin, and other alterations may be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian B. Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ma’ayan Epstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Psychiatric Emergency Room, Olive View – University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, United States
| | - Briana Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
| | - Amira K. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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Nguyen S, Mangubat M, Eleswarapu S, Wilson JB, Molina J, Abraham A, Artaza JN, Friedman TC, Ferrini MG. The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa. Sex Med 2021; 9:100312. [PMID: 33540365 PMCID: PMC8072182 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between cannabis use and erectile dysfunction remains unclear. Moreover, the effect of cannabis in tandem with current Western dietary habits is an area in male sexual health that has yet to be explored. This study seeks to investigate the impact of diet and cannabis on penile health in an animal model. AIM To determine the effects of diet and oral cannabis extract on fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice. METHODS This is a pilot animal study in which groups of 2-month old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) daily and treated with or without either MJ or THC extract for 2 months. After euthanization, mouse penises were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine: (i) smooth muscle cell to collagen content, (ii) myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) anti-oxidative activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quantitative assessment of immunohistochemical markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice fed a high-fat diet in combination with either oral marijuana (MJ) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol extract (THC). RESULTS The combination of HFD with MJ resulted in: (i) a decrease in the smooth/collagen ratio in the corpora cavernosa, (ii) an increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in the tunica albuginea compatible with myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) a decrease in heme oxygenase 1 expression indicating an increase in oxidative stress. Significant histological changes were not observed in the HFD + THC group. CONCLUSIONS HFD combined with oral MJ extract led to structural alterations in erectile tissue that are associated with accelerated corporal fibrosis. However, the addition of THC to the diet did not exacerbate histological changes within the corpora. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the discrepant effects between MJ and THC in order to optimize the therapeutic potential of cannabis and minimize its adverse effects on penile health. S Nguyen, M Mangubat, S Eleswarapu, et al. The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa. Sex Med 2021;9:100312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Nguyen
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mangubat
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sriram Eleswarapu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian B Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Abraham
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge N Artaza
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica G Ferrini
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wilson JB, Zopey M, Augustine J, Schaffer R, Chiang M, Friedman TC. High Prevalence of Adrenal Remnant Tissue in Patients Undergoing Bilateral Adrenalectomy for Cushing's Disease. Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:161-168. [PMID: 33091942 PMCID: PMC8570053 DOI: 10.1055/a-1253-2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral adrenalectomy (BLA) is a treatment option for patients with Cushing's Disease (CD) if transsphenoidal pituitary surgery fails or is not a therapeutic option. For most patients, BLA eliminates endogenous glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production, but for a small number of patients, endogenous secretion of adrenal hormones from adrenal tissue continues or recurs, leading to signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. If adrenal tissue is confined to the adrenal bed, it is considered adrenal remnant tissue, while if it is outside the adrenal bed, it is considered adrenal rest tissue. We retrospectively evaluated morning serum cortisol, nighttime serum cortisol, nighttime salivary cortisol, and 24-h urine free cortisol on at least three occasions in 10 patients suspected of having endogenous cortisol production. Imaging of adrenal remnant tissue was also reviewed. Ten of 51 patients who underwent BLA during this time period had adrenal remnant/rest tissue marked by detectable endogenous glucocorticoid production; 9 of the 10 patients had signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. Localization and treatment proved difficult. We conclude that the incidence of adrenal remnant/rest tissue in those undergoing BLA following unsuccessful pituitary surgery was 12% although there may have been a selection bias affecting this prevalence. The first indication of remnant tissue occurrence is a reduction in glucocorticoid replacement with symptoms of hypercortisolism. If this occurs, endogenous cortisol production should be tested for by cortisol measurements using a highly specific cortisol assay while the patient is taking dexamethasone or no glucocorticoid replacement. Endocrinologists need to monitor the development of both adrenal remnant tissue and Nelson's syndrome following BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian B. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Mohan Zopey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Jaimie Augustine
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Randolph Schaffer
- Department of Surgery, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Manfred Chiang
- Brookfield Surgical Associates, Brookfield, WI 53005, USA
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
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Friedman TC, Wilson JB. SUN-410 Reverse T3 in Patients with Hypothyroidism, Helpful or a Waste of Time? J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7209643 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The normal thyroid secretes T4 (an inactive precursor), T3 (the active hormone) and reverse T3, a biologically inactive form of T3 that may block T3 from binding to the thyroid hormone receptor. As about 15% of patients on L-T4 replacement with a normalized TSH report continued fatigue and other hypothyroid symptoms, efforts are needed to understand this phenomenon. Decades ago, endocrinologists realized that in severe illnesses, rT3 is often high and T3 is often low and termed this “sick euthyroid syndrome”. However, more recently, alternative or functional doctors have argued that high rT3 is detrimental and can block T3 from binding to the thyroid hormone receptor. Without peer-reviewed publications, these functional doctors rely heavily on rT3 levels to treat patients that may have no other laboratory findings of hypothyroidism and often prescribe them L-T3-only preparations to try to lower the rT3. Hypothesis: Patients on L-T4 alone will more likely have an elevated rT3 compared to patients on desiccated thyroid or L-T4/L-T3 therapy. Methods rT3 was measured in 98 consecutive patients seen in a tertiary Endocrinology clinic with possible or confirmed hypothyroidism (all with severe fatigue) with many of them were already treated with different thyroid preparations. Results: The figure shows the 25%-75% quartiles, ranges and ratio of rT3 above the normal range/patients in that category. The cutoff of 24 ng/dL (upper limit of normal for rT3 at either Quest or LabCorp) is indicated by the line. Overall, 18 of the 98 patients had a rT3 above the normal range. Patients on L-T4 alone or desiccated thyroid plus L-T4 had the highest levels of rT3 and the highest % above the cut-off. Three of the patients with a high rT3 were not on any thyroid medicine, and in 2 of them, the rT3 normalized when repeated. The 8 patients with a high rT3 on L-T4 was a relatively high percentage (29%). Conclusion: Measuring rT3 may be helpful in patients who are already on T4-containing thyroid treatments who still have hypothyroid symptoms. Based on this data, measuring rT3 in most patients who are not taking thyroid medicine is not recommended, as only a very small percentage of them had an elevated rT3. Future studies are needed to determine if high rT3 levels correlate with hypothyroid symptoms and if adding L-T3 or desiccated thyroid to hypothyroid patients on L-T4 normalizes rT3 and improves hypothyroid symptoms.
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Wilson JB, Salman M, Janzen E, Sparagano O, Speer N, Pantaleon L, La Jeunesse C, Häsler B, Wills M, Rielander D, Du Preez R, Nguyen Thi Minh T, Le Thanh H, Guthrie A, Wilson M, Hayes FJ, London S, Churchyard R, Gillam W, Noor S, Delaney C, Briggs H, Cook K, Rivers J. Community Network Integration: An approach to alignment of One Health partners for solutions to 'Wicked' problems of antimicrobial resistance. Prev Vet Med 2019; 175:104870. [PMID: 31896504 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada.
| | - M Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1601, United States
| | - E Janzen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary, TRW 2D01, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - O Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - N Speer
- Turkey Track Consulting, 1080 Parkwood Court, Bowling Green, KY, 42103, United States
| | - L Pantaleon
- Pantaleon PLLC, Versailles, KY, United States
| | - C La Jeunesse
- La Jeune Consulting, P.O. Box 224, Southworth, WA, 98386, United States
| | - B Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - M Wills
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Rielander
- Farmers Resource Animal Production, P.O. Box 61419, Pierre van Ryneveld, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - R Du Preez
- AfriVet, 195 Dawie Street, Newmark Estate and Office Park, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - T Nguyen Thi Minh
- Department of Husbandry and Veterinary Studies, School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - H Le Thanh
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - A Guthrie
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - M Wilson
- Department of Husbandry and Veterinary Studies, School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - F J Hayes
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - S London
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - R Churchyard
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St W, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Gillam
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - S Noor
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C Delaney
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - H Briggs
- Bracelet of Hope, 21 Yarmouth St, Guelph, ON, N1H 4G2, Canada
| | - K Cook
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - J Rivers
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON, L0P 1J0, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Goring SM, Wilson JB, Risebrough NR, Gallagher J, Carroll S, Heap KJ, Obradovic M, Loebinger MR, Diel R. The cost of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom: a nationally representative observational study. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:700. [PMID: 30200944 PMCID: PMC6131733 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Management of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTMLD) consists of a long-term multi-drug antibiotic regimen, yet many patients do not achieve culture conversion. We estimated the NTMLD-related direct medical costs in Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK) among refractory patients who were infected with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), without concomitant cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, or HIV. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational physician survey of nationally representative samples. The survey captured anonymized information about patients’ treatment histories for NTMLD-related health care resource utilization over a 24-month period. We summarized NTMLD-related resource use and estimated the total economic burden, from each country’s health care payer perspective. Results In total, 59 physicians provided data on 157 patients. The average person time observed during the 24-month period was 1.7 years (SD: 0.4); 17% of patients died by the end of the study period. The major components of NTMLD-related direct medical costs among refractory patients were hospitalizations (varying from 29% of total annual costs in the UK to 69% in France), outpatient visits (8% in Canada to 51% in the UK), and outpatient testing such as post-diagnostic sputum testing, bronchial wash/lavage, spirometry, biopsies, imaging, and electrocardiograms (5% in France to 35% in Canada). In this patient cohort, the average direct medical costs per person-year, in local currencies, were approximately $16,200 (Canada), €11,600 (Germany), €17,900 (France) and £9,700 (UK). Conclusions Based on this study’s findings, we conclude that managing patients with refractory NTMLD caused by MAC is associated with a substantial economic burden. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-3489-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J Gallagher
- Clarity Pharma Research LLC, Spartanburg, USA
| | - S Carroll
- Clarity Pharma Research LLC, Spartanburg, USA
| | - K J Heap
- Clarity Pharma Research LLC, Spartanburg, USA
| | | | - M R Loebinger
- Host Defence Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Diel
- Institute for Epidemiology, University Medical Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (Member of the German Center for Lung Research [ARCN]), Kiel, Germany
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Kasab-Bachi H, Arruda AG, Roberts TE, Wilson JB. The use of large databases to inform the development of an intestinal scoring system for the poultry industry. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:130-135. [PMID: 28992917 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest among the poultry industry to develop a comprehensive index that can be used to evaluate overall intestinal health and impact on production performance. The Intestinal Integrity (I2) index is a quantitative measurement tool used to assess the intestinal health of flocks that use the Health Tracking System (HTSi), a global surveillance system developed by Elanco Animal Health that captures flock-level information on health and performance. To generate an I2 index score for a flock, the presence of 23 intestinal health conditions is assessed and recorded, then entered into a mathematical equation. The objective of this study was to use data from the HTSi dataset to investigate the association between health conditions contained within the I2 index and five performance outcomes: average daily gain (ADG), mortality during the first week, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), and percent livability. At the time of analysis, the HTSi dataset contained information from the years 2006-2015 on 921,646 individual bird necropsy records from over 153,576 flocks at 1,570 broiler production flows across 53 countries. Flock-level production data used for this study were available for a subset of this population, 33,212 total flocks representing 6 US and 4 UK production flows. A separate multivariable linear or logistic regression model, with farm as a random effect, was built for each of the five outcomes mentioned above. All models controlled for clustering of flocks within production flows. Significant associations were found between key performance indicators and ten intestinal conditions (gross E. acervulina, gross E. maxima, microscopic E. maxima, gizzard erosions, roundworms, excessive intestinal fluid, thin intestines, excessive intestinal mucus, feed passage, and necrotic enteritis) and two management parameters (production flow and down time). Results from this study demonstrate that large databases, such as the HTSi database, can be used to inform and evaluate changes that can optimize intestinal health, and hence welfare, productivity, and sustainability of the poultry industry. In addition, large databases can be used for monitoring and benchmarking intestinal health of poultry and informing the development of innovative indices such as the I2 index for scoring intestinal health and providing routine data for its calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kasab-Bachi
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON L0P 1J0, Canada
| | - A G Arruda
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - T E Roberts
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON L0P 1J0, Canada.
| | - J B Wilson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, ON L0P 1J0, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Shahrestani P, Wilson JB, Mueller LD, Rose MR. Patterns of physiological decline due to age and selection in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 70:2550-2561. [PMID: 27624548 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In outbred sexually reproducing populations, age-specific mortality rates reach a plateau in late life following the exponential increase in mortality rates that marks aging. Little is known about what happens to physiology when cohorts transition from aging to late life. We measured age-specific values for starvation resistance, desiccation resistance, time-in-motion, and geotaxis in ten Drosophila melanogaster populations: five populations selected for rapid development and five control populations. Adulthood was divided into two stages, the aging phase and the late-life phase according to demographic data. Consistent with previous studies, we found that populations selected for rapid development entered the late-life phase at an earlier age than the controls. Age-specific rates of change for all physiological phenotypes showed differences between the aging phase and the late-life phase. This result suggests that late life is physiologically distinct from aging. The ages of transitions in physiological characteristics from aging to late life statistically match the age at which the demographic transition from aging to late life occurs, in all cases but one. These experimental results support evolutionary theories of late life that depend on patterns of decline and stabilization in the forces of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Shahrestani
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697. .,Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, 92831.
| | - Julian B Wilson
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, 92831
| | - Laurence D Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Michael R Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697
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Abstract
The inhibitors usually associated with the activity of the cytochrome oxidase system—cyanide and carbon monoxide—are also effective in reducing the oxidation of H2 by intact cells of Azotobacter vinelandii. The hydrogenase system is more sensitive to CO than is the respiratory system. Oxidation of a carbon source and of hydrogen by Azotobacter cells is inhibited in a quantitatively different manner by the following compounds: sodium azide, hydroxylamine, sodium iodoacetate, and sodium fluoride. In every case, a concentration range which is definitely inhibitory for respiration has little or no effect on the hydrogenase activity. The differential inhibition by hydroxylamine explains certain observations in the literature which have been erroneously interpreted as demonstrating a specific inhibition by NH2OH of biological nitrogen fixation. This supposed demonstration has been offered as support for the hypothesis that NH2OH is an intermediate in the fixation reaction. The differential inhibitors can be used for detection of hydrogenase in cultures possessing a high endogenous respiration. The method is illustrated by an experiment with root nodule bacteria from pea and cowpea nodules. No hydrogenase was found in either.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Sciarratta GV, Ivaldi G, Molaro GL, Sansone G, Salkie ML, Wilson JB, Reese AL, Huisman TH. The Characterization of Hemoglobin Manitoba or α2102(G9)Ser→Argβ2and Hemoglobin Contaldo or α2103(G10)HIS→ARGβ2By High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Hemoglobin 2009; 8:169-81. [PMID: 6547932 DOI: 10.3109/03630268408991710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hb Contaldo with a His----Arg substitution at position 103(G10) of the alpha chain is a newly discovered unstable Hb variant observed in an Italian child. Its instability is probably due to the disruption of the hydrogen bond between alpha 103(G10)His and beta 108(G10)Asn. The structural variation in the core segment was determined through analysis of tryptic peptides from digests of the alpha X and oxidized alpha X (with performic acid) chains, which were separated by HPLC. Similar analyses were made for the alpha X chain of the rare Hb Manitoba in which alpha 102(G9) Ser is replaced by Arg. This variant was observed for the first time in an Italian patient, and was also studied in a member of a previously described Canadian family.
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Abstract
Hb Cordele, which has an Asp----Ala substitution at position 47 (CE5) of the alpha chain, was discovered in Black twins living in Cordele, Georgia. The structure of this variant was elucidated through analyses of tryptic peptides of the alpha chain which were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography. At birth, Hb Cordele accounted for about 21-23% of total hemoglobin, and for 30.4% in one of the babies at age 3.5 months. Hb Cordele has a normal oxygen affinity, but is mildly unstable at 60 degrees C. Some of its properties have been compared with those of Hb Kokura (alpha 47 Asp----Gly), Hb Hasharon (alpha 47 Asp----His), and Hb Arya (alpha 47 Asp----Asn). Studies on an adult carrier of Hb Cordele were not possible.
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Efremov GD, Huisman TH, Stanulovic M, Zurovec M, Duma H, Wilson JB, Jeremic V. Haemoglobin M Saskatoon and haemoglobin M Hyde Park in two Yugoslavian families. Scand J Haematol 2009; 13:48-60. [PMID: 4413625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1974.tb00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ragin CCR, Wheeler VW, Wilson JB, Bunker CH, Gollin SM, Patrick AL, Taioli E. Distinct distribution of HPV types among cancer-free Afro-Caribbean women from Tobago. Biomarkers 2008; 12:510-22. [PMID: 17701749 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701340384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus causes cervical carcinomas, and is associated with approximately 36% of oropharyngeal tumours where HPV16 is the predominant genotype. The cervical cancer incidence rate in Trinidad and Tobago is about two times higher than the worldwide rate. We have for the first time determined the prevalence and type distribution of cervical HPV infections among cancer-free Afro-Caribbean women from Tobago, and compared it with the HPV subtypes observed in their oral cavity. Thirty-five per cent of the women were cervical HPV positive. The most common high-risk type detected in the cervix was HPV45 rather than HPV16 and 18. The prevalence of HPV infection in the oral mucosa was 6.6%. The distribution of HPV genotypes in healthy Tobagonian women is different from that reported in studies conducted in European and North American populations. This may have important implications for vaccine introduction in this and other Afro-Caribbean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C R Ragin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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14
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Wilson JB. Physicians to the Duke of Clarence. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2007; 37:282-283. [PMID: 18348509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Halliday and Beattie came from the small village of Dalton in Dumfriesshire and both became physicians to the Duke of Clarence, the King's brother. They had interesting and varied careers and accompanied their royal patron on his frequent visits to the Continent. Halliday served in the Peninsula War and at Waterloo while Beattie became a close friend and confident of the Duke. Based on his visits to the Continent, Beattie produced a beautifully illustrated series of travel books.
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Wyss O, Lind CJ, Wilson JB, Wilson PW. Mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation: Molecular H(2) and the pN(2) function of azotobacter. Biochem J 2006; 35:845-54. [PMID: 16747372 PMCID: PMC1265572 DOI: 10.1042/bj0350845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Wyss
- The Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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16
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Abstract
McDuff, C. R. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), Lois M. Jones, and J. B. Wilson. Characteristics of brucellaphage. J. Bacteriol. 83:324-329. 1962.-Methods of characterizing phage have been applied to a brucellaphage of Russian origin grown on its propagating strain, Brucella abortus R 19. Phage can be propagated by single plaque transfer. Phage titers of about 10(10) particles per ml can be obtained by propagation on a young culture of R 19 in Albimi broth on a shaker at 37 C. After lyophilization, phage retains its activity during storage for at least 20 months at 4 C. Phage is stable in broth at pH values from 6 to 8 for 24 hr at 37 C. Some loss in activity results from heating for 1 hr at 60 C. All activity is lost in the presence of 10% chloroform. It has a slow adsorption rate (K = 3.6 x 10(-11) ml/min), a latent period of 100 min, and a burst size of 121 particles. Electron micrographs indicate that the phage is approximately 65 mmu in diameter, polygonal in shape, with a short tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R McDuff
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gerhardt
- Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Majowicz SE, McNab WB, Sockett P, Henson TS, Doré K, Edge VL, Buffett MC, Fazil A, Read S, McEwen S, Stacey D, Wilson JB. Burden and cost of gastroenteritis in a Canadian community. J Food Prot 2006; 69:651-9. [PMID: 16541699 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated the health burden and costs associated with gastroenteritis in the City of Hamilton (Ontario, Canada). The number of cases, number of different resource units used, and cost per resource unit were represented by probability distributions and point estimates. These were subsequently integrated in a stochastic model to estimate the overall burden and cost in the population and to depict the uncertainty of the estimates. The estimated mean annual cost per capita was Can dollar 115. The estimated mean annual cost per case was Can dollar 1,089 and was similar to other published figures. Gastroenteritis represented a significant burden in the study population, with costs high enough to justify prevention efforts. These results, currently the most accurate available estimates for a Canadian population, can inform future economic evaluations to determine the most cost effective measures for reducing the burden and cost of gastroenteritis in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Majowicz
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Majowicz SE, Doré K, Flint JA, Edge VL, Read S, Buffett MC, McEwen S, McNab WB, Stacey D, Sockett P, Wilson JB. Magnitude and distribution of acute, self-reported gastrointestinal illness in a Canadian community. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:607-17. [PMID: 15310162 PMCID: PMC2870141 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268804002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate the magnitude and distribution of self-reported, acute gastrointestinal illness in a Canadian-based population, we conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional telephone survey of approximately 3500 randomly selected residents of the city of Hamilton (Ontario, Canada) from February 2001 to February 2002. The observed monthly prevalence was 10% (95 % CI 9.94-10.14) and the incidence rate was 1.3 (95 % CI 1.1-1.4) episodes per person-year; this is within the range of estimates from other developed countries. The prevalence was higher in females and in those aged < 10 years and 20-24 years. Overall, prevalence peaked in April and October, but a different temporal distribution was observed for those aged < 10 years. Although these data were derived from one community, they demonstrate that the epidemiology of acute gastrointestinal illness in a Canadian-based population is similar to that reported for other developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Majowicz
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Doré K, Buxton J, Henry B, Pollari F, Middleton D, Fyfe M, Ahmed R, Michel P, King A, Tinga C, Wilson JB. Risk factors for Salmonella typhimurium DT104 and non-DT104 infection: a Canadian multi-provincial case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:485-93. [PMID: 15188717 PMCID: PMC2870127 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268803001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify risk factors for sporadic Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage-type 104 (DT104) and non-DT104 diarrhoeal illness in Canada, we conducted a matched case-control study between 1999 and 2000. Cases were matched 1:1 on age and province of residence. Multivariate analysis suggested that recent antibiotic use [odds ratio (OR) 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-15.3], living on a livestock farm (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.9-18.9), and recent travel outside Canada (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.2-13.8) are independent risk factors for DT104 illness. Similar analyses suggested that recent travel outside North America is a sizable risk factor for non-DT104 illness (OR 66.8, 95% CI 6.7-665.3). No food exposure was a risk factor in either analysis. Educating health-care providers and the public about appropriate antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance is important. Appropriate administration of antibiotics to livestock, particularly cattle, and hygienic measures such as handwashing after contact with farm animals may reduce risk. Travel represents an important and probably underestimated risk factor for sporadic illness with S. Typhimurium. Improved national surveillance and detailed investigation of travel-related illness are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Doré
- Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Infections Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Population and Public Health Branch, Health Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wilson JB, Drotar ME. Considerations in generating transgenic mice. DNA, RNA, and protein extractions from tissues--rapid and effective blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 174:361-77. [PMID: 11357663 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-227-9:361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- I.B.L.S. Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Roberts JM, Long D, Wilson JB, Mortensen PB, Gage JD. The cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) and enigmatic seabed mounds along the north-east Atlantic margin: are they related? Mar Pollut Bull 2003; 46:7-20. [PMID: 12535964 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an updated distribution of Lophelia pertusa between the Porcupine Seabight and Norwegian shelf is presented. It seems unlikely that enigmatic mound structures observed at water depths of more than 570 m during acoustic seabed surveys, particularly to the west of the Shetland Islands, are related to the occurrence of L. pertusa. At these depths in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, the predominant influence of cold Arctic water precludes its growth. Iceberg dumpsites are also considered unlikely explanations for the origin of these mounds, and they are interpreted as most likely to be related to the release of fluids at the seabed. When mound structures were investigated, no scleractinian corals were recovered at water depths >500 m. This study shows the importance of seabed temperature as an environmental control on cold-water coral distribution. The significance of cold-water coral habitats in sustaining high levels of local-scale biodiversity is now becoming apparent in parallel with increased hydrocarbon extraction and fishing activity beyond the shelf edge. There is growing evidence that these areas have been marked by the passage of deep-water trawls. It seems likely that trawling activity has already reduced the extent of cold-water coral distribution in this region of the north-east Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Roberts
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK.
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Greig JD, Michel P, Wilson JB, Lammerding AM, Majowicz SE, Stratton J, Aramini JJ, Meyers RK, Middleton D, McEwen SA. A descriptive analysis of giardiasis cases reported in Ontario, 1990-1998. Can J Public Health 2001. [PMID: 11702490 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cases of giardiasis in Ontario were described using notifiable disease data from the Ontario Ministry of Health for the years 1990-1998 inclusive. The mean annual age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 25.77 cases per 100,000 population for the 25,289 cases reported. Children under five years of age had the highest incidence of disease. Males had a higher mean annual incidence in all age groups. Four deaths occurred among cases. The most frequently reported symptoms were loose stools or watery diarrhea (50.1%). A seasonal pattern was noted, peaking in late summer and early autumn. The most frequently reported probable risk settings were the home (40.1%) and travel (39.1%). The study findings suggest that a high proportion of cases occur in urban areas and spatial analysis showed the highest incidence around Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. Unfiltered water and person-to-person contact are believed to be important sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Greig
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
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26
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Wilson JB, Johnson MA, Stuckert AP, Trueman KL, May S, Bryant PE, Meyn RE, D'Andrea AD, Jones NJ. The Chinese hamster FANCG/XRCC9 mutant NM3 fails to express the monoubiquitinated form of the FANCD2 protein, is hypersensitive to a range of DNA damaging agents and exhibits a normal level of spontaneous sister chromatid exchange. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:1939-46. [PMID: 11751423 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.12.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human autosomal disorder characterized by cancer susceptibility and cellular sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents such as mitomycin C and diepoxybutane. Six FA genes have been cloned including a gene designated XRCC9 (for X-ray Repair Cross Complementing), isolated using a mitomycin C-hypersensitive Chinese hamster cell mutant termed UV40, and subsequently found to be identical to FANCG. A nuclear complex containing the FANCA, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF and FANCG proteins is needed for the activation of a sixth FA protein FANCD2. When monoubiquitinated, the FANCD2 protein co-localizes with the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 in DNA damage induced foci. In this study, we have assigned NM3, a nitrogen mustard-hypersensitive Chinese hamster mutant to the same genetic complementation group as UV40. NM3, like human FA cell lines (but unlike UV40) exhibits a normal spontaneous level of sister chromatid exchange. We show that both NM3 and UV40 are also hypersensitive to other DNA crosslinking agents (including diepoxybutane and chlorambucil) and to non-crosslinking DNA damaging agents (including bleomycin, streptonigrin and EMS), and that all these sensitivities are all corrected upon transfection of the human FANCG/XRCC9 cDNA. Using immunoblotting, NM3 and UV40 were found not to express the active monoubiquitinated isoform of the FANCD2 protein, although expression of the FANCD-L isoform was restored in the FANCG cDNA transformants, correlating with the correction of mutagen-sensitivity. These data indicate that cellular resistance to these DNA damaging agents requires FANCG and that the FA gene pathway, via its activation of FANCD2 and that protein's subsequent interaction with BRCA1, is involved in maintaining genomic stability in response not only to DNA interstrand crosslinks but also a range of other DNA damages including DNA strand breaks. NM3 and other "FA-like" Chinese hamster mutants should provide an important resource for the study of these processes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Mammalian DNA Repair Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Donnan Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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Wilson JB. Sir William Fergusson, Bart. (1808-1877). Rep Proc Scott Soc Hist Med 2001:28-31. [PMID: 11618500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Macdiarmid
- I.B.L.S. Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Curran JA, Laverty FS, Campbell D, Macdiarmid J, Wilson JB. Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein-1 induces epithelial cell proliferation and sensitizes transgenic mice to chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6730-8. [PMID: 11559544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
EBV is found to be associated with 100% of poorly or undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas, a tumor of epithelial origin. The latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) of EBV, may play a causal role in the development of this disease. The experiments initiated here were designed to examine the activity of LMP1 in vivo in the epidermis of PyLMP1 transgenic mice in relation to its putative role in carcinogenesis. Transgenic positive epidermis showed a 2-3-fold increase in the mitotic index, coupled with an increased level of expression of proliferative cytokeratin markers (K6 and K14) over controls. These results provide direct evidence that LMP1 induces proliferation in otherwise normal epithelial cells in vivo. To assess the role of LMP1 in tumorigenic progression, transgenic mice were treated topically with chemical carcinogens. PyLMP1 mice were highly sensitive to chemical carcinogens, developing significantly more small papillomas at a faster rate than controls. Furthermore, LMP1 could substitute for 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment in tumor promotion. However, LMP1 inhibited expansion of the benign lesions and did not enhance progression of the lesions to carcinomas or the progression of these to the more malignant spindle cell carcinomas. These data demonstrate that, early in the carcinogenic process, LMP1 acts as a tumor promoter after chemical initiation; but, paradoxically, it may also introduce a hurdle against expansion or progression of a lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Curran
- Robertson Laboratory, Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the birthweight distribution of singleton births at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and to determine if selected socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics that are known to be associated with birthweight would show the association in our setting. DESIGN A non-randomised cross-sectional survey of all deliveries within the study period. SETTING Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, a tertiary institution, delivering about 11,000 women a year. STUDY POPULATION From 1st November to 12th December 1994, 866 singleton normally formed livebirths and fresh stillbirths were sequentially enrolled. DATA SOURCES Data sources were the antenatal and delivery records of the subjects and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. RESULTS The mean birthweight for the total sample was 3070 g +/- 616 g. One hundred and fifteen (13.3%) babies were low birthweight. The mean birthweight for those with reliable dates and born at term was 3262 g +/- 488.8 g. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed lack of antenatal malaria chemoprophylaxis and a history of previous low birthweight to be significantly associated with low birthweight. CONCLUSION Although the mean birthweight of Korle-Bu babies was lower than those of USA and UK babies, it was comparable with those from other developing countries. Antenatal malaria chemoprophylaxis is a practical intervention that can produce an increase in mean birthweight and reduce the risk of low birthweight in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Klufio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
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Tsimbouri P, O'Donnell MA, Wilson JB. Selection and enrichment of B cells from lymphoid tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2001; 174:411-21. [PMID: 11357668 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-227-9:411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Tsimbouri
- I.B.L.S. Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Majowicz SE, Michel P, Aramini JJ, McEwen SA, Wilson JB. Descriptive analysis of endemic cryptosporidiosis cases reported in Ontario, 1996-1997. Can J Public Health 2001. [PMID: 11257995 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endemic cryptosporidiosis in Ontario was studied using notifiable disease data from the Ontario Ministry of Health for the years 1996-1997 inclusive. For this study period, 451 endemic cases were identified, corresponding to a provincial mean annual age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of 2.13 cases per 100,000. Children under five years of age had the highest incidence of disease. Males had a higher incidence than females, except for those 15-19 years of age. Five percent of cases were reported as HIV-positive or having AIDS. The proportion of cases occurring between July and November inclusive (63%) was significantly higher than expected (42%) assuming no seasonal variation (p < 0.01). The proportion of rural cases observed (29%) was significantly higher than expected (17%) based on the Ontario population (p < 0.01). Travel to or prior residence in an endemic area was identified in 22% of the cases where a risk setting was reported (n = 265).
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Majowicz
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Robertson Laboratory, Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 54 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK
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Abstract
This study examined the effects of age-associated increases in fibrinogen on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in 30 healthy nonsmokers. The findings demonstrate an inverse association between normal plasma fibrinogen levels and vascular function (r = -0.56, p = 0.001), suggesting elevated plasma fibrinogen may decrease the artery's responsiveness to certain vasodilatory signals, such as shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Nasinyama GW, McEwen SA, Wilson JB, Waltner-Toews D, Gyles CL, Opuda-Asibo J. Risk factors for acute diarrhoea among inhabitants of Kampala District, Uganda. S Afr Med J 2000; 90:891-8. [PMID: 11081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify modifiable individual and household risk factors for diarrhoea among people of all ages in Kampala district, Uganda. DESIGN A cross-sectional, analytical study. SETTING Multi-stage sampling. Four purposively selected parishes, two each from low and high socio-economic residential areas in Kampala district. Two randomly selected zones per parish with 60 households randomly selected from each zone. STUDY GROUP All members present in each household at time of study. Individual and household information collected by means of personal interview using a questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds of diarrhoea among individuals or households exposed to a study factor compared with the odds of diarrhoea among those not exposed to the factor. RESULTS Drinking raw chicken eggs was significantly (P < 0.01) and strongly (odds ratio (OR) = 99) associated with diarrhoea among residents of Kampala district. The odds of diarrhoea in households that 'cooked just enough food per meal' was significantly less (OR = 0.42) than in those that did not. People who used municipal water supplies and those who boiled their drinking water were significantly less likely (OR = 0.27, OR = 0.33, respectively) than those who used other water sources and/or who did not boil drinking water to report an episode of diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. The odds of diarrhoea were 2.6 times greater for individuals who reported a pest problem than for those who did not, while keeping pets was found to be protective (OR = 0.43). The number of income earners was also significantly (P < 0.5) and negatively (OR = 0.59) associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in a member of the household. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study underscore the importance of proper food handling, preparation and eating habits as well as safe water, sanitation practices and socio-economic factors in the epidemiology of diarrhoea in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Nasinyama
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Makere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Walley RL, Wilson JB, Crane JM, Matthews K, Sawyer E, Hutchens D. A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG 2000; 107:1111-5. [PMID: 11002954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare oral misoprostol 400 microg with intramuscular oxytocin 10 IU in the routine management of the third stage. DESIGN Double-blind placebo controlled trial. SETTING Main referral hospital and its associated polyclinics in Accra, Ghana. POPULATION Four hundred and one low risk women, in the second stage of labour with anticipated vaginal delivery, who entered labour spontaneously. METHODS After delivery of the anterior shoulder of the baby, the women were randomised to receive either: 1. misoprostol 400 microg powder in water orally and 1 mL normal saline intramuscular injection (placebo); or 2. powdered cellulose in water orally (placebo) and 1 mL oxytocin 10 IU intramuscular injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in haemoglobin concentration from before delivery to 12 hours postpartum. Secondary outcomes included need for additional oxytocics, blood loss > 500 mL and > 1,000 mL, operative intervention for postpartum haemorrhage, and side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, shivering and elevated temperature. RESULTS Demographic characteristics were similar. There was no significant difference in change in haemoglobin concentration between the two groups (0.60 g/dL for misoprostol and 0.55 g/dL for oxytocin; relative difference 9.6%; 95% CI 20.5-39.6%; P = 0.54). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes with the exception of shivering, which occurred more frequently in the misoprostol group (22.2% vs 5.7%; relative risk 4.73; 95% CI 2.31-9.68; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In low risk women oral misoprostol appears to be as effective in minimising blood loss in the third stage of labour as intramuscular oxytocin. Shivering was noted more frequently with misoprostol use, but no other side effects were noted. Misoprostol has great potential for use in the third stage of labour especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Walley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St John's, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
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Blair HJ, Reed V, Gormally E, Wilson JB, Novak J, McInnes RR, Phillips SJ, Taylor BA, Boyd Y. Positioning of five genes (CASK, ARX, SAT, IMAGE cDNAs 248928 and 253949) from the human X chromosome short arm with respect to evolutionary breakpoints on the mouse X chromosome. Mamm Genome 2000; 11:710-2. [PMID: 10920247 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Blair
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0RD, UK
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Michel P, Wilson JB, Martin SW, Clarke RC, McEwen SA, Gyles CL. Estimation of the under-reporting rate for the surveillance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cases in Ontario, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 125:35-45. [PMID: 11057957 PMCID: PMC2869567 DOI: 10.1017/s095026889900374x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two models estimating the proportion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cases not reported in the Ontario notifiable diseases surveillance system are described. The first model is a linear series of adjustments in which the total number of reported cases is corrected by successive underreporting coefficients. The structure of the second model is based on a relative difference in the proportion of E. coli O157:H7 cases which are hospitalized between the surveillance database and the underlying population. Based on this analysis, the rate of under-reporting of symptomatic cases of E. coli O157:H7 infection in Ontario ranges from 78 to 88% corresponding to a ratio of 1 reported case for approximately 4-8 symptomatic cases missed by the surveillance system. This study highlights the need to increase awareness among public health workers of the potential biases that may exist in the interpretation of routine surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michel
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Obed SA, Wilson JB. Uterine perforation from induced abortion at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana: a five year review. West Afr J Med 1999; 18:286-9. [PMID: 10734793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 79 cases of perforated uterus from termination of pregnancy in Accra, an incidence of 3.6% of induced abortion were managed at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital during the period 1990-1994. The mean age and parity of patients who had perforated uterus were 21.6 +/- 2.3 years and 1.97 +/- 0.28 respectively. The specific case mortality associated with this calamity was 227.8 per 1000. The need to prevent unwanted pregnancies through improved contraceptive measures and sex education must be emphasised in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Obed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
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Wilson JB, Pauling GE, McEwen BJ, Smart N, Carman PS, Dick CP. A descriptive study of the frequency and characteristics of proliferative enteropathy in swine in Ontario by analyzing routine animal health surveillance data. Can Vet J 1999; 40:713-7. [PMID: 10572667 PMCID: PMC1539818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Routine surveillance data, collected on pathology submissions at the Animal Health Laboratory in Guelph between 1992 and 1997, were analyzed to determine demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics of cases of proliferative enteropathy and the frequency of this condition relative to other infectious enteric diseases in swine in Ontario. The most commonly reported disease was Escherichia coli enteritis (average cases/year = 70.0). Among infectious enteropathies that occur typically in neonatal pigs, coccidiosis (28.4 cases/year) and rotaviral enteritis (5.6 cases/year) were reported. Among infectious enteropathies generally associated with diarrhea in weaner and grower/finisher pigs, the most frequently reported was proliferative enteropathy (27.6 cases/year), followed by swine dysentery (23.3 cases/year), transmissible gastroenteritis (19.6 cases/year), and salmonellosis (8.4 cases/year). Diarrhea and bloody diarrhea were reported in 29% and 31%, respectively, of herds diagnosed with proliferative enteropathy. Important gross intestinal lesions included mucosal hypertrophy (62% of cases), hemorrhage (47%), and mucosal necrosis (34%). Histologic intestinal lesions included epithelial hyperplasia (90% of cases), mucosal necrosis (59%), and inflammation (49%). Our results suggest that proliferative enteropathy is a major infectious enteric disease in grower/finisher pigs in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wilson
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario
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Raina PS, Pollari FL, Teare GF, Goss MJ, Barry DA, Wilson JB. The relationship between E. coli indicator bacteria in well-water and gastrointestinal illnesses in rural families. Can J Public Health 1999. [PMID: 10401167 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between consumption of E. coli contaminated well-water and gastrointestinal illness in rural families. METHODS One hundred and eighty-one families with well-water as a drinking source participated in a one-year follow-up study. Water was tested for E. coli bacteria and health outcomes were monitored for house-hold members. RESULTS E. coli in well-water was significantly associated with gastrointestinal illness in family members, however the relationship was modified by the distance from the septic tank to the well. E. coli had an odds ratio of 2.16 [95% CI 1.04, 4.42] if the septic tank was greater than 20 metres from the well and 0.46 [95% CI 0.07, 2.95] if the septic tank was within 20 metres. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of contaminated well-water is associated with gastrointestinal illness. E. coli can be a useful marker for detecting wells that pose a potential public health problem in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Raina
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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42
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Abstract
A stochastic simulation model was used to assess the benefit of measures implemented in the pre-slaughter period that are aimed at reducing the contamination of beef carcasses with Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. The scenario studied was based on an abattoir processing approximately 1000 head of lot-fed cattle per day. Input assumptions were described using probability distributions to reflect uncertainty in their true values. Control measures that were assessed were based on either a reduction in herd prevalence of infection, reduction in opportunity for cross-contamination in the processing plant by re-ordering of the slaughter queue, reduction of concentration of E. coli O157 in fresh faeces, or a reduction in the amount of faeces, mud and bedding ('tag') transferred from the hide to the carcass. Some control measures evaluated were hypothetical in nature and were included to assist with the planning of research priorities. Simulations suggested that the greatest potential impact is associated with vaccination and with an agent that reduces shedding E. coli O157 in faeces. Knowledge of herd-test results obtained by testing a sample of animals from the herd provides only a minor advantage in control programmes, although application of a rapid test to all animals in all lots might be of some benefit. Under most scenarios, there is ample opportunity for cross-contamination to occur within the slaughter plant as a result of early entry of cattle contaminated with E. coli O157. An industry-wide reduction in the amount of tag attached to hides and addition of a source of cattle having a prolonged average fasting time were not predicted to have a large impact on mean amount of carcass contamination with E. coli O157.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Jordan D, McEwen SA, Lammerding AM, McNab WB, Wilson JB. A simulation model for studying the role of pre-slaughter factors on the exposure of beef carcasses to human microbial hazards. Prev Vet Med 1999; 41:37-54. [PMID: 10416198 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Monte Carlo simulation model was constructed for assessing the quantity of microbial hazards deposited on cattle carcasses under different pre-slaughter management regimens. The model permits comparison of industry-wide and abattoir-based mitigation strategies and is suitable for studying pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. Simulations are based on a hierarchical model structure that mimics important aspects of the cattle population prior to slaughter. Stochastic inputs were included so that uncertainty about important input assumptions (such as prevalence of a human pathogen in the live cattle-population) would be reflected in model output. Control options were built into the model to assess the benefit of having prior knowledge of animal or herd-of-origin pathogen status (obtained from the use of a diagnostic test). Similarly, a facility was included for assessing the benefit of re-ordering the slaughter sequence based on the extent of external faecal contamination. Model outputs were designed to evaluate the performance of an abattoir in a 1-day period and included outcomes such as the proportion of carcasses contaminated with a pathogen, the daily mean and selected percentiles of pathogen counts per carcass, and the position of the first infected animal in the slaughter run. A measure of the time rate of introduction of pathogen into the abattoir was provided by assessing the median, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile cumulative pathogen counts at 10 equidistant points within the slaughter run. Outputs can be graphically displayed as frequency distributions, probability densities, cumulative distributions or x-y plots. The model shows promise as an inexpensive method for evaluating pathogen control strategies such as those forming part of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Raina PS, Pollari FL, Teare GF, Goss MJ, Barry DA, Wilson JB. The relationship between E. coli indicator bacteria in well-water and gastrointestinal illnesses in rural families. Can J Public Health 1999; 90:172-5. [PMID: 10401167 PMCID: PMC6980097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1998] [Accepted: 01/25/1999] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between consumption of E. coli contaminated well-water and gastrointestinal illness in rural families. METHODS One hundred and eighty-one families with well-water as a drinking source participated in a one-year follow-up study. Water was tested for E. coli bacteria and health outcomes were monitored for house-hold members. RESULTS E. coli in well-water was significantly associated with gastrointestinal illness in family members, however the relationship was modified by the distance from the septic tank to the well. E. coli had an odds ratio of 2.16 [95% CI 1.04, 4.42] if the septic tank was greater than 20 metres from the well and 0.46 [95% CI 0.07, 2.95] if the septic tank was within 20 metres. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of contaminated well-water is associated with gastrointestinal illness. E. coli can be a useful marker for detecting wells that pose a potential public health problem in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Raina
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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Jordan D, McEwen SA, Wilson JB, McNab WB, Lammerding AM. Reliability of an ordinal rating system for assessing the amount of mud and feces (tag) on cattle hides at slaughter. J Food Prot 1999; 62:520-5. [PMID: 10340674 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-62.5.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to provide a quantitative description of the amount of tag (mud, soil, and bedding) adhered to the hides of feedlot beef cattle and to appraise the statistical reliability of a subjective rating system for assessing this trait. Initially, a single rater obtained baseline data by assessing 2,417 cattle for 1 month at an Ontario beef processing plant. Analysis revealed that there was a strong tendency for animals within sale-lots to have a similar total tag score (intralot correlation = 0.42). Baseline data were summarized by fitting a linear model describing an individual's total tag score as the sum of their lot mean tag score (LMTS) plus an amount representing normal variation within the lot. LMTSs predicted by the linear model were adequately described by a beta distribution with parameters nu = 3.12 and omega = 5.82 scaled to fit on the 0-to-9 interval. Five raters, trained in use of the tag scoring system, made 1,334 tag score observations in a commercial abattoir, allowing reliability to be assessed at the individual level and at the lot level. High values for reliability were obtained for individual total tag score (0.84) and lot total tag score (0.83); these values suggest that the tag scoring system could be used in the marketing and slaughter of Ontario beef cattle to improve the cleanliness of animals presented for slaughter in an effort to control the entry of microbial contamination into abattoirs. Implications for the use of the tag scoring system in research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Michel P, Wilson JB, Martin SW, Clarke RC, McEwen SA, Gyles CL. Temporal and geographical distributions of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Ontario. Epidemiol Infect 1999; 122:193-200. [PMID: 10355782 PMCID: PMC2809606 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268899002083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of 3001 cases of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) reported in the Province of Ontario, Canada, were examined to describe the magnitude of this condition geographically and to evaluate the spatial relationship between livestock density and human VTEC incidence using a Geographical Information System. Incidence of VTEC cases had a marked seasonal pattern with peaks in July. Areas with a relatively high incidence of VTEC cases were situated predominantly in areas of mixed agriculture. Spatial models indicated that cattle density had a positive and significant association with VTEC incidence of reported cases (P = 0.000). An elevated risk of VTEC infection in a rural population could be associated with living in areas with high cattle density. Results of this study suggested that the importance of contact with cattle and the consumption of contaminated well water or locally produced food products may have been previously underestimated as risk factors for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michel
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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47
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Lassey AT, Klufio CA, Annan BD, Wilson JB. Antenatal haemoglobin profile at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. East Afr Med J 1999; 76:228-32. [PMID: 10442106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of haemoglobin (Hb) measurement and some socio-demographic characteristics in women attending antenatal clinic. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Antenatal clinic, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. SUBJECTS Nine hundred and thirty two pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinic at the hospital. Patients with sickle cell disease, thalassaemia, sickling test positive or unknown sickling status were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of patients whose records showed various frequencies of Hb determinations and the proportion of those with anaemia at 26 weeks and 34 weeks gestations. RESULTS One hundred and seventy five (18.8%) patients did not have antenatal Hb measurement; 248 (26.6%) had two, and 251 (26.9%) had more than two measurements. The mean of booking Hb was 10.6 + 1.53 gm/dl. Of the 458 subjects with reliable dates, 293 had their booking Hb measurement at < 26 weeks. For this sub-group the mean was 10.8 +/- 1.43 gm/dl. (22.5% were < 10 gm/dl). For 272 subjects with reliable dates whose last Hb measurement was at > 34 weeks, the mean last Hb was 11.0 +/- 1.37 gm/dl. (last Hb was < 10 gm/dl in 19.1%). Nulliparity and booking antenatal weight < 64.0 kg were significantly associated with Hb < 10 gm/dl at some time during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Anaemia in pregnancy is common in this urban population. Combined effects of iron-folate supplementation, malaria chemoprophylaxis as well as early booking and a waiver of antenatal care user fees for needy patients are suggested as remedial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Lassey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra
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Boerlin P, McEwen SA, Boerlin-Petzold F, Wilson JB, Johnson RP, Gyles CL. Associations between virulence factors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and disease in humans. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:497-503. [PMID: 9986802 PMCID: PMC84443 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.3.497-503.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/1998] [Accepted: 11/19/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between known or putative virulence factors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and disease in humans were investigated. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis of a set of 237 isolates from 118 serotypes showed significant associations between the presence of genes for intimin (eae) and Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) and isolates from serotypes reported in humans. Similar associations were found with isolates from serotypes reported in hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hemolysin gene was significantly associated with isolates from serotypes found in severe diseases in univariate analysis but not in multivariate logistic regression models. A strong association between the intimin and EHEC-hemolysin genes may explain the lack of statistical significance of EHEC hemolysin in these multivariate models, but a true lack of biological significance of the hemolysin in humans or in disease cannot be excluded. This result warrants further investigations of this topic. Multivariate analysis revealed an interaction between the eae and stx2 genes, thus supporting the hypothesis of the synergism between the adhesin intimin and Shiga toxin 2. A strong statistical association was observed between the stx2 gene and severity of disease for a set of 112 human isolates from eight major serotypes. A comparison of 77 isolates of bovine origin and 91 human isolates belonging to six major serotypes showed significant associations of the genes for Shiga toxin 1 and EspP protease with bovine isolates and an increased adherence on HEp-2 cell cultures for human isolates, particularly from diarrheic patients and healthy persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boerlin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Tuohy AM, McKie VC, Sabio H, Kutlar F, Kutlar A, Wilson JB. Hb Hammersmith [beta 42(CD1) Phe-->Ser]: occurrence as a de novo mutation in black monozygotic twins with multiple congenital anomalies. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1998; 20:563-6. [PMID: 9856680 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-199811000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the occurrence of Hb Hammersmith as a de novo mutation in African-American twins with multiple congenital anomalies. METHODS Standard hematologic methods were used. The presence of an unstable Hb variant was confirmed by brilliant cresyl blue staining and an isopropanol stability test. Hb Hammersmith was confirmed by the sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified beta-globin gene. RESULTS The presence of Hb Hammersmith was confirmed in female monozygotic twins of African-American origin with congenital Heinz body hemolytic anemia and multiple congenital anomalies. The variant occurred as a de novo mutation in the twins. CONCLUSION This report describes the occurrence of Hb Hammersmith [B42(CD1)Phe-->Ser] in African-American twins. As with the other reported cases, both twins were female. In addition to Heinz body hemolytic anemia, a low arterial O2 saturation in the proposita was shown by pulse oximetry. Multiple congenital anomalies involving various systems were also found in both twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tuohy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Abstract
A transgenic mouse insertional mutant displayed the phenotype of altered cranial morphology with sex-linked cleft palate. We have cloned the disrupted genomic X-linked locus and report the identification of the mCASK gene. The gene is transcribed to produce two messages of 4.5 and 9.5 kb expressed during development and in adult tissues, particularly the brain. We describe the isolation of two differentially spliced mouse cDNAs from the locus (mCASK-A and mCASK-B). The mCASK-B cDNA probably represents the full-length product of the 4.5-kb transcript. The identical N-termini of the predicted encoded proteins (mCASK-A and -B) are highly homologous to Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, while the deduced C-terminus of mCASK-B is highly homologous to a family of multidomain proteins containing a guanylate kinase motif, the MAGUK proteins. mCASK-B is a new member of an emerging family of genes in which the encoded proteins combine these domains, termed here, the CAMGUKs, including rat CASK, Caenorhabditis elegans lin-2, and Drosophila caki/camguk. The CAMGUKs are likely to be effectors in signal transduction as regulatory partners of transmembrane molecules, modulated by calcium and nucleotides. The transgene in this mutant mouse line integrated into an intron that bisects the encoded calmodulin-binding domain, a potentially important regulatory domain of the predicted protein, generating hybrid transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Laverty
- CID School of Biological Sciences, The Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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