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Lawson K, Bourne T, Bottomley C. Psychological impact of simple scoring system for predicting early pregnancy outcome in pregnancy of uncertain viability: randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2023; 61:624-631. [PMID: 36508440 DOI: 10.1002/uog.26144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether psychological wellbeing of women with an intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability can be modified during the waiting period to final diagnosis, by offering predictive information regarding the likely outcome of the pregnancy (chance of ongoing viability). METHODS This was a single-center two-arm randomized controlled trial conducted over 18 months at a teaching hospital in London, UK. Consecutive eligible women attending the early pregnancy assessment unit with an interim ultrasound finding of intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability were recruited. All women were offered a follow-up ultrasound scan after 14 days. Participants were randomized to receive a prediction score for ongoing viability at 14 days or routine care (control). Anxiety, depression and worry symptoms were assessed using validated self-report questionnaires (hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ)) prior to randomization and at two further timepoints during the waiting period preceding final diagnosis. The change in psychological scores over the study period was analyzed. The secondary outcome was the perceived value of the risk prediction tool reported by participants. RESULTS A total of 278 women participated in this study. After adjusting for baseline scores, no difference in anxiety, depression or worry scores was demonstrated between control and intervention groups at either timepoint. Subgroup analysis, first of women with high initial anxiety (HADS > 11) or worry (PSWQ ≥ 45), and second of women with a more favorable predicted prognosis (≥ 75% chance of ongoing viability), demonstrated no difference between intervention and control groups. Despite this, 76/110 (69.1% (95% CI, 60.5-78.4%)) women who provided feedback in the intervention group found it to be helpful and 97/110 (88.2% (95% CI, 81.0-93.7%)) reported that they would use the tool again. CONCLUSION Current prediction tools may be useful for healthcare professionals to guide management and optimize utilization of early pregnancy resources. However, in this study, implementation of an accurate tool did not result in an objective measurable benefit to patients in terms of reduction in anxiety, depression and worry symptoms experienced during the waiting period to final outcome compared with women who did not receive a prediction score. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Bourne
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Bottomley
- Department of Women's Health, University College Hospital London, London, UK
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Mäenpää R, Kumpulainen H, Groth M, Romazanov J, Lomanowski B, Brezinsek S, Di Genova S, Karhunen J, Lawson K, Meigs A, Menmuir S, Shaw A. EDGE2D-EIRENE and ERO2.0 predictions of nitrogen molecular break-up and transport in the divertor of JET low-confinement mode plasmas. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawson K, Scarlata M, Cho C, Mangan C, Petersen D, Thompson H, Ehnstrom S, Mousley A, Bezek J, Bergstrom H. Adolescence alcohol exposure impairs fear extinction and alters medial prefrontal cortex plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2022; 211:109048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eapen V, Woolfenden S, Schmied V, Jalaludin B, Lawson K, Liaw ST, Lingam R, Page A, Cibralic S, Winata T, Mendoza Diaz A, Lam-Cassettari C, Burley J, Boydell K, Lin P, Masi A, Katz I, Dadich A, Preddy J, Bruce J, Raman S, Kohlhoff J, Descallar J, Karlov L, Kaplun C, Arora A, Di Mento B, Smead M, Doyle K, Grace R, McClean T, Blight V, Wood A, Raine KH. "Watch Me Grow- Electronic (WMG-E)" surveillance approach to identify and address child development, parental mental health, and psychosocial needs: study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1240. [PMID: 34789234 PMCID: PMC8596348 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic recession has increased parental psychosocial stress and mental health challenges. This has adversely impacted child development and wellbeing, particularly for children from priority populations (culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and rural/regional communities) who are at an already increased risk of health inequality. The increased mental health and psychosocial needs were compounded by the closure of in-person preventive and health promotion programs resulting in health organisations embracing technology and online services. Watch Me Grow- Electronic (WMG-E) – developmental surveillance platform- exemplifies one such service. WMG-E was developed to monitor child development and guide parents towards more detailed assessments when risk is identified. This Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) aims to expand WMG-E as a digital navigation tool by also incorporating parents’ mental health and psychosocial needs. Children and families needing additional assessments and supports will be electronically directed to relevant resources in the ‘care-as-usual’ group. In contrast, the intervention group will receive continuity of care, with additional in-person assessment and ‘warm hand over’ by a ‘service navigator’ to ensure their needs are met. Methods Using an RCT we will determine: (1) parental engagement with developmental surveillance; (2) access to services for those with mental health and social care needs; and (3) uptake of service recommendations. Three hundred parents/carers of children aged 6 months to 3 years (recruited from a culturally diverse, or rural/regional site) will be randomly allocated to the ‘care-as-usual’ or ‘intervention’ group. A mixed methods implementation evaluation will be completed, with semi-structured interviews to ascertain the acceptability, feasibility and impact of the WMG-E platform and service navigator. Conclusions Using WMG-E is expected to: normalise and de-stigmatise mental health and psychosocial screening; increase parental engagement and service use; and result in the early identification and management of child developmental needs, parental mental health, and family psychosocial needs. If effective, digital solutions such as WMG-E to engage and empower parents alongside a service navigator for vulnerable families needing additional support, will have significant practice and policy implications in the pandemic/post pandemic period. Trial registration The trial (Protocol No. 1.0, Version 3.1) was registered with ANZCTR (registration number: ACTRN12621000766819) on July 21st, 2021 and reporting of the trial results will be according to recommendations in the CONSORT Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia.
| | - S Woolfenden
- Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, Australia
| | - V Schmied
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Jalaludin
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - K Lawson
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - S T Liaw
- Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for eHealth, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Lingam
- Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Page
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - S Cibralic
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - T Winata
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - A Mendoza Diaz
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Lam-Cassettari
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Burley
- Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Boydell
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Lin
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - A Masi
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, Design, & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Dadich
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Preddy
- Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - J Bruce
- Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - S Raman
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - J Kohlhoff
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Karitane, Carramar, Australia
| | - J Descallar
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - L Karlov
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - C Kaplun
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia.,TeEACH -Transforming early Education and Child Health Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Arora
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
| | - B Di Mento
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Smead
- Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - K Doyle
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - R Grace
- TeEACH -Transforming early Education and Child Health Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - V Blight
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia
| | - A Wood
- Karitane, Carramar, Australia
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Huber A, Brezinsek S, Huber V, Sertoli M, Sergienko G, Borodkina I, Baruzzo M, Kirschner A, Borodin D, Mailloux J, Aleiferis S, Carvalho P, Lawson K, Linsmeier C, Meigs A, Menmuir S, Mertens P, Pawelec E, Shaw A. Erosion and screening of tungsten during inter/intra-ELM periods in the JET-ILW divertor. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lawson K, Gauthier KS, Piovesan D, Fournier J, Rosen B, Maliyan A, Beatty J, Jin L, Leleti M, Ginn E, Udyavar A, Ada C, Au J, Meleza C, Zhao S, Young S, Walters M, Powers J. Discovery and characterization of novel, potent, and selective hypoxiainducible factor (HIF)-2α inhibitors. Eur J Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(20)31106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Han L, Xing Y, Steele H, Hilley H, Lawson K. 772 Terminal arborizations of itch-sensing neurons exhibit large receptive field in the skin and regionally specific organization in the spinal cord. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tolchin D, Yeager JP, Prasad P, Dorrani N, Russi AS, Martinez-Agosto JA, Haseeb A, Angelozzi M, Santen G, Ruivenkamp C, Mercimek-Andrews S, Depienne C, Kuechler A, Mikat B, Ludecke HJ, Bilan F, Le Guyader G, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Keren B, Heide S, Haye D, Van Esch H, Keldermans L, Ortiz D, Lancaster E, Krantz ID, Krock BL, Pechter KB, Arkader A, Medne L, DeChene ET, Calpena E, Melistaccio G, Wilkie AO, Suri M, Foulds N, Begtrup A, Henderson LB, Forster C, Reed P, McDonald MT, McConkie-Rosell A, Thevenon J, Le Tanno P, Coutton C, Tsai AC, Stewart S, Maver A, Gorazd R, Pichon O, Nizon M, Cogné B, Isidor B, Martin-Coignard D, Stoeva R, Lefebvre V, Le Caignec C, Ambrose J, Bleda M, Boardman-Pretty F, Boissiere J, Boustred C, Caulfield M, Chan G, Craig C, Daugherty L, de Burca A, Devereau A, Elgar G, Foulger R, Fowler T, Furió-Tarí P, Hackett J, Halai D, Holman J, Hubbard T, Kasperaviciute D, Kayikci M, Lahnstein L, Lawson K, Leigh S, Leong I, Lopez F, Maleady-Crowe F, Mason J, McDonagh E, Moutsianas L, Mueller M, Need A, Odhams C, Patch C, Perez-Gil D, Polychronopoulos D, Pullinger J, Rahim T, Rendon A, Rogers T, Ryten M, Savage K, Scott R, Siddiq A, Sieghart A, Smedley D, Smith K, Sosinsky A, Spooner W, Stevens H, Stuckey A, Thomas E, Thompson S, Tregidgo C, Tucci A, Walsh E, Watters S, Welland M, Williams E, Witkowska K, Wood S, Zarowiecki M. De Novo SOX6 Variants Cause a Neurodevelopmental Syndrome Associated with ADHD, Craniosynostosis, and Osteochondromas. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:830-845. [PMID: 32442410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX6 belongs to a family of 20 SRY-related HMG-box-containing (SOX) genes that encode transcription factors controlling cell fate and differentiation in many developmental and adult processes. For SOX6, these processes include, but are not limited to, neurogenesis and skeletogenesis. Variants in half of the SOX genes have been shown to cause severe developmental and adult syndromes, referred to as SOXopathies. We here provide evidence that SOX6 variants also cause a SOXopathy. Using clinical and genetic data, we identify 19 individuals harboring various types of SOX6 alterations and exhibiting developmental delay and/or intellectual disability; the individuals are from 17 unrelated families. Additional, inconstant features include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, mild facial dysmorphism, craniosynostosis, and multiple osteochondromas. All variants are heterozygous. Fourteen are de novo, one is inherited from a mosaic father, and four offspring from two families have a paternally inherited variant. Intragenic microdeletions, balanced structural rearrangements, frameshifts, and nonsense variants are predicted to inactivate the SOX6 variant allele. Four missense variants occur in residues and protein regions highly conserved evolutionarily. These variants are not detected in the gnomAD control cohort, and the amino acid substitutions are predicted to be damaging. Two of these variants are located in the HMG domain and abolish SOX6 transcriptional activity in vitro. No clear genotype-phenotype correlations are found. Taken together, these findings concur that SOX6 haploinsufficiency leads to a neurodevelopmental SOXopathy that often includes ADHD and abnormal skeletal and other features.
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Scarlata MJ, Lee SH, Lee D, Kandigian SE, Hiller AJ, Dishart JG, Mintz GE, Wang Z, Coste GI, Mousley AL, Soler I, Lawson K, Ng AJ, Bezek JL, Bergstrom HC. Chemogenetic stimulation of the infralimbic cortex reverses alcohol-induced fear memory overgeneralization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6730. [PMID: 31040357 PMCID: PMC6491487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are often comorbid. Drinking tends to increase following trauma, which may exacerbate PTSD-related symptoms. Despite a clear relationship between excessive alcohol use and PTSD, how alcohol impacts the expression of traumatic fear remains unclear. This study aims to determine the neurobehavioral impact of chronic alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) on the expression of established fear memories in C57BL/6 N mice. We show that chronic EtOH selectively augments cued fear memory generalization and impairs fear extinction retrieval, leaving the expression of the original cued response intact. Immunohistochemistry for Arc/arg3.1 (Arc) revealed EtOH-induced decreases in Arc expression in the infralimbic cortex (IL) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) that were associated with cued fear memory overgeneralization. Chemogenetic stimulation of IL pyramidal neurons reversed EtOH-driven fear memory overgeneralization, identifying a role for the IL in cued fear memory precision. Considering the modulatory influence of the IL over conditioned fear expression, these data suggest a model whereby chronic EtOH-driven neuroadaptations in the IL promote fear memory overgeneralization. These findings provide new mechanistic insight into how excessive alcohol use, following exposure to a traumatic event, can exacerbate symptoms of traumatic fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Scarlata
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - S H Lee
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - D Lee
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - S E Kandigian
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - A J Hiller
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - J G Dishart
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - G E Mintz
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - G I Coste
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - A L Mousley
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - I Soler
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - K Lawson
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - A J Ng
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - J L Bezek
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - H C Bergstrom
- Vassar College, Department of Psychological Science, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA.
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Lawson K, Bahnson HT, Brittain E, Sever M, Du Toit G, Lack G, Keet C, Greenhawt M, Fleischer D, Chan ES, Venter C, Stukus D, Gupta R, Spergel J. Letter of response to Greenhawt et al. 'LEAPing Through the Looking Glass: Secondary Analysis of the Effect of Skin Test Size and Age of Introduction on Peanut Tolerance after Early Peanut Introduction'. Allergy 2017; 72:1267-1271. [PMID: 28691223 DOI: 10.1111/all.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lawson
- Rho Federal Systems Division; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - H. T. Bahnson
- Immune Tolerance Network; Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle WA USA
| | - E. Brittain
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Bethesda MD USA
| | - M. Sever
- Rho Federal Systems Division; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - G. Du Toit
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; Department of Paediatric Allergy; King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - G. Lack
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology; Department of Paediatric Allergy; King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - C. Keet
- Pediatric Allergy/Immunology; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - M. Greenhawt
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Allergy and Immunology; Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | - D. Fleischer
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Allergy and Immunology; Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | - E. S. Chan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; British Columbia Children's Hospital; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - C. Venter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - D. Stukus
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Allergy and Immunology; Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, Ohio United States
| | - R. Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Northwestern Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - J. Spergel
- Division of Allergy-Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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Reinke M, Meigs A, Delabie E, Mumgaard R, Reimold F, Potzel S, Bernert M, Brunner D, Canik J, Cavedon M, Coffey I, Edlund E, Harrison J, LaBombard B, Lawson K, Lomanowski B, Lore J, Stamp M, Terry J, Viezzer E. Expanding the role of impurity spectroscopy for investigating the physics of high-Z dissipative divertors. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ženka J, Caisová V, Uher O, Nedbalová P, Kvardová K, Masáková K, Krejčová G, Paďouková L, Jochmanová I, Wolf KI, Chmelař J, Kopecký J, Loumagne L, Mestadier J, D’agostino S, Rohaut A, Ruffin Y, Croize V, Lemaître O, Sidhu SS, Althammer S, Steele K, Rebelatto M, Tan T, Wiestler T, Spitzmueller A, Korn R, Schmidt G, Higgs B, Li X, Shi L, Jin X, Ranade K, Koeck S, Amann A, Gamerith G, Zwierzina M, Lorenz E, Zwierzina H, Kern J, Riva M, Baert T, Coosemans A, Giovannoni R, Radaelli E, Gsell W, Himmelreich U, Van Ranst M, Xing F, Qian W, Dong C, Xu X, Guo S, Shi Q, Quandt D, Seliger B, Plett C, Amberger DC, Rabe A, Deen D, Stankova Z, Hirn A, Vokac Y, Werner J, Krämer D, Rank A, Schmid C, Schmetzer H, Guerin M, Weiss JM, Regnier F, Renault G, Vimeux L, Peranzoni E, Feuillet V, Thoreau M, Guilbert T, Trautmann A, Bercovici N, Amberger DC, Doraneh-Gard F, Boeck CL, Plett C, Gunsilius C, Kugler C, Werner J, Schmohl J, Kraemer D, Ismann B, Rank A, Schmid C, Schmetzer HM, Markota A, Ochs C, May P, Gottschlich A, Gosálvez JS, Karches C, Wenk D, Endres S, Kobold S, Hilmenyuk T, Klar R, Jaschinski F, Gamerith G, Augustin F, Lorenz E, Manzl C, Hoflehner E, Moser P, Zelger B, Köck S, Amann A, Kern J, Schäfer G, Öfner D, Maier H, Zwierzina H, Sopper S, Prado-Garcia H, Romero-Garcia S, Sandoval-Martínez R, Puerto-Aquino A, Lopez-Gonzalez J, Rumbo-Nava U, Klar R, Hilmenyuk T, Jaschinski F, Coosemans A, Baert T, Van Hoylandt A, Busschaert P, Vergote I, Baert T, Van Hoylandt A, Busschaert P, Vergote I, Coosemans A, Laengle J, Pilatova K, Budinska E, Bencsikova B, Sefr R, Nenutil R, Brychtova V, Fedorova L, Hanakova B, Zdrazilova-Dubska L, Allen C, Ku YC, Tom W, Sun Y, Pankov A, Looney T, Hyland F, Au-Young J, Mongan A, Becker A, Tan JBL, Chen A, Lawson K, Lindsey E, Powers JP, Walters M, Schindler U, Young S, Jaen JC, Yin S, Chen Y, Gullo I, Gonçalves G, Pinto ML, Athelogou M, Almeida G, Huss R, Oliveira C, Carneiro F, Merz C, Sykora J, Hermann K, Hussong R, Richards DM, Fricke H, Hill O, Gieffers C, Pinho MP, Barbuto JAM, McArdle SE, Foulds G, Vadakekolathu JN, Abdel-Fatah TMA, Johnson C, Hood S, Moseley P, Rees RC, Chan SYT, Pockley AG, Rutella S, Geppert C, Hartmann A, Kumar KS, Gokilavani M, Wang S, Merz C, Richards DM, Sykora J, Redondo-Müller M, Heinonen K, Marschall V, Thiemann M, Fricke H, Gieffers C, Hill O, Zhang L, Mao B, Jin Y, Zhai G, Li Z, Wang Z, Qian W, An X, Qiao M, Zhang J, Shi Q, Weber J, Kluger H, Halaban R, Sznol M, Roder H, Roder J, Grigorieva J, Asmellash S, Oliveira C, Meyer K, Steingrimsson A, Blackmon S, Sullivan R, Boeck CL, Amberger DC, Doraneh-Gard F, Sutanto W, Guenther T, Schmohl J, Schuster F, Salih H, Babor F, Borkhardt A, Schmetzer H, Kim Y, Oh I, Park C, Ahn S, Na K, Song S, Choi Y, Fedorova L, Poprach A, Lakomy R, Selingerova I, Demlova R, Pilatova K, Kozakova S, Valik D, Petrakova K, Vyzula R, Zdrazilova-Dubska L, Aguilar-Cazares D, Galicia-Velasco M, Camacho-Mendoza C, Islas-Vazquez L, Chavez-Dominguez R, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Prado-Garcia H, Lopez-Gonzalez JS, Yang S, Moynihan KD, Noh M, Bekdemir A, Stellacci F, Irvine DJ, Volz B, Kapp K, Oswald D, Wittig B, Schmidt M, Chavez-Dominguez R, Aguilar-Cazares D, Prado-Garcia H, Islas-Vazquez L, Lopez-Gonzalez JS, Kleef R, Bohdjalian A, McKee D, Moss RW, Saeed M, Zalba S, Debets R, ten Hagen TLM, Javed S, Becher J, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F, Gordon EM, Sankhala KK, Stumpf N, Tseng W, Chawla SP, Suárez NG, Báez GB, Rodríguez MC, Pérez AG, García LC, Fernández DH, Pous JR, Ramírez BS, Jacoberger-Foissac C, Saliba H, Seguin C, Brion A, Frisch B, Fournel S, Heurtault B, Otterhaug T, Håkerud M, Nedberg A, Edwards V, Selbo P, Høgset A, Jaitly T, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Gross S, Schuler-Thurner B, Gupta S, Taher L, Schuler G, Vera J, Rataj F, Kraus F, Grassmann S, Chaloupka M, Lesch S, Heise C, Endres S, Kobold S, Cadilha BML, Dorman K, Heise C, Rataj F, Endres S, Kobold S. Abstracts from the 4th ImmunoTherapy of Cancer Conference. J Immunother Cancer 2017. [PMCID: PMC5374589 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Egan M, Kearns A, Curl A, Katikireddi SW, Lawson K, Tannahill C. OP90 Proportionate universalism in practice? a quasi-experimental study of a UK housing-led neighbourhood renewal programme’s impact on health inequalities. Br J Soc Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206256.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sussman E, Steinschneider M, Lee W, Lawson K. Auditory scene analysis in school-aged children with developmental language disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 95:113-24. [PMID: 24548430 PMCID: PMC4134435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural sound environments are dynamic, with overlapping acoustic input originating from simultaneously active sources. A key function of the auditory system is to integrate sensory inputs that belong together and segregate those that come from different sources. We hypothesized that this skill is impaired in individuals with phonological processing difficulties. There is considerable disagreement about whether phonological impairments observed in children with developmental language disorders can be attributed to specific linguistic deficits or to more general acoustic processing deficits. However, most tests of general auditory abilities have been conducted with a single set of sounds. We assessed the ability of school-aged children (7-15 years) to parse complex auditory non-speech input, and determined whether the presence of phonological processing impairments was associated with stream perception performance. A key finding was that children with language impairments did not show the same developmental trajectory for stream perception as typically developing children. In addition, children with language impairments required larger frequency separations between sounds to hear distinct streams compared to age-matched peers. Furthermore, phonological processing ability was a significant predictor of stream perception measures, but only in the older age groups. No such association was found in the youngest children. These results indicate that children with language impairments have difficulty parsing speech streams, or identifying individual sound events when there are competing sound sources. We conclude that language group differences may in part reflect fundamental maturational disparities in the analysis of complex auditory scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sussman
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - M Steinschneider
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - W Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - K Lawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Barber J, Rumsby E, Parker S, Mohebati L, Venables S, Lawson K, Scanlon T, Memon A. OP02 Women’s Views on Smoking Cessation Services and National Tobacco Control Measures. Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Barber J, Rumsby E, Parker S, Mohebati L, Venables S, Lawson K, Scanlon T, Memon A. PP75 What Factors are Important in Smoking Cessation and Relapse in Women from Deprived Communities? – A Qualitative Study. Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kirby RW, Martelli A, Calderone V, McKay NG, Lawson K. Large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (BKCa) activating properties of a series of novel N-arylbenzamides: Channel subunit dependent effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4186-91. [PMID: 23707646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large conductance calcium activated potassium channels (BKCa) are fundamental in the control of cellular excitability. Thus, compounds that activate BKCa channels could provide potential therapies in the treatment of pathologies of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. A series of novel N-arylbenzamide compounds, and the reference compound NS1619, were evaluated for BKCa channel opener properties in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells expressing the human BKCa channel α-subunit alone or α+β1-subunit complex. Channel activity was determined using a non-radioactive Rb(+) efflux assay to construct concentration effect curves for each compound. All N-arylbenzamide compounds and NS1619 evoked significant (p <0.05) concentration related increases in Rb(+) efflux both in cells expressing α-subunit alone or α+β1-subunits. Co-expression of the β1-subunit modified the Rb(+) efflux responses, relative to that obtained in cells expressing the α-subunit alone, for most of the N-arylbenzamide compounds, in contrast to NS1619. The EC40 values of NS1619, BKMe1 and BKOEt1 were not significantly affected by the co-expression of the BKCa channel α+β1-subunits. In contrast, 5 other N-arylbenzamides (BKPr2, BKPr3, BKPr4, BKH1 and BKVV) showed a significant (p <0.05) 2- to 10-fold increase in EC40 values when tested on the BKCa α+β1-subunit expressing cells compared to BKCa α-subunit expressing cells. Further, the Emax values for BKPr4, BKVV and BKH1 were lower in the BKCa channel α+β1-subunit expressing cells. In conclusion, the N-arylbenzamides studied, like NS1619, were able to activate BKCa channels formed of the α-subunit only. The co-expression of the β1-subunit, however, modified the ability of certain compounds to active the channel leading to differentiated pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kirby
- Sheffield Hallam University, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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Martelli A, Testai L, Breschi MC, Lawson K, McKay NG, Miceli F, Taglialatela M, Calderone V. Vasorelaxation by hydrogen sulphide involves activation of Kv7 potassium channels. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70:27-34. [PMID: 23287425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has been recently hypothesized to be an endogenous adipocyte-derived relaxing factor, evoking vasorelaxation of conductance and resistance vessels. Although the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels is known to play a central role in H2S-induced vasorelaxation, activation of vascular Kv7 voltage-gated potassium channels has also been suggested. To investigate this possibility, the ability of selective activators and blockers of distinct classes of potassium channels to affect vasodilation induced by the H2S-donor NaHS, as well as NaHS-induced Rb(+) efflux in endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings, was investigated. NaHS-induced changes of membrane potential were fluorimetrically assessed on human vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. Modulation of Kv7.4 channels by NaHS was assessed by electrophysiological studies, upon their heterologous expression in CHO cells. In isolated aortic rings, NaHS evoked vasorelaxing responses associated with an increase of Rb(+)-efflux. NaHS promoted membrane hyperpolarization of human VSM cells. These effects were antagonized by selective blockers of Kv7 channels. The H2S-donor caused a left-shift of current activation threshold of Kv7.4 channels expressed in CHO cells. Altogether, these results suggest that the activation of Kv7.4 channels is a key mechanism in the vascular effects of H2S. Given the relevant roles played by Kv7.4 channels in VSM contractility and by H2S in circulatory homeostasis regulation, these findings provide interesting insights to improve our understanding of H2S pathophysiology and to focus on Kv7.4 channels as novel targets for therapeutic approaches via the "H2S-system".
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Humans
- Hydrogen Sulfide/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- KCNQ Potassium Channels/biosynthesis
- KCNQ Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Khoza S, Barner JC, Bohman TM, Rascati K, Lawson K, Wilson JP. Use of antidepressant agents and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 68:1295-302. [PMID: 22120432 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there is an association between antidepressant use and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort analysis using the Texas Medicaid prescription claims database. Data were extracted for new users of either antidepressant agents (exposed) or benzodiazepines (unexposed) from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2009. Patients aged 18-64 years without a prior history of diabetes were included. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between diabetes incidence among exposed and unexposed groups, while controlling for demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS Among the total study population (N = 44,715), the majority were in the exposed (N = 35,552) versus the unexposed (N = 9,163) group. A total of 2,943 patients (6.6%) developed type 2 diabetes during the follow-up period. Antidepressant use was associated with an increase in the risk of diabetes when compared to benzodiazepine use (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.558, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.401-1.734). The association was observed with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; HR 1.759, 95% CI 1.517-2.040), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs; HR 1.566. 95% CI 1.351-1.816), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; HR 1.481, 95% CI 1.318-1.665), and "other" antidepressants (HR 1.376; 95% CI 1.198-1.581). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. This association was observed with use of TCAs, SNRIs, SSRIs, and "other" antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khoza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box A 178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Snell J, Thomas S, Soliman C, Athur A, Lawson K. 320 Can Emergency Physicians Detect Coronary Calcium on Cardiac Computed Tomography Studies? Ann Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost effectiveness of duloxetine when considered as an alternative treatment for patients in the United States (US) being treated for fibromyalgia pain. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A Markov model was used to evaluate the economic and clinical advantages of duloxetine in controlling fibromyalgia pain symptoms over a 2-year time horizon. A base-case treatment sequence was adopted from clinical guidelines, based on tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, anticonvulsants, and opioids. Treatment response was modeled using changes from baseline in pain severity, and response thresholds: full response (at least a 50% change), response (30-49% change), and no response (less than a 30% change). Clinical efficacy and discontinuation data were taken from placebo- and active-controlled trials identified in a systematic literature review and mixed-treatment comparison. Utility data were based on EQ-5D data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Additional symptom-control months (SCMs), defined as the amount of time at a response level of 30% or less, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) over a 2-year time horizon. RESULTS For every 1000 patients, first-line duloxetine resulted in an additional 665 SCMs and 12.3 QALYs, at a cost of $582,911 (equivalent to incremental cost-effectiveness ratios [ICERs] of $877 per SCM and $47,560 per QALY). Second-line duloxetine resulted in an additional 460 SCMs and 8.7 QALYs, at a cost of $143,752 (equivalent to ICERs of $312 per SMC and $16,565 per QALY). LIMITATIONS Response data for TCAs are limited to 30% improvement levels, reported trials are small, and have low placebo response rates. The model necessarily assumes that response rates are independent of placement in the treatment sequence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the introduction of duloxetine into the standard treatment sequence for fibromyalgia not only provides additional patient benefits, reflected by time spent in pain control, but also is cost effective when compared with commonly adopted thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Beard
- RTI Health Solutions, Manchester, UK.
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Lawson K, Johnsrud M, Sasane R, Hodgkins P, Crismon M. PW01-18 - Utilization and expenditures for lisdexamfetamine dimesylate compared to other attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in the Texas Medicaid program. Eur Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(10)71420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lawson K, Johnsrud M, Crismon M, Hodgkins P. PW01-17 - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication utilization and expenditures in the Texas Medicaid program: comparison by medication class. Eur Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(10)71419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lawson K, Fenwick E, Pell J. Cost effectiveness of alternative screening strategies for identifying people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Br J Soc Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.096735o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lawson K. Beneficial treatment of fibromyalgia. J Postgrad Med 2009; 55:159-60. [PMID: 19884736 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.57386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Sussman E, Steinschneider M, Gumenyuk V, Grushko J, Lawson K. The maturation of human evoked brain potentials to sounds presented at different stimulus rates. Hear Res 2008; 236:61-79. [PMID: 18207681 PMCID: PMC2567844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the normal development of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) in humans presented with pure tone stimuli at relatively fast stimulus rates. Traditionally, maturation of sound processing indexed by CAEPs has been studied in paradigms using inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) generally slower than 1 Hz. While long ISIs may enhance the amplitude of CAEP components, speech information generally occurs at more rapid rates. These slower rates of sound presentation may not accurately assess auditory cortical functions in more realistic sound environments. We examined the effect of temporal rate on the elicitation of the P1-N1-P2-N2 components to unattended sounds at four levels of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA, onset to onset, 200, 400, 600, and 800 ms) in children grouped separately by year (ages 8, 9, 10, 11 years), in adolescents (age 16 years) and in one group of young adults (ages 22-40 years). We found that both age and stimulus rate produced profound changes in CAEP morphology. Between the ages of 8-11 years, the P1 and N2 components dominated the ERP waveform at all stimulus rates. N1, the dominant CAEP component in adults, appeared as a bifurcation in a broad positive peak at earlier ages, and did not emerge as a separate component until adolescence. While the P1-N1-P2 components are more "adult-like" than "child-like" in the adolescent subjects, the N2 component, a hallmark of the child obligatory response, was still present. Faster rates resulted in the suppression of discrete components such that by 200 ms, only P1 in the adults and adolescents, and both P1 and N2 in the youngest children were discernable. We conclude that both age and ISI are important variables in the assessment of auditory cortex function and maturation. The presence of N2 in adolescents indicates that auditory cortical maturation persists into teen years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sussman
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Osmond M, Dalgleish D, Lawson K, MacDonald T, Clifford T, Gaboury I, Correll R, Pitters C. An Assessment of Knowledge, and Beliefs of Pediatric Emergency Nurses Towards the use of Metered-dose Inhaler and Spacer (MDI+S) for the Treatment of Acute Asthma Before and 12 Months after a Practice Change. Acad Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wright M, Weinstein S, Lawson K, Albanes D, Subar A, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Hurwitz P, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann M. Vitamin E and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Nih-Aarp Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s39-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Regulation of potassium (K+) channels evokes hyperpolarization or repolarization of the cell membrane to prevent or reverse cell excitability and is fundamental in the control of cellular activity throughout the range of tissue types within the human body. Genome projects predict that in excess of 80 K+ channel-related genes exist, resulting in a high degree of K+ channel diversity. In addition, dysfunction of K+ channels, as a result of mutations of the genes for the channel proteins or alterations in channel regulation, has been associated with the pathophysiology of diseases. These observations support K+ channels as therapeutic targets to regulate cellular homeostasis in pathophysiological conditions. Molecular cloning and expression of K+ channels offer important information in the identification of selective compounds to provide unique tissue management. Specific modulators have been identified for a limited number of K+ channel subtypes. Unfortunately the conversion of data obtained in the laboratory to success in the clinical setting has been limited. Tissue delivery of genes, in combination with drugs, may be an avenue enabling specific modulation of ion channel function and improved drug selectivity. Using specific examples (HERG, IKs, KCNQs, KCa, Kv1.3), issues regarding distribution, function and diversity related to advances made in the identification of modulators having therapeutic potential are discussed. The scope of this field is just emerging and the number of likely therapeutic indications for K+ channel modulators will increase as insight into the dynamics of expression of these channels in various diseases grows and the issue of the required selectivity is resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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Abstract
Hemifacial microsomia describes a congenital orofacial malformation in which there is insufficient or disrupted development of the mandible affecting one side of the face. The aetiology of this condition remains unclear, but it has been postulated that twins (predominantly monozygotic) are more liable to be affected than singletons. This study investigates the incidence of multiple births amongst a large number of affected individuals and their families. Data were collected on 145 individuals with hemifacial microsomia and microtia, using postal questionnaires and interviews in a hospital setting. These data were compared with the mean age-standardised twin maternity prevalence for England and Wales between 1975 and 1995 of 1.06% and the triplet maternity prevalence for England and Wales for 1995 of 0.034% (a multiple maternity being where more than one baby is born, either alive or stillborn). The prevalence of twin maternities amongst the affected individuals was 3.96% (P>0.05) and amongst their siblings it was 4.02% (P<0.02). There was also an excess of twins in the rest of the family groups, predominantly due to a stronger history of twinning on the maternal side. As there were more twins amongst the affected individuals than in the general population, it seems likely that whatever the aetiology of hemifacial microsomia and microtia, the presence of a co-twin (or co-triplets) may make the causal event, or series of causal events, more likely to occur. This study supports the hypothesis that hemifacial microsomia and microtia are in some way linked to multiple births. Analysis of this link may provide new directions for research into the aetiology of a variety of congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Craniofacial Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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32
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Mantsinen MJ, Mayoral ML, Kiptily VG, Sharapov SE, Alper B, Bickley A, de Baar M, Eriksson LG, Gondhalekar A, Hellsten T, Lawson K, Nguyen F, Noterdaeme JM, Righi E, Tuccillo AA, Zerbini M. Alpha-tail production with ion-cyclotron-resonance heating of 4He-beam ions in JET plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:105002. [PMID: 11909363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Third-harmonic ion-cyclotron-resonance heating of 4He-beam ions has produced for the first time on the JET tokamak high-energy populations of 4He ions to simulate 3.5 MeV fusion-born alpha (alpha) particles. Acceleration of 4He ions to the MeV energy range is confirmed by gamma-ray emission from the nuclear reaction 9Be(alpha,ngamma) 12C and excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes. Concomitant electron heating and sawtooth stabilization are observed. The scheme could be used in next-step tokamaks to gain information on trapped alpha particles and to test alpha diagnostics in the early nonactivated phase of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mantsinen
- Helsinki University of Technology, Association Euratom-Tekes, Finland
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33
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Abstract
Potassium channel openers (KCOs) are important tools that are often used to gain a greater understanding of K(+) channels. Agents that can induce or maintain the opening of K(+) channels also offer a therapeutic approach to controlling of cell excitability and offer a means of producing stability in biological systems. The pathogenesis of a broad range of peripheral disorders (e.g., LQT syndrome, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hyperinsulinism in infancy and erectile dysfunction) are associated with dysfunctional K(+) channels due to mutations in genes encoding channel proteins. The therapeutic potential of KCOs in peripheral K(+) channelopathies is discussed. The identification of K(+) channel subtype-specific openers offers discrete modulation of cellular systems creating a realistic therapeutic advance in the treatment of K(+) channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, School of Science and Mathematics, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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34
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Abstract
Malfunction in ion channels, due to mutations in genes encoding channel proteins or the presence of autoantibodies, are increasing being implicated in causing disease conditions, termed channelopathies. Dysfunction of potassium (K(+)) channels has been associated with the pathophysiology of a number of neurological, as well as peripheral, disorders (e.g., episodic ataxia, epilepsy, neuromyotonia, Parkinson's disease, congenital deafness, long QT syndrome). K(+) channels, which demonstrate a high degree of diversity and ubiquity, are fundamental in the control of membrane depolarisation and cell excitability. A common feature of K(+) channelopathies is a reduction or loss of membrane potential repolarisation. The identification of K(+) channel subtype specific openers will allow the recovery of the mechanism(s) responsible for counteraction of uncontrolled cellular depolarisation. Synthetic agents that demonstrate K(+) channel opening properties are available for a variety of K(+) channel subtypes (e.g., K(ATP), BK(Ca), GIRK and M-channel). This study reviews the realistic therapeutic potential that may be gained in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions by K(+) channel openers. K(+) channel openers would therefore identify dysfunctional K(+) channel as therapeutic targets for clinical benefit, in addition being able to modulate normally functioning K(+) channels to gain clinical management of pathophysiological events irrespective of the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, School of Science and Mathematics, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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35
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Lawson K. British Pharmacological Society Cambridge Symposia. 5-7 January 2000, Cambridge, UK. IDrugs 2000; 3:373-6. [PMID: 16100689 DOI: pmid/16100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This meeting covered a broad range of pharmacological topics, although the main themes were covered in four mini-symposia. This report concentrates on the cannabinoid, pain and cardiac ischemia symposia. The cannabinoid system was identified as a major area of potential therapeutic interest, offering a number of clinical targets that may be modified through the actions of selective ligands. Novel approaches to the treatment of neurogenic pain, where conventional analgesics have limited value, are being explored with significant success. The role of delayed preconditioning in cardiac ischemia was also addressed as a mechanism of cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Sheffield Hallam University, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Mathematics, Pond Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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36
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Abstract
The opening of potassium (K+) channels, causing hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, is a physiological means of decreasing cell excitability. Thus, drugs with this property will demonstrate a broad clinical potential. The identification of synthetic molecules that evoke physiological responses (for example smooth muscle relaxation) by the opening of K+ channels led to a new direction in the pharmacology of ion channels. The term "potassium channel openers" was initially associated with a group of chemically diverse agents (for example, cromakalim, pinacidil, nicorandil) that evoke K+ efflux through adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channels (KATP). This finding initiated a search to identify molecules that specifically open other K+ channel subtypes (for example large conductance calcium-activated K+ channels [BKCa]). K+ channel opening properties have been demonstrated in a diverse range of synthetic chemical structures and endogenous substances. Second generation KATP channel openers (KATPCOs) demonstrate heterogeneous pharmacology indicative of independent sites of action for the different agents. Successful cloning of the KATP channel has shed light on the heterogeneity of the structure targeted by KATPCOs. Expression of the actions of KATPCOs involves three isoforms of the sulfonylurea (SUR) receptor (which forms the beta subunit of the KATP channel). The distribution of the SUR isoforms (and potential of identifying new isoforms) provides unique targets for the development of selective KATPCOs giving focused therapeutic approaches to clinical conditions for example cardiac ischemia, urinary incontinence, neurodegeneration, obesity and autoimmune diseases. BKCa channels are found in a diverse array of tissues and due to voltage and Ca sensitivity may work as a negative feedback process. A variety of small synthetic molecules (for example, NS004, fenamates) and natural product-derived compounds (DHS-I, maxikdiol) have been identified as selective BKCa channel openers which should have a profound impact in controlling diseases. The discovery of numerous variants of the alpha subunit (ion conductance pore) and beta subunit (contributes biophysical and pharmacological properties) complex of the BKCa channel gives potential to target specific tissues with selective openers. Little is known, however, about the site(s) of interaction of openers of these channels. The discovery of K+ channel subtype-specific openers and their evaluation in different diseases will determine the degree to which these channels (KATP, BKCa), or their isoforms, represent realistic therapeutic targets. Drugs already marketed that open K+ channels were discovered empirically, and most have serious safety and efficacy problems. New scientific methods, utilizing molecular insight, are implicating K+ channel dysfunction in numerous disease states and are identifying new targets for the future generation of K+ channel opening drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom.
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37
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Abstract
This paper explores quantitative and qualitative information on self-reported health, focusing especially on gender differences in the reporting of health problems by men and women. The research reported here particularly examines evidence relating to the African-Caribbean population in London, some of which suggests that there may be a distinctive pattern of reported illness in this ethnic group in Britain, which differentiates it from the average pattern for the majority population. Various population surveys using systematic measures have shown that women and men differ in terms of reported morbidity (particularly in the prevalence of self-reported illness and psychosocial health). This paper reviews the quantitative data available to investigate the gender differences in the African-Caribbean population, showing that the pattern seems to vary according to the measure of health used. We consider how qualitative material from research conducted in East London may complement quantitative survey data and provide possible explanations for the reported health of African-Caribbean women and men. We report on qualitative observations of the process of completing standardized questionnaire items and discussion of these by the informants. We also examine the understandings about health and illness expressed by African-Caribbean women and men during in-depth interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Curtis
- Department of Geography, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK.
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38
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Abstract
The free Ca(2+) concentrations required for half-maximal proteolytic activity of m-calpain are in the range of 400-800 microM and are much higher than the 50-500 nM free Ca(2+) concentrations that exist in living cells. Consequently, a number of studies have attempted to find mechanisms that would lower the Ca(2+) concentration required for proteolytic activity of m-calpain. Although autolysis lowers the Ca(2+) concentration required for proteolytic activity of m-calpain, 90-400 microM Ca(2+) is required for a half-maximal rate of autolysis of m-calpain, even in the presence of phospholipid. It has been suggested that mu-calpain, which has a lower Ca(2+) requirement than m-calpain, might proteolyze m-calpain and reduce its Ca(2+) requirement to a level that would allow it to be active at physiological Ca(2+) concentrations. We have incubated m-calpain with mu-calpain for 60 min at a ratio of 1:50 mu-calpain:m-calpain, in the presence of 50 microM free Ca(2+); this Ca(2+) concentration is high enough for more than half-maximal activity of mu-calpain, but does not activate m-calpain. Under these conditions, mu-calpain caused no detectable proteolytic degradation of the m-calpain polypeptide and did not change the Ca(2+) concentration required for proteolytic activity of m-calpain. mu-Calpain also did not degrade the m-calpain polypeptide at 1000 microM Ca(2+), which is a Ca(2+) concentration high enough to completely activate m-calpain. It seems unlikely that mu-calpain could act as an "activator" of m-calpain in living cells. Because m-calpain rapidly degrades itself (autolyzes) at 1000 microM Ca(2+) and because the subsite specificities of mu- and m-calpain are very similar if not identical, failure of mu-calpain to rapidly degrade m-calpain at 1000 microM Ca(2+) suggests a unique role of autolysis in calpain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Thompson
- Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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39
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Lawson K. Cannabinoids. IDrugs 1999; 2:977-9. [PMID: 16118701 DOI: pmid/16118701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The British Pharmacological Society conference commenced with the GC Clark symposium on cannabinoids (CBs), an area that was often represented during the general pharmacology sessions of the conference. Endocannabinoids were identified as playing important physiological roles and the CB receptors appear to offer novel therapeutic targets in a range of clinical conditions. This report concentrates on the CB aspects of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Pond Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.
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40
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Lawson K. Receptor modulation. IDrugs 1999; 2:220-4. [PMID: 16160930 DOI: pmid/16160930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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41
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Lawson K. Close to home. Home and community-based services gain ground. Contemp Longterm Care 1998; 21:60-4. [PMID: 10346150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Lawson K. Balancing act. How to make the most of your rehab minutes under the PPS. Contemp Longterm Care 1998; 21:68-70, 72. [PMID: 10346500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Lawson K. Assisted living. Moving into new markets. Contemp Longterm Care 1998; 21:54, 56, 58. [PMID: 10185272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center 10021, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rossant
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive development in very low birth weight (VLBW, < or = 1500 g) infants typically has been reported based on mean endpoints in cross-sectional studies. These overall group means mask individual patterns of cognitive development. Given the heterogeneity of VLBW infants, it is important to identify individual patterns of development and the factors associated with the different patterns. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine individual patterns of cognitive development over the first 6 years in VLBW children and to examine the relative influence of selected biomedical and sociodemographic factors on these patterns. METHOD VLBW infants (N = 203) were followed from birth to six years. Cognitive scores were obtained at four yearly intervals, and biomedical and social data were obtained beginning with the neonatal period. Cluster analysis was used to identify individual patterns of cognitive development. RESULTS Five developmental patterns were identified: average-stable (13% of the sample); average-declined to low average (24% of the sample); average-declined to below average (43% of the sample); very low-increased to low average (8% of the sample); and very low-stable (12% of the sample). The patterns could be differentiated by several biomedical factors, including birth weight, gestational age, neonatal health, and 1-year assessments of neurological status and head circumference, as well as by level of maternal education. In particular, abnormal neurological status at 1 year was associated with a pattern of very low stable scores, and a suspicious status was associated with a pattern of improving cognitive development. Maternal education was influential among children born at the upper end of the VLBW range, who had a more favorable set of biomedical factors. CONCLUSIONS Biomedical factors are of major importance for the cognitive development of VLBW infants, and their influence increases as birth weight declines. Differences in neurological integrity at 1 year were an important indicator of different patterns of cognitive development, especially for infants at the lower end of the VLBW range.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koller
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Lawson K, Barras M, Armstrong JM, Hicks PE. Effects of K+ channel inhibitors and antagonists on NS-004 evoked relaxations in guinea-pig isolated trachea. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11:78-82. [PMID: 9182080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The smooth muscle relaxant responses to NS-004, an activator of charybdotoxin-sensitive, large conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels (BKCa) were studied on the basal spontaneous tone in guinea-pig trachea in vitro. The sensitivity of these responses to a range of K+ channel inhibitors and antagonists were also evaluated. NS-004 (0.1-30 microM) evoked concentration-related relaxations (pIC50 5.48 +/- 0.13) on the spontaneous tone in guinea-pig tracheal rings, suspended in Krebs bicarbonate solution, with a maximum response not different to that to aminophylline (1 microM). Charybdotoxin (0.03 and 0.1 microM) or iberiotoxin (0.1 microM) significantly displaced the NS-004 concentration-response curve to the right of control with no change in maximum response. In contrast, glibenclamide (1.0 microM) apamin (0.1 microM) and dofetilide (1.0 microM) each failed to modify the responses to NS-004 on spontaneous tone in guinea-pig trachea. These results suggest that relaxations in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle to the substituted benzimidazolone, NS-004, involve the activation of BKCa channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Department of Pharmacology, Recherche Syntex France, Leuville-sur-Orge, France
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48
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Abstract
1. Potassium channels, which control cell electrical activity, are among the most regulated of all ion channels in biology. Promotion of activity in K+ channels by a wide range of physiological factors tends to stabilize cell function. 2. The discovery of synthetic molecules (e.g. cromakalim) that 'directly' open ATP-sensitive K+ channels has led to a new direction in pharmacology. ATP-sensitive K+ channel-opening properties have subsequently been demonstrated in a diverse range of chemical structures (synthetic and endogenous). 3. The existence of so many different subtypes of K+ channels has been an impetus in the search of new potassium channel openers with different channel selectivities and thus biological profiles. 4. The decrease in cell excitability following K+ channel opening implies a broad clinical potential in a number of pathological conditions for K+ channel openers. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports therapeutic roles of K+ channel openers in disorders of a wide range of biological cells. 5. Although lack of selectivity of current compounds remains a major hurdle, advances in K+ channel openers and K+ channel pharmacology are encouraging. Differences already observed in the pharmacology of K+ channel openers are important factors for the development of second-generation compounds, when tissue selectivity is sought. 6. The availability of subtype-selective K+ channel openers will facilitate detailed study, through a combined effort of electrophysiology, functional pharmacology and molecular biology, leading to focused therapeutic approaches for defined pathological conditions.
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49
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Lawson K, Wiggins S, Green T, Adam S, Bloch M, Hayden MR. Adverse psychological events occurring in the first year after predictive testing for Huntington's disease. The Canadian Collaborative Study Predictive Testing. J Med Genet 1996; 33:856-62. [PMID: 8933341 PMCID: PMC1050767 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.10.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 135 participants in the Canadian predictive testing programme for HD were followed for at least one year in one of four study groups: increased risk (n = 37), decreased risk ( n = 58), uninformative (n = 17), or not tested (n = 23). Clinical criteria for an adverse event were a suicide attempt or formulation of a suicide attempt plan, psychiatric hospitalisation, depression lasting longer than two months, a marked increase in substance abuse, and the breakdown of important relationships. Quantitative criteria, as measured by changes on the General Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist 90-R and the Beck Depression Inventory, were also used to identify people who had adverse events. Twenty of the 135 participants (14.8%) had an adverse event. There were no significant differences between those with or without an adverse event with respect to age, sex, marital status, education, psychiatric history, general psychiatric distress, or social supports at baseline. However, evidence for depression was associated with an increased frequency of adverse events (p < 0.04). The adverse events were similar and seen with equivalent frequency in those receiving an increased risk or decreased risk and persons at risk who did not receive a modification of risk. However, a significant difference was found in the timing of adverse events for the increased and decreased risk groups (p < 0.0002). In the increased risk group all of the adverse events occurred within 10 days after results whereas, in the decreased risk group, all of the adverse events occurred six months or later after reviewing test results. These results suggest that people entering into predictive testing with some evidence of clinical depression warrant special vigilance and also suggest that counselling and support should be available for all participants in predictive testing irrespective of the direction of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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50
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Abstract
The physiological role of K+ channel opening by endogenous substances (e.g., neurotransmitters and hormones) is a recognised inhibitory mechanism. Thus, the identification of novel synthetic molecules that 'directly' open K+ channels has led to a new direction in the pharmacology of ion channels. The existence of many different subtypes of K+ channels has been an impetus in the search for new molecules demonstrating channel and, thus, tissue selectivity. This review focuses on the different classes of openers of K+ channels, the intracellular mechanisms involved in the execution of their effects, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lawson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Science, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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