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Sharma KK, Diltz MA, Lincoln T, Albuquerque ER, Romanski LM. Neuronal Population Encoding of Identity in Primate Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0703232023. [PMID: 37963766 PMCID: PMC10860606 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0703-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) shows robust activation during the perception of faces and voices. However, little is known about what categorical features of social stimuli drive neural activity in this region. Since perception of identity and expression are critical social functions, we examined whether neural responses to naturalistic stimuli were driven by these two categorical features in the prefrontal cortex. We recorded single neurons in the VLPFC, while two male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) viewed short audiovisual videos of unfamiliar conspecifics making expressions of aggressive, affiliative, and neutral valence. Of the 285 neurons responsive to the audiovisual stimuli, 111 neurons had a main effect (two-way ANOVA) of identity, expression, or their interaction in their stimulus-related firing rates; however, decoding of expression and identity using single-unit firing rates rendered poor accuracy. Interestingly, when decoding from pseudo-populations of recorded neurons, the accuracy for both expression and identity increased with population size, suggesting that the population transmitted information relevant to both variables. Principal components analysis of mean population activity across time revealed that population responses to the same identity followed similar trajectories in the response space, facilitating segregation from other identities. Our results suggest that identity is a critical feature of social stimuli that dictates the structure of population activity in the VLPFC, during the perception of vocalizations and their corresponding facial expressions. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of the VLPFC in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620
| | - M A Diltz
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620
| | - T Lincoln
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620
| | - E R Albuquerque
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620
| | - L M Romanski
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620
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Joshi A, Sharma KK. Graph deep network for optic disc and optic cup segmentation for glaucoma disease using retinal imaging. Phys Eng Sci Med 2022; 45:847-858. [PMID: 35737221 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fundus imaging method of eye screening detects eye diseases by segmenting the optic disc (OD) and optic cup (OC). OD and OC are still challenging to segment accurately. This work proposes three-layer graph-based deep architecture with an enhanced fusion method for OD and OC segmentation. CNN encoder-decoder architecture, extended graph network, and approximation via fusion-based rule are explored for connecting local and global information. A graph-based model is developed for combining local and overall knowledge. By extending feature masking, regularization of repetitive features with fusion for combining channels has been done. The performance of the proposed network is evaluated through the analysis of different metric parameters such as dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection of union (IOU), accuracy, specificity, sensitivity. Experimental verification of this methodology has been done using the four benchmarks publicly available datasets DRISHTI-GS, RIM-ONE for OD, and OC segmentation. In addition, DRIONS-DB and HRF fundus imaging datasets were analyzed for optimizing the model's performance based on OD segmentation. DSC metric of methodology achieved 0.97 and 0.96 for DRISHTI-GS and RIM-ONE, respectively. Similarly, IOU measures for DRISHTI-GS and RIM-ONE datasets were 0.96 and 0.93, respectively, for OD measurement. For OC segmentation, DSC and IOU were measured as 0.93 and 0.90 respectively for DRISHTI-GS and 0.83 and 0.82 for RIM-ONE data. The proposed technique improved value of metrics with most of the existing methods in terms of DSC and IOU of the results metric of the experiments for OD and OC segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Joshi
- Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
| | - K K Sharma
- Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
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Dadarwal A, Roy S, Sharma AK, Sharma KK. Optical coherence tomography versus angiography to guide percutaneous intervention: a real-world single center propensity-matched analysis. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with its superior resolution has several benefits over coronary angiography (CA) to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite the benefits of OCT in comparison with angiography, it is not widely used in developing countries like India data is limited in India specifically in all comer population to meet unmet need.
Objective
Here we aim to determine the clinical efficacy and safety outcomes of OCT versus CA alone in guiding PCI in all-comer patients.
Methods
This was a retrospective study which included 434 all comer patients which were propensity matched. These patients underwent PCI at our center between December 2018 and June 2020. The primary endpoint was MACE, a composite of cardiovascular death, repeat revascularization, stent thrombosis, recurrent ischemia and target vessel myocardial infarction (TV-MI) at 6 months. Secondary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF), composite of stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis. Safety endpoints were post-PCI s. creatinine and hospital stay and other outcome includes post PCI rise in CK-MB.
Results
A total of 217 patients were included in each group: the OCT group and conventional angiography guided PCI (angio group) after propensity matching. Compared to angio group, patients presenting with unstable angina, NSTEMI were significantly higher in the OCT group (55.7% vs 43.3%, p = 0.0095; 17.5% vs 10%, p = 0.02, respectively) while patients with STEMI were significantly low in the OCT (23.5% vs 41.5%, p = 0.00005). Number of balloons, maximum balloon size and left main interventions and contrast volume were more in OCT group than angio group (4.21 ± 1.67 vs 3.86 ± 1.76, P= 0.0034; 3.77 ± 0.63 mm vs 3.51 ± 0.52 mm,P < 0.0001; 24.52% vs 13.36 %,P = 0.003 and 202.53 ± 73.15 ml vs 161.91 ± 69.23 ml, P< 0.0001 respectively). The incidence of MACE at 6 months was numerically lower in the OCT group vs angio group but the difference was not statistically significant (15 [6.9%] vs 21 [9.7%]; p = 0.2964). No cases of TV-MI, TLF (stent thrombosis or in-stent restenosis) is observed in both the groups. Post procedure rise in CKMB was more in Angio group in comparison to OCT group (6.16 ± 31.28 ng/ml vs 39.5 ± 108.71 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Optimal stent expansion (>80%) was seen in 71.5% patients in post OCT-guided PCI. In OCT guided PCI group, OCT identified stent underexpansion in 28.5%, stent malapposition in 3.7%, stent edge dissection in 4.1%, and tissue prolapse in 10% of the patients.
Conclusion
In this large retrospective study, OCT guided PCI is feasible and OCT-guided PCI has tendency to improve clinical outcomes at six months follow up compared to conventional angiography guided PCI in all comer patients. Abstract Figure. central illustration Abstract Figure. Identification of PCI complications
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Roy
- Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | | | - K K Sharma
- Lal Bahadur Shastri College Of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Jaipur, India
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Pandey M, Bhati A, Priya K, Sharma KK, Singhal B. Precision Postbiotics and Mental Health: the Management of Post-COVID-19 Complications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:426-448. [PMID: 34806151 PMCID: PMC8606251 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The health catastrophe originated by COVID-19 pandemic construed profound impact on a global scale. However, a plethora of research studies corroborated convincing evidence conferring severity of infection of SARS-CoV-2 with the aberrant gut microbiome that strongly speculated its importance for development of novel therapeutic modalities. The intense exploration of probiotics has been envisaged to promote the healthy growth of the host, and restore intestinal microecological balance through various metabolic and physiological processes. The demystifying effect of probiotics cannot be defied, but there exists a strong skepticism related to their safety and efficacy. Therefore, molecular signature of probiotics termed as "postbiotics" are of paramount importance and there is continuous surge of utilizing postbiotics for enhancing health benefits, but little is explicit about their antiviral effects. Therefore, it is worth considering their prospective role in post-COVID regime that pave the way for exploring the pastoral vistas of postbiotics. Based on previous research investigations, the present article advocates prospective role of postbiotics in alleviating the health burden of viral infections, especially SARS-CoV-2. The article also posits current challenges and proposes a futuristic model describing the concept of "precision postbiotics" for effective therapeutic and preventive interventions that can be used for management of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Archana Bhati
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Kumari Priya
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Barkha Singhal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India.
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Aslam M, Madhu SV, Sharma KK, Sharma AK, Galav V. Hyperleptinaemia and its Association with Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia and Glucose Intolerance. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:443-449. [PMID: 35300449 PMCID: PMC8923330 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_393_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptin resistance is believed to cause insulin resistance though the exact mechanism is not fully understood. The present study aims to investigate the temporal profile of postprandial triglyceride (PPTG) and leptin levels, and their association with each other as well as with markers of metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum leptin and PPTG levels were measured longitudinally till 26 weeks in Wistar rats fed on controlled diet (group 1) and high sucrose diet (HSD) (group 2). Two additional groups fed on HSD were taken and treated with pioglitazone (group 3) and atorvastatin (group 4). Body weight, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucose intolerance were also measured during this period. Comparison of the groups were done and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to ascertain the association. RESULTS Leptin levels were significantly higher in all three groups receiving HSD compared to controlled diet group from week 2 to week 26 (P < 0.01). The postprandial triglyceride area under the curve (PPTG AUCs) were significantly higher in group 2 than controls during this period (P < 0.001). Body weight, HOMA-IR and glucose AUC were found to be significantly higher in group 2 rats than controls only from week 6, 8, and 12 respectively. In HSD-fed rats, but not in control, mean serum leptin levels from 2-26 weeks as well as peak (10th week) and 26th week were strongly associated with corresponding as well as preceding PPTG levels. Leptin levels significantly predicted HOMA-IR and prediabetes in group 2. CONCLUSION This study found significant hyperleptinemia associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia that predicted insulin resistance and prediabetes in high sucrose diet-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Aslam
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - S. V. Madhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Statistics and Biomedical Informatics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - V. Galav
- Department of Central Animal House Facility, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
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Sharma KK, Kelly EA, Pfeifer CW, Fudge JL. Translating Fear Circuitry: Amygdala Projections to Subgenual and Perigenual Anterior Cingulate in the Macaque. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:550-562. [PMID: 31219571 PMCID: PMC7306168 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent
fear-learning models posit that amygdala–infralimbic connections facilitate extinction while amygdala–prelimbic prefrontal connections mediate fear expression. Analogous amygdala–prefrontal circuitry between rodents and primates is not established. Using paired small volumes of neural tracers injected into the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC; areas 24b and 32; a potential homologue to rodent prelimbic cortex) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, areas 25 and 14c; a potential homologue to rodent infralimbic cortex) in a single hemisphere, we mapped amygdala projections to the pgACC and sgACC within single subjects. All injections resulted in dense retrograde labeling specifically within the intermediate division of the basal nucleus (Bi) and the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus (ABmc). Areal analysis revealed a bias for connectivity with the sgACC, with the ABmc showing a greater bias than the Bi. Double fluorescence analysis revealed that sgACC and pgACC projections were intermingled within the Bi and ABmc, where a proportion were double labeled. We conclude that amygdala inputs to the ACC largely originate from the Bi and ABmc, preferentially connect to the sgACC, and that a subset collaterally project to both sgACC and pgACC. These findings advance our understanding of fear extinction and fear expression circuitry across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J L Fudge
- Department of Neuroscience.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Behl T, Shah S, Kaur I, Yadav S, Kanwar R, Seth S, Wig N, Sharma KK, Yadav HN. Role of ACE 2 and Vitamin D: The Two Players in Global Fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread across the borders, gaining attention from both health care professional and researchers to understand the mode of entry and actions induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), its causative agent in the human body. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme–2 (ACE2) in facilitating the entry of the virus in the host cell by binding to it is similar to SARS-CoV-1, the causative agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which emerged in 2003. Besides the role of ACE2 as a molecular target for the virus, the review displays the potential benefits of ACE2 enzyme and various agents that modify its activity in curbing the effects of the deadly virus, thus unfolding a dual character of ACE2 in the current pandemic. As evident by the differences in the susceptibility toward viral infection in children and geriatric population, it must be noted that the older population has limited ACE2 levels and greater infection risk, whereas the situation is reversed in the case of the pediatric population, demonstrating the defensive character of ACE2 in the latter, despite acting as receptor target for SARS-CoV-2. Also, the upregulation of ACE2 levels by estrogen has indicated greater resistance to infection in females than in the male human population. ACE2 is a carboxypeptidase, which degrades angiotensin II and counteracts its actions to protect against cardiovascular risks associated with the virus. Another contribution of this enzyme is supported by the role of circulating soluble ACE2, which acts as a receptor to bind the virus but does not mediate its actions, therefore blocking its interaction to membrane-bound ACE2 receptors. The review also shares the enhanced risks of developing COVID-19 infection by using ACE inhibitors and ARBs. However, both these agents have been reported to upregulate ACE2 levels; yet, adequate evidence regarding their role is quite inconsistent in human studies. Furthermore, the role of vitamin D has been highlighted in regulating the immune system of the body through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition, by downregulating host cell receptor expression to prevent virus attachment. Besides, vitamin D also acts through several other mechanisms like upregulating antimicrobial peptides, fighting against the proinflammatory milieu created by the invading virus, and interfering with the viral replication cycle as well as calcitriol-mediated blockage of CREB protein. Hypovitaminosis D is attributed to elevated risks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung damage, and cardiovascular disorders, further increasing the severity of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sadia Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Yadav
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Haryana, India
| | - Raj Kanwar
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Seth
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveet Wig
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Sharma
- National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), New Delhi, India
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Singh S, Nagalakshmi D, Sharma KK, Ravichandiran V. Natural antioxidants for neuroinflammatory disorders and possible involvement of Nrf2 pathway: A review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06216. [PMID: 33659743 PMCID: PMC7890213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2) play a crucial role in cellular redox and metabolic system. Activation of Nrf2 may be an effective therapeutic approach for neuroinflammatory disorders, through activation of antioxidant defences system, lower the inflammation, line up the mitochondrial function, and balancing of protein homeostasis. Various recent studies revealed that many of active substance obtained from plants have been found to activate the Nrf2 and to exert neuroprotective effects in various experimental models, raising the possibility that activation of Nrf2 may be an effective therapeutic approaches for neuroinflammatory disorders. The objective of this review was to evaluate the neuroprotective property of natural substance against neuroinflammatory disorders by reviewing the studies done till today. The outcomes of various in vitro and in vivo examinations have shown that natural compounds producing neuroprotective effects in neuronal system via activation of Nrf2. Herein, we also reviewed the studies to understand the role of Nrf2 for curing CNS disorders. Here we can conclude, herbal/natural moieties having potency to fight and prevent from neuroinflammatory disorders due to their abilities to activate Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Devarapati Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Sharma KK, Katiyar P. Chebulinic Acid for Alternative Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Targeting Agglutinin-Like Sequence Protein 3 in Candida albicans: In silico Approach. Indian J Pharm Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sharma KK. Jitendra Nath Pande—The Doyen of Pulmonary Medicine (1941–2020). Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sharma
- Former Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
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Kaushik S, Vashishtha A, Shweta S, Sharma KK, Lakhanpaul S. Essential amino acid profiling of the four lac hosts belonging to genus Flemingia: its implications on lac productivity. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2020; 26:1867-1874. [PMID: 32943822 PMCID: PMC7468028 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Indian lac insect (Kerria lacca), a hemipteran, phloem sap sucking sedentary insect is an important bioresource which thrives on tender twigs of more than 400 plant species belonging to various genera and families. The most common commercial host plants for lac cultivation are big trees hence cultivation was concentrated mainly to dense forests across the country till last decade. Recently, a new bushy host plant belonging to the genus Flemingia has been introduced so that lac can be cultivated on farmlands like other cash crops. The insect is sedentary and feeds on the phloem sap of the host plants, the only source of its nutrition. Interestingly, the biological attributes of the insect as well as the qualitative and quantitative production of lac is influenced by the host plant on which the insect feeds upon. The present study was thus aimed at deciphering the effect of phloem sap constituents obtained from four plant host taxa belonging to the same genus Flemingia viz. F. semialata, F. macrophylla, F. bracteata and F. chapar (essential amino acids only-EAAs) on lac productivity. Moreover, a newer method for phloem sap collection i.e. Dot-blot in addition to the facilitated exudation using EDTA was also investigated. Dot-blot method for phloem sap collection also came out to be a promising method for field studies; although slightly higher concentration of EAAs were obtained from EDTA method, thus the later was used for further analysis. Phloem sap of four plant host taxa belonging to the same genus Flemingia were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for seven EAAs (Arginine, Glycine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine Tyrosine and Valine). Amino acid concentration regime and further analysis done using statistical tools (ANOVA and PCA) points out the EAA concentration in the phloem sap is in congruency with the lac production data obtained through previous studies as F. semialata > F. macrophylla > F. chapar > F. bracteata. The present study thus scientifically points out that F. semialata can be a promising plant for lac cultivation on the basis of higher EAA content as compared to the rest three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887 India
| | - Amit Vashishtha
- Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021 India
| | - S. Shweta
- Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - K. K. Sharma
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi, 834010 India
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Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Gut-organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:636-668. [PMID: 32472555 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms that are crucial for well-being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse and relatively stable with shared core microbiota, including Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as the major dominants. They are the key regulators of body homeostasis, involving both intestinal and extra-intestinal effects by influencing many physiological functions such as metabolism, maintenance of barrier homeostasis, inflammation and hematopoiesis. Any alteration in GM community structures not only trigger gut disorders but also influence other organs and cause associated diseases. In recent past, the GM has been defined as a 'vital organ' with its involvement with other organs; thus, establishing a link or a bi- or multidirectional communication axis between the organs via neural, endocrine, immune, humoral and metabolic pathways. Alterations in GM have been linked to several diseases known to humans; although the exact interaction mechanism between the gut and the organs is yet to be defined. In this review, the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the vital human organs was envisaged and discussed under several headings. Furthermore, several disease symptoms were also revisited to redefine the communication network between the gut microbes and the associated organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahlawat
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Asha
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Biswas A, Kodan P, Gupta N, Soneja M, Baruah K, Sharma KK, Meena S. Zika outbreak in India in 2018. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5733644. [PMID: 32044958 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Biswas
- Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Ansari Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Parul Kodan
- Infectious diseases, AIIMS, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Ansari Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Infectious diseases, AIIMS, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Ansari Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manish Soneja
- Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Ansari Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kalpana Baruah
- National Vector-borne Diseases Control Programme, Directorate General Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Maulana Azad Rd, New Delhi, 110011, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Medical, Health and Family Welfare, Jaipur, 302001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sheela Meena
- IDSP, Directorate of Health Services, 6th Floor, Satpura Bahawan, Bhopal - 462004
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Sharma KK, Pande JN. Covid-19: Critical Lessons for the Survival of Mankind from the Present and Future Pneumonic Viral Infections. Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - J. N. Pande
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science & Research, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Sleep apnea is a pervasive breathing problem during night sleep, and its repetitive occurrence causes various health problems. Polysomnography is commonly used for apnea screening which is an expensive, time-consuming, and complex process. In this paper, a simple but efficient technique based on the variational mode decomposition (VMD) for automated detection of sleep apnea from single-lead ECG is proposed. The heart rate variability and ECG-derived respiration signals obtained from ECG are decomposed into different modes using the VMD, and these modes are used for extracting different features including spectral entropies, interquartile range, and energy. The principal component analysis is employed to reduce the dimension of the feature vector. The experiments are conducted using the Apnea-ECG dataset, and the classification performance of various classifiers is investigated. In per-segment classification, an accuracy of about 87.5% (Sens: 84.9%, Spec: 88.2%) is achieved using the K-nearest neighbor classifier. In per-recording classification, the proposed technique using the linear discriminant analysis model outperformed the existing apnea detection approaches by achieving the accuracy of 100%. The algorithm also provided the best agreement between the estimated and reference apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values. These results show that the algorithm has the potential to be used for home-based apnea screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela-769008, India
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Ramrakhiani N, Sharma DK, Dubey R, Gupta P, Sharma A, Sharma KK. Clinical Profile, Risk Factors and Outcomes in Patients with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Study from Western India. J Assoc Physicians India 2019; 67:49-53. [PMID: 31561690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study of cause and clinical profile of venous sinus thrombosis in Western India. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the clinical profile, etiology, and follow up of patients with venous sinus thrombosis. METHODS AND MATERIAL Hospital database of patients suffering from venous sinus thrombosis from two tertiary care hospitals in West India were studied. A telephonic follow up was taken for assessment of outcome. Inclusion criteria were a) Age more than 15 years of age b) clinically symptomatic patients c) Diagnosis confirmed by Magnetic resonance Venography (MRV) or CT Venography (CT Venography) Exclusion criteria: Patients with infarct in arterial territory, hypertensive hemorrhage, metabolic encephalopathy and eclampsia were excluded from the study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Descriptive statistic was performed as frequency, mean and standard deviation or percentages. Difference in continuous variables was evaluated by using independent t-test while chi-square test was performed in categorical variables. Statistical P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS We conducted a retrospective study of patients with venous sinus thrombosis in Rajasthan in western India. Out of 71 patients in our study group the mean age of presentation was 36.64 years. 42 patients were male (59.2%) and 29 were female (40.8%). Only 9 patients (12.6%) had pregnancy or puerperium related venous sinus thrombosis. The most common presenting feature was headache 47/71(66.2), followed by seizures 33 (46.5%), paresis 20/71 (28.16%) and coma 15/71(21.1%). MRI Brain recorded infarcts in 32/71 patients and predominant hemorrhage was recorded in 34/71. 4 cases were associated with malignancy (one CNS, one outside CNS and 2 hematological). Raised homocysteine level was found in 26/35 (74.3%) patients in whom they were measured. 9 patients had moderately elevated homocysteine levels (15-30), another 9 had intermediate values (31-64) and 5 patients had elevated homocysteine level >65. Hyperhomocysteinemia was the commonest causative factor and was far more common in men (21/25) than in women (5/10). (p value 0.019). 24 out of 71 patients were found to be anemic (33.8%). Anemia was far more common in women than in men. (p value .002). Protein C level was found abnormal in 5/27 patients, Protein S in 6/27 patients and Anti thrombin III in 1/23 patient studied respectively. History of oral contraceptive intake was recorded in only a minority of women with venous sinus thrombosis 7(24.1%) compared to the western data where most of the venous sinus thrombosis are related to the contraceptive pills. CONCLUSION The clinical presentation of venous sinus thrombosis in tertiary care centers is changing outside the traditional peurperium / pregnancy related venous sinus thrombosis. Common risk factors include hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, coagulopathy, pregnancy related, vasculitis, malignancy and oral contraceptive usage. Male involvement was far more common than females and was usually associated with a higher level of homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Ramrakhiani
- Additional Director, Department of Neurology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan; Corresponding Author
| | | | | | - Pushkar Gupta
- Additional Director, Fortis Escorts Hospita, Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Kaushik S, Sharma KK, Ramani R, Lakhanpaul S. Detection of Wolbachia Phage (WO) in Indian Lac Insect [ Kerria lacca (Kerr.)] and Its Implications. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 59:237-240. [PMID: 31031440 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia, a maternally inherited bacterium induces reproductive alterations in its hosts such as feminization of males, male killing and parthenogenesis. It is the most diverse endosymbiont infecting more than 70% of the insects ranging from pests to pollinators. Kerria lacca-a hemipteran is a sedentary, oriental insect known to produce lac-the only resin of animal origin. The present study was conducted to screen the presence of Wolbachia and its associated phages in the two infrasubspecific forms (four insect lines) of K. lacca viz. kusmi and rengeeni differing from each other on the basis of host preference. Wolbachia and its associated phage were found to be prevalent in all the insect lines analyzed. We, hereby, report the presence of WO-phage (Wolbachia phage) for the first time in K. lacca. Further, phylogenetic data differentiated the kusmi and rengeeni infrasubspecific forms into two different groups on the basis of WO-phage sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaushik
- 1Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887 India
| | - K K Sharma
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi, 834010 India
| | - R Ramani
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi, 834010 India
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Sharma H, Sharma KK. ECG-derived respiration based on iterated Hilbert transform and Hilbert vibration decomposition. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2018; 41:429-443. [PMID: 29667117 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-018-0640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the respiration using the electrocardiogram (ECG) is desirable for the simultaneous study of cardiac activities and the respiration in the aspects of comfort, mobility, and cost of the healthcare system. This paper proposes a new approach for deriving the respiration from single-lead ECG based on the iterated Hilbert transform (IHT) and the Hilbert vibration decomposition (HVD). The ECG signal is first decomposed into the multicomponent sinusoidal signals using the IHT technique. Afterward, the lower order amplitude components obtained from the IHT are filtered using the HVD to extract the respiration information. Experiments are performed on the Fantasia and Apnea-ECG datasets. The performance of the proposed ECG-derived respiration (EDR) approach is compared with the existing techniques including the principal component analysis (PCA), R-peak amplitudes (RPA), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), slopes of the QRS complex, and R-wave angle. The proposed technique showed the higher median values of correlation (first and third quartile) for both the Fantasia and Apnea-ECG datasets as 0.699 (0.55, 0.82) and 0.57 (0.40, 0.73), respectively. Also, the proposed algorithm provided the lowest values of the mean absolute error and the average percentage error computed from the EDR and reference (recorded) respiration signals for both the Fantasia and Apnea-ECG datasets as 1.27 and 9.3%, and 1.35 and 10.2%, respectively. In the experiments performed over different age group subjects of the Fantasia dataset, the proposed algorithm provided effective results in the younger population but outperformed the existing techniques in the case of elderly subjects. The proposed EDR technique has the advantages over existing techniques in terms of the better agreement in the respiratory rates and specifically, it reduces the need for an extra step required for the detection of fiducial points in the ECG for the estimation of respiration which makes the process effective and less-complex. The above performance results obtained from two different datasets validate that the proposed approach can be used for monitoring of the respiration using single-lead ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India.
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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Kalawat U, Nibandhana G, Sharma KK, Patnayak R, Katyarmal DT, Chaudhury A. A prospective study on the common infectious causes of thrombocytopenia (dengue fever, leptospirosis, scrub typhus and malaria) in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Clin Sci Res 2018; 7:2. [DOI: 10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Kumar P, Yadav P, Deshmukh DG, Bulle PA, Singh D, Singh N, Sharma KK, Jain M, Ingole KV, Goel AK, Yadava PK. Vibrio cholerae O1 with ctxB7 variant genotype acquired qnrVC mediated ciprofloxacin resistance in Yavatmal, India. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017. [PMID: 28648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India.
| | - P Yadav
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - P A Bulle
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - D Singh
- Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - N Singh
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - M Jain
- Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - K V Ingole
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - A K Goel
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - P K Yadava
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Sharma KK, Shukla VR, Patel AR, Vaghela KM, Patel HK, Shah PG, Banerjee H, Banerjee T, Hudait RK, Sharma D, Sahoo SK, Singh B, Tripathy V. Multilocation field trials for risk assessment of a combination fungicide Fluopicolide + Propamocarb in tomato. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:604. [PMID: 27709463 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation kinetics of two systemic fungicides, namely fluopicolide and propamocarb used as a combination formulation (Infinito 68.75 SC), were studied on tomato at four different locations by the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues to recommend their pre-harvest interval (PHI) and to propose the maximum residue limits (MRL) for the two fungicides based on chronic hazard exposure assessment. The combination fungicide was sprayed thrice at the recommended dosage of 93.75 g a.i./ha fluopicolide and 937.50 g a.i./ha propamocarb as well as at double the recommended dosage of 187.50 g a.i./ha fluopicolide and 1875.0 g a.i./ha propamocarb on tomato crops and the residues were monitored periodically by GC-MS. The fungicides dissipated to below the limit of quantification (LOQ) within 10 to 15 days, with a half-life of 2-4 days for fluopicolide and 1-2 days for propamocarb. Taking into consideration the MRLs of codex and calculations made using the method of MRL fixation of the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) as well as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) calculator, MRL of 5 mg/kg is proposed for fluopicolide and 15 mg/kg for propamocarb, following critical exposure of the commodity considering PHI of 1 day.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - V R Shukla
- Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - A R Patel
- Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - K M Vaghela
- Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - H K Patel
- Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Paresh G Shah
- Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemanta Banerjee
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ram K Hudait
- Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Debi Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Sahoo
- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Vandana Tripathy
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Sharma H, Sharma KK. An algorithm for sleep apnea detection from single-lead ECG using Hermite basis functions. Comput Biol Med 2016; 77:116-24. [PMID: 27543782 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sharma
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India.
| | - K K Sharma
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
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Mukherjee I, Das TK, Kumar A, Sarkar B, Sharma KK. Behavior and bioefficacy of tribenuron-methyl in wheat (Triticum astevum L.) under irrigated agro-ecosystem in India. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:610. [PMID: 26341501 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Possible bioaccumulation of pesticides in crop produce may cause ill effects on animals and humans. Tribenuron-methyl is a new post-emergence herbicide and is highly efficient to control the broad-leaf weeds in cereals, pasture, and plantation crops. There are scarce studies on its bioefficacy, sensitivity to weeds, tolerance to wheat, and persistence in crop produce, which are important information required before recommending an herbicide for use by the farmers. Weed control efficiency of an herbicide is dose-sensitive and site/soil-specific. Tribenuron-methyl (75% DF) was applied at 22.5 and 45.0 g a.i./ha along with the surfactant 300.12 mL/ha as a tank mixes after 30 days of sowing in wheat as post-emergence herbicide. The samples of wheat foliage, soil, and grains at harvest were processed and analyzed for residues by high-performance liquid chromatography using a UV detector at 240 nm. The study revealed that there was a significant reduction in weed population and dry matter accumulation due to tribenuron-methyl application at a higher dose (45.0 g/ha) compared to a lower dose (of 22.5 g/ha). The weed density was found to be from 16.1 to 44.3 no/m(2) for application rate of 22.5 g/ha while at the 45.0 g/ha application, the weed density was 5.3-5.9 as compared to untreated control, where 184.3-120.5 no/m(2) was observed. The yield varied from 4.30 to 4.80 t/ha as compared to 2.25-3.55 t/ha in unweeded control with the LSD value being 21.5-16.3 to 0.27-0.19. Residues were below detectable level (BDL, <0.005 mg/kg) of tribenuron-methyl since they were detected in wheat grains at 22.5 g a.i./ha rates. However, 0.012 μg/g residues were detected in wheat foliage at an application rate of 45.0 g a.i./ha. It can be concluded that it is safe to use tribenuron-methyl at 22.5 g a.i./ha on wheat crop as post-emergence herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irani Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India,
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Sharma KK, Przybilla F, Restle T, Boudier C, Godet J, Mély Y. Reverse Transcriptase in Action: FRET-Based Assay for Monitoring Flipping and Polymerase Activity in Real Time. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7690-7. [PMID: 26125954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the single stranded viral RNA genome into double-stranded DNA, competent for host-cell integration. RT is endowed with RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity and DNA-directed RNA hydrolysis (RNase H activity). As a key enzyme of reverse transcription, RT is a key target of currently used highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), though RT inhibitors offer generally a poor resistance profile, urging new RT inhibitors to be developed. Using single molecule fluorescence approaches, it has been recently shown that RT binding orientation and dynamics on its substrate play a critical role in its activity. Currently, most in vitro RT activity assays, inherently end-point measurements, are based on the detection of reaction products by using radio-labeled or chemically modified nucleotides. Here, we propose a simple and continuous real-time Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based-assay for the direct measurement of RT's binding orientation and polymerase activity, with the use of conventional steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Under our working conditions, the change in binding orientation and the primer elongation step can be visualized separately on the basis of their opposite fluorescence changes and their different kinetics. The assay presented can easily discriminate non-nucleoside RT inhibitors from nucleoside RT inhibitors and determine reliably their potency. This one-step and one-pot assay constitutes an improved alternative to the currently used screening assays to disclose new anti-RT drugs and identify at the same time the class to which they belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- †Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - F Przybilla
- †Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - T Restle
- ‡Institute für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - C Boudier
- †Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - J Godet
- †Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France.,§Département d'Information Médicale et de Biostatistiques, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Y Mély
- †Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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Sharma KK, Mukherjee I, Singh B, Sahoo SK, Mandal K, Mohapatra S, Ahuja AK, Sharma D, Parihar NS, Sharma BN, Kale VD, Walunj AR. Dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on chili at different agro-climatic conditions in India. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:245. [PMID: 25864080 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide and its metabolite (desiodo flubendiamide) on chili were studied at four different agro-climatic locations of India at the standard and double dose at 60 and 120 g a.i. ha(-1) at 10 days interval. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01 mg kg(-1) while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003 mg kg(-1). Residues of flubendiamide were found to be below the determination limit in 15 days at both the dosages in all locations. Half-life of flubendiamide when applied at 60 and 120 g a.i. ha(-1) ranged from 0.85 to 1.80 and from 0.95 to 2.79 days, respectively. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for use on chili in India by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on chili has been fixed by the Food Safety Standard Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, as 0.02 μg g(-1) after its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, IARI, LBS Building, New Delhi, India,
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Sharma KK, Kshirsagar DP, Kalyani IH, Patel DR, Vihol PD, Patel JM. Diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants infection in small ruminants through in-house developed Indirect ELISA: Practical considerations. Vet World 2015; 8:443-8. [PMID: 27047112 PMCID: PMC4774789 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.443-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The work was conducted to diagnose peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreak through an in house developed indirect ELISA (thereafter referred as iELISA) its comparison with other available diagnostic tests and description of practical considerations in its development, utility and limitations. MATERIALS AND METHODS An outbreak resembled to PPR occurred in two different places of southern Gujarat viz. Vapi and Navsari, affecting 622 animals, including both goat (n = 476) and sheep (n = 146). Animals displayed the typical signs of PPR at Vapi; however diarrhea was the inconsistent feature in animals of Navsari. The affection caused morbidity of 100% and mortality were 73.68% (n = 392/532) and 56.67% (n = 51/90) in Vapi and Navsari outbreaks, respectively. Relevant ante mortem and post mortem samples were collected from representative animals. At the outset of the epidemic no kit was available with us, so agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was carried out and a commercial ELISA (cELISA) kit was ordered for making diagnosis through antibody demonstration. Meanwhile, an iELISA was developed in house using PPR vaccine as antigen and protein G conjugated HRPO antibody as detector. Histopathology and results of sandwich ELISA were also used to diagnose PPR virus (PPRV) in the outbreak. RESULTS The iELISA developed had detected PPRV antibodies in 22/24 samples (91.66%). Significant difference was observed in disease sensitivity pattern of two species by Chi-square test. While AGID failed to detect antibodies in any sample. Results were reconfirmed by comparing with commercially available cELISA kit. CONCLUSION PPR is an economically important disease and for the rapid diagnosis of PPR the in house developed antibody capture iELISA can be a suitable cost effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - D. P. Kshirsagar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - I. H. Kalyani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - D. R. Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - P. D. Vihol
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - J. M. Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
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Sharma KK, Mukherjee I, Singh B, Mandal K, Sahoo SK, Banerjee H, Banerjee T, Roy S, Shah PG, Patel HK, Patel AR, Beevi SN, George T, Mathew TB, Singh G, Noniwal R, Devi S. Persistence and risk assessment of spiromesifen on tomato in India: a multilocational study. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:8453-8461. [PMID: 25218317 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic locations of India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of spiromesifen on tomato. Spiromesifen 240 SC was sprayed on tomato at 150 and 300 g a.i. ha(-1). Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatment and soil at 15 days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer in selective ion monitoring mode in the mass range of 271-274 (m/z). The limit of quantification of the method was found to be 0.05 mg kg(-1), while the limit of determination was 0.015 mg kg(-1). Residues were found below the LOQ of 0.05 mg kg(-1) in 10 days at both the doses of application at all the locations. Spiromesifen dissipated with a half-life of 0.93-1.38 days at the recommended rate of application and 1.04-1.34 days at the double the rate of application. Residues of spiromesifen in soil were detectable level (<0.05 mg kg(-1)) after 15 days of treatment. A preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended on tomato on the basis of data generated under All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues. Spiromesifen 240 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of spiromesifen on tomato has been fixed by Food Safety Standard Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India as 0.3 μg/g after its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India,
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Sharma KK, Mukherjee I, Singh B, Sahoo SK, Parihar NS, Sharma BN, Kale VD, Nakat RV, Walunj AR, Mohapatra S, Ahuja AK, Sharma D, Singh G, Noniwal R, Devi S. Residual behavior and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato at different agro-climatic conditions in India. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:7673-7682. [PMID: 25108662 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic zones in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato. Flubendiamide 480 SC was sprayed on tomato at 48 and 96 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha(-1). Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01 mg kg(-1) while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003 mg kg(-1). Residues of flubendiamide were found below the determination limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1) in 20 days at both the dosages in all the locations. The half-life of flubendiamide at an application rate of 48 g a.i. ha(-1) varied from 0.33 to 3.28 days and at 48-g a.i. ranged from 1.21 to 3.00 days. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on tomato has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under Food Safety Standard Authority of India, as 0.07 μg g(-1) after its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India,
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Sharma KK, Mohapatra S, Ahuja AK, Deepa M, Sharma D, Jagdish GK, Rashmi N, Battu RS, Sharma SK, Singh B, Parihar NS, Sharma BN, Kale VD, Nakat RV, Walnuj AR, Singh G, Ravivanshi KK, Devi S, Noniwal R. Safety evaluation of flubendiamide and its metabolites on cabbage and persistence in soil in different agroclimatic zones of India. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:3633-3639. [PMID: 24497081 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Supervised field trials following good agricultural practices were conducted at the research farms of four agricultural universities located at four different agroclimatic zones of India to evaluate the persistence and dissipation of flubendiamide and its metabolite, des-iodo flubendiamide, on cabbage. Two spray applications of flubendiamide 480 SC of standard and double dose at the rate of 24 and 48 g a.i. ha(-1) were given to the crop at a 15-day interval, and the residues of flubendiamide 2 h after spray were found in the range of 0.107-0.33 and 0.20-0.49 mg kg(-1) at respective doses. Residue of des-iodo flubendiamide was not detected in any cabbage sample during study period. No residues were found in the soil samples collected from all treated fields after 15 days of application. On the basis of data generated under All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 10 days has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on cabbage by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on cabbage has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, under Food Safety Standard Authority of India as 0.05 μg/g after its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sharma
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Division of Agricultural Chemicals IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India,
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Sharma S, Sharma KK, Kuhad RC. An efficient and economical method for extraction of DNA amenable to biotechnological manipulations, from diverse soils and sediments. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:923-33. [PMID: 24329912 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS An attempt was made to optimize a new protocol for isolation of pure metagenomic DNA from soil samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Various chemicals (FeCl3 , MgCl2 , CaCl2 and activated charcoal) were tested for their efficacy in isolation of metagenomic DNA from different soil and compost samples. Among these trials, charcoal and MgCl2 when used in combination yielded highly pure DNA free from humic acids and other contaminants. The DNA extracted with the optimized protocol was readily digested, amplified and cloned. Moreover, compared with a well-established commercial DNA isolation kit (UltraClean™ Soil DNA Isolation Kit), our method for DNA isolation was found to be economical. This demonstrated that the method developed can be applied to a wide variety of soil samples and allows handling of multiple samples at a given time. CONCLUSIONS The optimized protocol developed has successfully yielded pure metagenomic DNA amenable to biotechnological manipulations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A user-friendly and economical protocol for isolation of DNA from soil and compost samples has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Lignocellulose Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Ahmad A, Ramamurthy VV, Sharma KK, Mohanasundaram A, Vidyarthi AS, Ramani R. Three new species of Kerria (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) from India. Zootaxa 2013; 3734:442-52. [PMID: 25277926 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3734.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of Kerria Targioni-Tozzetti from India, namely Kerria pennyae Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. on Schleichera oleosa from Orissa, Kerria dubeyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. on Ficus bengalensis from Bangalore and Kerria varshneyi Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. on Ziziphus mauritiana from Punjab are described and illustrated, and a key is provided to species of Kerria known from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayashaa Ahmad
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - V V Ramamurthy
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - K K Sharma
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi 834010, India; unknown
| | - A Mohanasundaram
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi 834010, India; unknown
| | - A S Vidyarthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India; unknown
| | - R Ramani
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi 834010, India; unknown
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Sharma JN, Kumari Sharma N, Sharma KK. Diffusion in Generalized Thermoelastic Solid in an Infinite Body with Cylindrical Cavity. Proc Natl Acad Sci , India, Sect A Phys Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-013-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vashishtha A, Rathi B, Kaushik S, Sharma KK, Lakhanpaul S. "Phloem sap analysis of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken, Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub. and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) and hemolymph of Kerria lacca (Kerr) using HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry". Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2013; 19:537-545. [PMID: 24431523 PMCID: PMC3781273 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Females of lac insects especially of Kerria lacca (Kerr) secret a resin known as lac for their own protection, which has tremendous applications. Lac insect completes its lifecycle on several host taxa where it exclusively feeds on phloem sap but Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Butea monosperma (Lam.) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) are its major hosts. Analysis of phloem sap constituents as well as hemolymph of lac insect is important because it ultimately gets converted into lac by insect intervention. Main phloem sap constituent's viz. sugars and free amino acids and hemolymph of lac insect were analyzed using HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The results were transformed to relative percentage of the total sugars and free amino acids analyzed in each sample for comparison among lac insect hemolymph and the phloem sap of the three different host taxa. Sucrose (58.9 ± 3.6-85.6 ± 0.9) and trehalose (62.3 ± 0.4) were the predominant sugars in phloem sap of three taxa and hemolymph of lac insect, respectively. Glutamic acid (33.1 ± 1.4-39.8 ± 1.4) was found to be main amino acid among the phloem sap of three taxa while tyrosine (61 ± 2.6) was the major amino acid in hemolymph of lac insect. The relative percentage of non-essential amino acids (60.8 %-69.9 %) was found to be more in all the three host taxa while essential amino acids (30.1 %-35.4 %) were present at a lower relative percentage. In contrast to this, the relative percentage of essential amino acids (81.9 %) was observed to be higher as compared to non-essential amino acids (17.7 %) in lac insect hemolymph. These results led to the detection of lac insect's endosymbionts. Moreover, this study revealed a clue regarding the importance of development of a synthetic diet for this insect so that a precise pathway of lac biosynthesis could be investigated for thorough understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vashishtha
- />Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- />Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- />Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Sandeep Kaushik
- />Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - K. K. Sharma
- />Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gum (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi 834010 India
| | - Suman Lakhanpaul
- />Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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Sharma KK, Mohapatra BC, Das PC, Sarkar B, Chand S. Water budgets for freshwater aquaculture ponds with reference to effluent volume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2013.48051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ahmad A, Sharma KK, Ramamurthy VV, Vidyarthi AS, Ramani R. Three new species of Kerria (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Tachardiidae), a redesciption of K. yunnanensis Ou & Hong, and a revised key to species of Kerria. Zootaxa 2013; 3620:518-32. [PMID: 26120722 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of lac insect, Kerria Targioni-Tozzetti viz., Kerria manipurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov., Kerria maduraiensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov., and Kerria thrissurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Kerria yunnanensis Ou & Hong is illustrated and redescribed, and a key to the known species of Kerria is provided. The usefulness of star pores as a diagnostic character in the subgeneric divisions of Kerria is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayashaa Ahmad
- Division of Entomology Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
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36
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Vadez V, Rao JS, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Sharma KK. DREB1A promotes root development in deep soil layers and increases water extraction under water stress in groundnut. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2013; 15:45-52. [PMID: 22672619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is a major yield-limiting factor for many crops, and improving the root system has been proposed as a promising breeding strategy, although not in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The present work was carried out mainly to assess how root traits are influenced under water stress in groundnut, whether transgenics can alter root traits, and whether putative changes lead to water extraction differences. Several transgenic events, transformed with DREB1A driven by the rd29 promoter, along with wild-type JL24, were tested in a lysimeter system that mimics field conditions under both water stress (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. The WS treatment increased the maximum rooting depth, although the increase was limited to about 20% in JL24, compared to 50% in RD11. The root dry weight followed a similar trend. Consequently, the root dry weight and length density of transgenics was higher in layers below 100-cm depth (Exp. 1) and below 30 cm (Exp. 2). The root diameter was unchanged under WS treatment, except a slight increase in the 60-90-cm layer. The root diameter increased below 60 cm in both treatments. In the WW treatment, total water extraction of RD33 was higher than in JL24 and other transgenic events, and somewhat lower in RD11 than in JL24. In the WS treatment, water extraction of RD2, RD11 and RD33 was higher than in JL24. These water extraction differences were mostly apparent in the initial 21 days after treatment imposition and were well related to root length density in the 30-60-cm layer (R(2) = 0.68), but not to average root length density. In conclusion, water stress promotes rooting growth more strongly in transgenic events than in the wild type, especially in deep soil layers, and this leads to increased water extraction. This opens an avenue for tapping these characteristics toward the improvement of drought adaptation in deep soil conditions, and toward a better understanding of genes involved in rooting in groundnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
In the present study which was aimed to see the effect of zinc on pentylenetetrazole induced convulsive threshold in rats we found that zinc sulfate 100 μg intracerebroventricularly) and pentylenetetrazole (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) produced dose related seizure activity; however, pretreatment with zinc decreased the threshold, increased the severity, incidence of multiple seizures and total duration of pentylenetetrazole induced seizures. Diazepam (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) pretreatment increased the threshold and lowered the incidence of convulsions in zinc induced seizures which further confirms that the convulsive effect of zinc is through inhibition of gamma aimino butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, 110 095 Delhi
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Gupta S, Handa SK, Sharma KK. A new spray reagent for the detection of synthetic pyrethroids containing a nitrile group on thin-layer plates. Talanta 2012; 45:1111-4. [PMID: 18967102 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(97)00211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1997] [Revised: 07/08/1997] [Accepted: 07/09/1997] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new spray reagent for selective detection of synthetic pyrethroids containing alpha-cyano group i.e. lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and fluvalinate by thin layer chromatography. These synthetic pyrethroids on alkaline hydrolysis, yield a cynohydrin derivative which degrades to give HCN and a corresponding aldehyde. This liberated HCN reduces 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to formazan, a pink product in the presence of phenazonium methosulfate (PMS). The pink colour formed remain stable for more than 24 h. Other group of insecticides like organophosphorus, organochlorine and carbamate do not interfere in the determination. Pyrethroid insecticides not containing hydrolysable nitrile group also do not interfere. The limit of detection is from 0.5 to 1 mug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural, Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Arora T, Mehta AK, Joshi V, Mehta KD, Rathor N, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. Substitute of Animals in Drug Research: An Approach Towards Fulfillment of 4R's. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:1-6. [PMID: 22131615 PMCID: PMC3224398 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.89750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical studies for drug screening involve the use of animals which is very time consuming and expensive and at times leads to suffering of the used organism. Animal right activists around the world are increasingly opposing the use of animals. This has forced the researchers to find ways to not only decrease the time involved in drug screening procedures but also decrease the number of animals used and also increase the humane care of animals. To fulfill this goal a number of new in vitro techniques have been devised which are called 'Alternatives' or 'Substitutes' for use of animals in research involving drugs. These 'Alternatives' are defined as the adjuncts which help to decrease the use as well as the number of animals in biomedical research. Russell and Burch have defined these alternatives by three R's - Reduction, Refinement and Replacement. These alternative strategies include physico-chemical methods and techniques utilizing tissue culture, microbiological system, stem cells, DNA chips, micro fluidics, computer analysis models, epidemiological surveys and plant-tissue based materials. The advantages of these alternatives include the decrease in the number of animals used, ability to obtain the results quickly, reduction in the costs and flexibility to control the variables of the experiment. However these techniques are not glittering gold and have their own shortcomings. The disadvantages include the lack of an appropriate alternative to study the whole animal's metabolic response, inability to study transplant models and idiosyncratic responses and inability to study the body's handling of drugs and its subsequent metabolites. None-the-less these aalternative methods to certain extent help to reduce the number of animals required for research. But such alternatives cannot eliminate the need for animals in research completely. Even though no animal model is a complete set of replica for a process within a human body, the intact animal does provide a better model of the complex interaction of the physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi - 110 095, India
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40
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Ahmad A, Kaushik S, Ramamurthy VV, Lakhanpaul S, Ramani R, Sharma KK, Vidyarthi AS. Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera:Tachardiidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 2012; 41:435-441. [PMID: 22531548 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hitherto less known aspects on mouthpart morphology and penetration mechanism of the lac insect Kerria lacca have been explored. Unique details of the mouthparts, i.e. morphology of labium and stylets and salivary sheath have been brought out. The gross morphology of the mouthparts though resembled other plant sucking homopterans; a two-segmented labium with symmetrically distributed six pairs of contact-chemoreceptors on its surface was distinct; the mandibular stylets had serrations on its extreme apical region, while the maxillary stylets had their external surface smooth with parallel longitudinal grooves on their inner surface. Formation of flanges, salivary sheath and penetration pathway observed along with probing and penetration of the stylets intracellularly up to the phloem cells, as illustrated herein, are the addition to the existing knowledge on the structural details of the mouthparts and the feeding behavior thereupon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayashaa Ahmad
- NAIP Project (70-17), Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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41
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Kale VD, Walunj AR, Battu RS, Sahoo SK, Singh B, Paramasivam M, Roy S, Banerjee T, Banerjee H, Rao CS, Reddy DJ, Reddy KN, Reddy CN, Tripathy V, Jaya M, Pant S, Gupta M, Singh G, Sharma KK. Assessment of flubendiamide residues in pigeon pea in different agro-climatic zones of India. Environ Monit Assess 2012; 184:4267-4270. [PMID: 21811770 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Supervised field trials were conducted at the research farms of four agricultural universities located at different agro-climatic zones of India to find out the harvest time residues of flubendiamide and its des-iodo metabolite on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) during the year 2006-2007. Two spray applications of flubendiamide 20 WDG at 50 g (T(1)) and 100 g (T(2)) a.i./ha were given to the crop at 15-days interval. The foliage samples at different time intervals were drawn at only one location, however, the harvest time samples of pigeon pea grain, shell, and straw were drawn at all the four locations. The residues were estimated by HPLC coupled with UV-VIS variable detector. No residues of flubendiamide and its des-iodo metabolite were found at harvest of the crop at or above the LOQ level of 0.05 μg/g. On the basis of the data generated, a pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 28 days has been recommended and the flubendiamide 20 WDG has been registered for use on pigeon pea by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India and the MRL has been fixed by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under Prevention of Food and Adulteration as 0.05 μg/g on pigeon pea grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Kale
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Pandher S, Sahoo SK, Battu RS, Singh B, Saiyad MS, Patel AR, Shah PG, Reddy CN, Reddy DJ, Reddy KN, Rao CS, Banerjee T, Banerjee D, Hudait R, Banerjee H, Tripathy V, Sharma KK. Persistence and dissipation kinetics of deltamethrin on chili in different agro-climatic zones of India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 88:764-768. [PMID: 22411176 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-location supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro climatic locations in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern of deltamethrin on chili. Deltamethrin 10 EC was applied on chili @17.5 and 35 g a.i. ha(-1), samples of green chili were drawn at different time intervals and that of red chili and soil at harvest time and quantified by gas liquid chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The identity of residues were confirmed by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer in selective ion monitoring mode in mass range 181, 253 m/z. Limit of quantification of the method was found to be 0.01 mg kg(-1). Half-life of deltamethrin at application rate of 17.5 g a.i. ha(-1) varied from 0.36 to 1.99 days and at double the application rate was found to range from 0.38 to 2.06 days. Residues of deltamethrin were found below its determination limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1) in red chili and soil. On the basis of the data generated, Deltamethrin 10 EC has been registered for use on chili in India and its Maximum Residue Limit has been fixed as 0.05 μg/g.
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in cord blood of male as well as female babies. The placental progesterone and estradiol up-regulate the synthesis and secretion of PSA in Placenta. This PSA is presumed to play a role in intrauterine growth of fetus by virtue of its proteolytic action on several substrates including insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-3, insulin chains and Interleukin-2. This study was planned with the objective of correlating the levels of PSA in cord blood to gestation at delivery, the type of delivery and gender of the fetus. Fifty-seven cord blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord during delivery or mid-trimester abortion and analyzed for PSA using 'Active PSA DSL-9700 ultra sensitive' kit employing two-site immuno-radiometric assay principle and having a detection limit of 0.001 ng/ml. Mean PSA levels in cord blood were found to be 0.112 ± 0.027 ng/ml. The concentration of PSA in cord blood was found to be higher in case of higher gestational age, male baby and operative delivery. 50 % of cord bloods for female babies had PSA below detection limit (range <0.001-0.460 ng/ml), while all the male samples had detectable PSA (range 0.11-0.973 ng/ml). Higher Progesterone levels found in prenatal maternal blood in case of male babies may be responsible for the higher cord blood PSA. Mean cord blood PSA was 0.150 ± 0.150 ng/ml in forceps delivery and 0.078 ± 0.012 ng/ml in normal vaginal delivery. Forceps delivery causes much more stress and strain as compared to a normal vaginal delivery, resulting in increased levels of adrenal glucocorticoids, and therefore, higher cord blood PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RP Government Medical College, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh India
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Gupta R, Sharma KK, Gupta A, Agrawal A, Mohan I, Gupta VP, Khedar RS, Guptha S. Persistent high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the urban middle class in India: Jaipur Heart Watch-5. J Assoc Physicians India 2012; 60:11-16. [PMID: 22799108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Urban subjects have high burden of cardiovascular risk factors, therefore, to evaluate risk factors in middle socioeconomic subjects and to study secular trends we performed an epidemiological study. METHODS The study was performed at urban middle class locations defined according to municipal records in years 2009-10. Stratified random sampling using house-to-house survey was performed. Details of medical history, anthropometry and clinical examination were recorded and biochemical tests performed for estimation of fasting glucose and lipids. Current definitions were used for risk factor classification. Descriptive statistics are provided. Trends were calculated using ANOVA or Mantel Haenszel chi-square. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess risk factor determinants. To determine secular trends we compared risk factors with previous cross-sectional studies performed in same locations in years 2002-3 and 2004-5 in subjects 20-59 years age. RESULTS We evaluated 739 subjects (men 451, women 288, response 67%). Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of risk factors in men and women respectively was smoking 95 (21.1) and 12 (4.2), low physical activity 316 (69.6) and 147 (52.3), high fat intake > or = 20 gm/day 278 (73.4) and 171 (68.7), low fruits and vegetables intake < 3 helpings/day 249 (70.3) and 165 (76.4), overweight/obesity 205 (46.2) and 142 (50.7), high waist size 58 (12.9) and 76 (26.6), high waist:hip 143 (31.9) and 154 (53.9), hypertension 177 (39.5) and 71 (24.6), high total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/ dl 148 (33.0) and 93 (32.7), low HDL cholesterol < 40/50 mg/dl 113 (25.1) and 157 (55.3), diabetes 62 (15.5) and 25 (10.8) and metabolic syndrome 109 (25.1) and 61 (22.0). Age-associated increase was observed in body mass index, waist size, waist ratio:hip, systolic blood pressure and fasting and total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in women (Ptrend < 0.01). Age related increase was also observed in prevalence of obesity, truncal obesity, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Ptrend < 0.01). On univariate analysis significant determinants of risk factors were low educational and socioeconomic status for smoking, high fat diet for obesity and hypertension, low fruits and vegetables intake for metabolic syndrome, and low physical activity or obesity but on age-and sex-adjusted multivariate analysis only association was high fat diet with obesity and hypertension (logistic regression analysis p < 0.05). Compared to studies performed at similar locations in years 2002-03 and 2005-06 there was increasing trend in prevalence of high non-HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia (Ptrend < 0.05) while other risk factors did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in Indian middle class individuals. Secular trends demonstrate a persistent high prevalence and increasing non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides over 8-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Research, Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur 302017
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Abstract
The role of serotonin receptors have been implicated in various types of experimentally induced seizures. Ondansetron is a highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist used as antiemetic agent for chemotherapy-, and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The present study was carried out to examine the effect of ondansetron on electroshock, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and cognitive functions in mice. Ondansetron was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg (single dose) to observe its effect on the increasing current electroshock seizure (ICES) test and PTZ-induced seizure test. In addition, a chronic study (21 days) was also performed to assess the effects of ondansetron on electroshock-induced convulsions and cognitive functions. The effect on cognition was assessed by elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigms. Phenytoin (25 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as a standard anticonvulsant drug and piracetam (200 mg/kg) was administered as a standard nootropic drug. The results were compared with an acute study, wherein it was found that the administration of ondansetron (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) significantly raised the seizure-threshold current as compared to control group in the ICES test. Similar results were observed after chronic administration of ondansetron. In PTZ test, ondansetron in all the three tested doses failed to show protective effect against PTZ-induced seizure test. Administration of ondansetron for 21 days significantly decreased the transfer latency (TL) and prolonged the step-down latency (SDL). The results of present study suggest the anticonvulsant and memory-enhancing effect of ondansetron in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - NB Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - PK Mediratta
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - KK Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Khurana S, Jain S, Mediratta PK, Banerjee BD, Sharma KK. Protective role of curcumin on colchicine-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:686-97. [PMID: 22262262 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111433897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of progressive nature, affects wide range of cognitive abilities like memory, language, calculation and so on, neuropsychiatric and social deficits to impair the routine social functions. The present study was designed to assess the effect of curcumin against colchicine-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats and compare it with rivastigmine. Colchicine (15 µg/5µl) was administered to male Wistar rats intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) by stereotaxic apparatus to induce cognitive dysfunction. Administration of colchicine caused poor retention of memory in elevated plus maze, passive avoidance apparatus and Morris water maze paradigms. Chronic treatment with curcumin (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily and rivastigmine (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for a period of 28 days beginning 7 days prior to colchicine injection significantly improved colchicine-induced cognitive impairment. Biochemical assessment revealed that i.c.v. colchicine injection significantly increased lipid peroxidation, depleted reduced glutathione levels and decreased acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat brains. Chronic administration of curcumin significantly reduced the elevated lipid peroxidation, restored the reduced glutathione levels and AChE activity; however, rivastigmine failed to prevent oxidative stress. The results of the current study indicate that curcumin (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily has a protective role against colchicine-induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
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Kalawat U, Prada J, Reddy S, Sharma KK, Sumathi I, Chaudhury A. Speciation of oxidase-positive non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli. Scho Res J 2012; 2:22. [DOI: 10.4103/2249-5975.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Kalawat U, Sharma KK, Reddy S. Linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus spp. at a tertiary care hospital of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Med Microbiol 2011; 29:314-5. [PMID: 21860120 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.83923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Dubey AK, Handu SS, Dubey S, Sharma P, Sharma KK, Ahmed QM. Belimumab: First targeted biological treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011; 2:317-9. [PMID: 22025872 PMCID: PMC3198539 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.85930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gr. Noida, India
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