Study on anti-BmNPV mechanism of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases in silkworm

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is the most important virus that threatens sericulture industry. At present, there is no effective treatment for BmNPV infection in silkworms, and lncRNA plays an important role in biological immune response and host-virus interaction, but there are relatively few studies in silkworms. In this study, the four midgut tissue samples of the resistance strain NB (NB) and susceptible strain 306 (306) and the NB and 306 continuously infected with BmNPV for 96 h are used for whole transcriptome sequencing to analyze the differences in the genetic background of NB and 306 and the differences after inoculation of BmNPV, and the significantly different mRNA, miRNA and lnRNA between NB and 306 after BmNPV inoculation were screened. By comparing NB and 306, 2651 significantly different mRNAs, 57 significantly different miRNAs and 198 significantly different lncRNAs were screened. By comparing NB and 306 after BmNPV inoculation, 2684 significantly different mRNAs, 39 significantly different miRNAs and 125 significantly different lncRNAs were screened. According to the significantly different mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA screened from NB and 306 and NB and 306 after virus inoculation, the mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network was constructed before and after virus inoculation, and the BmBCAT-Bomo_chr7_8305-MSTRG.3236.2 regulatory axis was screened from them, and it was found that BmBCAT was not Bomo_chr7_8305 regulated in the genetic background, after viral infection, MSTRG.3236.2 competes for binding Bomo_chr7_8305 regulates BmBCAT. The whole transcriptome sequencing results were verified by qPCR and the time-series expression analysis was performed to prove the reliability of the regulatory network. The BmBCAT-Bomo_chr7_8305-MSTRG.3236.2 regulatory axis may play a potential role in the interaction between silkworms and BmNPV. These results provide new insights into the interaction mechanism between silkworms and BmNPV.

Metabolomics captures the differential metabolites in the replication pathway of snakehead vesiculovirus regulated by glutamine

Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects snakehead fish. This virus leads to illness and mortality, causing significant economic losses in the snakehead aquaculture industry. The replication and spread of SHVV in cells, which requires glutamine as a nitrogen source, is accompanied by alterations in intracellular metabolites. However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying the inhibition of viral replication by glutamine deficiency are poorly understood. This study utilized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the differential metabolites between the channel catfish Parasilurus asotus ovary cell line infected with SHVV under glutamine-containing and glutamine-deprived conditions. Results showed that the absence of glutamine regulated 4 distinct metabolic pathways and influenced 9 differential metabolites. The differential metabolites PS(16:0/16:0), 5,10-methylene-THF, and PS(18:0/18:1(9Z)) were involved in amino acid metabolism. In the nuclear metabolism functional pathway, differential metabolites of guanosine were observed. In the carbohydrate metabolism pathway, differential metabolites of UDP-d-galacturonate were detected. In the signal transduction pathway, differential metabolites of SM(d18:1/20:0), SM(d18:1/22:1(13Z)), SM(d18:1/24:1(15 Z)), and sphinganine were found. Among them, PS(18:0/18:1(9Z)), PS(16:0/16:0), and UDP-d-galacturonate were involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylserine and glycoprotein. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF provided raw materials for virus replication, and guanosine and sphingosine are related to virus virulence. The differential metabolites may collectively participate in the replication, packaging, and proliferation of SHVV under glutamine deficiency. This study provides new insights and potential metabolic targets for combating SHVV infection in aquaculture through metabolomics approaches.

Comprehensive transcriptome sequencing of silkworm Midguts: Uncovering extensive isoform diversity and alternative splicing in BmNPV-Sensitive and BmNPV-resistant strains

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, stands out as one of the few economically valuable insects within the realm of model organisms. However, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) poses a significant threat, decreasing the quality and quantity of silkworm cocoons. Over the past few decades, a multitude of researchers has delved into the mechanisms that underlie silkworm resistance to BmNPV, employing diverse methodologies and approaching the problem from various angles. Despite this extensive research, the role of alternative splicing (AS) in the silkworm's response to BmNPV infection has been largely unexplored. This study leveraged both third-generation (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) and second-generation (Illumina) high-throughput sequencing technologies to meticulously identify and analyze AS patterns in the context of BmNPV response, utilizing two distinct silkworm strains-the susceptible strain 306 and the resistant strain NB. Consequently, we identified five crucial genes (Dsclp, LOC692903, LOC101743583, LOC101742498, LOC101743809) that are linked to the response to BmNPV infection through AS and differential expression. Additionally, a thorough comparative analysis was conducted on their diverse transcriptomic expression profiles, including alternative polyadenylation, simple sequence repeats, and transcription factors.

Focal atrial tachycardias originating from the aorta-mitral continuity: Anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics

BACKGROUND

The aorta-mitral annulus conjunction (AMC) is an uncommon site of origin of focal atrial tachycardias (ATs). Hence, the electrophysiological and ablation target characteristics are poorly described.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of AMC AT in detail.

METHODS

The study enrolled 650 patients with AT, 21 (3.2%) of whom had AT originating from the AMC. A comprehensive evaluation, including electrocardiography, electrophysiology study, computed tomography scan, and intracardiac echocardiography, was performed.

RESULTS

The majority (90.5%) of ATs occurred spontaneously. The mean age of this group was 48.9 ± 21.6 years, with 12 being female (57.1%). Seventeen patients had a typical biphasic P wave with a prominent positive component. The earliest activation site in the right atrium was near the His bundle, with average activation -10.3 ± 6.0 ms preceding the P wave. The successful ablation targets were distributed as follows: 1 case at 9 o'clock, 6 cases at 10 o'clock, 7 cases at 11 o'clock, 6 cases at 12 o'clock, and 1 case in the left coronary cusp. The local AMC potential differed from the commonly perceived annular potential and was characterized by a large A and a small V (atrial-to-ventricular ratio > 1). The angle of encroachment on the left atrial anterior wall, compressed by the left coronary cusp, was significantly smaller in the AMC AT group than in the control group, which may have contributed to the arrhythmia substrate (141.7° ± 11.5° vs 155.2° ± 13.9°; P = .026).

CONCLUSION

A new strategy for mapping AMC ATs has been introduced. The ablation target should have an atrial-to-ventricular ratio of >1.

Transcriptome analysis indicates the mechanisms of BmNPV resistance in Bombyx mori midgut

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) caused serious economic losses in sericulture. Analyzing the molecular mechanism of silkworms (B. mori) resistance to BmNPV is of great significance for the prevention and control of silkworm virus diseases and the biological control of agricultural lepidopteran pests. In order to clarify the defense mechanisms of silkworms against BmNPV, we constructed a near isogenic line BC8 with high resistance to BmNPV through the highly BmNPV-resistant strain NB and the highly BmNPV-susceptible strain 306. In this study, RNA-Seq technique was used to analyze the transcriptome level differences in the midgut of BC8 and 306 following BmNPV infection. A total of 1350 DEGs were identified. Clustering analysis showed that these genes could be divided into 8 clusters with different expression patterns. Functional annotations based on GO and KEGG analysis indicated that they were involved in various metabolism pathways. Finally, 32 BmNPV defense responsive genes were screened. They were involved in metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), signal transduction and immune response, and insect hormones. The further verification shows that HSP70 should participate in resistance responses of anti-BmNPV. These findings have paved the way in further functional characterization of candidate genes and subsequently can be used in breeding of BmNPV resistance dominant silkworms.

A Novel Strategy for Mixed Jam Evaluation: Apparent Indicator, Sensory, Metabolomic, and GC-IMS Analysis

Jam is a popular traditional and modern food product for daily consumption. However, the benefits of mixed jams over single-fruit jams have not been thoroughly explored, with analyses limited to superficial indices. In this study, Xinjiang special Morus nigra L. and Prunus domestica L. were used as raw materials to prepare single-fruit and mixed jams, and their differences in antioxidants, organoleptic qualities, pH, texture, and color were analyzed. The dynamics of metabolites before and after thermal processing were assessed using untargeted metabolomics. The results indicate that the main metabolites were flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and carbohydrates. Flavonoid metabolites changed significantly after thermal processing, with 40 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated. During storage, polyphenols were the prominent differential metabolites, with fifty-four down-regulated and one up-regulated. Volatile aroma components were analyzed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS); the aroma components E-2-hexenal, E-2-pentenal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-ol, tetrahydro-linalool, 1-penten-3-one, hexyl propionate, isoamyl acetate, α-pinene, and propionic acid in mixed jam were significantly higher than in single-fruit jam. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and GC-IMS were used to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth evaluation system for jam analysis.

Association of Device-Detected Atrial High-Rate Episodes With Long-term Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality: A Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Device-detected atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) were associated with an increased thromboembolic risk. Although limited data regarding the long-term prognosis of patients with AHRE were controversial, this study aimed to identify the association of device-detected AHRE with mortality.

METHODS

This observational study included patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) placement and no history of atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), or atrial tachycardia (AT). During follow-up, patients with at least 1 day of AHRE duration ≥ 15 minutes were identified. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular mortality, and the secondary endpoint was all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up period of 4.2 years, AHREs were detected in 124 of 343 (36.2%) patients. Of these, 44 deaths (35.5%) occurred in 124 patients with AHREs, which was significantly higher than those without AHREs (43 of 219; 19.6%; P = 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that patients with AHRE had a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular (hazard ratio [HR], 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-4.67; P = 0.010), and all-cause mortality (HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.49-3.59; P < 0.001). Further analysis indicated that this association remained significant in patients with higher burden (≥ 6 hours) but not in patients with lower burden (≥ 15 minutes to 6 hours). Notably, even after excluding the patients diagnosed with clinical AF during follow-up, the remaining patients with AHREs still exhibited a higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality compared with patients without AHREs.

CONCLUSIONS

AHREs were prevalent in ICD or CRT-D recipients with no history of clinical AF, AFL, or AT and were associated with more than twice the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

No. ChiCTR-ONRC-13003695.

CMR feature tracking-based left atrial mechanics predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy and adverse outcomes

BACKGROUND

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for advanced heart failure (HF) with prolonged QRS duration. However, 30% of patients have shown no benefit from the treatment.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the value of left atrial (LA) mechanics by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to predict response to CRT and clinical outcomes.

METHODS

A total of 163 CRT recipients with preimplantation CMR examination were retrospectively recruited. CMR feature tracking was used to evaluate LA size and function. The end points include (1) improvement of at least 5% in left ventricular ejection fraction combined with a reduction of at least 1 New York Heart Association functional class at 6-month follow-up and (2) any all-cause death or HF hospitalization during follow-up.

RESULTS

Overall, 82 (50.3%) were CRT responders. CRT nonresponders had larger LA and worse LA reservoir and booster pump function than did responders (P < .001 for all). LA structural (maximum volume index < 47 mL/m2) and functional (booster pump strain > 8.5%) criteria were incremental to traditional indicators in detecting CRT response (χ2, 40.83 vs 9.98; P < .001). During follow-up (median 41 months), survival free from death or HF hospitalization increased with the number of positive LA criteria (log-rank, P < .001). After adjustment for clinical confounders, the absence of the 2 criteria remained associated with a considerably increased risk of death or HF hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio 6.2; 95% confidence interval 2.15-17.88; P = .001).

CONCLUSION

The preprocedure LA mechanics evaluated using CMR may be useful to predict response to CRT and improve risk stratification in CRT recipients.

Arpc2 integrates ecdysone and juvenile hormone metabolism to influence metamorphosis and reproduction in Tribolium castaneum

BACKGROUND

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex regulates actin polymerization and the formation of branched actin networks. However, the function and evolutionary relationship of this complex subunit 2 (Arpc2) has been poorly understood in insects.

RESULTS

To address these issues, we performed comprehensive analysis of Arpc2 in Tribolium castaneum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Arpc2 was originated from one ancestral gene in animals but evolved independently between vertebrates and insects after species differentiation. T. castaneum Arpc2 has a 906-bp coding sequence and consists of 4 exons. Arpc2 transcripts were abundantly detected in embryos and pupae but less so in larvae and adults, while it had high expression in the gut, fat body and head but low expression in the epidermis of late-stage larvae. Knockdown of it at the late larval stage inhibited the pupation and resulted in arrested larvae. Silencing it in 1-day pupae impaired eclosion, which caused adult wings to fail to close. Injection of Arpc2 dsRNAs into 5-day pupae made adults have smaller testis and ovary and could not lay eggs. The expression of vitellogenin 1 (Vg1), Vg2 and Vg receptor (VgR) was downregulated after knocking down Arpc2 5 days post-adult emergence. Arpc2 silencing reduced 20-hydroxyecdysone titer by affecting the enzymes of its biosynthesis and catabolism but increased juvenile biosynthesis via upregulating JHAMT3 expression.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that Arpc2 is associated with the metamorphosis and reproduction by integrating ecdysone and juvenile hormone metabolism in T. castaneum. This study provides theoretical basis for developing Arpc2 as a potential RNA interference target for pest control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Kinetic properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and inhibition effects of several metal ions on enzymatic activity in vitro and cells

Due to the non-degradable and persistent nature of metal ions in the environment, they are released into water bodies, where they accumulate in fish. In order to assess pollution in fish, the enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), has been employed as a biomarker due to sensitivity to various ions. This study investigates the kinetic properties of the G6PD enzyme in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), and analyzes the effects of these metal ions on the G6PD enzyme activity in the ovarian cell line (CCO) of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). IC50 values and inhibition types of G6PD were determined in the metal ions Cu2+, Al3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+. While, the inhibition types of Cu2+ and Al3+ were the competitive inhibition, Zn2+ and Cd2+ were the linear mixed noncompetitive and linear mixed competitive, respectively. In vitro experiments revealed an inverse correlation between G6PD activity and metal ion concentration, mRNA levels and enzyme activity of G6PD increased at the lower metal ion concentration and decreased at the higher concentration. Our findings suggest that metal ions pose a significant threat to G6PD activity even at low concentrations, potentially playing a crucial role in the toxicity mechanism of metal ion pollution. This information contributes to the development of a biomonitoring tool for assessing metal ion contamination in aquatic species.

Development and Validation of a Novel Predictive Model for the Early Differentiation of Cardiac and Non-Cardiac Syncope

Background

The diagnosis of cardiac syncope remains a challenge. This study sought to develop and validate a diagnostic model for the early identification of individuals likely to have a cardiac cause.

Methods

877 syncope patients with a determined cause were retrospectively enrolled at a tertiary heart center. They were randomly divided into the training set and validation set at a 7:3 ratio. We analyzed the demographic information, medical history, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression for selection of key features. Then a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors and construct a diagnostic model. The receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy and clinical value of this nomogram.

Results

Five independent predictors for cardiac syncope were selected: BMI (OR 1.088; 95% CI 1.022-1.158; P =0.008), chest symptoms preceding syncope (OR 5.251; 95% CI 3.326-8.288; P <0.001), logarithmic NT-proBNP (OR 1.463; 95% CI 1.240-1.727; P <0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 0.940; 95% CI 0.908-0.973; P <0.001), and abnormal electrocardiogram (OR 6.171; 95% CI 3.966-9.600; P <0.001). Subsequently, a nomogram based on a multivariate logistic regression model was developed and validated, yielding AUC of 0.873 (95% CI 0.845-0.902) and 0.856 (95% CI 0.809-0.903), respectively. The calibration curves showcased the nomogram's reasonable calibration, and the decision curve analysis demonstrated good clinical utility.

Conclusion

A diagnostic tool providing individualized probability predictions for cardiac syncope was developed and validated, which may potentially serve as an effective tool to facilitate early identification of such patients.

Prognostic implications of premature ventricular contractions and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis

AIMS

Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) are commonly observed in light chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA), but their association with prognosis is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of PVCs and NSVT in patients with moderate-to-advanced AL-CA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We retrospectively included patients with AL-CA at modified 2004 Mayo stages II-IIIb between February 2014 and December 2020. Twenty-four-hour Holter recordings were assessed on admission. The outcomes included (i) new onset of adverse ventricular arrhythmia (VA) or sudden cardiac death (SCD) and (ii) cardiac death during follow-up. Of the 143 patients studied (60.41 ± 11.06 years, male 64.34%), 132 (92.31%) had presence of PVC, and 50 (34.97%) had NSVT on Holter. Twelve (8.4%) patients died in hospital and 131 patients were followed up (median 24.4 months), among whom 71 patients had cardiac death, and 15 underwent adverse VA/SCD. NSVT [hazard ratio (HR): 13.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.06-60.18, P < 0.001], log-transformed PVC counts (HR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.15-1.86, P = 0.002) and PVC burden (HR: 1.43 95%CI:1.14-1.80, P = 0.002) were predictive of new onset of adverse VA/SCD. The highest tertile of PVC counts (HR: 2.33, 95%CI: 1.27-4.28, P = 0.006) and PVC burden (HR: 2.58, 95%CI: 1.42-4.69, P = 0.002), rather than NSVT (HR: 1.16, 95%CI: 0.67-1.98, P = 0.603), was associated with cardiac death. Higher PVC counts/burden provided incremental value on modified 2004 Mayo stage in predicting cardiac death, with C index increasing from 0.681 to 0.712 and 0.717, respectively (P values <0.05).

CONCLUSION

PVC count, burden, and NSVT significantly correlated with adverse VA/SCD during follow-up in patients with AL-CA. Higher PVC counts/burdens added incremental value for predicting cardiac death.

Comparison of Three Detection Methods for Seoul Virus Causing Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Seoul virus (SEOV) is a significant causative pathogen of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Accurate discrimination of SEOV infection from other viral or bacterial infections holds vital clinical importance.

METHODS

Our study utilized quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and immunological assays to identify the pathogen causing HFRS.

RESULTS

For the case, mNGS identified SEOV and suspected host or environmental microorganisms at 5 days from symptom onset. qRT-PCR detected SEOV between 5 to 8 days from symptom onset. Anti-hantavirus IgM antibodies reached positive criteria at 7 days and IgG antibodies at 9 days from symptom onset.

CONCLUSIONS

qRT-PCR, mNGS, and immunological assays each have merits and drawbacks. Optimal selection depends on laboratory conditions and clinical requirements.

Anatomical variation of femoral vessels and ultrasound-guided femoral vein puncture for catheter ablation of arrhythmias

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the anatomical variations in femoral vasculature and evaluate the clinical value of ultrasound-guided femoral vein puncture in catheter ablation procedures.

METHODS

In this retrospective analysis conducted from January 2023 to March 2023, we examined data from patients who underwent catheter ablation with ultrasound-guided femoral venipuncture. We evaluated the anatomy of the femoral vasculature at both high and low inguinal levels. Based on the relationship between the femoral vein and artery, we classified the anatomy into four types: Type I (vein parallel to artery without overlap), Type II (vein medial to artery with lumen overlap ≤50%), Type III (vein posterior to artery with lumen overlap > 50%), and Type IV (vein lateral to artery). Additionally, we assessed procedure-related vascular complications that required interventions or prolonged hospital stays.

RESULTS

A total of 254 patients were included in this study. At the upper inguinal level, most cases (92.5%) exhibited Type II, followed by Type I (6.5%), while Type III (0.6%) and IV (0.4%) were less common. At the lower inguinal level, Type II accounted for 70.7%, there was a significantly higher proportion of Type III (23.4%) and Type IV (5.9%). The overall complication rate was 0.4%, no pseudoaneurysm or hematoma was observed in our study.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed significant anatomical variations in the relationship between the femoral vein and femoral artery. Ultrasound-guided femoral venipuncture significantly reduced vascular complication rate, making it a valuable tool for guiding puncture procedures.

Identification of genes associated with the silk gland size using multi-omics in silkworm (Bombyx mori)

Silk gland size in silkworms (Bombyx mori) affects silk output. However, the molecular mechanisms by which genes regulate silk gland size remain unclear. In this study, silk glands from three pure silkworm strains (A798, A306 and XH) with different silk gland weight phenotypes were compared using transcriptomics and proteomics to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs). When comparing A798 to A306 and A798 to XH, 830 and 469 DEGs were up-regulated, respectively. These genes were related to the gene ontology terms, metabolic process, transport activity and biosynthesis process. In addition, 372 and 302 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins were detected in A798 to A306 and A798 to XH, respectively, related to the gene ontology terms, ribosome and protein export, ribosome and polypeptide biosynthesis processes. Moreover, combined transcriptomics, proteomics and weighted correlation network analyses showed that five genes (BGIBMGA002524, BGIBMGA002629, BGIBMGA005659, BGIBMGA005711 and BGIBMGA010889) were significantly associated with the silk gland weight. Reverse Transcription-quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to verify the mRNA and protein expression of five genes in the silk glands and tissues of 18 silkworm strains. The results showed that four genes have higher expression levels in heavier silk glands. These genes are associated with glycogen metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and branched chain amino acid metabolism, thus potentially promoting growth and silk protein synthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between silk gland weight and silk yield in silkworms.

Optimization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) juice fermentation process and analysis of its metabolites during fermentation

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a nutritious fruit and vegetable. Fermentation can be used to enhance their nutritional value. In this study, the tomato juice was co-fermented with multistrains, optimized by uniform experimental design and response surface methodology. Superoxide dismutase activity reached 496.67 U/g and lycopene content reached 77.12μg/g when P. pentosaceus (53.79%), L. casei (13.17%), L. plantarum (19.87%), L. fermentum (13.17%). To gain insight into the dynamics of metabolites during the tomato fermentation juice process multivariate statistical analysis was performed using the UHPLC-QE-MS/MS method. The main metabolites are peptides, amino acids carbohydrates, organic acids, and phospholipids. Carbohydrates were fully retained at the end of fermentation.The content of galactitol increased from the initial 5.389 to 6.607 while the content of cytarabine decreased by 29% and uridine by 44%. Meanwhile, phospholipids (PS, PE, PC, PG, PI) were all retained by more than 70%. Terpenoids (16-deacetylgairin, (+)-Royleanone, artemisinin) were increased to varying degrees, which gives them good nutritional value and biological activity. Organic acids (malic and citric) were reduced and lactic acid content was increased, changing its original flavor and making it more palatable to the general population. The research results have demonstrated the benefits of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on tomato juice, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the fermentation metabolism process of tomato juice.

Cloning of suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 from silkworm (Bombyx mori) and its response to the infection of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) play important roles in the regulation of growth, development, and immunity of eukaryotic organisms. SOCS7 is an important member of the SOCS family, but its physiological and pathological functions remain largely unknown in invertebrates including insects. Here, we first report the cloning of a SOCS7 gene from a domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori), named BmSOCS7. We have characterized BmSOCS7 expression profiles in silkworm varieties susceptible or resistant to the infection of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) using the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. BmSOCS7 expresses highly in embryogenesis and lowly in metamorphosis in resistant silkworms but does in opposite contrast in susceptible silkworms. Its expression is at very low level in the fat body of resistant silkworms but is relatively high in the fat body of susceptible ones. BmNPV inoculation induces a transient downregulation and then a general upregulation of BmSOCS7 expression in BmN cells, while it induces a general downregulation in silkworm midgut, fat body and hemolymph with more pronounced effect in resistant silkworms than susceptible ones and more prominent in the fat body and hemolymph than the midgut. Together, our work reveals that downregulation of BmSOCS7 expression may be an important strategy for silkworm anti-BmNPV immune response, and BmSOCS7 may mainly function in the fat body and hemolymph rather than the midgut to participate in BmNPV infection process.

Silkworm glycosaminoglycans bind to Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and facilitate its entry

Interacting with cell surface attachment factors or receptors is the first step for virus infection. Glycans cover a thick layer on eukaryotic cells and are potential targets of various viruses. Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (BmNPV) is a baculovirus that causes huge economic loss to the sericulture industry but the mechanism of infection is unclear. Looking for potential host receptors for the virus is an important task. In this study, we investigated the role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modifications, including heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), during BmNPV infection. Enzymatic removal of cell surface HS and CS effectively inhibited BmNPV infection and replication. Exogenous HS and CS can directly bind to BmNPV virion in solution and act as neutralizers for viral infection. Furthermore, the expression of enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis was upregulated in the BmNPV susceptible silkworm after virus administration, but down-regulated in the resistant strain after virus treatment, suggesting that BmNPV was able to utilize host cell machinery to promote the biosynthesis of GAGs. This study demonstrated HS and CS as important attachment factors that facilitate the viral entry process, and targeting HS and CS can be an effective means of inhibiting BmNPV infection.

Effects of adding milk to fermented black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) juice on its antioxidant activity in C2C12 cells and changes in volatile flavor compounds during storage

This study assessed the impact of milk on the bioactive compounds, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, ROS inhibition, and volatile flavor compounds of fermented black mulberry juice (FBMJ). Firstly, the results showed that 25% concentration of milk was the most suitable for preparing FBMJ-Milk. Compared to the control group, the addition of milk significantly increased the SOD activity and antioxidant capacity, as well as enhanced the total phenolic content (TPC) and SOD storage stability. Secondly, HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with OPLS-DA analysis identified 49 compounds in FBMJM, including 12 esters, 6 acids, 1 ketone, 2 aldehydes, 19 alcohols and 9 other compounds. During the storage, the levels of ethyl ester compounds decreased significantly, while the degradation of ester produced some acid and alcohol compounds. The findings revealed that the addition of milk was beneficial for maintaining the antioxidant stability of FBMJM during storage and enhancing the richness of product flavor.

Review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini Dallas, 1870 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) in Pakistan with description of a new species of Paramesodes

A review of the leafhopper tribe Deltocephalini in Pakistan is provided, including comprehensive illustrated keys to all genera and species, along with their diagnosis and distribution. A new species of Paramesodes is described, P.dirensissp. nov., which was discovered in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A detailed description of this new species is provided together with photographs for visual reference. This tribe now has three genera and 13 species from Pakistan. The genus Deltocephalus Burmeister includes two species, and Maiestas Distant has nine species; Paramesodes Ishihara is now represented with two species.

Cytotoxicity of AuCu-Cu2S Nanocomposites: Implications for Biological Evaluation of the Nanocomposite Effect on Bombyx mori Silkworms and Cell Lines

AuCu-Cu2S nanocomposites are unique materials with exceptional properties that have recently received a lot of interest. However, little is known about their potential toxicity in terrestrial organisms and their subsequent effects on the environment. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective methodologies for evaluating AuCu-Cu2S nanocomposites in biological systems. This study reports the biological evaluation of the AuCu-Cu2S nanocomposite from animal and cell entity levels. The Bombyx mori silkworm was used as a model organism to study the effects of different concentrations of AuCu-Cu2S on silkworm development. Transcriptome analysis was also carried out to examine the genetic modulation exerted by the treatment. Moreover, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of AuCu-Cu2S were evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE, human lung adenocarcinoma, and the insect Spodoptera frugiperda cell sf9 cell lines. The results showed that although AuCu-Cu2S at ≤400 ppm can prolong the eating habit of silkworms and promote the weight of the cocoon layer, there was an increase in silkworm mortality and a decrease in moth formation at a concentration of ≥800 ppm. The genetic regulation by AuCu-Cu2S treatment showed varying effects in the silkworm, primarily related to functions such as transport and catabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, xenobiotic biodegradation, amino acid, and carbohydrate. 16HBE, PC-9, and sf9 treated with 300 ppm of AuCu-Cu2S showed viability percentages of 60, 20, and 90%, respectively. Thus, AuCu-Cu2S at low concentrations serves as a safe and biocompatible material for the sf9 cell lines but is lethal to 16HBE and PC-9. This research could aid in understanding the biological effects and biocompatibility of AuCu-Cu2S nanocomposites, particularly in the field of biochemistry; however, the mechanisms involved need further exploration.

Research progress on branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases

Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, widely present in natural organisms, catalyze bidirectional amino transfer between branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain α-ketoacids in cells. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In this paper, the interspecific evolution and biological characteristics of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases are introduced, the related research of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases in animals, plants, microorganisms and humans is summarized and the molecular mechanism of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase is analyzed. It has been found that branched-chain amino acid metabolism disorders are closely related to various diseases in humans and animals and plants, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, brain diseases, neurological diseases and cancer. In particular, branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the development of various tumors. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases have been used as potential targets for various cancers. This article reviews the research on branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, aiming to provide a reference for clinical research on targeted therapy for various diseases and different cancers.

Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm Ecosystems: Unveiling the Ecological Dynamics of Red Palm Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Infestations

The red palm weevil (RPW) poses a significant threat to date palm ecosystems, highlighting the necessity of sustainable pest management strategies that carefully consider the delicate ecological balance within these environments. This comprehensive review delves into innovative approaches to sustainable pest management, specifically focusing on date palm, and seeks to unravel the intricate ecological dynamics underlying RPW infestations. We thoroughly analyze biocontrol methods, eco-friendly chemical interventions, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, aiming to minimize the ecological impact while effectively addressing RPW infestations. By emphasizing the interplay of both living organisms (biotic) and environmental factors (abiotic) in shaping RPW dynamics, we advocate for a holistic and sustainable management approach that ensures the long-term resilience of date palm ecosystems. This review aims to contribute to an ecologically sound framework for pest management, promoting the sustainability and vitality of date palm ecosystems amidst the challenges posed by the RPW.

Cardiac magnetic resonance-derived myocardial scar is associated with echocardiographic response and clinical prognosis of left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy

AIMS

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is a novel approach for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), but the impact of myocardial substrate on its effect is poorly understood. This study aims to assess the association of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived scar burden and the response of CRT via LBBAP.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Consecutive patients with CRT indications who underwent CMR examination and successful LBBAP-CRT were retrospectively analysed. Cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement was used for scar assessment. Echocardiographic reverse remodelling and composite outcomes (defined as all-cause death or heart failure hospitalization) were evaluated. The echocardiographic response was defined as a ≥15% reduction of left ventricular end-systolic volume. Among the 54 patients included, LBBAP-CRT resulted in a 74.1% response rate. The non-responders had higher global, septal, and lateral scar burden (all P < 0.001). Global, septal, and lateral scar percentage all predicted echocardiographic response [area under the curve (AUC): 0.857, 0.864, and 0.822; positive likelihood ratio (+LR): 9.859, 5.594, and 3.059; and negative likelihood ratio (-LR): 0.323, 0.233, and 0.175 respectively], which was superior to QRS morphology criteria (Strauss left bundle branch abnormality: AUC: 0.696, +LR 2.101, and -LR 0.389). After a median follow-up time of 20.3 (11.5-38.7) months, higher global, lateral and septal scar burdens were all predictive of the composite outcome (hazard ratios: 4.996, 7.019, and 4.741, respectively; P's < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Lower scar burden was associated with higher response rate of LBBAP-CRT. The pre-procedure CMR scar evaluation provides further useful information to identify potential responders and clinical outcomes.

Insect transient receptor potential vanilloid channels as potential targets of insecticides

Chordotonal organs are miniature sensory organs present in insects. Chordotonal organs depend on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are the only TRPs identified that can act as targets of insecticides. By binding with TRPV channels, insecticides targeting the chordotonal organs trigger the inflow of calcium ions, resulting in abnormal function of the chordotonal organ to achieve the goal of eliminating pests. TRPV channels are highly expressed in various developmental stages and tissue parts of insects and play an important role in the whole life history of insects. In this review, we will discuss the structure and types of TRPV channels as well as their genetic relationships in different species. We also systematically reviewed the recent progress of TRPV channels as insecticide targets, demonstrating that TRPV channels can be used as the target of new high-efficiency insecticides.

A Review of Interactions between Plants and Whitefly-Transmitted Begomoviruses

The transmission of plant viruses from infected to healthy host plants is a process in which insects play a major role, using various transmission strategies. Environmental factors have an impact on the transmission of viruses and the subsequent development of infections or diseases. When viruses are successful, plant virus diseases can reach epidemic proportions. Many plants across different regions are vulnerable to viral infections transmitted by the whitefly vector. Begomoviruses, which are transmitted by whiteflies, represent a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. The review highlights the mechanisms of virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies and explores the factors influencing these interactions. Understanding the impacts of these changes is crucial for managing the spread of pests and mitigating damage to crops. It underscores the need for continued research to elucidate the mechanisms driving plant-insect-virus interactions and to identify new approaches for sustainable pest management.

Progression of Device-Detected Atrial High-Rate Episodes and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) are prevalent in approximately 1/3 of patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices and are associated with an increased risk of several adverse outcomes. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with AHRE progression and the risk of all-cause mortality. At least 1 day with AHRE burden ≥15 minutes was identified in 124 of 343 recipients (36.2%) of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy device. We included patients whose AHRE burden at the time of first detection was ≥15 minutes but <24 hours (n = 107). Various cut-off values (15 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours) of daily AHRE burden were analyzed. During an average follow-up of 4.2 years, 60 patients (56.1%) experienced ≥1 progression to greater AHRE burden. Patients with hypertension or greater AHRE burden at first detection were associated with faster progression. In addition, 27 deaths (45%) occurred among 60 patients with AHRE progression, compared with 25.5% (12 of 47) for those without progression. After multivariable adjustment, AHRE progression was independently associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.56, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 5.35, p = 0.012). Notably, AHRE progression within 1 month after their first detection was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 4.01, 95% confidence interval 1.76 to 9.16, p = 0.001) compared with patients without progression. However, a similar risk was not observed among patients with AHRE progression occurring after 1 month after their first detection. In conclusion, >1/2 of the patients with AHRE progressed to a greater burden over time. Continuous monitoring of the AHRE burden may help identify patients at great risk for death.

Discovery of an Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor Domain Antibody from a Phage Library and Analysis of Its Inhibitory Effects in SKOV3 Cells

Objective: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which binds to the EGF receptor, plays an important role in the occurrence and development of inflammation in various diseases. HB-EGF mediates the progression of ovarian cancer and is associated with disease prognosis. Thus, a specific humanized antibody to HB-EGF with high affinity is important. Methods: In this study, a humanized domain antibody (VH) against HB-EGF was discovered through phage display technology. The domain antibody was expressed in HB2151 cells and purified from the supernatant using protein L, and were used to test the its effect in invasion and migration of ovarian cancer SKOV3. Results: A domain antibody against HB-EGF was discovered, with a dissociation constant of ∼30 nM. Functional assays indicated that the domain antibody inhibited the functions of HB-EGF in promoting invasion and migration of SKOV3 cells. Conclusions: The selected domain antibody is a potential tool for developing novel drugs or therapies to combat ovarian cancer.

SOCSs: important regulators of host cell susceptibility or resistance to viral infection

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCSs) are implicated in viral infection and host antiviral innate immune response. Recent studies demonstrate that viruses can hijack SOCSs to inhibit Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, block the production and signaling of interferons (IFNs). At the same time, viruses can hijack SOCS to regulate non-IFN factors to evade antiviral response. Host cells can also regulate SOCSs to resist viral infection. The competition of the control of SOCSs may largely determine the fate of viral infection and the susceptibility or resistance of host cells, which is of significance for development of novel antiviral therapies targeting SOCSs. Accumulating evidence reveal that the regulation and function of SOCSs by viruses and host cells are very complicated, which is determined by characteristics of both viruses and host cell types. This report presents a systematic review to evaluate the roles of SOCSs in viral infection and host antiviral responses. One of messages worth attention is that all eight SOCS members should be investigated to accurately characterize their roles and relative contribution in each viral infection, which may help identify the most effective SOCS to be used in "individualized" antiviral therapy.

CYP2D6 and ADRB1 genetic polymorphisms and the selection of antihypertensive beta-receptor blockers for hypertensive patients

BACKGROUND

Genetic factors contribute to the variability in individual response to antihypertensive medications. We sought to investigate the frequencies of allele and genotype for CYP2D6 and ADRB1 genetic polymorphisms and explore their potential impact in influencing the selection of antihypertensive beta-receptor blockers.

METHODS

The study population was selected from the Han Chinese patients in Zhongda Hospital, which contained 2419 Han Chinese hypertensive individuals and 151 normotensive controls. Each of the above participants underwent venous blood sampling. Then, the gene chip platform was adopted to evaluate the CYP2D6 and ADRB1 genetic polymorphisms. The allele as well as genotype frequencies for each gene, along with the combined genotypes, were subjected to analysis.

RESULTS

The frequency of *1/*1 wild-type homozygous for CYP2D6 was 9.71%, while the frequency of *1/*10 heterozygous or *10/*10 mutant homozygous was 59.16% or 31.13%, respectively, as established by gene chip analysis. Similarly, we observed that the genotype frequencies of GG wild-type homozygous for ADRB1 was 10.29%, while that of GC heterozygous, or CC mutant homozygous was 44.98%, or 44.73%, respectively. Notably, combined genotypes *1/*10 + CC (25.88%) and *1/*10 + CG (27.78%) had the highest frequencies. Importantly, no substantial differences in the distributions of CYP2D6 and ADRB1 polymorphism were noted between hypertensive patients and normotensive controls, or among all different grades of hypertension.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide insights into the CYP2D6 and ADRB1 polymorphisms in hypertensive patients from Han Chinese, which show significant differences compared to other geographic groups of Han Chinese hypertensive patients. These results offer valuable information for future prospective clinical studies on the antihypertensive effects of beta-receptor blockers in Han Chinese hypertensive patients.

Analysis of the role of glucose metabolism-related genes in dilated cardiomyopathy based on bioinformatics

BACKGROUND

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a prevalent condition with diverse etiologies, including viral infection, autoimmune response, and genetic factors. Despite the crucial role of energy metabolism in cardiac function, therapeutic targets for key genes in DCM's energy metabolism remain scarce.

METHODS

Our study employed the GSE79962 and GSE42955 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for myocardial tissue sample collection and target gene identification via differential gene expression screening. Using various R packages, GSEA software, and the STRING database, we conducted data analysis, gene set enrichment, and protein-protein interaction predictions. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms aided in feature gene selection, while the predictive model's efficiency was evaluated via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We used the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method for molecular typing and the cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm for predicting immune cell infiltration.

RESULTS

The DLAT and LDHA genes may regulate the immune microenvironment of DCM by influencing activated dendritic cells, activated mast cells, and M0 macrophages, respectively. The BPGM, DLAT, PGM2, ADH1A, ADH1C, LDHA, and PFKM genes may regulate m6A methylation in DCM by affecting the ZC3H13, ALKBH5, RBMX, HNRNPC, METTL3, and YTHDC1 genes. Further regulatory mechanism analysis suggested that PFKM, DLAT, PKLR, PGM2, LDHA, BPGM, ADH1A, and ADH1C could be involved in the development of cardiomyopathy by regulating the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

PFKM, DLAT, PKLR, PGM2, LDHA, BPGM, ADH1A, and ADH1C may serve as potential targets for guiding the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of DCM.

Quantitative analysis reveals influencing factors to facilitate successful anodal-ring capture in left bundle branch pacing

AIMS

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) maintains left ventricular synchrony but induces right ventricular conduction delay (RVCD). Although anodal-ring capture (ARC) during bipolar LBBP improves RVCD, it is not achieved in all patients receiving LBBP. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing ARC implementation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Patients receiving LBBP with intraoperative ARC testing were enrolled. Electrocardiographic parameters were measured, including stimulus-to-QRS duration (stim-QRSd), stimulus-to-left/right ventricular activation time (stim-LVAT/RVAT), and V6-V1 interpeak interval. The distribution of lead-tip sites was described as the corrected longitudinal and lateral distance (longit-/lat-dist). Relative angles of the LBBP lead were measured. Echocardiography in short-axis view was used to measure the intraseptal lead length. Intergroup comparisons, correlation analysis, and stepwise logistic regression were performed. In total, 105 patients were included, among which 65 (62%) patients achieved ARC at a pacing output ≤ 5.0 V/0.5 ms (average 3.1 V/0.5 ms). Anodal-ring capture further shortened the stim-QRSd by 13.1 ± 7.5 ms. Better unipolar-ring (cathodal) threshold and R-wave sensing in LBBP-ARC group indicated the critical role of ring-septum contact in ARC. Longer corrected longit-dist and shorter corrected lat-dist of lead-tip sites were positively correlated with higher success likelihood of ARC, likely due to the greater relative angle in which the lead enters the septum and consequently the longer intraseptal lead length and better ring-septum contact.

CONCLUSION

This study elucidated the factors affecting the success likelihood of LBBP-ARC. These findings improve the understanding of LBBP-ARC, providing references for future research and clinical practice.

Scutellaria polysaccharide mediates the immunity and antioxidant capacity of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a commercially valuable freshwater crustacean species that frequently appears a death affected by various diseases, resulting in substantial economic losses. Improving the survival rate of M. rosenbergii is a hot and essential issue for feeding the prawns. Scutellaria polysaccharide (SPS) extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis (a Chinese medicinal herb) is conducive to the survival rate of organisms by enhancing immunity and antioxidant ability. In this study, M. rosenbergii was fed 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg of SPS. The immunity and antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii were tested by mRNA levels and enzyme activities of related genes. The mRNA expressions of NF-κB, Toll-R, and proPO (participating in the immune response) in the heart, muscle, and hepatopancreas were decreased after four weeks of SPS feeding (P < 0.05). This indicated that long-term feeding of SPS could regulate the immune responses of M. rosenbergii tissues. The activity levels of antioxidant biomarkers, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) had significant increases in hemocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, catalase (CAT) activities in the muscle and hepatopancreas, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all tissues, significantly decreased after four weeks of culture (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that long-term feeding of SPS could improve the antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii. In summary, SPS was conducive to regulating the immune capacity and enhancing the antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii. These results provide a theoretical basis for supporting SPS addition to the feed of M. rosenbergii.

The Influence of the Size of BN NSs on Silkworm Development and Tissue Microstructure

Boron nitride nanosheets (BN NSs) have emerged as promising materials in a wide range of biomedical applications. Despite the extensive studies on these bio-nano interfacial systems, one critical concern is their toxicity, which is affected by a variety of factors, including size. This study aimed at assessing the relationship between BN NSs size and toxicity. Two silkworm strains (qiufeng × baiyu and Nistari 7019) were used as model organisms to investigate the effect of different sizes of BN NSs (BN NSs-1, thickness of 41.5 nm and diameter of 270.7 nm; BN NSs-2, thickness of 48.2 nm and diameter of 562.2 nm) on silkworm mortality, growth, cocoon weight, and tissue microstructure. The findings show that exposure to BN NSs in this work has no lethal adverse effects on silkworm growth or tissue microstructure. BN NSs have a higher effect on the growth rate of qiufeng × baiyu compared to Nistari 7019, demonstrating that the same treatment does not favorably affect the Nistari 7019 strain, as there is no significant increase in cocoon weight. Overall, the study suggests that the sizes of BN NSs employed in this study are relatively safe and have less negative impact on silkworms. This offers significant insights into the effect of BN NSs size, a crucial factor to consider for their safe use in biomedical applications.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 modulates the metamorphosis and reproduction of Tribolium castaneum

Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6) is necessary for ribosome biogenesis and translation, but eIF6 has been poorly elucidated in insects. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that eIF6 originated from one ancestral gene among animals and exhibited specific duplication in Tribolium, yielding three homologues in Tribolium castaneum, eIF6, eIF6-like 1 (eIF6l1), and eIF6-like 2 (eIF6l2). It was found that eIF6 was highly expressed in the embryonic and early adult stages, eIF6l1 had peak expression at the adult stage, and eIF6l2 showed peak expression in late adults of T. castaneum. Tissue-specific analyses in late-stage larvae demonstrated that eIF6 was abundantly expressed in all tissues, while eIF6l1 and eIF6l2 had the highest expression in the gut and the lowest expression in the head of T. castaneum. Knockdown of eIF6 caused precocious pupation and eclosion, impaired ovary and testis development and completely repressed egg production. The expression levels of vitellogenin 1 (Vg1), Vg2 and Vg receptor (VgR) significantly decreased in ds-eIF6 females 5 days post-adult emergence. Silencing eIF6 activated ecdysteroid biosynthesis and juvenile hormone degradation but reduced the activity of insulin signalling in T. castaneum, which might mediate its roles in metamorphosis, reproduction and gene expression regulation. However, silence of eIF6l1 or eIF6l2 had no effects on metamorphosis and reproduction in T. castaneum. This study provides comprehensive information for eIF6 evolution and function in the insect.

Research progress on nucleic acid detection and genome editing of CRISPR/Cas12 system

PURPOSE

This work characterizes the applications of CRISPR/Cas12 system, including nucleic acid detection, animal, plant and microbial genome editing.

METHODS

The literature on CRISPR/Cas12 system was collected and reviewed.

RESULTS

CRISPR/Cas system is an acquired immune system derived from bacteria and archaea, which has become the most popular technology around the world because of its outstanding contribution in genome editing. Type V CRISPR/Cas systems are distinguished by a single RNA-guided RuvC nuclease domain with single effector molecule. Cas12a, the first reported type V CRISPR/Cas system, targets double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) adjacent to PAM sequences and trans-cleaves single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). We present the applications of CRISPR/Cas12 system for nucleic acid detection and genome editing in animals, plants and microorganisms. Furthermore, this review also summarizes the applications of other Cas12 proteins, such as Cas12b, Cas12c, Cas12d, and so on, which further widen the application prospects of CRISPR/Cas12 system.

CONCLUSIONS

Knowledge of the applications of CRISPR/Cas12 system is necessary for improving the understanding of the functional diversity of CRISPR/Cas12 system and also provides significant references for further research and utilization of CRISPR/Cas12 in other new fields.

Efficacy and Safety of Leadless Pacemakers for Atrioventricular Synchronous Pacing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Leadless pacemakers with an atrioventricular synchrony algorithm represent a novel technology for patients qualified for VDD pacing. The current evidence of their performance is limited to several small-scale observational studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this new technology. We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases from their inception to 12 September 2022. The primary efficacy outcome was atrioventricular synchrony after implantation, whereas the secondary efficacy outcome was the change in cardiac output represented by the left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOT-VTI). The primary safety outcome was major complications related to the procedures and the algorithm. Means or mean differences with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were combined using a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model. Finally, 8 published studies with 464 participants were included in the qualitative analysis. The pooled atrioventricular synchrony proportion was 78.9% (95% CI 71.9–86.0%), and a further meta-regression did not screen factors that contributed significantly to the heterogeneity. Additionally, a significant increase in atrioventricular synchrony of 11.3% (95% CI 7.0–15.7%, p < 0.01) was achieved in patients experiencing programming optimization. LVOT-VTI was significantly increased by 1.9 cm (95% CI 1.2–2.6, p < 0.01), compared with the VVI pacing mode. The overall incidence of complications was approximately 6.3%, with major complications related to the algorithm being extremely low. Overall, leadless pacemakers with atrioventricular synchronous pacing demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy. Future data on their long-term performance are required to facilitate their widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Clinical use conditions of lead deployment and simulated lead fracture rate in left bundle branch area pacing

INTRODUCTION

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is achieved by advancing the lead tip deep in the septum. Most LBBAP implants are performed using the Medtronic SelectSecure™ MRI SecureScan™ Model 3830 featuring a unique 4 Fr fixed helix lumenless design. Details of lead use conditions and long-term reliability have not been reported. This study was designed to quantify the mechanical use conditions for the 3830 lead during and after LBBAP implant, and to evaluate reliability using bench testing and simulation.

METHODS

Fifty bradycardia patients with implantation of the 3830 lead for LBBAP were enrolled. Use conditions of lead deployment at implantation were collected and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed at 3-month follow-up. Curvature amplitude along the pacing lead was determined with CT images. Fatigue bending was performed using accelerated testing in a more severe environment than routine clinical use conditions. Conductor fracture rate in a simulated patient population was estimated based on clinical use conditions and fatigue test results.

RESULTS

The number of attempts to place the 3830 lead for LBBAP was 2.1 ± 1.3 (range: 1-7) with 13 ± 6 lead rotations at the final attempt. Extreme implant conditions were simulated in bench testing with 5 applications of 20 turns followed by up to 400 million bending cycles. Reliability modeling predicted a 10-year fracture rate of 0.02%.

CONCLUSIONS

LBBAP implants require more lead rotations than standard pacing implants and result in unique lead bending. Application of simulated LBBAP use conditions to the 3830 lead in an accelerated in-vitro model does not produce excess conductor fractures. IMAGE-LBBP Study ID of ClinicalTrial.GOV: NCT04119323.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Abdominal Obesity and Cardiovascular Death in Elderly Patients with Permanent Pacemakers Implantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the association between waist circumference (WC) and cardiovascular death in patients with permanent pacemakers (PPMs).

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study that enrolled patients who underwent PPM implantation in Fuwai Hospital from May 2010 to April 2014, according to the BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring database. The WC was treated as sex-specific quartiles, and patients were divided into three groups according to body mass index (BMI): normal (≤22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥25 kg/m2). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cardiovascular death according to WC and BMI in patients.

Results

492 patients with PPMs implantation were analyzed (mean age: 71.9 ± 10.8 years; 55.1% men (n = 271)). Data showed that after a mean follow-up 67.2 ± 17.5 months, 24 (4.9%) patients had experienced cardiovascular death and 71 (14.4%) were cases of all-cause mortality. Men in the third quartile of WC had an HR of 10.67 (Model 4, 95% CI: 1.00-115.21, p trend = 0.04) for cardiovascular death. However, the association disappeared in female patients (Model 4, HR = 3.99, 95% CI: 0.37-42.87, p trend = 0.25). There was no association between BMI and cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality in both male and female patients.

Conclusions

Abdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death in patients with PPMs, and this relationship was only in male patients.

Device-evaluated autonomic nervous function for predicting ventricular arrhythmias and all-cause mortality in patients who underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator

Introduction: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) function quantified by heart rate variability (HRV) was associated with long-term prognosis, but it was rarely used in the evaluation of patients with heart failure, especially those with cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation. This study aimed to describe the changes in ANS function among patients who underwent CRT-D with remote home monitoring function, and explore predictive value of HRV for ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTAs) and all-cause mortality. Method: Patients who underwent CRT-D implantation were included. Device-measured all-day HR, night-time HR, and HRV (measured by the standard deviation of the atrial-atrial sensed intervals) were used to quantify ANS function. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of VTAs or all-cause mortality in relation to ANS function at baseline and 6 months post-implantation. The cutoff value was determined using restrictive cubic splines. Multivariable logistic regression was further established to determine factors influencing postoperative HRV. Results: A total of 170 patients treated with CRT-D were eligible for analysis. During a median follow-up period of 50.8 months, 61 patients died and 69 patients experienced at least one spontaneous episode of VTAs. At 6 months after CRT implantation, 114 patients showed improvement in HRV, increasing from 66.4 ± 19.4 ms to 76.7 ± 21.2 ms. The postoperative HRV was associated with both all-cause mortality (HRs: 0.983; 95% CI: 0.968 to 0.998, p = 0.012) and VTAs (HRs: 0.973; 95% CI: 0.954 to 0.993, p = 0.008), and the relative risk would significantly increase when the postoperative HRV lower than 75 ms. After adjusting for basic ANS function and possible influencing factors, patients without diabetes (p = 0.018) and with higher daily physical activity (p = 0.041) could maintain higher postoperative HRV after CRT implantation. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of heart failure patients showed improvement in ANS function following CRT treatment. However, patients with diabetes and low daily physical activity levels have difficulty maintaining a higher postoperative HRV, which is associated with a worse clinical outcome.

Distance between the lead-implanted site and tricuspid valve annulus in patients with left bundle branch pacing: Effects on postoperative tricuspid regurgitation deterioration

BACKGROUND

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is an alternative strategy for His-bundle pacing (HBP); however, little is known about tricuspid regurgitation (TR) deterioration after LBBP implantation.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence of post-LBBP TR deterioration and identify predicting factors, especially lead position parameters.

METHODS

Patients who received LBBP were continuously enrolled from January 2018 to August 2020. The progression of TR and the anatomic position of LBBP were characterized by echocardiography.

RESULTS

A total of 89 patients were enrolled and assigned to 2 subgroups based on the degree of TR before LBBP implantation: 58 (65.2%) with relatively normal tricuspid valve (TV) function (grade 0/1 subgroup: with none/trivial or mild TR) and 31 (34.8%) with more severe TR (grade 2/3 subgroup: with moderate or severe TR). At 19.0 ± 6.5 months of follow-up, 29 patients (32.6%) had TR deterioration, and 23 of them were in the grade 0/1 subgroup. In the grade 0/1 subgroup, patients with TR deterioration had a shorter distance between the lead-implanted site and TV (Lead-TA-dist) than those without TR (19.0 ± 7.6 vs 23.9 ± 5.4; P = .006). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (area under the curve 0.721; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.575-0.867; P = .005) indicated the favorable efficacy of Lead-TA-dist for predicting TR deterioration after LBBP. Lead-TA-dist ≤16.1 mm was independently associated with TR deterioration after LBBP (hazard ratio 0.20; 95% CI 0.06-0.76; P = .017).

CONCLUSION

TR was a common complication of LBBP implantation. In patients with none/trivial or mild TR, Lead-TA-dist ≤16.1 mm was an independent predictor of TR deterioration after LBBP implantation.

The Mechanisms of Silkworm Resistance to the Baculovirus and Antiviral Breeding

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is not only an economic insect but also a model organism for life science research. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) disease is a major infectious disease in the world's sericulture industry. The cocoon loss caused by this disease accounts for more than 60% of the total loss caused by all silkworm diseases. To date, there has been no effective solution for preventing and treating this disease. The most effective measure is to breed disease-resistant varieties. The quickest way to breed disease-resistant varieties is to apply genetic modification. However, this requires that we obtain disease resistance genes and know the mechanism of disease resistance. Since the discovery of disease-resistant resources in 1989, scholars in the sericulture industry around the world have been inspired to search for resistance genes. In the past two decades, with the help of multi-omics technologies, screening of resistance genes, gene localization, protein modification, virus-host interactions, etc., researchers have found some candidate genes that have been proposed to function at the cellular or individual level. Several disease-resistant varieties have been obtained and used in production through hybrid breeding, RNA interference, and genetic modification. This article summarizes and reviews the discovery of and research advances related to silkworm resistance to BmNPV. It is anticipated that the review will inspire scientific researchers to continue searching for disease resistance genes, clarify the molecular mechanism of silkworm disease resistance, and promote disease-resistant silkworm breeding.

Development of fermented sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice and investigation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an edible and medicinal plant species. However, due to its sour taste, it is not readily accepted by consumers. To overcome this, fermentation can be used to change its flavor profile. In this study, we used response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the best process for producing fermented sea buckthorn juice (FSBJ) using probiotics. The biological enzyme activity and total flavonoid content (TFC) of sea buckthorn juice (SBJ) increased after fermentation. When the number of bacteria inoculated was 4.08 × 10⁶ CFU/mL and the inoculation ratio was 30% Z. mobilis, 5% L. casei, 13.75% L. plantarum, 31.25% P. acidilactici, 12.5% L. animalis, and 7.5% P. pentosaceus, the amount of sugar was 2.98% (w/v) after 20 h of fermentation at 37°C, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reached 725.44 U/mL, and the TFC reached 2.38 mg/mL. FSBJ demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea. Then, to investigate the antioxidant capacity of FSBJ, we used H₂O₂ to induce oxidative stress in C2C12 cells and assessed the protection conferred by FSBJ to damaged cells. It was discovered that after 24 h of treatment with FSBJ, not only was there an increase in the activities of intracellular SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but also a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, catalase (CAT) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. This research lays the theoretical groundwork and provides reference materials for the improved fermentation of sea buckthorn and demonstrates its resulting antioxidant effect.

Additional left ventricular septal lead facilitates R-wave sensing of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a case report

Background

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation is a key therapeutic option in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) to prevent sudden cardiac death due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). However, sub-optimized R-wave sensing due to myocardium loss interferes with VT/VF identification and appropriate therapy. We tried to implant a 3830 lead to the left ventricular septum (LVS) to facilitate ICD sensing in an ARVC patient.

Case summary

A 68-year-old woman diagnosed with ARVC was scheduled to undergo ICD implantation. Initially, no sites with suitable R-wave amplitudes were found in the right ventricle (RV) to deploy the defibrillation lead (<3.0 mV). It was likely due to severe RV involvement, but the LVS myocardium was more preserved based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, we implanted a 3830 lead into the deep area of the septum to facilitate R-wave sensing. During the procedure from the right to left septum, the R-wave amplitude significantly increased (2.6 to 4.3-7.1 mV). Left ventricular septum pacing was finally achieved with favourable R-wave sensing (9.9 mV 24 h post-operation). The 3830 lead was plugged into the IS-1 port, while the defibrillation lead was plugged into the DF-1 port. After a 4-month follow-up, the R-wave amplitude of the 3830 lead was 11.1 mV.

Discussion

When the R-wave sensing is not acceptable for ICD implantation in ARVC patients, it is critical to assess myocardial conditions comprehensively. If the septal myocardium is preserved, implanting a 3830 lead to the deep or LVS is feasible to improve R-wave sensing.

Ferritin and procalcitonin serve as discriminative inflammatory biomarkers and can predict the prognosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in its early stages

Introduction

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high mortality. The pathophysiology of SFTS remains unclear. Hence, the identification of inflammatory biomarkers for SFTS is crucial for the timely management and prevention of disease severity.

Methods

A total of 256 patients with SFTS were divided into a survivor group and a non-survivor group. Classical inflammatory biomarkers such as ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells were investigated for their association with viral load and the clinical significance for predicting the mortality of patients with SFTS.

Results

Serum ferritin and PCT showed a positive association with viral load. Ferritin and PCT levels in non-survivors were significantly higher than those in survivors at 7-9 days from symptom onset. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of ferritin and PCT for predicting the fatal outcome of SFTS were 0.9057 and 0.8058, respectively. However, the CRP levels and WBC counts exhibited a weak association with viral load. The AUC value of CRP for predicting mortality was more than 0.7 at 13-15 days from symptom onset.

Discussion

Ferritin and PCT levels, especially ferritin, could be potential inflammatory biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of patients with SFTS in its early stages.

Effects of tolfenpyrad exposure on development and response mechanism in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Tolfenpyrad is a broad spectrum of insecticide that can effectively kill different types of pests, including Lepidoptera. However, due to improper use, the adverse effects of tolfenpyrad on beneficial or economic insects have not been well studied. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxic effect of sublethal tolfenpyrad on silkworms. Sublethal tolfenpyrad exposure can affect the body weight, developments days, cocooning rate, eclosion rate and pupation rate. To further study the response mechanism of silkworms to tolfenpyrad stimulation, we compared the different expression genes by transcriptome sequencing and verified them by qRT-PCR. We found that significant changes in the genes expression was involved in xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, immune system and digestive system after tolfenpyrad treatment. To further investigate the possible mechanisms by which intestinal microbia in the response to tolfenpyrad, we analysed the microbia changes in the midgut of silkworms by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the relative abundances of Enterobacter and Staphylococcus were increased whereas the Tyzzerella and Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum were decreased after tolfenpyrad stimulation. Taken together, these results indicated that low concentration of tolfenpyrad affect the growth and development of silkworms. Silkworms respond to the toxicity of tolfenpyrad by inducing immune and detoxification-related gene expression or altering microbial composition in the midgut.

Transcriptome-wide identification of development related genes and pathways in Tribolium castaneum

The growth and development in Tribolium castaneum were poorly understood at the transcriptome level. Currently, we identified 15,756, 9941 and 10,080 differentially expressed transcripts between late eggs VS early larvae, late larvae VS early pupae, and late pupae VS early adults of T. castaneum by RNA-seq, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis on nine genes expression. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that DNA replication, cell cycle and insect hormone biosynthesis significantly enriched differentially expressed genes. The transcription of DNA replication and cell cycle genes decreased after hatching but increased after pupation. The juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid biosynthesis genes decreased after hatching, and the JH degradation genes were stimulated after pupation and eclosion while the ecdysteroid degradation gene CYP18A1 decreased after pupation. Silencing CYP18A1 elevated the titer of ecdysteroids and caused developmental arrest at the late larval stage. This study promotes the understanding of insect growth and development.

Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with cardiac arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have been highly recommended for glycemic control and weight reduction. However, evidence has accumulated that GLP-1 RAs treatment is related to an increase in heart rate, which could potentially induce cardiac arrhythmias. This study aims to investigate the association of GLP-1 RAs therapy with incident arrhythmias in diabetic and obese patients.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception up to May 25, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GLP-1 RAs with placebo or active control for adults with type 2 diabetes or obesity were included. The outcomes of interest were prespecified as incident atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Mantel-Haenszel relative risk (MH-RR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was estimated using a fixed-effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 56 RCTs involving 79,720 participants (44,028 GLP-1 RAs vs 35,692 control: mean age 57.3 years) were included from 7692 citations. GLP-1 RAs use overall did not significantly increase the risk of AF (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.83-1.12), AFL (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.59-1.17), VAs (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.92-1.67), and SCD (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67-1.19), compared with controls. In further subgroup analyses, we observed an increasing trend toward incident AF with dulaglutide (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.90) while an inverse trend with oral semaglutide (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21-0.87). Additionally, higher doses of GLP-1 RAs (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.11-2.40) and higher baseline BMI (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.48) might significantly increase the risk of VAs. No significant differences were identified in other subgroup analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

GLP-1 RAs therapy was not associated with an overall higher risk of arrhythmias, demonstrating an assuring cardiovascular safety profile. Further studies are required to determine whether the potential antiarrhythmic or arrhythmogenic effect of GLP-1 RAs is drug-specific and varies from doses or baseline BMI.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42022339389.