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Singh SK, Chauhan K, Tripathi V. Key drivers of hysterectomy among women of reproductive age in three states in India: comparative evidence from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:107. [PMID: 38336664 PMCID: PMC10854047 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE According to the 4th and 5th rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS), there is high prevalence of hysterectomies in the three states of Andhra Pradesh Telangana and Bihar. The three said states have more than double the number of hysterectomies taking place than the national average. Our purpose is to analyse whether these rates are increasing, decreasing or have stabilized and their reasons thereof. Such an analyses will help the policy makers in recommending good clinical practices within their states. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used data from NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-2021) rounds. We calculated the differences in predicted probabilities for various factors, performed a Fairlie Decomposition analyses to quantify the positive and negative contributors in the prevalence of hysterectomy across the three states over two time points, and assessed the association of various socio-demographic characteristics to hysterectomy through a multilevel logistic regression model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results show that out of a total of 80,976 eligible respondents from the states under study, 5826 respondents self-reported that they had a hysterectomy done. It was found that older age, living in rural areas, belonging to other backward classes and higher wealth quintile, and higher parity positively contributed to the increased prevalence of hysterectomies in the three states. Higher educational attainment and previous use of family planning methods acted as protective factors. Characteristics at the household level had the highest intra-class correlation value in the prevalence of hysterectomy among women, followed by the Primary Sampling Unit and District levels, indicating high clustering in the prevalence of hysterectomy at the household level in all three states. Heavy menstrual bleeding/pain was the leading cause of hysterectomies in all three states, followed by fibroids/cysts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Uterine disorder/ prolapse in Bihar. Over 80% of hysterectomies took place in the private hospitals. RECOMMENDATIONS The study recommends better, more efficient and accountable hysterectomy surveillance to ensure more sustainable woman's reproductive health services in India. Government should adopt and implement standard regulatory guidelines to prevent provider-driven avoidable hysterectomies. Moreover, we recommend informing primary care professionals about the long-term health effects of hysterectomy and promoting alternate therapies for treating uterine fibroids and heavy bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shri Kant Singh
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
- Department of Biostatistics and Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vrijesh Tripathi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Kumar P, Parashar M, Chauhan K, Chakraborty N, Sarkar S, Chandra A, Das NS, Chattopadhyay KK, Ghoari A, Adalder A, Ghorai UK, Saini S, Agarwal D, Ghosh S, Srivastava P, Banerjee D. Significant enhancement in the cold emission characteristics of chemically synthesized super-hydrophobic zinc oxide rods by nickel doping. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:6944-6957. [PMID: 38059027 PMCID: PMC10696928 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The current article presents a huge enhancement in the field emission characteristics of zinc oxide (ZnO) micro/nanorods by nickel doping. The synthesis of pure and nickel-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) micro/nanorods was done by a simple low-temperature chemical method. Both the as-prepared pure and doped samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy to confirm the proper phase formation and the developed microstructure. UV-vis transmittance spectra helped in determining the band gap of the samples. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed the different bonds present in the sample, whereas X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of nickel in the doped sample. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that after doping, the band-to-band transition was affected, whereas defect-induced transition had increased significantly. After the nickel doping, contact angle measurement revealed a significant decrease in the sample's surface energy, leading to a remarkably high water contact angle (within the superhydrophobic region). Simulation through ANSYS suggested that the doped sample has the potential to function as an efficient cold emitter, which was also verified experimentally. The cold emission characteristics of the doped sample showed a significant improvement, with the turn-on field (corresponding to J = 1 μA cm-2) reduced from 5.34 to 2.84 V μm-1. The enhancement factor for the doped sample reached 3426, approximately 1.5 times higher compared to pure ZnO. Efforts have been made to explain the results, given the favorable band bending as well as the increased number of effective emission sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Thin Film and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad UP 244001 India
| | - M Parashar
- Thin Film and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad UP 244001 India
| | - K Chauhan
- Thin Film and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad UP 244001 India
| | - N Chakraborty
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - S Sarkar
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - A Chandra
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - N S Das
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Techno International Batanagar Maheshtala Kolkata 700141 India
| | - K K Chattopadhyay
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University Kolkata West Bengal 700032 India
| | - A Ghoari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira Belur Math Howrah-711202 India
| | - A Adalder
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira Belur Math Howrah-711202 India
| | - U K Ghorai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira Belur Math Howrah-711202 India
| | - S Saini
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas South West Delhi 110016 India
| | - D Agarwal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas South West Delhi 110016 India
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas South West Delhi 110016 India
| | - P Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas South West Delhi 110016 India
| | - D Banerjee
- Thin Film and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad UP 244001 India
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Verma M, Esht V, Alshehri MM, Aljahni M, Chauhan K, Morsy WE, Kapoor N, Kalra S. Factors Contributing to the Change in Overweight/Obesity Prevalence Among Indian Adults: A multivariate decomposition analysis of data from the National Family Health Surveys. Adv Ther 2023; 40:5222-5242. [PMID: 37755602 PMCID: PMC10611613 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concerns over the escalating burden of non-communicable diseases call for the redressal of behavioral risk factors like increased body mass index. Most studies have failed to quantify the contribution of socio-demographic characteristics in a linear trend. The present study aims to estimate the current prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indian adults and the contribution of different socio-demographic factors to the increasing prevalence. METHODS We carried out a secondary data analysis of two National Family Health Survey (NFHS) rounds. The final sample includes 558,122 women and 84,477 men from round 4, and 574,099 women and 74,761 men were included from round 5, using a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach. Overweight/obesity was our primary dependent variable. Weighted bivariate analysis was used to ascertain the prevalence, and the adjusted odds ratios were computed to ascertain the potential predictors. The contribution of different factors towards rising burden over two time points was estimated using multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response models. RESULTS Overall weighted prevalence of overweight and obesity in males and females per NFHS-5 was 44.02% and 41.16%, respectively, compared to 37.71% and 36.14% in NFHS-4. Decomposition analyses depict that the proportion of obesity increased by 6.37% and 5.10% points among men and women, respectively, over the two rounds. Compositional differences of participants (endowment) attributed to 16.54 and 49.90% differences, and the difference in coefficient or effect accounted for 83.46 and 50.10%, respectively, of the increase in the prevalence. The most significant factors contributing to increased prevalence were age, improving socio-economic status, smoking, unclean cooking fuel, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The incremental rise in such a short period, mainly attributed to the effect of socio-demographic variables, is concerning. Policy interventions should prioritize health advocacy programs and aggressively target behavioral modifications while preparing the health systems to manage the people living with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Verma
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Vandana Esht
- Physical Therapy Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Alshehri
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljahni
- Department of Physical Education, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Biostatistics and Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Walaa E Morsy
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Nitin Kapoor
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Non-Communicable Disease Unit, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India.
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, Dalton BE, Duprey J, Cruz JA, Hagins H, Lindstedt PA, Aali A, Abate YH, Abate MD, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd ElHafeez S, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullah AYM, Abedi V, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Zaid A, Adane TD, Adane DE, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju AV, Adnani QES, Afolabi RF, Agarwal G, Aghdam ZB, Agudelo-Botero M, Aguilera Arriagada CE, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad D, Ahmad R, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi K, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed LA, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Akinyemi RO, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan SM, AL-Ahdal TMA, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, AlBataineh MT, Alcalde-Rabanal JE, Alemi S, Ali H, Alinia T, Aljunid SM, Almustanyir S, Al-Raddadi RM, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Amiri S, Amusa GA, Andrei CL, Anjana RM, Ansar A, Ansari G, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anyasodor AE, Arabloo J, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Arifin H, Arkew M, Armocida B, Ärnlöv J, Artamonov AA, Arulappan J, Aruleba RT, Arumugam A, Aryan Z, Asemu MT, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Askari E, Asmelash D, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari SS, Atout MMW, Avila-Burgos L, Awaisu A, Azadnajafabad S, B DB, Babamohamadi H, Badar M, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Baghcheghi N, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bah S, Bahadory S, Bai R, Baig AA, Baltatu OC, Baradaran HR, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barengo NC, Bärnighausen TW, Barone MTU, Barone-Adesi F, Barrow A, Bashiri H, Basiru A, Basu S, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Bayih MT, Bayileyegn NS, Behnoush AH, Bekele AB, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Belo L, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Berhie AY, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhatti JS, Bikbov B, Bilal F, Bintoro BS, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Bodolica V, Boloor A, Brauer M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Brenner H, Butt ZA, Calina D, Campos LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao Y, Cao C, Car J, Carvalho M, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chandrasekar EK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chauhan K, Cheema HA, Chekol Abebe E, Chen S, Cherbuin N, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Cho WCS, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury R, Chowdhury EK, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung SC, Coberly K, Columbus A, Contreras D, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Cuschieri S, Dabo B, Dadras O, Dai X, Damasceno AAM, Dandona R, Dandona L, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes CA, De la Cruz-Góngora V, Debele GR, Delpasand K, Demisse FW, Demissie GD, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deo SV, Dervišević E, Desai HD, Desale AT, Dessie AM, Desta F, Dewan SMR, Dey S, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Diao N, Diaz D, Dinu M, Diress M, Djalalinia S, Doan LP, Dongarwar D, dos Santos Figueiredo FW, Duncan BB, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, Elgendy IY, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Endeshaw D, Esayas HL, Eshetu HB, Etaee F, Fadhil I, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Falahi S, Faris MEM, Farrokhpour H, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fazli G, Feng X, Ferede TY, Fischer F, Flood D, Forouhari A, Foroumadi R, Foroutan Koudehi M, Gaidhane AM, Gaihre S, Gaipov A, Galali Y, Ganesan B, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Gautam RK, Gebrehiwot M, Gebrekidan KG, Gebremeskel TG, Getacher L, Ghadirian F, Ghamari SH, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghassemi F, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gopalani SV, Guadie HA, Guan SY, Gudayu TW, Guimarães RA, Guled RA, Gupta R, Gupta K, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gyawali B, Haddadi R, Hadi NR, Haile TG, Hajibeygi R, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halwani R, Hamidi S, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Haque S, Harandi H, Harlianto NI, Hasan SMM, Hasan SS, Hasani H, Hassanipour S, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Hessami K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hossain S, Hossain MS, Hosseini MS, Hosseinzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain S, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ikeda N, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Iqbal A, Islam SMS, Islam RM, Ismail NE, Iso H, Isola G, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyamu IO, Iyasu AN, Jacob L, Jafarzadeh A, Jahrami H, Jain R, Jaja C, Jamalpoor Z, Jamshidi E, Janakiraman B, Jayanna K, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jayawardena R, Jebai R, Jeong W, Jin Y, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joseph A, Joshua CE, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabthymer RH, Kadashetti V, Kahe F, Kalhor R, Kandel H, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karkhah S, Katoto PDMC, Kaur N, Kazemian S, Kebede SA, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khan MAB, Khan M, Khan A, Khanal S, Khatatbeh MM, Khater AM, Khateri S, khorashadizadeh F, Khubchandani J, Kibret BG, Kim MS, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kivimäki M, Kolahi AA, Komaki S, Kompani F, Koohestani HR, Korzh O, Kostev K, Kothari N, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus M, Kuddus MA, Kumar R, Kumar H, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kuttikkattu A, La Vecchia C, Lallukka T, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Latief K, Lawal BK, Le TTT, Le TTB, Lee SWH, Lee M, Lee WC, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SW, Legesse SM, Lenzi J, Li Y, Li MC, Lim SS, Lim LL, Liu X, Liu C, Lo CH, Lopes G, Lorkowski S, Lozano R, Lucchetti G, Maghazachi AA, Mahasha PW, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi R, Mahmoudimanesh M, Mai AT, Majeed A, Majma Sanaye P, Makris KC, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Mansouri B, Marateb HR, Mardi P, Martini S, Martorell M, Marzo RR, Masoudi R, Masoudi S, Mathews E, Maugeri A, Mazzaglia G, Mekonnen T, Meshkat M, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Minh LHN, Mini GK, Miranda JJ, Mirfakhraie R, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Misganaw A, Misgina KH, Mishra M, Moazen B, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadshahi M, Mohseni A, Mojiri-forushani H, Mokdad AH, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Mons U, Montazeri F, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moradi Y, Moradi M, Moradi Sarabi M, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mossialos E, Mostafavi E, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Mulita A, Murillo-Zamora E, Musa KI, Mwita JC, Nagaraju SP, Naghavi M, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nangia V, Nargus S, Naser AY, Nassereldine H, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Ndejjo R, Negash H, Negoi RI, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen DH, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Nguyen HQ, Niazi RK, Nigatu YT, Ningrum DNA, Nizam MA, Nnyanzi LA, Noreen M, Noubiap JJ, Nzoputam OJ, Nzoputam CI, Oancea B, Odogwu NM, Odukoya OO, Ojha VA, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olufadewa II, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Ortiz A, Osuagwu UL, Oulhaj A, Owolabi MO, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Palladino R, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Pantea Stoian AM, Pardhan S, Parekh T, Parekh U, Pasovic M, Patel J, Patel JR, Paudel U, Pepito VCF, Pereira M, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Podder V, Postma MJ, Pourali G, Pourtaheri N, Prates EJS, Qadir MMF, Qattea I, Raee P, Rafique I, Rahimi M, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MO, Rahman MA, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MM, Rahmani M, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Rahmawaty S, Rahnavard N, Rajbhandari B, Ram P, Ramazanu S, Rana J, Rancic N, Ranjha MMAN, Rao CR, Rapaka D, Rasali DP, 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Shokri F, Shuval K, Sibhat MM, Silva LMLR, Simpson CR, Singh JA, Singh P, Singh S, Siraj MS, Skryabina AA, Sohag AAM, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Somayaji R, Sorensen RJD, Starodubova AV, Sujata S, Suleman M, Sun J, Sundström J, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabish M, Taheri M, Taheri E, Taki E, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tat NY, Taye BT, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Tesler R, Thangaraju P, Thankappan KR, Thapa R, Tharwat S, Thomas N, Ticoalu JHV, Tiyuri A, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Trico D, Trihandini I, Tripathy JP, Tromans SJ, Tsegay GM, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Tyrovolas S, Ullah S, Upadhyay E, Vahabi SM, Vaithinathan AG, Valizadeh R, van Daalen KR, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Verma MV, Verras GI, Vo DC, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang F, Wassie GT, Wei MYW, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Wu Y, Wulandari RDWI, Xia J, Xiao H, Xu S, Xu X, Yada DY, Yang L, Yatsuya H, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yohannis HK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Zaman SB, Zamora N, Zare I, Zarea K, Zarrintan A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeru NG, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zodpey S, Zoladl M, Zou Z, Zumla A, Zuniga YMH, Magliano DJ, Murray CJL, Hay SI, Vos T. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2023; 402:203-234. [PMID: 37356446 PMCID: PMC10364581 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 250.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Singh SK, Chauhan K, Puri P. Chronic non-communicable disease burden among reproductive-age women in India: evidence from recent demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 36650531 PMCID: PMC9843940 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic disease burden among women leads to various detrimental consequences, impacting women's health throughout their life course and off-springs. The present study explores the chronic disease profile among reproductive-aged women and analyzes the effects of various covariates on multimorbidity among reproductive-aged women in India. Here, multimorbidity is defined as an individual suffering from two or more chronic conditions. METHODS The present study employed the most recent National Family Health Survey round, 2019-2021. The study utilized information on 695,707 non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years. The study used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable ordered logistic regression analysis to explore the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and multimorbidity. RESULTS The mean age of women with single chronic condition-related morbidity is 30 years, whereas it was 35 years for those with multimorbidity. Approximately 28% of urban women suffered from multimorbidity. Further, significant factors that affect multimorbidity include age, educational attainment, working status, marital status, parity, menopause, religion, region, wealth index, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns. CONCLUSIONS The present study hints that women in the reproductive age group are at very high risk of developing multimorbidity in India. Most of the programs and policies are focused on the elderly population in terms of awareness and facilitating them with better health services. However, right now, one should also prioritize the emerging chronic condition related to chronic conditions other than hypertension, diabetes, and cancer among the study population, which is escalating as soon as women reach 30 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shri Kant Singh
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Parul Puri
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra India
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Singh KJ, Chiero V, Kriina M, Alee NT, Chauhan K. Identifying the trend of persistent cluster of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in northeastern states of India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Rana R, Huirem RS, Kant R, Chauhan K, Sharma S, Yashavarddhan MH, Chhabra SS, Acharya R, Kalra SK, Gupta A, Jain S, Ganguly NK. Cytochrome C as a potential clinical marker for diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960787. [PMID: 36176404 PMCID: PMC9513483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent kind of malignant and severe brain cancer. Apoptosis regulating mechanisms are disturbed in malignant gliomas, as they are in added forms of malignancy. Understanding apoptosis and other associated processes are thought to be critical for understanding the origins of malignant tumors and designing anti-cancerous drugs for the treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in the expression level of several apoptotic proteins that are responsible for apoptosis in low to high-grade glioma. This suggests a significant change in the expression of five apoptotic proteins: Clusterin, HSP27, Catalase, Cytochrome C, and SMAC. Cytochrome C, one of the five substantially altered proteins, is a crucial component of the apoptotic cascade. The complex enzyme Cytochrome C is involved in metabolic pathways such as respiration and cell death. The results demonstrated that Cytochrome C expression levels are lower in glioma tissues than in normal tissues. What’s more intriguing is that the expression level decreases with an increase in glioma grades. As a result, the discovery shows that Cytochrome C may be a target for glioma prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Rashmi Rana, ;
| | | | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rajesh Acharya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Samir Kumar Kalra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunila Jain
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Nadkarni G, Chauhan K, Fleming F, COCA S. POS-189 Added Value of KidneyIntelXTM for Predicting Future Kidney Function Decline Compare to Historical eGFR Trajectories. Kidney Int Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.01.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Rana R, Chauhan K, Gautam P, Kulkarni M, Banarjee R, Chugh P, Chhabra SS, Acharya R, Kalra SK, Gupta A, Jain S, Ganguly NK. Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveal Galectin-3 Binding Protein as Potential Biomarker for Early Detection of Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778754. [PMID: 34900729 PMCID: PMC8661035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of the malignant brain tumor, which arise from glial cells. They make up about 40% of all primary brain tumors and around 70% of all primary malignant brain tumors. They can occur anywhere in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a poor prognosis. The average survival of glioma patients is approximately 6-15 months with poor aspects of life. In this edge, identification of proteins secreted by cancer cells is of special interest because it may provide a better understanding of tumor progression and provide early diagnosis of the diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from pooled plasma of healthy controls (n=03) and patients with different grades of glioma (Grade I or II or III, n=03 each). Nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blot, and flow cytometry were performed to determine the size, morphology, the concentration of glioma-derived vesicles and EV marker, CD63. Further, iTRAQ-based LC-MS/MS analysis of EV protein was performed to determine the differential protein abundance in extracellular vesicles across different glioma grades. We further verified galectin-3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) by ELISA in individual blood plasma and plasma-derived vesicles from control and glioma patients (n=40 each). Analysis by Max Quant identified 123 proteins from the pooled patient exosomes, out of which 34, 21, and 14 proteins were found to be differentially abundant by more than 1.3-fold in the different grades of glioma grade I, pilocytic astrocytoma; grade II, diffuse astrocytoma; grade III, anaplastic astrocytoma, respectively, in comparison with the control samples. A total of seven proteins-namely, CRP, SAA2, SERPINA3, SAA1, C4A, LV211, and KV112-showed differential abundance in all the three grades. LGALS3BP was seen to be upregulated across the different grades, and ELISA analysis from individual blood plasma and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles confirmed the increased expression of LGALS3BP in glioma patients (p<0.001). The present study provides LGALS3BP as a potential biomarker for early detection of glioma and improve survival outcome of the patient. The present study further provides the information of progression and monitoring the tumor grades (grade 1, grade II, grade III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Pathology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mahesh Kulkarni
- Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pune, India
| | - Reema Banarjee
- Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pune, India
| | - Parul Chugh
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh Acharya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Samir Kumar Kalra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunila Jain
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Rana R, Rathi V, Chauhan K, Jain K, Chhabra SS, Acharya R, Kalra SK, Gupta A, Jain S, Ganguly NK, Yadav DK. Exploring the role of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III in meningeal tumors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255133. [PMID: 34582442 PMCID: PMC8478197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is the second most common type of intracranial brain tumor. Immunohistochemical techniques have shown prodigious results in the role of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFR vIII) in glioma and other cancers. However, the role of EGFR vIII in meningioma is still in question. This study attempt the confer searches for the position attained by EGFR vIII in progression and expression of meningioma. Immunohistochemistry technique showed that EGFR vIII is highly expressed in benign tumors as compared to the atypical meningioma with a highly significant p-value (p<0.05). Further analysis by flow cytometry results supported these findings thus presented high intensity of EGFR vIII in low grades of meningioma. The study revealed that the significant Ki 67 values, to predictor marker for survival and prognosis of the patients. Higher expression of EGFR vIII in low grades meningiomas as compared to high-grade tumors indicate towards its oncogenic properties. To our knowledge, limited studies reported in literature expressing the EGFR vIII in meningioma tumors. Hence, Opinions regarding the role that EGFR vIII in tumorigenesis and tumor progression are clearly conflicting and, therefore, it is crucial not only to find out its mechanism of action, but also to definitely identify its role in meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RR); (DKY)
| | - Vaishnavi Rathi
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kriti Jain
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh Acharya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Samir Kumar Kalra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunila Jain
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (RR); (DKY)
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Syngle A, Garg N, Chauhan K. POS0205 AMELIORATION OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION WITH JAK INHIBITION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: JAK CV-RISK REDUCTION STUDY. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of premature mortality and sudden death in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Conventional CV risk factors and disease specific risk factors are responsible for endothelial dysfunction (ED) in RA. ED is the barometer of CV health and key initial event in atherosclerosis. Tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, is in clinical use since 2012 and has had the most extensive development program in RA, but its impact on ED has not yet been explored in humans.Objectives:To investigate the impact of tofacitinib on endothelial dysfunction in RAMethods:40 RA patients fulfilling the 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis classification criteria with active disease (DAS28>3.2) were randomized to receive 24 weeks of treatment with Tofacitinib (5mg bd, n=20) and placebo (n=20) as an adjunct to existing stable antirheumatic drugs. Primary endpoints included endothelial dysfunction assessed by FMD using Angiodefender and lipids were estimated at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. The secondary end points included: DAS28, ESR, CRP, HAQ-DI and cardiovascular risk using SCORE chart assessed at week 0 and 12.Results:At baseline, endothelial function was impaired and levels of inflammatory measures were elevated in both groups. CV risk SCORE was high and HAQ-DI was impaired at baseline. After treatment, FMD improved significantly in the tofacitinib group from (8.16±1.38% to 10.98±2.33%, p≤0.05) as compared to placebo (7.12±0.25% to 8.04±0.30%, p=0.35) (Fig. 1A). DAS28 (Fig. 1B), ESR and CRP (Fig. 1C) levels improved significantly in tofacitinib group as compared to placebo (p≤0.05). Tofacitinib significantly decreased HAQ-DI and SCORE (Fig. 1D) values as compared to placebo. There was significant increase in HDL (p≤0.05) after treatment with tofacitinib as compared to placebo. After 12 weeks of treatment, FMD and HDL increased by 34.55% and 13.58% respectively where as DAS28, ESR and CRP decreased by 37.40%, 36.10% and 76.59% respectively in the tofacitinib group. Significant negative correlation was observed between FMD and DAS28 (r= -0.50, p≤0.05) and CRP (r= -52, p≤0.05) after treatment with tofacitinib where as no such correlation was found in placebo group.Figure 1.Impact of Tofacitinib on FMD, DAS 28, CRP & SCOREConclusion:First study to show that tofacitinib, apart from its anti inflammatory activity, improves endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in RA. Thus, JAK inhibition with tofacitinib has vasculoprotective and cardioprotective effect mediated through anti-inflammatory and probably other mechanisms. This study would stimulate further research in exploring the vasculoprotective and cardioprotective potential of tofacitinib in RA.References:[1]Tofacitinib reversed endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanistic insights from the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2747Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Kundu S, Chauhan K, Mandal D. Survival Analysis of Patients With COVID-19 in India by Demographic Factors: Quantitative Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e23251. [PMID: 33882017 PMCID: PMC8104005 DOI: 10.2196/23251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 have depicted the rate, patterns, and predictions of cases of this pandemic disease. To combat transmission of the disease in India, the government declared a lockdown on March 25, 2020. Even after this strict lockdown was enacted nationwide, the number of COVID-19 cases increased and surpassed 450,000. A positive point to note is that the number of recovered cases began to slowly exceed that of active cases. The survival of patients, taking death as the event that varies by age group and sex, is noteworthy. Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a survival analysis to establish the variability in survivorship of patients with COVID-19 in India by age group and sex at different levels, that is, the national, state, and district levels. Methods The study period was taken from the date of the first reported case of COVID-19 in India, which was January 30, 2020, up to June 30, 2020. Due to the amount of underreported data and removal of missing columns, a total sample of 26,815 patients was considered. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation, the Cox proportional hazard model, and the multilevel survival model were used to perform the survival analysis. Results The Kaplan-Meier survival function showed that the probability of survival of patients with COVID-19 declined during the study period of 5 months, which was supplemented by the log rank test (P<.001) and Wilcoxon test (P<.001) to compare the survival functions. Significant variability was observed in the age groups, as evident from all the survival estimates; with increasing age, the risk of dying of COVID-19 increased. The Cox proportional hazard model reiterated that male patients with COVID-19 had a 1.14 times higher risk of dying than female patients (hazard ratio 1.14; SE 0.11; 95% CI 0.93-1.38). Western and Central India showed decreasing survival rates in the framed time period, while Eastern, North Eastern, and Southern India showed slightly better results in terms of survival. Conclusions This study depicts a grave scenario of decreasing survival rates in various regions of India and shows variability in these rates by age and sex. In essence, we can safely conclude that the critical appraisal of the survival rate and thorough analysis of patient data in this study equipped us to identify risk groups and perform comparative studies of various segments in India. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1101/2020.08.01.20162115
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Kundu
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Debarghya Mandal
- Department of Mathematical Demography and Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Rana R, Joon S, Chauhan K, Rathi V, Ganguly NK, Kumari C, Yadav DK. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Glioma Progression: Deciphering Cellular Biological Processes to Clinical Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:696-704. [PMID: 33292136 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201207100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioma predominantly targets glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. There are grade I, II, III, and IV gliomas with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme as the most severe forms of the disease. Current diagnostic methods are limited in their data acquisition and interpretation, markedly affecting treatment modalities, and patient outcomes. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) or "magic bullets" contain bioactive signature molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. These secretory "smart probes" participate in myriad cellular activities, including glioma progression. EVs are released by all cell populations and may serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers and efficient nano-vehicles in the targeted delivery of encapsulated therapeutics. The present review describes the potential of EV-based biomarkers for glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India
| | - Shikha Joon
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India
| | - Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India
| | - Vaishnavi Rathi
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India
| | | | - Chandni Kumari
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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Hinduja RH, Kannan V, Anand V, Bajpai R, Deshpande S, Naidu S, Chauhan K, Umbarkar P, Kabre R, Alurkar P. PO-0971: Factors predicting magnitude of heart dose reduction with DIBH-RT in left breast cancers. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saha A, Poojary P, Chan L, Chauhan K, Nadkarni G, Coca S, Uribarri J. Increased odds of metabolic syndrome with consumption of high dietary advanced glycation end products in adolescents. Diabetes Metab 2017; 43:469-471. [PMID: 28161371 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Saha
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Poojary
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Chauhan
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Nadkarni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Uribarri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Maheshwari P, Chauhan K, Kadam R, Pujani A, Kaur M, Chitalia M, Dabas H, Perkins MD, Boehme CC, Denkinger CM, Raizada N, Ginnard J, Jefferson C, Pantoja A, Rupert S, Kik SV, Cohen C, Chedore P, Satyanarayana S, Pai M. Market assessment of tuberculosis diagnostics in India in 2013. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 20:304-13. [PMID: 27046709 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.15.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India represents a significant potential market for new tests. We assessed India's market for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics in 2013. METHODS Test volumes and unit costs were assessed for tuberculin tests, interferon-gamma release assays, sputum smear microscopy, serology, culture, speciation testing, nucleic-acid amplification tests (i.e., in-house polymerase chain reaction, Xpert(®) MTB/RIF, line-probe assays) and drug susceptibility testing. Data from the public sector were collected from the Revised National TB Control Programme reports. Private sector data were collected through a survey of private laboratories and practitioners. Data were also collected from manufacturers. RESULTS In 2013, India's public sector performed 19.2 million tests, with a market value of US$22.9 million. The private sector performed 13.6 million tests, with a market value of US$60.4 million when prices charged to the patient were applied. The overall market was US$70.8 million when unit costs from the ingredient approach were used for the 32.8 million TB tests performed in the entire country. Smear microscopy was the most common test performed, accounting for 25% of the overall market value. CONCLUSION India's estimated market value for TB diagnostics in 2013 was US$70.8 million. These data should be of relevance to test developers, donors and implementers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maheshwari
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - K Chauhan
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - R Kadam
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - A Pujani
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - M Kaur
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - M Chitalia
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - H Dabas
- Clinton Health Access Initiative [CHAI], New Delhi, India
| | - M D Perkins
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND], Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C C Boehme
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND], Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C M Denkinger
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND], Geneva, Switzerland
| | - N Raizada
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND], Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - C Jefferson
- Independent consultant, currently consulting for FIND and UNITAID, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Pantoja
- Independent consultant, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Rupert
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S V Kik
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Cohen
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Chedore
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - M Pai
- McGill Global Health Programs, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill International TB Centre, 1020 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2.
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Kent D, Chauhan K, Boor K, Wiedmann M, Martin N. Spore test parameters matter: Mesophilic and thermophilic spore counts detected in raw milk and dairy powders differ significantly by test method. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5180-5191. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trmčić A, Chauhan K, Kent DJ, Ralyea RD, Martin NH, Boor KJ, Wiedmann M. Coliform detection in cheese is associated with specific cheese characteristics, but no association was found with pathogen detection. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6105-6120. [PMID: 27289158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coliform detection in finished products, including cheese, has traditionally been used to indicate whether a given product has been manufactured under unsanitary conditions. As our understanding of the diversity of coliforms has improved, it is necessary to assess whether coliforms are a good indicator organism and whether coliform detection in cheese is associated with the presence of pathogens. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate cheese available on the market for presence of coliforms and key pathogens, and (2) to characterize the coliforms present to assess their likely sources and public health relevance. A total of 273 cheese samples were tested for presence of coliforms and for Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and other Listeria species. Among all tested cheese samples, 27% (75/273) tested positive for coliforms in concentrations >10cfu/g. Pasteurization, pH, water activity, milk type, and rind type were factors significantly associated with detection of coliforms in cheese; for example, a higher coliform prevalence was detected in raw milk cheeses (42% with >10cfu/g) compared with pasteurized milk cheese (21%). For cheese samples contaminated with coliforms, only water activity was significantly associated with coliform concentration. Coliforms isolated from cheese samples were classified into 13 different genera, including the environmental coliform genera Hafnia, Raoultella, and Serratia, which represent the 3 genera most frequently isolated across all cheeses. Escherichia, Hafnia, and Enterobacter were significantly more common among raw milk cheeses. Based on sequencing of the housekeeping gene clpX, most Escherichia isolates were confirmed as members of fecal commensal clades of E. coli. All cheese samples tested negative for Salmonella, Staph. aureus, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Listeria spp. were found in 12 cheese samples, including 5 samples positive for L. monocytogenes. Although no association was found between coliform and Listeria spp. detection, Listeria spp. were significantly more likely to be detected in cheese with the washed type of rind. Our data provide information on specific risk factors for pathogen detection in cheese, which will facilitate development of risk-based strategies to control microbial food safety hazards in cheese, and suggest that generic coliform testing cannot be used to assess the safety of natural cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trmčić
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - K Chauhan
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - D J Kent
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - R D Ralyea
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - N H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - K J Boor
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.
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Abstract
Aims: To assess the deproteinizing effect of bromelain enzyme and compare it with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on shear bond strength before application of the adhesive system. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted human premolars were divided into three groups, each one consisted of 10 teeth. The occlusal surface was wet ground to expose superficial dentin. In Group 1, teeth were etched; in Group 2, teeth were etched and deproteinized with bromelain enzyme; in Group 3, teeth were etched and deproteinized with 5% NaOCl. Upon completion of the adhesive procedures, resin composite was inserted into the plastic tube and light-polymerized. All specimens were stored at 37°C in water for 24 h, and the specimens were transferred to the universal testing machine, and then subjected to shear bond strength analysis at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and unpaired t-test at a significance level of 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 12.0.1 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The bond strength results were significantly influenced by the application of bromelain enzyme. Statistically significant differences were not demonstrated in control group and NaOCl-treated group. The highest bond strength was seen in bromelain enzyme-treated group. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that removal of unsupported collagen fiber with bromelain enzyme after acid etching results in improved bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Chauhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Klewicki J, Philip J, Marusic I, Chauhan K, Morrill-Winter C. Self-similarity in the inertial region of wall turbulence. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:063015. [PMID: 25615195 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.063015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inverse of the von Kármán constant κ is the leading coefficient in the equation describing the logarithmic mean velocity profile in wall bounded turbulent flows. Klewicki [J. Fluid Mech. 718, 596 (2013)] connects the asymptotic value of κ with an emerging condition of dynamic self-similarity on an interior inertial domain that contains a geometrically self-similar hierarchy of scaling layers. A number of properties associated with the asymptotic value of κ are revealed. This is accomplished using a framework that retains connection to invariance properties admitted by the mean statement of dynamics. The development leads toward, but terminates short of, analytically determining a value for κ. It is shown that if adjacent layers on the hierarchy (or their adjacent positions) adhere to the same self-similarity that is analytically shown to exist between any given layer and its position, then κ≡Φ(-2)=0.381966..., where Φ=(1+√5)/2 is the golden ratio. A number of measures, derived specifically from an analysis of the mean momentum equation, are subsequently used to empirically explore the veracity and implications of κ=Φ(-2). Consistent with the differential transformations underlying an invariant form admitted by the governing mean equation, it is demonstrated that the value of κ arises from two geometric features associated with the inertial turbulent motions responsible for momentum transport. One nominally pertains to the shape of the relevant motions as quantified by their area coverage in any given wall-parallel plane, and the other pertains to the changing size of these motions in the wall-normal direction. In accord with self-similar mean dynamics, these two features remain invariant across the inertial domain. Data from direct numerical simulations and higher Reynolds number experiments are presented and discussed relative to the self-similar geometric structure indicated by the analysis, and in particular the special form of self-similarity shown to correspond to κ=Φ(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klewicki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J Philip
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - I Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K Chauhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - C Morrill-Winter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), especially Enterococcus faecium has emerged as an important nososcomial pathogen and represents a serious threat to patients with impaired host defense. Early detection of patients colonised or infected with VRE is an essential component of any hospital program designed to prevent nosocomial transmission of this organism. The authors report two cases of VRE isolated from blood and surgical site pus of two neonates admitted in the same neonatal unit, highlighting that early detection, prompt and appropriate infection control measures were keys to successful containment of this dreaded pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Pandey
- Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chauhan K, Ackerman MJ, Crowson C, Matteson EL, Gabriel SE. FRI0154 Increased risk of qt interval prolongation in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to the general population: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ahmed W, Goonetilleke A, Powell D, Chauhan K, Gardner T. Comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters. Water Res 2009; 43:4908-17. [PMID: 19818987 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-specific Bacteroides HF183 (HS-HF183), human-specific Enterococci faecium esp (HS-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (HS-PVs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. The sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) and enteric viruses such as enteroviruses (EVs), sapoviruses (SVs), and torquetenoviruses (TVs). The overall host-specificity of the HS-HF183 marker to differentiate between humans and other animals was 98%. However, the HS-esp, HS-AVs and HS-PVs showed 100% host-specificity. All the human-specific markers showed >97% sensitivity to detect human fecal pollution. E. coli, enterococci and, C. perfringens were detected up to dilutions of sewage 10(-5), 10(-4) and 10(-3) respectively. HS-esp, HS-AVs, HS-PVs, SVs and TVs were detected up to dilution of sewage 10(-4) whilst EVs were detected up to dilution 10(-5). The ability of the HS-HF183 marker to detect fresh sewage was 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of the HS-esp and viral markers. The ability to detect fresh sewage in freshwater, seawater and distilled water matrices was similar for human-specific bacterial and viral marker. Based on our data, it appears that human-specific molecular markers are sensitive measures of fresh sewage pollution, and the HS-HF183 marker appears to be the most sensitive among these markers in terms of detecting fresh sewage. However, the presence of the HS-HF183 marker in environmental waters may not necessarily indicate the presence of enteric viruses due to their high abundance in sewage compared to enteric viruses. More research is required on the persistency of these markers in environmental water samples in relation to traditional fecal indicators and enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- Department of Natural Resources and Water, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane 4068, Australia.
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Crivello F, Simon G, Chauhan K, Delcroix N, Lamberton F, Perchey G, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Brain volume, sex, familial sinistrality and manual ability differentially affect the anterior, middle and posterior parts of the corpus callosum. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chauhan K. Ex-servicemen and Serving Personnel are Consumers at Military Hospitals!: REPLY. Med J Armed Forces India 2008; 64:200. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(08)80090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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26
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Chauhan K. Medical Negligence in Military Hospitals: REPLY. Med J Armed Forces India 2008; 64:199. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(08)80088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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27
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Chauhan K. Medical Negligence in Military Hospitals: Reply. Med J Armed Forces India 2007; 63:398. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(07)80041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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28
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Chauhan K, Kashif S, Awadalla S. Role of the Penrose drain in the management of VLBW infants with perforated necrotising enterocolitis. Ir Med J 2007; 100:533-4. [PMID: 17886527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effectiveness of the Penrose drain in very low birth weight infants with BW < 1500g with perforated necrotizing Enterocolitis. We reviewed the infants with perforated NEC over the 9 years between 1995-2004. The inclusive criteria was free intraperitoneal air in VLBW infants < 1500g. A total 22 infants were studied. Gestational age ranged from 23 to 33 weeks. Perforated NEC was diagnosed on PFA. In all infants a Penrose drain was inserted in either the right or left lower abdominal quadrants. Most of the infants fell in the BW range 800g to 980g with median age of 16 days. The incidence of Perforated NEC was very high in females (81.8%) as compared to males (18.2%). A Penrose drain was inserted on the same day when the pneumoperitoneum was diagnosed. A total of 22 infants had a Penrose drain inserted. Two (9%) showed improvement, 20(91%) were taken to theatre for laparotomy. Thirteen (59%) had an ileostomy performed. Seven (31.8%) had extensive bowel necrosis and subsequently died. A total 15(68.2%) out of 22 survived with initial management of Penrose drain insertion and subsequent laparotomy. Penrose drain insertion is an effective first line treatment in the pre-term infant BW < 1500g, with perforated NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin
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Chauhan K, Perumal SM, Hiwale S, Rajkumar. Medical Negligence in Military Hospitals. Med J Armed Forces India 2007; 63:172-4. [PMID: 27407979 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(07)80068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bringing the doctors under the ambit of Consumer Protection Act has made an impact on doctor-patient relationship. There has been an increase in legal cases of medical negligence in the recent past. This article provides practical information on medical negligence. METHODS Complaints received at Army Headquarters were studied to understand the factors involved in medical negligence. RESULT Various aspects of medical negligence including doctor-patient relationship in the military set up have been discussed. Preliminary measures to be taken to avoid cases of negligence are enumerated. CONCLUSION Good communication skills to build a rapport with the patient is the key to avoid majority of the complaints. The doctor must pay due courtesy, respect and care to the patient besides maintaining medical records scrupulously.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- ADMS, Headquarters Northern Command, C/o 56 APO
| | - S M Perumal
- Medical Officer, Military Hospital, Establishment No. 22, C/o 56 APO
| | - S Hiwale
- Medical Officer, Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt
| | - Rajkumar
- Classified Specialist (PSM), National Institute of Virology, Pune-411001
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Chauhan K, Kashif S, Awadalla S. Laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy in children. Ir Med J 2006; 99:298-300. [PMID: 17274171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the benefits, advantages and complications of laparoscopic Appendicectomy (LA) versus Open Appendectomy (OA) in children's in Dublin Ireland. Total 200 patients were studied. Hundred of LA and 100 for OA. Out of 100 LA 58 were male, 42 were female aged between 4-15 yr. and out of 100 OA 58 were male, 42 were female aged between 4-14 yr. The mean operative time of LA was 35.8 minutes and the Anaesthetic time was 46.6 minutes. Patients having LA had less post-op pain with early start of feed at 16.7 hrs, and had significantly less post-op hospital stay of 1.6 days. Post op complications rate was 3%. The patient started the normal life activities at 10.8th post op day. Wound infection rate was 3% with Re-admission rate of 2%. The mean operative time of OA was 45.66 minutes and the Anaesthetic time was 56.75 minutes. Patients having OA had post-op pain hospital stay of 2.55 days with start of feed at 24.7 hrs. Post op complications rate was 2%. The patient started the normal life activities at 15.78th post op day. Wound infection rate was 3% with Re-admission rate of 1%. Laparoscopic appendectomy is safe alternative to conventional open appendectomy, leading to early ambulation, decreased hospital stay, and better exploration of abdominal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- Paediatric Surgical Department, Children's University Hospital, Temple street, Dublin.
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Abstract
The objective of the study was to measure the interactions between visual thresholds for a simple light (the secondary task) presented peripherally and a simultaneously performed cognitive task (the primary task) presented foveally The primary task was highly visible but varied according to its cognitive complexity. Interactions between the tasks were determined by measuring detection thresholds for the peripheral task and accuracy of performance of the foveal task. Effects were measured for 5, 10, 20, and 30 deg eccentricity of the peripherally presented light and for three levels of cognitive complexity. Mesopic conditions (0.5 lx) were used. As expected, the concurrent presentation of the foveal cognitive task reduced peripheral sensitivity. Moreover, performance of the foveal task was adversely affected when conducting the peripheral task. Performance on both tasks was reduced as the level of complexity of the cognitive task increased. There were qualitative differences in task interactions between the central 10 deg and at greater eccentricities. Within 10 deg there was a disproportionate effect of eccentricity, previously interpreted as the 'tunnel-vision' model of visual field narrowing. Interactions outside 10 deg were less affected by eccentricity. These results are discussed in terms of the known neurophysiological characteristics of the primary visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Plainis
- Department of Optometry and Neuroscience, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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Vafeas C, Mieyal PA, Urbano F, Falck JR, Chauhan K, Berman M, Schwartzman ML. Hypoxia stimulates the synthesis of cytochrome P450-derived inflammatory eicosanoids in rabbit corneal epithelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287:903-10. [PMID: 9864271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelium metabolizes arachidonic acid by a cytochrome P450-(CYP) mediated pathway to 12(R)hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatrienoic acid [12(R)-HETE] and 12(R)hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid [12(R)-HETrE]. Both metabolites possess potent inflammatory properties with 12(R)-HETrE being a powerful angiogenic factor and assume the role of inflammatory mediators in hypoxia- and chemical-induced injury in the cornea, in vivo. We developed an in vitro model of corneal organ culture to characterize the biochemical and molecular events involved in the increased synthesis of these metabolites. These cultured corneas exhibit epithelial cytochrome P450 CYP-dependent 12(R)-HETE and 12(R)-HETrE synthesis as indicated by chiral analysis and by the ability of CYP enzyme inhibitors to repress their synthesis. Hypoxia greatly and selectively stimulated the synthesis of 12(R)-HETE (7-fold over control normoxic conditions) and 12(R)-HETrE. The bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, also increased the synthesis of these eicosanoids, substantiating the notion that this activity may function as an inflammatory pathway. These metabolites were detected in the culture medium by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis and their levels significantly increased in hypoxia-treated corneas, further indicating their endogenous formation in response to injury. This in vitro model provides an excellent preparation for studying factors regulating the synthesis of these inflammatory eicosanoids and for isolating, identifying and characterizing the CYP protein responsible for their synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/analysis
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/biosynthesis
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analysis
- Animals
- Cell Hypoxia
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Rabbits
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vafeas
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Kar AK, Ghosh AS, Chauhan K, Ahamed J, Basu J, Chakrabarti P, Kundu M. Involvement of a 43-kilodalton outer membrane protein in beta-lactam resistance of Shigella dysenteriae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2302-4. [PMID: 9333070 PMCID: PMC164115 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.10.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A beta-lactam-sensitive strain (C152) of Shigella dysenteriae showed two major outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with M(r)s of 43,000 and 38,000, while the clinical isolate M2 lacked the 43,000-Mr OMP, which acted as a channel for beta-lactam antibiotics. Permeability of beta-lactams across the outer membrane (OM) of M2 was lower than that across the OM of C152. Mutants deficient in the 43-kDa OMP could be selected in vitro from strain C152 in the presence of cefoxitin. All beta-lactam-resistant strains were sensitive to imipenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
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Arumi P, Chauhan K, Charman WN. Accommodation and acuity under night-driving illumination levels. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1997; 17:291-9. [PMID: 9390373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments are described in which the monocular changes in the refractive error and acuity of six young, normal, adult subjects were measured as the field luminance was reduced from approximately 100 to 10(-3) cd/m2. It was found that, at luminance levels equal to those recommended for road lighting (about 1 cd/m2), acuity fell from its photopic value of > or = 6/6 to about 6/9, with little change in the measured refraction. Marked changes in refraction, i.e. night myopia, only started to become manifest when the luminance was further reduced to below about 0.03 cd/m2, much less than that applying under normal night-driving conditions. Direct experiments under street-lighting conditions confirmed the absence of any significant night myopia. It is concluded, therefore, that neural changes, rather than night myopia, normally are responsible for the acuity loss suffered by drivers at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arumi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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Chauhan K, Charman WN. Accommodation responses to flickering stimuli. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.1996.95001425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Chauhan K, Charman WN. Accommodation responses to flickering stimuli. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996; 16:391-408. [PMID: 8944184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that accommodation to visual display unit (VDU) symbols or to stimuli lit by fluorescent tubes or similar temporally modulated light sources may be less accurate due to flicker. Furthermore, if the microfluctuations of accommodation play a part in the control of steady-state accommodation, the effects of stimulus flicker might affect the quality of this control. Experiments are described in which monocular accommodation stimulus-response curves for sinusoidal grating stimuli (1.0, 5.3 and 8.9 c/deg) were measured under the following conditions of temporal modulation: (1) square-wave on-off modulation to give spatial modulation varying between 0 and 37%; (2) sinusoidal modulation to give spatial modulation varying between 0 and 37%; (3) sinusoidal modulation to give spatial modulation varying between 16 and 32%; and (4) on-off modulation with varying mark/space ratio. Temporal modulation frequencies were between 0.5 and 7.8 Hz and above the critical fusion frequency (CFF) i.e., > or = 40 Hz. In general, the results suggest that while lower-frequency flicker may adversely affect the accuracy and stability of the accommodation response, the latter are very little affected by flicker at frequencies > or = 40 Hz. Thus flicker from fluorescent lamps or VDUs is unlikely to cause systematic accommodation difficulties. The possible relevance of the results to theories which ascribe a role for the higher-frequency (> 0.5 Hz) accommodative microfluctuations in the control of the response is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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van der Helm D, Bilayet Hossain M, Williams RV, Gadgil VR, Chauhan K, Jackman LM, Fernandes E. Neutral homoaromaticity: almost but not quite. Acta Crystallogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767396088162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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39
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Fretland D, Anglin C, Baron D, Widomski D, Chauhan K, Bhatt R, Falck J. 3(S)-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 is a potent granulocyte chemotaxin in the guinea pig dermis. Inflamm Res 1995; 44 Suppl 2:S137-8. [PMID: 8548366 DOI: 10.1007/bf01778300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Fretland
- Inflammatory Diseases Research, Searle Research and Development, Skokie, IL 60077, USA
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40
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Abstract
The slope of the regression line fit is often used to characterize an accommodation response-stimulus curve. It is argued that comparisons based on this parameter alone may be misleading, as also may be those using the intercept or correlation coefficient of the regression line. It is suggested that it would be more useful to compare curves on the basis of a combination of all three regression line parameters, together with the stimulus interval over which the fit is derived. A new parameter, the accommodative error index which is effectively the mean of the magnitude of the response error divided by the correlation coefficient, is proposed to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
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41
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Powell WS, Hashefi M, Falck JR, Chauhan K, Rokach J, Wang SS, Mills E, MacLeod RJ. Effects of oxo and dihydro metabolites of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid on chemotaxis and cytosolic calcium levels in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 57:257-63. [PMID: 7852839 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.57.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the pathways of metabolism of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in leukocytes is oxidation of the 12-hydroxyl group, followed by reduction of the 10,11-double bond. In the case of 12R-HETE and 12S-HETE, this results in the formation of 12-oxo-ETE, 10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-ETE, and the 12R and 12S isomers of 10,11-dihydro-12-HETE (i.e., 12R-HETrE and 12S-HETrE). We investigated the effects of metabolites of 12-HETE formed by this pathway on cytosolic calcium levels and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. Of the above series of metabolites, 12S-HETrE (which has the same absolute stereochemistry at C-12 as 12R-HETE) was the most potent in stimulating both cytosolic calcium levels and chemotaxis. It was slightly less potent than 12R-HETE, consistent with the concept that reduction of the 10,11-double bond results in a loss of biological activity on neutrophils. The effect of 12S-HETrE on calcium levels was blocked by preincubation of these cells with LTB4, suggesting that it acted by stimulating the LTB4 receptor. 12R-HETrE was about 20 times less potent than its 12S isomer in stimulating cytosolic calcium in neutrophils and was also less active as a chemotactic agent. Oxidation of the 12-hydroxyl group to an oxo group resulted in a further loss of biological activity. 12-Oxo-ETE, 8-trans-12-oxo-ETE, and 12-oxo-ETrE had only modest effects on cytosolic calcium levels at concentrations as high as 10 microM and did not display detectable chemotactic activity. However, 12-oxo-ETE and its 8-trans isomer inhibited calcium responses to LTB4 by about 40%. It is concluded that reduction of the 10,11-double bond of 12-HETE results in a slight loss of biological activity on neutrophils, whereas oxidation of the 12-hydroxyl group results in a considerably greater loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Conners MS, Schwartzman ML, Quan X, Heilman E, Chauhan K, Falck JR, Godfrey HP. Enhancement of delayed hypersensitivity inflammatory reactions in guinea pig skin by 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:47-51. [PMID: 7798640 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12613482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are initiated by sensitized T cells. Their progression is dependent upon the local release of various autacoids, including cytokines and eicosanoids, by T cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and resident tissue cells. 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid [12(R)-HETrE], an eicosanoid produced by skin and cornea, possesses potent proinflammatory properties at picomolar concentrations including vasodilation, increase in membrane permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. Because DTH reactions are associated with many of these same phenomena, we examined the effect of 12(R)-HETrE and related 12-hydroxyeicosanoids on the expression of DTH to purified protein derivative of tuberculin in sensitized guinea pigs. In the absence of purified protein derivative of tuberculin, none of the eicosanoids evoked erythema or edema after intradermal injection at doses up to 100 pmol. When injected together with purified protein derivative of tuberculin, 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(R)-HETE], but not its enantiomer 12(S)-HETE, significantly inhibited macroscopic expression of delayed reactivity (erythema) only at the highest dose tested, 10 pmol. In contrast, 12(R)-HETrE significantly enhanced expression of DTH at doses between 1 fmol and 1 pmol (50% and 30% increases above control, respectively). Its stereoisomer, 12(S)-HETrE, did not enhance DTH at any tested dose, but was able to block the activity of 12(R)-HETrE when injected simultaneously. Enhancement or inhibition of visible skin responses was not associated with qualitative or quantitative changes in cellular infiltrates at the reaction site. 12(R)-HETrE had no effect on the nonimmunologic inflammatory skin reaction induced by phorbol myristate acetate, suggesting selectivity toward DTH. We conclude that 12(R)-HETrE enhances DTH via a yet to be determined mechanism and that its stereoisomer, 12(S)-HETrE, may be a useful antagonist for studying the inflammatory actions of this eicosanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Conners
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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Abstract
Six patients with lupus anticoagulant with thrombotic complications, but not exhibiting systemic lupus erythematosus, demonstrated the presence in their plasma of antibodies directed against platelet antigens which were not detectable in two patients presenting with lupus anticoagulant but without thrombotic complications. Protein blotting of separated normal platelet proteins against patient plasma gave up to 18 bands of varying intensity indicative of multiple antiplatelet antibodies; one of these antibodies recognized a component with a mobility identical with CD36 (GPIV; m.w. 88,000) in 4/6 cases. Antibodies to CD36 and one or two other components were identified in 5/6 cases by immunoprecipitation from 125I-labelled control platelets and 6/6 by dot blots against purified CD36. These results suggest that antiplatelet antibodies and, specifically, anti CD36 antibodies, occur frequently in the plasma of patients presenting with lupus anticoagulant and thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rock
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Laniado-Schwartzman M, Lavrovsky Y, Stoltz RA, Conners MS, Falck JR, Chauhan K, Abraham NG. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and oncogene expression by 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, an angiogenic factor in microvessel endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:24321-7. [PMID: 7523372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
12(R)-Hydroxy-5,8,14(Z,Z,Z)-eicosatrienoic acid (12(R)-HETrE) is an arachidonic acid metabolite formed by the corneal epithelium of several species, porcine leukocytes, and human and rat epidermal cells. It is a potent, stereospecific proinflammatory and angiogenic factor and its synthesis is increased manyfold in inflamed tissues, e.g. cornea and skin. It is possible that the angiogenic activity of 12(R)-HETrE is due to a direct mitogenic effect on microvessel endothelial cells via yet to be elucidated cellular and molecular mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrated the ability of 12(R)-HETrE to stimulate the growth of quiescent endothelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 0.1 nM. This effect was highly stereospecific since its enantiomer, 12(S)-HETrE, had no effect within the same concentration range. Northern blot analysis and transient transfection experiments with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs of oncogene promoter regions demonstrated significant increases over control (0.5% fetal calf serum) in c-myc-, c-jun, and c-fos mRNA levels and expression in cells treated with 0.1 nM 12(R)-HETrE. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of nuclear protein extracts from cells treated with 12(R)-HETrE with specific radiolabeled oligonucleotides corresponding to known transcriptional binding sites, including AP-1, AP-2, SP1, TRE, NF kappa B, TFIID, OKT1, CREB, CTF/NF1, and GRE demonstrated a markedly rapid and specific increase in the binding activity of NF kappa B and to a lesser extent, AP-1. No significant increase was observed in the binding of other transcription factors assayed as compared to control (untreated) cells. Since the protooncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc) are immediate early response genes that are implicated in the process of cell proliferation and differentiation, and activation of certain transcription factors, in particular NF kappa B, is associated with the immediate response of the cell to an injury, we propose that 12(R)HETrE's mitogenic and angiogenic activities are mediated, in part, via the activation of NF kappa B and expression of these protooncogenes.
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Laniado-Schwartzman M, Lavrovsky Y, Stoltz R, Conners M, Falck J, Chauhan K, Abraham N. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and oncogene expression by 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, an angiogenic factor in microvessel endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)51085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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Yamamoto S, Nishimura M, Conners MS, Stoltz RA, Falck JR, Chauhan K, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Oxidation and keto reduction of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acids in bovine corneal epithelial microsomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1210:217-25. [PMID: 8280773 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The R and S enantiomers of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) exhibit different biological activities. Although they appear to be produced by different enzymatic pathways, cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and lipoxygenase, respectively, they display similar metabolism in both corneal epithelium and neutrophils. In corneal epithelial microsomes, both enantiomers are subject to oxidation and keto reduction reactions to form the dihydro metabolite, 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (12-HETrE), via a keto intermediate. The apparent Km for the formation of 12-HETrE was 17.9 and 20 microM for 12(R)-HETE and 12(S)-HETE, respectively, and the apparent Vmax of the reaction was 17.4 and 8.2 pmol/mg per min, respectively. Chiral analysis of the dihydro metabolite demonstrated a product enantiospecificity. Arachidonic acid, 12(R)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE and the intermediate of this reaction, 12-oxo-ETrE, were metabolized predominantly to 12(R)-HETrE in a ratio [12(R)-HETrE: 12(S)-HETrE] of 7.3:1, 4.3:1, 1.5:1 and 2.3:1, respectively. 12(R)-HETrE is a potent vasodilator, chemotactic and angiogenic factor whose synthesis is induced in inflamed tissues; 12(S)HETrE is devoid of these properties. 12(R)-HETE, derived from NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, and 12(S)-HETE, derived from 12-lipoxygenase, may both play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by serving as substrates for the local synthesis of 12(R)-HETrE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
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47
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Chauhan K, Charman WN, Halnan AM, Kelly CM, Loughlin A, Neilson KJ, Walsh G. Time-averaged accommodation response to flickering stimuli. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Chauhan K, Charman WN, Halnan AM, Kelly CM, Loughlin A, Neilson KJ, Walsh G. Time-averaged accommodation response to flickering stimuli. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1992; 12:327-34. [PMID: 1454370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiments are described in which the steady-state accommodation response versus stimulus curve was measured with an infrared autorefractor for high-contrast stimuli having a 100% square-wave temporal modulation of luminance in the frequency band 1-200 Hz. Slightly more accurate responses were found at frequencies approximately 50-100 Hz, i.e. above flicker fusion. The relevance of the results to practical situations in which flicker may be experienced is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chauhan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK
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49
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Abstract
20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a major renal P-450 metabolite of arachidonic acid, has been quantified in human urine using capillary gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The urinary excretion of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was in the low pg/ml range. However, treatment of urine with beta-glucuronidase resulted in a 13- to 28-fold increase in its concentration. This suggests 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid differs from other eicosanoids in that it is excreted primarily as a glucuronide conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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50
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Harper TA, Chauhan K. A collaborative study on the suitability of commercial, assayed plasmas for one-stage factor VIII assays. Am J Clin Pathol 1982; 77:614-8. [PMID: 6805309 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/77.5.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A collaborative study was carried out to determine the suitability of commercial assayed plasmas for one-stage factor VIII assays. Activated partial thromboplastin times were performed on successive days on serially diluted paired freeze-dried reference plasmas (one sample buffered with HEPES), a freeze-dried test plasma and local laboratory standards-commercial assayed plasmas and in-house frozen pooled plasmas calibrated against commercial plasmas. The factor VIII activity levels of the study reference plasmas relative to average normal plasma were arrived at cumulatively by assaying them against a large number of individual fresh normal plasmas. Estimates of the activity of the test plasma relative to the claimed activity of local standards showed significant discrepancies from the expected value. However the estimates were more precise when the activity was assessed relative to the activity of the local standards derived by calibration against the reference plasmas. The study also showed that a HEPES buffered reference plasma may not contribute to inter-laboratory variability of one-stage factor VIII assays.
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