[Feasibility of a three-sided encapsulation procedure based on fascia anatomy in laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection for middle and low rectal cancer]

Objective: To explore the feasibility and value of performing a three-sided encapsulation procedure based on fascia anatomy in laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) for middle and low rectal cancer. Methods: This was a retrospective review. The study cohort comprised patients who met the diagnostic criteria for rectal cancer according to the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer, had a short lymph node diameter of >5 mm on the lateral side within the 15 days before surgery, were evaluated as feasible candidates for laparoscopic total mesorectal excision+LLND surgery, had been diagnosed with low or intermediate level rectal cancer, and whose tumor was less than 8 cm away from the anal verge according to pathological examination of the operative specimen. Patients with a history of other malignant tumors of the abdomen or with incomplete follow-up data were excluded. Forty-two patients with middle and low rectal cancer who had undergone lateral lymph node dissection in diagnosis and treatment center of Gastrointestinal Cancer of Guangdong Hospital of Chinese Medicine from Jan.2018 to Dec.2022 were enrolled. There were 24 men (57.1%) and 18 women (42.9%) aged 58.4±11.8 years and the median BMI was 22.5 (19.3-24.1) kg/m2. The main point of the three-sided encapsulation procedure is to expand the external side medial to the external iliac artery and vein, narrowing the range of exterior side dissection. The anterior-medial side is designed to expand the vesical fascia to define the range of anterior-medial side extension. The internal side is fully extended to the ureterohypogastric nerve fascia; the distal point of the caudal extension reaches the level of the Alcock canal and the bottom reaches the piriformis, enabling dissection of the obturator nerve and No.283 lymph nodes. No.263D lymph nodes are dissected by exposing the internal iliac artery and its branches, dissecting the group No.263P lymph nodes, and severing the inferior vesical artery. Finally, the lateral lymphatic tissue is completely resected. Relevant variables were recorded, including the number of lateral lymph nodes detected, the rate of lymph node metastasis, operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, postoperative hospital stay, and 3-year overall survival rate. Results: Laparoscopic surgery was successfully completed in all patients with no conversions to open surgery and no intraoperative complications. Twenty-seven (64.3%) of the study patients underwent left-sided LLND, 10 (23.8%) right-sided LLND, and five (11.9%) bilateral LLND, with lymph nodes cleared on both sides. All patients' lymph nodes were examined pathologically. A median of 17.0 (11.7, 26.0) lymph nodes was detected, the median of lateral lymph nodes being 5.0 (2.0, 10.2). The median operation time was 254.5 (199.0, 325.2) minutes. The median intra-operative blood loss was 50.0 (30.0, 100.0) mL. All patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma by pathological examination of the operative specimen. Two patients developed postoperative intestinal obstruction, one lymphatic leakage, and one a perineal incision infection. There were no cases of anastomotic leakage. The median postoperative hospital stay was 6.0 (5.0, 7.0) days and the median follow-up time 23.5 (9.0, 36.7) months. During follow-up, three patients (7.1%) died of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Two (4.8%) experienced mild urinary dysfunction, and one (2.4%) had moderate postoperative erectile dysfunction. One patient (2.4%) was found to have prostate and lung metastases 3 month after surgery. The 3-year overall survival rate was 74.4%. Conclusions: Three sided encapsulation is a safe and feasible procedure for LLND, achieving accurate and complete clearance of lateral lymphatic tissue.

[Study on F9 gene expression downregulation and its clinical value in hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of the F9 gene and F9 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma by combining multiple gene chip data, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, explore their correlation with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as with various clinical indicators and prognosis. Methods: The mRNA microarray dataset from the GEO database was analyzed to identify the F9 gene with significant expression differences associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver cancer and adjacent tissues were collected from 18 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the F9 gene expression level. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the F9 protein level. Combined with the TCGA database information, the correlation between F9 gene expression level and prognostic and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. The biological function of F9 co-expressed genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma was analyzed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism software. Results: Meta-analysis results showed that the expression of the F9 gene was lower in HCC tissues than in non-cancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry results were basically consistent with those of RT-qPCR. The data obtained from TCGA showed that the F9 gene had lower expression values in stages III-IV, T3-T4, and patients with vascular invasion. A total of 127 genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis as co-expressed genes of F9, which were highly enriched in redox processes and metabolic pathways. Conclusion: This study validates that the F9 gene and F9 protein are lower in HCC. The down-regulation of the F9 gene predicts adverse outcomes, which may provide a new therapeutic target for HCC.

Association of total body fat and fat distribution with bone mineral density among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years from Guangzhou, China

This study aimed to assess the associations of total body fat and fat distribution with bone mineral density (BMD) among children and adolescents in this cross-sectional study. A total of 1032 boys and 897 girls aged 6-17 years were enrolled between May 2019 and June 2019 in Guangzhou, China. BMD, total body fat (fat mass index [FMI] and body fat percentage [BF%]), and fat distribution (trunk-to-limb and android-to-gynoid ratios) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Inverse probability of treatment weighting regression was used to explore the association between fat and BMD. Traditional regression of covariate adjustment was applied as sensitivity analysis. Regression with inverse probability weighting suggested BF% and android-to-gynoid ratio were negatively associated with BMD in boys (β =  - 0.12 and - 0.16, respectively; P < 0.05). Android-to-gynoid ratio was also inversely associated with BMD in girls (β =  - 0.08, P < 0.05). When stratified by age, the negative associations were retained in boys aged 12-17 years (β =  - 0.23 and - 0.25, respectively; P < 0.001). But for girls, it showed a positive association of FMI with BMD in the 6-9 years group (β = 0.33, P < 0.001) and a negative association between the android-to-gynoid ratio and BMD in the 10-17 years group (β =  - 0.10, P < 0.05). Traditional regression supported the robustness of the results.  Conclusion: Total body fat is positively associated with BMD in younger girls but inversely associated in older boys. As for abdominal adipose, it is associated with lower BMD in both older boys and girls. What is Known: • The lean mass has been consistently positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) among children and adolescents. However, the impact of fat mass on BMD remained controversial. • Beyond total body fat, site-specific fat mass, especially abdominal adiposity, might impede bone formation. What is New: • The associations of total body fat and fat distribution with BMD in children and adolescents were gender- and age-specific. • More attention should be paid to the abdominal fat accumulation to promote bone health in older children.

[Preconception reproductive health and birth outcome cohort in Chongqing: the cohort profile]

Birth cohort is an important platform to study the effect of early-life exposure on health outcome, but large cohorts to investigate the effect of preconception exposure, especially paternal exposure, on reproductive health and birth outcome are limited. The Preconception Reproductive Health and Birth Outcome Cohort (PREBIC) is a prospective birth cohort study which pays equal attention to the contribution of environmental, psychological, behavioral as well as other factors to reproductive health and adverse birth outcomes in both men and women in Chongqing, China. PREBIC started in 2019 and plans to recruit 20 800 reproductive-age couples with child-bearing willingness. Followed up was conducted to understand the conception status of the women within two years. Women in pregnancy would be visited at first, second, third trimesters and after delivery. The offspring would be monitored until 2 years old to understand the incidences of preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defects, neurodevelopmental disorders and other outcomes. Related information and biospecimen collections (including semen, peripheral blood, urine, placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood and oral swab) were scheduled in each period. By January 2022, PREBIC had recruited 8 698 participants from all 38 districts in Chongqing. The goal of PREBIC is to establish one of the largest prospective preconception birth cohorts covering both men and women, which might provide a unique insight to understand the effects of the full reproductive cycle on reproductive health and adverse outcomes, with especial emphasis on preconception exposures.

[Very low-level viremia: new clinical attention-requiring problem during the course of anti-hepatitis B virus treatment]

Clinical studies have validated low-level viremia is associated with a variety of adverse outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B during the course of receiving nucleos(t)ide analogue antiviral therapy. With the advancement of PCR technology, the high sensitivity PCR detection of HBV DNA can reach the lower limit of detection of < 5-10 IU/mL. The standard criterion for judging among patients who have achieved complete virological response is HBV DNA levels < 20 IU/ml. The use of highly sensitive PCR tests can detect very low-level viremia (HBV DNA < 20 IU/ml, but > 5-10 IU/mL) in some patients. However, there are currently fewer relevant studies, and more research data needs to be accumulated to answer this clinical question of whether long-term very low-level viremia affects the clinical outcome of patients with chronic hepatitis B.

The Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C): A cross-cultural comparison of developmental trajectories between Chinese and British children

BACKGROUND

The Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) are used in many countries to assess the development of children from birth to 8 years. There is a need for accurate and culturally appropriate developmental assessment tools for Chinese children. Here, we adapted the GMDS for use in Chinese children and compare the developmental trajectories between Chinese and British children.

METHODS

Children with typical development were recruited from 7 urban cities in China between 2009 and 2013. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C) were adapted and used to assess the development of urban Chinese children. Developmental curves were computed for 6 subscales using learning management system methods and compare against the British curves from the Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER).

RESULTS

The GDS-C were used to assess the developmental status of 815 Chinese children. Plots of the 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles, and full percentile tables were obtained, which showed similar trends to data from the British GMDS-ER.

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese developmental curves obtained from the GDS-C showed similarities and differences to the developmental curves from the British GMDS-ER. The development of urban Chinese children should be assessed with the culturally appropriate GDS-C.

Epigenomics alternations and dynamic transcriptional changes in responses to 5-fluorouracil stimulation reveal mechanisms of acquired drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells

A drug-induced resistant cancer cell is different from its parent cell in transcriptional response to drug treatment. The distinct transcriptional response pattern of a drug-induced resistant cancer cell to drug treatment might be introduced by acquired DNA methylation aberration in the cell exposing to sustained drug stimulation. In this study, we performed both transcriptional and DNA methylation profiles of the HCT-8 wild-type cells (HCT-8/WT) for human colorectal cancer (CRC) and the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced resistant cells (HCT-8/5-FU) after treatment with 5-FU for 0, 24 and 48 h. Integrated analysis of transcriptional and DNA methylation profiles showed that genes with promoter hypermethylation and concordant expression silencing in the HCT-8/5-FU cells are mainly involved in pathways of pyrimidine metabolism and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. Transcriptional analysis confirmed that genes with transcriptional differences between a drug-induced resistant cell and its parent cell after drug treatment for a certain time, rather than their primary transcriptional differences, are more likely to be involved in drug resistance. Specifically, transcriptional differences between the drug-induced resistant cells and parental cells after drug treatment for 24 h were significantly consistent with the differentially expressed genes (termed as CRG_5-FU) between the tissues of nonresponders and responders of CRCs to 5-FU-based therapy and the consistence increased after drug treatment for 48 h (binomial test, P-value=1.88E−06). This study reveals a major epigenetic mechanism inducing the HCT-8/WT cells to acquire resistance to 5-FU and suggests an appropriate time interval (24–48 h) of 5-FU exposure for identifying clinically relevant drug resistance signatures from drug-induced resistant cell models.

Theoretical prediction of long-range ferromagnetism in transition-metal atom-doped d0 dichalcogenide single layers SnS2 and ZrS2

We have systematically investigated the effects of transition-metal (TM) atom (Sc-Zn) doping in 2D d⁰ materials SnS₂ and ZrS₂via the density functional theory method. Our results demonstrate that the conductivity and magnetism of SnS₂ and ZrS₂ can be engineered to spin-polarize half-metal/metal with appropriate TM dopants. For both materials, nontrivial magnetic interactions can be induced by V/Cr/Mn/Fe/Co doping. Specifically, the various behaviors of the magnetic exchanges in TM-doped SnS₂ and ZrS₂ are due to the competition between the super-exchange, the double exchange, and the p-d exchange interactions, which are dependent on the dopants' chemistry and spatial positions. Thus, our results give potential guidance for future experiments to create functionalized d⁰ nano-electronic devices.

Multi-omics landscapes of colorectal cancer subtypes discriminated by an individualized prognostic signature for 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy

Until recently, few prognostic signatures for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy could be used in clinical practice. Here, using transcriptional profiles for a panel of cancer cell lines and three cohorts of CRC patients, we developed a prognostic signature based on within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of six gene pairs for stage II-III CRC patients receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy. This REO-based signature had the unique advantage of being insensitive to experimental batch effects and free of the impractical data normalization requirement. After stratifying 184 CRC samples with multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas into two prognostic groups using the REO-based signature, we further revealed that patients with high recurrence risk were characterized by frequent gene copy number aberrations reducing 5-FU efficacy and DNA methylation aberrations inducing distinct transcriptional alternations to confer 5-FU resistance. In contrast, patients with low recurrence risk exhibited deficient mismatch repair and carried frequent gene mutations suppressing cell adhesion. These results reveal the multi-omics landscapes determining prognoses of stage II-III CRC patients receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy.

Engineering the electronic and magnetic properties of d(0) 2D dichalcogenide materials through vacancy doping and lattice strains

We have systematically investigated the effects of different vacancy defects in 2D d(0) materials SnS2 and ZrS2 using first principles calculations. The theoretical results show that the single cation vacancy and the vacancy complex like V-SnS6 can induce large magnetic moments (3-4 μB) in these single layer materials. Other defects, such as V-SnS3, V-S, V-ZrS3 and V-ZrS6, can result in n-type conductivity. In addition, the ab initio studies also reveal that the magnetic and conductive properties from the cation vacancy and the defect complex V-SnS6 can be modified using the compressive/tensile strain of the in-plane lattices. Specifically, the V-Zr doped ZrS2 monolayer can be tuned from a ferromagnetic semiconductor to a metallic/half-metallic material with decreasing/increasing magnetic moments depending on the external compressive/tensile strains. On the other hand, the semiconducting and magnetic properties of V-Sn doped SnS2 is preserved under different lattice compression and tension. For the defect complex like V-SnS6, only the lattice compression can tune the magnetic moments in SnS2. As a result, by manipulating the fabrication parameters, the magnetic and conductive properties of SnS2 and ZrS2 can be tuned without the need for chemical doping.

Functionalization of a GaSe monolayer by vacancy and chemical element doping

The electronic and magnetic properties of the GaSe monolayer can be modified and manipulated through vacancy and chemical element doping.

Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systemic review and meta-analysis

Possible hazardous health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone on the reproductive system have raised public concern in recent years. This systemic review and meta-analysis was prepared following standard procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and checklist. Relevant studies published up to May 2013 were identified from five major international and Chinese literature databases: Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, the VIP database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library. Eighteen studies with 3947 men and 186 rats were included in the systemic review, of which 12 studies (four human studies, four in vitro studies and four animal studies) with 1533 men and 97 rats were used in the meta-analyses. Systemic review showed that results of most of the human studies and in vitro laboratory studies indicated mobile phone use or radiofrequency exposure had negative effects on the various semen parameters studied. However, meta-analysis indicated that mobile phone use had no adverse effects on semen parameters in human studies. In the in vitro studies, meta-analysis indicated that radiofrequency radiation had detrimental effect on sperm motility and viability in vitro [pooled mean difference (MDs) (95% CI): -4.11 (-8.08, -0.13), -3.82 (-7.00, -0.65) for sperm motility and viability respectively]. As for animal studies, radiofrequency exposure had harmful effects on sperm concentration and motility [pooled MDs (95% CI): -8.75 (-17.37, -0.12), -17.72 (-32.79, -2.65) for sperm concentration and motility respectively]. Evidence from current studies suggests potential harmful effects of mobile phone use on semen parameters. A further multicentred and standardized study is needed to assess the risk of mobile phone use on the reproductive system.

Similar blood-borne DNA methylation alterations in cancer and inflammatory diseases determined by subpopulation shifts in peripheral leukocytes

BACKGROUND

Although many DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations observed in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum have been considered as potential diagnostic markers for cancer, their origin and their specificity for cancer (e.g., vs inflammatory diseases) remain unclear.

METHODS

From publicly available datasets, we identified changes in the methylation of blood-borne DNA for multiple cancers and inflammatory diseases. We compared the identified changes with DNAm difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells extracted from two datasets.

RESULTS

At least 94.7% of the differentially methylated DNA loci (DM loci) observed in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum of cancer patients overlapped with DM loci that distinguish between myeloid and lymphoid cells and >99.9% of the overlapped DM loci had consistent alteration states (hyper- or hypomethylation) in cancer samples compared to normal controls with those in myeloid cells compared to lymphoid cells (binomial test, P-value <2.2 × 10(-16)). Similar results were observed for DM loci in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel diseases. The direct comparison between DM loci observed in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes of patients with inflammatory diseases and DM loci observed in the peripheral whole blood of patients with cancer showed that DM loci detected from cancer and inflammatory diseases also had significantly consistent alteration states (binomial test, P-value <2.2 × 10(-16)).

CONCLUSIONS

DNAm changes observed in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum of cancer patients and in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes of inflammatory disease patients are predominantly determined by the increase of myeloid cells and the decrease of lymphoid cells under the disease conditions, in the sense that their alteration states in disease samples compared to normal controls mainly reflect the DNAm difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells. These analyses highlight the importance of comparing cancer and inflammatory disease directly for the identification of cancer-specific diagnostic biomarkers.

Pharmacodynamic changes with vecuronium in sepsis are associated with expression of α7- and γ-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in an experimental rat model of neuromyopathy

BACKGROUND

Resistance to non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents induced by sepsis is associated with the qualitative change in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This study aims to investigate the effects of sepsis on the neuromuscular block properties of vecuronium in relation to the expression of fetal and neuronal α7 type nAChR.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham and sepsis groups. Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The rats were injected i.v. with ulinastatin or normal saline on Day 10. Neuromuscular block properties of vecuronium were evaluated and neuromuscular function was assessed by electromyography on Days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after CLP. Expression of fetal and neuronal type α7-nAChR on the tibialis anterior muscle was assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot. The mRNA encoding for γ- and α7 subunits was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The half maximal inhibitory response of vecuronium in the sepsis group significantly increased, peaked on Day 7, and then declined on Day 14 (P<0.05). The neuromuscular function decreased with increasing postoperation time in the sepsis group (P<0.05). Sepsis significantly increased the expression of γ- and α7-nAchR along with expression of γ- and α7 subunits mRNA, peaked on Day 7, and declined on Day 14 (P<0.05). Ulinastatin suppressed the expression of receptor protein and mRNA encoding for γ- and α7 subunits (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Pharmacodynamic changes with vecuronium seem to be associated with the expression of γ- and α7-nAChR in the skeletal muscle. Ulinastatin can improve this effect by inhibiting the expression of these receptors.

Karyotype relationships of six bat species (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from China revealed by chromosome painting and G-banding comparison

The Vespertilionidae is the largest family in the order Chiroptera and has a worldwide distribution in the temperate and tropical regions. In order to further clarify the karyotype relationships at the lower taxonomic level in Vespertilionidae, genome-wide comparative maps have been constructed between Myotis myotis (MMY, 2n = 44) and six vesper bats from China: Myotis altarium (MAL, 2n = 44), Hypsugo pulveratus (HPU, 2n = 44), Nyctalus velutinus (NVE, 2n = 36), Tylonycteris robustula (TRO, 2n = 32), Tylonycteris sp. (TSP, 2n = 30)and Miniopterus fuliginosus (MFU, 2n = 46) by cross-species chromosome painting with a set of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of Myotis myotis. Each Myotis myotis autosomal probe detected a single homologous chromosomal segment in the genomes of these six vesper bats except for MMY chromosome 3/4 paint which hybridized onto two chromosomes in the genome of M. fuliginosus. Our results show that Robertsonian translocation is the main mode of karyotype evolution in Vespertilionidae and that the addition of heterochromatic material also plays an important role in the karyotypic evolution of the genera Tylonycteris and Nyctalus. Two conserved syntenic associations (MMY9 + 23 and 18 + 19) could be the synapomorphic features for the genus Tylonycteris. The integration of our maps with the published maps has enabled us to deduce chromosomal homologies between human and these six vesper bats and provided new insight into the karyotype evolution of the family Vespertilionidae.

Involvement of NF-kappaB and c-myc signaling pathways in the apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced by alkaloids of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch

Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch (Celastraceae) (THH) root is a Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for treating autoimmune diseases. In the present study, alkaloids of THH were prepared and their cytotoxicity against the HL-60 cell was investigated. THH-induced apoptosis was observed using flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscope, and DNA laddering and caspase assays. The molecular mechanism involved in the induction of HL-60 cell apoptosis by THH alkaloids was examined using cDNA microarrays containing 3000 human genes derived from a leukocyte cDNA library. Sixteen genes were identified to be differentially expressed in HL-60 cells upon THH treatment. Several genes related to the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and cell apoptosis (such as NFKBIB, PRG1 and B2M) were up-regulated. In addition, c-myc binding protein and apoptosis-related cysteine proteases caspase-3 and caspase-8 were also regulated. The changes in c-Myc RNA expression and c-myc protein level were further confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that THH alkaloids induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells though c-myc and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.

Inhibition of cyclic-3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase abrogates the synergism of hypoxia with lipopolysaccharide in the induction of macrophage TNF-alpha production

BACKGROUND

Local tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by resident macrophages (M phi) contributes to posttraumatic tissue injury. Hypoxia decreases cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and enhances M phi secretion of TNF-alpha following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Thus, tissue hypoxia associated with trauma likely synergizes with proinflammatory mediators in the induction of M phi TNF-alpha production through an influence on cAMP generation or degradation. It is unclear whether elevation of cellular cAMP inhibits LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production by hypoxic M phi. Moreover, it is unknown whether the synergism of hypoxia with LPS can be abrogated by promotion of cAMP generation or inhibition of cAMP degradation.

METHODS

Rat peritoneal M phi were stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (20 ng/ml) in a normoxic (room air with 5% CO(2)) or hypoxic (95% N(2) with 5% CO(2)) condition. TNF-alpha levels in cell-free supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol (ISP; 5.0 microM) and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (FSK; 50 microM) were applied to promote cAMP generation. The nonselective cyclic-3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 1.0 mM) and the PDE III-specific inhibitor milrinone (200 microM) were used to inhibit cAMP degradation. The nondegradable cAMP analogue dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP; 100 microM) was applied to further determine the role of PDE. RESULTS. Although hypoxia alone had a minimal effect on TNF-alpha production, it dramatically enhanced LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production (4.08 +/- 0.28 ng/10(6) cells in hypoxia plus LPS vs 1.63 +/- 0.26 ng/10(6) cells in LPS, 2.5-fold, P < 0.01). Promotion of cAMP generation by either ISP or FSK reduced TNF-alpha production by hypoxic cells. However, neither of these two agents abolished the synergism of hypoxia with LPS (1.68 +/- 0.13 ng/10(6) cells in ISP plus hypoxia plus LPS vs 0.55 +/- 0.04 ng/10(6) cells in ISP plus LPS, threefold; 1.17 +/- 0.03 ng/10(6) cells in FSK plus hypoxia plus LPS vs 0.33 +/- 0.02 ng/10(6) cells in FSK plus LPS, 3.5-fold; both P < 0.01). Inhibition of cAMP degradation with IBMX reduced TNF-alpha production in hypoxic cells and abrogated the synergism (0.31 +/- 0.11 ng/10(6) cells in IBMX plus hypoxia plus LPS vs 0.27 +/- 0.04 ng/10(6) cells in IBMX plus LPS, P > 0.05), and the PDE III inhibitor milrinone had a comparable effect. Moreover, dbcAMP also attenuated TNF-alpha production with abrogation of the synergistic effect of hypoxia (0.56 +/- 0.08 ng/10(6) cells in dbcAMP plus hypoxia plus LPS vs 0.46 +/- 0.04 ng/10(6) cells in dbcAMP plus LPS, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that elevation of cellular cAMP, either by promotion of generation or by inhibition of degradation, suppresses LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production in hypoxic M phi. It appears that hypoxia synergizes with LPS in the induction of M phi TNF-alpha production through PDE-mediated cAMP degradation. Inhibition of PDE may be a therapeutic approach for suppression of synergistic induction of M phi TNF-alpha production by hypoxia and LPS in posttraumatic tissue.

Potential immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activities of Malaysian medicinal plants characterized by reduced cell surface expression of cell adhesion molecules

In the search for agents effective against immune-mediated disorders and inflammation, we have screened Malaysian medicinal plants for the ability to inhibit the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the surface of murine endothelial cells (F-2), and mouse myeloid leukaemia cells (M1), respectively. Of 41 kinds (29 species, 24 genera, 16 families) of Malaysian plants tested, 10 and 19 plant samples significantly downregulated the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. Bioassay-directed fractionation of an extract prepared from the bark of Goniothalamus andersonii showed that its ingredients, goniothalamin (1) and goniodiol (2) inhibited the cell surface expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The present results suggest that Malaysian medicinal plants may be abundant natural resources for immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory substances.

Differential cardiopulmonary recruitment of neutrophils during hemorrhagic shock: a role for ICAM-1?

Hemorrhagic shock and subsequent resuscitation can result in acute lung injury and cardiac dysfunction. Previous studies have demonstrated that tissue neutrophil accumulation contributes to cardiopulmonary injury associated with trauma. Thus, suppression of tissue neutrophil recruitment in an early therapeutic window after hemorrhagic shock may protect the cardiopulmonary system. It is unclear whether hemorrhagic shock induces cardiopulmonary recruitment of neutrophils before resuscitation. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is one of the important factors that mediate tissue neutrophil recruitment. The physiologic significance of ICAM-1 expression after hemorrhage before resuscitation is not well delineated. The present study examined the role of ICAM-1 in neutrophil accumulation in the heart and lung after severe hemorrhage without resuscitation. Mice were subjected to hemorrhagic shock by removal of 30% of total blood volume. Lung neutrophil number as determined by immunofluorescent staining increased by 1 h after hemorrhage and was maximal at 4 h whereas myocardial neutrophil number was not changed. Lung neutrophil accumulation was not associated with an up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression or an alteration in ICAM-1 subcellular distribution. Surprisingly, deletion of the ICAM-1 gene enhanced hemorrhagic shock-induced lung neutrophil accumulation. These results suggest that hemorrhagic shock induces preferential neutrophil accumulation to the lung that appears to occur independent of ICAM-1-expression.

A low level of TNF-alpha mediates hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury via p55 TNF receptor

Acute lung injury after hemorrhagic shock (HS) is associated with the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the lung. However, the role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in this pulmonary disorder remains obscure. This study examined the temporal relationship of pulmonary TNF-alpha production to neutrophil accumulation during HS and determined the role of TNF-alpha in neutrophil accumulation and lung leak. HS was induced in mice by removal of 30% of total blood volume. Lung TNF-alpha was measured by ELISA. Neutrophil accumulation was detected by immunofluorescent staining, and microvascular permeability was assessed using Evans blue dye. Although HS induced a slight and transient increase in lung TNF-alpha, neutrophil accumulation preceded the increase in TNF-alpha. However, lung neutrophil accumulation and lung leak were abrogated in TNF-alpha knockout mice, and both were restored by administration of recombinant TNF-alpha to TNF-alpha knockout mice before HS. Neutrophil accumulation and lung leak were abrogated in mice lacking the p55 TNF-alpha receptor, but neither was influenced by p75 TNF-alpha receptor knockout. This study demonstrates that a low level of pulmonary TNF-alpha is sufficient to mediate HS-induced acute lung injury during HS and that the p55 TNF-alpha receptor plays a dominant role in regulating the pulmonary inflammatory response to HS.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule--1 expression is obligatory for endotoxin-induced myocardial neutrophil accumulation and contractile dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction occurs commonly in critically ill patients and is associated with high mortality rates. Neutrophils play a central role in sepsis-induced lung and liver injury; however, the mechanism of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) has been implicated in neutrophil-mediated liver injury during endotoxemia and is also expressed in myocardium. The purposes of this study were to examine the temporal relationship of myocardial VCAM-1 expression with neutrophil accumulation during endotoxemia and to determine whether VCAM-1 mediates neutrophil accumulation and cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia.

METHODS

Mice were subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Myocardial VCAM-1 expression and neutrophil accumulation were determined by immunofluorescence staining. Cardiac performance with or without VCAM-1 blocking antibody (5 mg/kg, intravenously) was determined by the Langendorff technique.

RESULTS

LPS caused a time-dependent increase in both myocardial VCAM-1 expression and neutrophil accumulation. At 6 hours after LPS, the immunofluorescent intensity for VCAM-1 increased from 2.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(6) in saline solution controls to 19.9 +/- 3.5 x 10(6) (P <.05, analysis of variance), and neutrophil count increased from 2.4 +/- 1.7/mm(2) in saline solution controls to 13.0 +/- 2.5/mm(2) (P <.05). Left ventricular developed pressure was decreased maximally at 6 hours after LPS compared with saline solution controls (29.1 +/- 1.1 mm Hg vs 53.1 +/- 3.9 mm Hg; P <.05). Treatment with VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody abrogated both myocardial neutrophil accumulation and cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia.

CONCLUSIONS

LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction is associated with increased expression of VCAM-1 and with neutrophil accumulation. Blockade of VCAM-1 abrogates myocardial neutrophil accumulation and preserves cardiac function during endotoxemia, which supports a role for VCAM-1 as a therapeutic target for myocardial protection during sepsis.

Differential cellular immunolocalization of renal tumour necrosis factor-alpha production during ischaemia versus endotoxaemia

Both renal ischaemia and endotoxaemia provoke renal dysfunction and cellular injury. Although the clinical manifestation of each insult is similar (global renal dysfunction), ischaemia and endotoxaemia induce different patterns of cellular injury. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in both types of renal injury; however, it remains unknown whether differential cellular TNF-alpha expression accounts for these changes. We hypothesized that renal glomerular cells and tubular cells differentially express TNF-alpha in response to ischaemia compared with endotoxaemia. To investigate this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized and exposed to various time-periods of renal ischaemia, with or without reperfusion (sham operation=negative control), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.). The kidneys were harvested following renal injury, and rat TNF-alpha protein expression was determined (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), as were TNF-alpha bioactivity (by WEHI-164 cell clone cytotoxicity assay) and TNF-alpha cellular localization (by immunohistochemistry). TNF-alpha protein expression and TNF-alpha bioactivity peaked following 1 hr of ischaemia and 2 hr of reperfusion (48 +/- 11 pg/mg of protein, P < 0.05, and 12 +/- 0.5 x 10-3 units/mg of protein, P < 0.05, respectively). The concentration of TNF-alpha increased to a similar extent following exposure to LPS; however, while TNF-alpha production following ischaemia-reperfusion injury localized predominantly to renal tubular epithelial cells, animals exposed to LPS demonstrated a primarily glomerular distribution of TNF-alpha production. Hence, the cellular localization of renal TNF-alpha production appears to be injury specific, i.e. renal tubular cells are the primary source of TNF-alpha following an ischaemic insult, whereas LPS induces glomerular TNF-alpha production. The cellular source of TNF-alpha following different insults may have therapeutic implications for targeted inhibition of TNF-alpha production.

[A study on relationship between blood lead level and physical growth and development of babies and young children in Shanghai]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of low level lead exposure on physical growth and development in young children.

METHODS

Blood lead level and indicators for physical growth and development, such as body height and weight, and head and chest circumferences were measured in randomly sampled 1,969 children aged 1 - 6 years in Shanghai. Z scores for these indicators were calculated for each of them based on their age and sex-specific norms for children in urban and suburban Shanghai. And, regression analysis of blood lead level was conducted on them.

RESULTS

Geometric mean of blood lead level was 0.400 micromol/L in young children of Shanghai, and 744 (37.8%) of 1,969 children were equal to or higher than 0.483 micromol/L. Geometric mean of blood lead level correlated in reverse to the Z scores for their body height, weight and head circumference, even if adjusted for the potential confounding factors.

CONCLUSION

Low level lead exposure could cause adverse effects on their physical growth and development in young children of Shanghai.

Reduction of infarct size in the rat heart by LPS preconditioning is associated with expression of angiogenic growth factors and increased capillary density

Inflammation induces the expression of angiogenic growth factors in tissues, which leads to microvascular growth. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provokes a transient inflammatory response in the heart and induces delayed cardiac resistance to post-ischemic contractile dysfunction. In this study, we examined: 1) the effects of LPS on myocardial expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 2) whether an increase in the density of myocardial microvessels follows the expression of angiogenic growth factors, and 3) the effect of LPS on myocardial resistance to infarction and its relationship with microvascular growth. Rats were treated with LPS (from Salmonella typhimurium, 0.5 mg/kg i.p.). The expression of bFGF and VEGF in the myocardium was examined at 6 and 12 h after LPS treatment by immunofluorescent staining. Myocardial capillary and arteriole densities were determined 3 days after LPS treatment by morphometry, using immunofluorescent staining of von Willebrand factor (a marker protein of endothelial cells) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (a marker protein of smooth muscle cells). To examine cardiac resistance to infarction, hearts were subjected to 40 min of regional ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion by reversible occlusion of left coronary artery at 3 days after LPS treatment. LPS induced cardiac bFGF and VEGF at 6 and 12 h after treatment. The expression of these growth factors was followed by an increase in myocardial capillary density (2032 +/- 78/mm2 vs. 1617 +/- 47/mm2 in saline control, P < 0.05), but not arteriole density, at 3 days. Meanwhile, infarct size was significantly reduced by LPS preconditioning (infarct/left ventricle 12.3 +/- 1.04% vs. 21.7 +/- 1.65% in saline control, 43% reduction, P < 0.05). These results suggest that LPS preconditioning induces cardiac bFGF and VEGF, and an increase in myocardial capillary density. This increased myocardial capillary density is associated with a reduced infarct size after in vivo regional ischemia-reperfusion.

Inhibition of myocardial TNF-alpha production by heat shock. A potential mechanism of stress-induced cardioprotection against postischemic dysfunction

Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) contributes to cardiac dysfunction associated with systemic or myocardial stress, such as endotoxemia and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Heat shock has been demonstrated to enhance cardiac functional resistance to I/R. However, the protective mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether cardiac macrophages express heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) after heat shock, (2) whether induced cardiac HSP72 suppresses myocardial TNF-alpha production during I/R, and (3) whether preservation of postischemic myocardial function by heat shock is correlated with attenuated TNF-alpha production during I/R. Rats were subjected to heat shock (42 degrees C for 15 min) and 24 h recovery. Immunoblotting confirmed the expression of cardiac HSP72. Immunofluorescent staining detected HSP72 in cardiac interstitial cells including resident macrophages rather than myocytes. Global I/R caused a significant increase in myocardial TNF-alpha. The increase in myocardial TNF-alpha was blunted by prior heat shock and the reduced myocardial TNF-alpha level was correlated with improved cardiac functional recovery. This study demonstrates for the first time that heat shock induces HSP72 in cardiac resident macrophages and inhibits myocardial TNF-alpha production during I/R. These observations suggest that inhibition of myocardial TNF-alpha production may be a mechanism by which HSP72 protects the heart against postischemic dysfunction.

Adrenergic induction of bimodal myocardial protection: signal transduction and cardiac gene reprogramming

This study tested the hypothesis that in vivo norepinephrine (NE) treatment induces bimodal cardiac functional protection against ischemia and examined the roles of alpha1-adrenoceptors, protein kinase C (PKC), and cardiac gene expression in cardiac protection. Rats were treated with NE (25 micrograms/kg iv). Cardiac functional resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (25/40 min) injury was examined 30 min and 1, 4, and 24 h after NE treatment with the Langendorff technique, and effects of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonism and PKC inhibition on the protection were determined. Northern analysis was performed to examine cardiac expression of mRNAs encoding alpha-actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to localize PKC-betaI in the ventricular myocardium. NE treatment improved postischemic functional recovery at 30 min, 4 h, and 24 h but not at 1 h. Pretreatment with prazosin or chelerythrine abolished both the early adaptive response at 30 min and the delayed adaptive response at 24 h. NE treatment induced intranuclear translocation of PKC-betaI in cardiac myocytes at 10 min and increased skeletal alpha-actin and beta-MHC mRNAs in the myocardium at 4-24 h. These results demonstrate that in vivo NE treatment induces bimodal myocardial functional adaptation to ischemia in a rat model. alpha1-Adrenoceptors and PKC appear to be involved in signal transduction for inducing both the early and delayed adaptive responses. The delayed adaptive response is associated with the expression of cardiac genes encoding fetal contractile proteins, and PKC-betaI may transduce the signal for reprogramming of cardiac gene expression.

Interleukin-10 inhibits postinjury tumor necrosis factor-mediated human vascular smooth muscle proliferation

BACKGROUND

Both ischemic and direct vascular injury (angioplasty) result in the elaboration of proinflammatory substances, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), which may regulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and promote vessel stenosis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent antiinflammatory effects in many cells lines. We hypothesized that IL-10 could be used therapeutically to influence vascular remodeling by inhibiting TNF-induced VSMC proliferation. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether human myocardium produces endogenous TNF in response to ischemia-reperfusion, (2) to examine the effect of TNF on human arterial smooth muscle proliferation, and (3) to explore the potential therapeutic effect of IL-10 on unstimulated and TNF-stimulated VSMC proliferation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Right atrial muscle was obtained from patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Atrial muscle was subjected to simulated ischemia and reperfusion in vitro and TNF was measured by immunoassay. Human aortic VSMCs were isolated and cultured. Proliferation assays were performed to determine the effect of TNF and IL-10 on VSMC growth.

RESULTS

Ischemia-reperfusion resulted in an increase in atrial myocellular TNF (94.5 +/- 15.8 pg/g wet tissue versus control 12.9 +/- 4.4 pg/g wet tissue, P < 0.002). Compared with control, TNF stimulated concentration-dependent VSMC proliferation (P < 0.005). IL-10 alone did not influence VSMC growth. However, following TNF stimulation, IL-10 inhibited VSMC growth at a dose as low as 0.1 pg/ml (P < 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Ischemia-reperfusion insult results in increased endogenous myocardial TNF accumulation. TNF stimulates VSMC growth which is abrogated by physiologically relevant levels of IL-10. This antiinflammatory cytokine may prove to be an effective therapeutic agent in regulating vessel wall remodeling following both ischemic and direct cardiovascular injury.

Human myocardial tissue TNFalpha expression following acute global ischemia in vivo

Although human myocardial TNFalpha levels are increased during the ischemia associated with chonic heart failure, it remains unknown whether an acute global ischemic insult further increases TNFalpha expression in human cardiac myocytes. To study this, biopsies of human myocardium were obtained before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (in vivo acute global ischemia), and myocardial TNFalpha levels were determined by ELISA and cytotoxicity assay (WEHI-164 clone 13 cell line). TNFalpha was immunolocalized by immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that cardiopulmonary bypass induces an increase in human myocardial TNFalpha by both ELISA and cytotoxicity assays. Immunolocalization revealed that prior to cardiopulmonary bypass TNFalpha was located predominantly in the myocardial interstitial cells; however, following bypass, increased TNFalpha was observed in the cardiocytes themselves. Locally-produced myocardial TNFalpha may be an important contributor to myocardial functional depression and injury following acute ischemia. Targeted anti-TNFalpha therapy in the treatment of cardiac ischemic injury may further elucidate its clinical relevance.

Myocardial gene reprogramming associated with a cardiac cross-resistant state induced by LPS preconditioning

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning induces cardiac resistance to subsequent LPS or ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that resistance to LPS and resistance to ischemia are two manifestations of cardiac cross-resistance which may involve reprogramming of cardiac gene expression. Rats were preconditioned with a single dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg ip). Cardiac resistance to LPS was examined with a subsequent LPS challenge. Cardiac resistance to ischemia was determined by subjecting hearts to ischemia-reperfusion. Total RNA was extracted from myocardium for Northern analysis of mRNAs encoding protooncoproteins, antioxidant enzymes, and contractile protein isoforms. Rats preconditioned with LPS 1-7 days earlier acquired cardiac resistance to endotoxemic depression. This resistance temporally correlated with resistance to ischemia. Pretreatment with cycloheximide (0.5 mg/kg ip) abolished resistance to both LPS and ischemia. LPS preconditioning induced the expression of c-jun and c-fos mRNAs. LPS also transiently increased mRNAs encoding catalase and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase. The expression of both alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain mRNAs was upregulated, whereas the expression of cardiac alpha-actin mRNA was suppressed. We conclude that 1) LPS induces sustained cardiac resistance to both LPS and ischemia, 2) resistance to ischemia and resistance to LPS seem to be two mechanistically indistinct components of cardiac cross-resistance, and 3) the cardiac cross-resistance is associated with reprogramming of myocardial gene expression.

TNF-alpha and myocardial depression in endotoxemic rats: temporal discordance of an obligatory relationship

Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces delayed myocardial depression in vivo but promotes rapid myocardial depression in vitro. The temporal relationship between endogenous TNF-alpha and endotoxemic myocardial depression is unclear, and the role of TNF-alpha in this myocardial disorder remains controversial. Using a rat model of endotoxemia not complicated by shock, we sought to determine 1) the temporal relationship of changes in circulating and myocardial TNF-alpha with myocardial depression, 2) the influences of protein synthesis inhibition or immunosuppression on TNF-alpha production and myocardial depression, and 3) the influence of neutralization of TNF-alpha on myocardial depression. Rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg ip). Circulating and myocardial TNF-alpha increased at 1 and 2 h, whereas myocardial contractility was depressed at 4 and 6 h. Pretreatment with cycloheximide or dexamethasone abolished the increase in circulating and myocardial TNF-alpha and preserved myocardial contractile function. Similarly, treatment with TNF binding protein immediately after LPS prevented myocardial depression. We conclude that endogenous TNF-alpha mediates delayed myocardial depression in endotoxemic rats and that inhibition of TNF-alpha production or neutralization of TNF-alpha preserves myocardial contractile function in endotoxemia.

LPS induces late cardiac functional protection against ischemia independent of cardiac and circulating TNF-alpha

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha independently induce cardioprotection against ischemia in the rat at 24 h after administration, suggesting that endogenously synthesized TNF-alpha may play a role in LPS-induced protection. The purposes of this study were 1) to delineate the time course of LPS-induced cardiac functional protection against ischemia and its relation with myocardial and circulating TNF-alpha profile, 2) to examine whether prior protein synthesis inhibition abrogates the protection, and 3) to assess the effects of TNF-alpha inhibition and neutralization on the protection. Rats were treated with LPS (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). Cardiac functional resistance to normothermic global ischemia-reperfusion was examined at sequential time points after LPS treatment in isolated hearts by the Langendorff technique. Myocardial and circulating TNF-alpha was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 1-24 h after LPS treatment. Protection was apparent at 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days but not at 2 or 12 h. Maximal protection at 3 days was abolished by cycloheximide pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg i.p. 3 h before LPS treatment). Increases in myocardial and circulating TNF-alpha preceded the acquisition of protection. Dexamethasone pretreatment (4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg i.p. 30 min before LPS treatment) abolished peak increase in myocardial TNF-alpha and substantially suppressed circulating TNF-alpha (54.3 and 85.9% inhibition, respectively) without an influence on the maximal protection. Similarly, maximal protection was not affected by TNF binding protein (40 or 80 microg/kg i.v. immediately after LPS treatment). The results suggest that LPS-induced cardiac functional protection against ischemia is a delayed and long-lasting protective response that may involve de novo protein synthesis. Although LPS-induced increase in myocardial and circulating TNF-alpha precedes the delayed protection, it may not be required for the delayed protection.

Multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases are regulated by hyperosmolality in mouse IMCD cells

Inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells adapt to a hypertonic environment by synthesizing transporters that allow for accumulation of organic osmolytes. To examine for activation of additional mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracts of IMCD-3 cells subjected to a hypertonic medium (600 mosmol/kgH2O) for 15 min were fractionated by Mono Q fast-performance liquid chromatography and assayed with the epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR-(662-681)] peptide as substrate. Three peaks of activity were identified. Western blotting revealed that these peaks coincided with Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, and p38 MAP kinase. To assess the functional significance of ERK2 activation in IMCD-3 cells, the effect of PD-098059, an inhibitor of the upstream regulatory protein kinase MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) was assessed. PD-098059 inhibited ERK activation by hypertonicity. Yet, the stimulation of inositol uptake, a marker of adaptation, after 16 h was unaltered. Direct measurements of JNK activity [phosphorylation of GST-cJun-(1-79)] revealed a marked (20- to 40-fold) increase in activity as medium osmolality was increased from 300 to 900 mosmol/kgH2O with either NaCl or mannitol. Urea induced a more modest increase in activity. The response is prompt and detected as early as 2 min after exposure, reaching a maximum activation at 10-15 min. Downregulation of cellular protein kinase C (PKC) by chronic exposure to phorbol esters only minimally attenuated the JNK response to hyperosmolality, indicating a lack of involvement of PKC. We conclude that, in IMCD-3 cells, inhibition of ERK activation by hyperosmolality does not prevent osmoregulatory increase in inositol transport. This is not consistent with a role for ERKs in the response. The roles for JNK and p38 have not been ruled out, and these pathways may represent the initiating event in the subsequent transcription of organic osmolyte transporter genes and adaptation to extracellular hypertonicity.

Nitric oxide synthase is not involved in cardiac contractile dysfunction in a rat model of endotoxemia without shock

Endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines induce nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in promoting endotoxin shock. However, the role of NOS in endotoxemic cardiac contractile dysfunction is not defined. To determine whether endotoxemic cardiac contractile dysfunction involves NOS, the present study used a rat model of endotoxemia without shock and examined the effects of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, a potent inhibitor of inducible NOS, iNOS, expression), isoform nonselective NOS inhibitor (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, L-NMA) and iNOS selective inhibitor (S-methylisothiourea sulfate, SMT) on cardiac contractile dysfunction. A sublethal dose of endotoxin (from Salmonella typhimurium, .5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to adult rats, and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) examined by Langendorff technique was attenuated in hearts isolated at 4 or 6 h (66.7 +/- 3.4 and 60.3 +/- 5.5 mmHg, respectively, p < .05 vs. 102 +/- 2.4 mmHg in saline control) after endotoxin treatment. Pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone (4.0 mg/kg, i.v., -30 min) partially abolished endotoxin-induced contractile dysfunction at 6 h (LVDP 87.6 +/- 6.8 mmHg, p < .05 vs. endotoxin alone at 6 h). However, pretreatment with L-NMA (30 mg/kg, i.v., -5 min) or SMT (5.0 mg/kg, i.v., -1 min) failed to prevent the contractile dysfunction. Moreover, infusion of L-NMA or SMT in vitro could not restore contractile function in hearts isolated at 6 h after endotoxin treatment. In contrast, inhibition of NOS with L-NMA or SMT in vitro further attenuated coronary flow in endotoxin-treated hearts. Thus, endotoxemic cardiac contractile dysfunction in this non-shock rat model may not involve NOS, and inhibition of NOS may deteriorate coronary perfusion in endotoxemic heart.

[Lead exposure level in umbilical cord blood and its related factors]

Six hundred and five specimens of umbilical cord blood were collected from Yangpu District, Shanghai, and blood lead levels were determined with graphite stove atom absorption spectrophotometry in 348 of them to study fetal exposure to lead and its related factors in the people of Shanghai. Survey on household social and environmental health status was conducted in families with the babies whose umbilical cord blood lead were above the 70th percentile and below the 30th percentile with a face-to-face questionnaire. Data were analyzed with multiple regression for the factors which affected the lead level in umbilical cord blood significantly. Results showed that blood lead levels in 348 cases were normally distributed, with a range of 0.08 to 0.84 mumol/L, a mean of 0.44 mumol/L and a standard deviation of 0.15 mumol/L. Specimens with cord blood lead level exceeding the safety criteria of 0.48 mumol/L accounted for 40.8 percent of the total. The study also found that passive smoking during pregnancy, exposure to lead in family members, one's living room adjacent to the major traffic roads, pollution by coal-burning smoke in the environment of one's residence, use of coal as domestic fuel, and eating preserved eggs during pregnancy all were risk factors for lead exposure. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that contribution of passive smoking to cord blood lead level was still statistically significant after adjusting other confounding factors. It concluded that environmental lead pollution could cause ad-verse effects on fetal development.

A new direction for cleft palate research

Successful outcomes in the treatment of complete unilateral cleft-lip and palate (CUCL/P) and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP) are not obtained universally, despite significant improvements in surgical techniques over the past three decades. In particular, deficient palatal growth may occur even when expert surgical treatment is rendered. The factors which contribute most significantly to unfavorable growth outcomes remain obscure.

Endotoxin induces cardiac HSP70 and resistance to endotoxemic myocardial depression in rats

Endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) depresses myocardial function. However, heat shock and sublethal LPS can confer cardiac resistance to postischemic dysfunction. We hypothesized that a prior exposure to LPS stress induces the expression of cardiac heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and resistance to endotoxemic myocardial depression. Moreover, induction of HSP70 by hyperthermia should also increase cardiac resistance to LPS toxicity. LPS (500 micrograms/kg ip) depressed rat left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) maximally at 6 h (58.4 +/- 3.72 vs. 101 +/- 1.46 mmHg in saline control, P < 0.01), and myocardial contractile function recovered at 24 h. In rats pretreated with LPS 24 h earlier, subsequent LPS exposure did not depress LVDP (97.0 +/- 3.53 mmHg at 6 h, P < 0.01 vs. single exposure). Both LPS and hyperthermia (42 degrees C, 15 min) induced HSP72 mainly in the cardiac interstitial cells, including macrophages at 24 h after treatment. When hyperthermia-pretreated animals were similarly challenged with LPS, myocardial depression at 6 h was partially abrogated (LVDP 80.1 +/- 5.67 vs. 62.2 +/- 4.91 mmHg in sham+LPS group, P < 0.01). We conclude that LPS induces HSP70 in rat heart and that an exposure to LPS or heat stress confers cardiac resistance to endotoxemic myocardial depression.

Norepinephrine induces cardiac heat shock protein 70 and delayed cardioprotection in the rat through alpha 1 adrenoceptors

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have demonstrated that norepinephrine (NE) confers immediate cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion injuries. The present study tests the hypothesis that in vivo treatment with NE induces delayed cardioprotection against postischemic dysfunction in the rat heart which is associated with expression of c-fos and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 in the myocardium.

METHODS

Rats were treated with NE (3.1 mumol/kg, ip) and hearts isolated and perfused with a modified Langendorff technique 2 or 24 h after injection. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were recorded during 25 min normothermic global ischemia and 40 min reperfusion. Total RNA was extracted from left ventricular tissue at various time points and Northern hybridization was applied to detect c-fos and HSP70 mRNAs. Expression and distribution of c-fos and HSP72 proteins in the myocardium were examined by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

In vivo NE treatment improved postischemic recovery of both LVDP and LVEDP in the hearts isolated at 24 h after treatment but not in those isolated at 2 h. LVDP was 68.9 +/- 4.8 mmHg in NE 24 h group at the end of reperfusion in comparison to 43.6 +/- 2.9 mmHg in saline control group (P < 0.01). Pretreatment with prazosin abolished NE-induced cardioprotection while propranolol pretreatment had no effect. Northern analysis demonstrated rapid and transient increases in c-fos and HSP70 mRNAs in the myocardium after NE treatment. Accumulation of c-fos protein was observed at 3 h and increased amount of HSP72 protein was demonstrated at 24 h in the myocardium. Pretreatment of rats with prazosin eliminated NE-induced increase in cardiac HSP70 mRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that in vivo treatment with NE upregulates the expression of c-fos and HSP70 in the myocardium and induces delayed protection against postischemic myocardial dysfunction in the isolated rat heart. Induction of both the expression of cardiac HSP70 and the delayed cardioprotection by NE appears to be mediated by alpha 1 adrenoceptors.

A single endotoxin challenge induces delayed myocardial protection against infarcation

Sublethal endotoxemia attenuates cardiac functional injury from global ischemia but it is unknown whether endotoxemia can protect myocardium against infarction. Furthermore, increases in myocardial catalase and heat shock protein (HSP) following endotoxemia have been associated with cardiac ischemic protection. We therefore hypothesized that a 72-hr pretreatment with endotoxin (ETX) would reduce myocardial tissue necrosis in association with augmented catalase activity and stress protein expression. Rabbits were treated with normal saline or lipopolysaccharide (Salmonella typhimurium) at 10, 5, and 1 microgram/kg doses. Three days after saline or ETX injection they were subjected to 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 hr of reperfusion. Area of necrosis (tetrazolium staining) was normalized to anatomic risk zone size (Evans blue staining). Catalase activity was measured by a standard assay and HSP 72 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. During regional ischemia and reperfusion there were no differences in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure between groups. ETX treated rabbits had the same risk zone size as controls. Infarct size was reduced in the ETX treated rabbits at the 10 and 5 microgram/kg doses compared with control rabbits (17.5 +/- 1.5% and 22.2 +/- 3.1% vs 45.3 +/- 2.5%; P < 0.05) but no protective effect was observed at the 1.0 micrograms/kg dose (38.0 +/- 4.6%; P > 0.05 vs control). Catalase activity was not different between control and ETX (5 microgram/kg) treated groups (997.8 +/- 59.1 U/g vs 1099.6 +/- 69.3 U/g myocardium; P > 0.05) but endotoxin induced expression of myocardial HSP 72. We conclude that a single challenge with endotoxin can induce delayed myocardial protection against infarction in vivo. This delayed cardioprotective response involves enhanced stress protein expression without changes in myocellular catalase activity.

Mechanisms of immature myocardial tolerance to ischemia: phenotypic differences in antioxidants, stress proteins, and oxidases

BACKGROUND

Previous work has suggested tolerance to ischemic injury in newborn myocardium. Although various mechanisms for this protection have been proposed, a link between oxidant-antioxidant factors, stress protein expression, and protection from cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has not been made in newborn myocardium. We hypothesized total newborn myocardial resistance to I/R is related to decreased oxygen radical producing potential, increased free radical scavenging capacity and augmented stress protein expression. The purposes of the study were to examine in newborn and adult rat hearts (1) functional recovery from I/R, (2) catalase and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, and (3) heat shock protein 72 (HSP 72) expression.

METHODS

Isolated rat hearts (7 to 10 days versus 60 days) were perfused on a nonworking Langendorff apparatus at 60 mm Hg (Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and subjected to 20 minutes of global ischemia and 40 minutes of reperfusion. Left ventricular developed pressure was recorded by using a left ventricular catheter. Catalase and XO were measured by means of standard assays, and HSP 72 was assessed with in situ immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Newborn rat hearts had greater percentage functional recovery of left ventricular developed pressure after I/R (66.0% +/- 4.2% versus 44.3% +/- 3.5%; p < 0.05). The newborn myocardium also had increased catalase activity (1027.9 +/- 20.6 units/gm versus 707.3 +/- 38.7 units/gm; p < 0.05), whereas the activity of XO was decreased relative to the adult (0.23 +/- 0.01 mU/gm versus 7.6 +/- 1.4 mU/gm; p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of HSP 72 was greater in the newborn than the adult control.

CONCLUSIONS

Relative to adult hearts, newborn rat hearts are more tolerant to a global ischemic insult followed by reperfusion. This improved functional recovery is associated with decreased oxidant production potential (XO), increased scavenging capacity (catalase), and augmented stress protein expression (HSP 72).

Expression of GTPase-deficient Ras inhibits vasopressin signaling in cultured cortical collecting duct cells

Cross-talk between signaling pathways is increasingly recognized as integral to cellular function. We investigated whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alters vasopressin (AVP) stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) by specifically studying the role of Ras. Mouse cortical collecting duct cells (M-1) were transfected with a cDNA encoding oncogenic Ras. Transfection was confirmed by Western blot analysis and functionally by enhanced basal MAPK activity. When compared with basal MAPK activity of 26.4 +/- 6.6 pmol/mg/min in controls, basal MAPK activity varied widely in Ras-transfected clones from 29.0 +/- 6.6 to 96.6 +/- 13.4 pmol/mg/min. Clones that functionally expressed activated Ras displayed complete abolition of AVP-stimulated PKA activity, whereas those that failed to express elevated basal MAPK activity showed intact AVP-stimulated PKA. The correlation between expression of high basal MAPK activity and inhibition of AVP-induced PKA yielded a correlation coefficient of -0.92 (P = 0.009). Exposure to 10 microM forskolin or 1 microgram/ml cholera toxin resulted in comparable activation of PKA in all clones. We found no correlation between PKC activity of the clones and PKA inhibition. To assess whether the observed effect was due to one known Ras target, cells were transfected with constitutively activated Raf. M-1 cells expressing activated Raf exhibited elevated MAPK activity. The Raf clones showed no impairment of AVP-stimulated PKA activity. We conclude that expression of activated Ras is inhibitory of AVP-induced PKA activation in the M-1 cortical collecting duct cell line at a site proximal to G alpha s protein. The failure of Raf to influence AVP signaling indicates that the action of Ras is through a pathway independent of this Ras target.