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Lyu J, Kapolka N, Gumpper R, Alon A, Wang L, Jain MK, Barros-Álvarez X, Sakamoto K, Kim Y, DiBerto J, Kim K, Glenn IS, Tummino TA, Huang S, Irwin JJ, Tarkhanova OO, Moroz Y, Skiniotis G, Kruse AC, Shoichet BK, Roth BL. AlphaFold2 structures guide prospective ligand discovery. Science 2024:eadn6354. [PMID: 38753765 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
AlphaFold2 (AF2) models have had wide impact, but they have had mixed success in retrospective ligand recognition. We prospectively docked large libraries against unrefined AF2 models of the σ2 and 5-HT2A receptors, testing hundreds of new molecules and comparing results to docking against the experimental structures. Hit rates were high and similar for the experimental and the AF2 structures, as were affinities. The success of docking against the AF2 models was achieved despite differences in orthosteric residue conformations versus the experimental structures. Determination of the cryo-electron microscopy structure for one of the more potent 5HT2A ligands from the AF2 docking revealed residue accommodations that resembled the AF2 prediction. AF2 models may sample conformations that differ from experimental structures but remain low energy and relevant for ligand discovery, extending the domain of structure-based ligand discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas Kapolka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan Gumpper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Assaf Alon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ximena Barros-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Kensuke Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yoojoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isabella S Glenn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sijie Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yurii Moroz
- Chemspace LLC, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Kim Y, Gumpper RH, Liu Y, Kocak DD, Xiong Y, Cao C, Deng Z, Krumm BE, Jain MK, Zhang S, Jin J, Roth BL. Bitter taste receptor activation by cholesterol and an intracellular tastant. Nature 2024; 628:664-671. [PMID: 38600377 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Bitter taste sensing is mediated by type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs (also known as T2Rs)), which represent a distinct class of G-protein-coupled receptors1. Among the 26 members of the TAS2Rs, TAS2R14 is highly expressed in extraoral tissues and mediates the responses to more than 100 structurally diverse tastants2-6, although the molecular mechanisms for recognizing diverse chemicals and initiating cellular signalling are still poorly understood. Here we report two cryo-electron microscopy structures for TAS2R14 complexed with Ggust (also known as gustducin) and Gi1. Both structures have an orthosteric binding pocket occupied by endogenous cholesterol as well as an intracellular allosteric site bound by the bitter tastant cmpd28.1, including a direct interaction with the α5 helix of Ggust and Gi1. Computational and biochemical studies validate both ligand interactions. Our functional analysis identified cholesterol as an orthosteric agonist and the bitter tastant cmpd28.1 as a positive allosteric modulator with direct agonist activity at TAS2R14. Moreover, the orthosteric pocket is connected to the allosteric site via an elongated cavity, which has a hydrophobic core rich in aromatic residues. Our findings provide insights into the ligand recognition of bitter taste receptors and suggest activities of TAS2R14 beyond bitter taste perception via intracellular allosteric tastants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan H Gumpper
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D Dewran Kocak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Can Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhijie Deng
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Lyu J, Kapolka N, Gumpper R, Alon A, Wang L, Jain MK, Barros-Álvarez X, Sakamoto K, Kim Y, DiBerto J, Kim K, Tummino TA, Huang S, Irwin JJ, Tarkhanova OO, Moroz Y, Skiniotis G, Kruse AC, Shoichet BK, Roth BL. AlphaFold2 structures template ligand discovery. bioRxiv 2024:2023.12.20.572662. [PMID: 38187536 PMCID: PMC10769324 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
AlphaFold2 (AF2) and RosettaFold have greatly expanded the number of structures available for structure-based ligand discovery, even though retrospective studies have cast doubt on their direct usefulness for that goal. Here, we tested unrefined AF2 models prospectively, comparing experimental hit-rates and affinities from large library docking against AF2 models vs the same screens targeting experimental structures of the same receptors. In retrospective docking screens against the σ2 and the 5-HT2A receptors, the AF2 structures struggled to recapitulate ligands that we had previously found docking against the receptors' experimental structures, consistent with published results. Prospective large library docking against the AF2 models, however, yielded similar hit rates for both receptors versus docking against experimentally-derived structures; hundreds of molecules were prioritized and tested against each model and each structure of each receptor. The success of the AF2 models was achieved despite differences in orthosteric pocket residue conformations for both targets versus the experimental structures. Intriguingly, against the 5-HT2A receptor the most potent, subtype-selective agonists were discovered via docking against the AF2 model, not the experimental structure. To understand this from a molecular perspective, a cryoEM structure was determined for one of the more potent and selective ligands to emerge from docking against the AF2 model of the 5-HT2A receptor. Our findings suggest that AF2 models may sample conformations that are relevant for ligand discovery, much extending the domain of applicability of structure-based ligand discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- The Evnin Family Laboratory of Computational Molecular Discovery, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA (present address)
| | - Nicholas Kapolka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Ryan Gumpper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Assaf Alon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pharmacology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA (present address)
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Ximena Barros-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kensuke Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Yoojoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Jeffrey DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea (present address)
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sijie Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yurii Moroz
- Chemspace LLC, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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4
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Jain MK, Bhat R. Modulation of the conformation, fibrillation, and fibril morphologies of human brain α-, β-, and γ-syn proteins by the disaccharide chemical chaperone trehalose. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2023:140932. [PMID: 37433401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Human α-, β-, and γ-synuclein (syn) are natively unfolded proteins present in the brain. Deposition of aggregated α-syn in Lewy bodies is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and γ-syn is known to be involved in both neurodegeneration and breast cancer. At physiological pH, while α-syn has the highest propensity for fibrillation followed by γ-syn, β-syn does not form any fibrils. Fibril formation in these proteins could be modulated by protein structure stabilizing osmolytes such as trehalose which has an exceptional stabilizing effect for globular proteins. We present a comprehensive study of the effect of trehalose on the conformation, aggregation, and fibril morphology of α-, β-, and γ-syn proteins. Rather than stabilizing the intrinsically disordered state of the synucleins, trehalose accelerates the rate of fibril formation by forming aggregation-competent partially folded intermediate structures. Fibril morphologies are also strongly dependent on the concentration of trehalose with ≤ 0.4M favoring the formation of mature fibrils in α-, and γ-syn with no effect on the fibrillation of β-syn. At ≥ 0.8M, trehalose promotes the formation of smaller aggregates that are more cytotoxic. Live cell imaging of preformed aggregates of a labeled A90C α-syn shows their rapid internalization into neural cells which could be useful in reducing the load of aggregated species of α-syn. The findings throw light on the differential effect of trehalose on the conformation and aggregation of disordered synuclein proteins with respect to globular proteins and could help in understanding the effect of osmolytes on intrinsically disordered proteins under cellular stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Jain
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rajiv Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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5
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Wang Y, Zhuang Y, DiBerto JF, Zhou XE, Schmitz GP, Yuan Q, Jain MK, Liu W, Melcher K, Jiang Y, Roth BL, Xu HE. Structures of the entire human opioid receptor family. Cell 2023; 186:413-427.e17. [PMID: 36638794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are effective analgesics, but their use is beset by serious side effects, including addiction and respiratory depression, which contribute to the ongoing opioid crisis. The human opioid system contains four opioid receptors (μOR, δOR, κOR, and NOPR) and a set of related endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs), which show distinct selectivity toward their respective opioid receptors (ORs). Despite being key to the development of safer analgesics, the mechanisms of molecular recognition and selectivity of EOPs to ORs remain unclear. Here, we systematically characterize the binding of EOPs to ORs and present five structures of EOP-OR-Gi complexes, including β-endorphin- and endomorphin-bound μOR, deltorphin-bound δOR, dynorphin-bound κOR, and nociceptin-bound NOPR. These structures, supported by biochemical results, uncover the specific recognition and selectivity of opioid peptides and the conserved mechanism of opioid receptor activation. These results provide a structural framework to facilitate rational design of safer opioid drugs for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gavin P Schmitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qingning Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; The Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weiyi Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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6
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Sinha S, N K, Suram VK, Chary SS, Naik S, Singh VB, Jain MK, Suthar CP, Borthakur S, Sawardekar V, Sk N, Reddy N, Talluri L, Thakur P, Reddy M, Panapakam M, Vattipalli R. Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir in Mild COVID-19 Patients in India. Cureus 2022; 14:e31508. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Salvi S, Jain MK, Krishnamurthy S, Balki A, Kodgule R, Tandon M, Bhagat S, Panchal S, Khatri N, Wu W, Pendse A, Patil S, Barkate H. Comparative efficacy and safety of glycopyrronium/formoterol fixed-dose combination versus glycopyrronium monotherapy in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Lung India 2022; 39:517-524. [PMID: 36629230 PMCID: PMC9746267 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_136_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination (FDC) of glycopyrronium bromide 12.5 μg/formoterol fumarate 12 μg (GB/FF) twice daily as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) compared to glycopyrronium 50 μg monotherapy (GLY) once daily as DPI in subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were evaluated. Methods This was a phase-3, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group, superiority study conducted in India. COPD patients aged ≥40 to ≤65 years, current or ex-smokers with FEV1/FVC <0.70, using ICS, LAMA, or LABA for ≥1 month were included. Subjects were randomized (1:1) to GB/FF or GLY for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in peak FEV1 at the end of 12 weeks. The study is registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2017/02/007814). Results Between March 2017 and July 2018, 331 patients were enrolled and randomized into GB/FF FDC (165 patients) and GLY monotherapy (166 patients) groups. At week 12, the difference in change from baseline in the peak FEV1 for GB/FF DPI versus GLY was 0.115 L (SE = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.061, 0.170; P < 0.0001). Trough FEV1 increased significantly in the GB/FF group compared to the GLY group with a treatment difference of 0.078 L (SE = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.14; P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in adverse events between the groups. Conclusion FDC of GB/FF (12.5/12 μg twice daily) as a DPI provides superior bronchodilation and lung function improvement over GLY (50 μg once daily) monotherapy. It is safe and well tolerated in symptomatic COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Salvi
- Pulmocare Research and Education (PURE) Foundation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish K. Jain
- Department of Respiratory, Maharaja Agrasen Superspeciality Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srikanth Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Sri Bala Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akash Balki
- Shree Hospital and Critical Care, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Kodgule
- Clinical Development, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Monika Tandon
- Clinical Development, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar Bhagat
- Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar Panchal
- Ex-Employee, Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nishtha Khatri
- Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Wen Wu
- Clinical Operations, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Waterford, UK
| | - Amol Pendse
- Clinical Operations, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saiprasad Patil
- Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hanmant Barkate
- Global Medical Affairs, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) signaling is essential for the actions of classical psychedelic drugs. In this study, we examined whether sequence variations in the 5-HT2AR gene affect the signaling of four commonly used psychedelic drugs. We examined the in vitro pharmacology of seven non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which give rise to Ser12Asn, Thr25Asn, Asp48Asn, Ile197Val4.47, Ala230Thr, Ala447Val, and His452Tyr variant 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. We found that these non-synonymous SNPs exert statistically significant, although modest, effects on the efficacy and potency of four therapeutically relevant psychedelics. Significantly, the in vitro pharmacological effects of the SNP drug actions at 5-HT2AR are drug specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Schmitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
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9
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Sadybekov AA, Sadybekov AV, Liu Y, Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas C, Huang XP, Pickett J, Houser B, Patel N, Tran NK, Tong F, Zvonok N, Jain MK, Savych O, Radchenko DS, Nikas SP, Petasis NA, Moroz YS, Roth BL, Makriyannis A, Katritch V. Synthon-based ligand discovery in virtual libraries of over 11 billion compounds. Nature 2022; 601:452-459. [PMID: 34912117 PMCID: PMC9763054 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based virtual ligand screening is emerging as a key paradigm for early drug discovery owing to the availability of high-resolution target structures1-4 and ultra-large libraries of virtual compounds5,6. However, to keep pace with the rapid growth of virtual libraries, such as readily available for synthesis (REAL) combinatorial libraries7, new approaches to compound screening are needed8,9. Here we introduce a modular synthon-based approach-V-SYNTHES-to perform hierarchical structure-based screening of a REAL Space library of more than 11 billion compounds. V-SYNTHES first identifies the best scaffold-synthon combinations as seeds suitable for further growth, and then iteratively elaborates these seeds to select complete molecules with the best docking scores. This hierarchical combinatorial approach enables the rapid detection of the best-scoring compounds in the gigascale chemical space while performing docking of only a small fraction (<0.1%) of the library compounds. Chemical synthesis and experimental testing of novel cannabinoid antagonists predicted by V-SYNTHES demonstrated a 33% hit rate, including 14 submicromolar ligands, substantially improving over a standard virtual screening of the Enamine REAL diversity subset, which required approximately 100 times more computational resources. Synthesis of selected analogues of the best hits further improved potencies and affinities (best inhibitory constant (Ki) = 0.9 nM) and CB2/CB1 selectivity (50-200-fold). V-SYNTHES was also tested on a kinase target, ROCK1, further supporting its use for lead discovery. The approach is easily scalable for the rapid growth of combinatorial libraries and potentially adaptable to any docking algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman A. Sadybekov
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Anastasiia V. Sadybekov
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julie Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Blake Houser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nilkanth Patel
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ngan K. Tran
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fei Tong
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Olena Savych
- Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02094, Ukraine,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Spyros P. Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicos A. Petasis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine,Chemspace LLC, 85 Chervonotkatska Street, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Corresponding authors: Bryan L. Roth (), Alexandros Makriyannis (), Vsevolod Katritch ()
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Kumar RR, Vankayalapati KR, Soni VK, Dasari HP, Jain MK, Tiwari A, Giri RK, Desamsetti S. Comparison of INSAT-3D retrieved total column ozone with ground-based and AIRS observations over India. Sci Total Environ 2021; 793:148518. [PMID: 34171804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone plays an important role in the thermal structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere. The present study compares the temporal and spatial distributions of Total Column Ozone (TCO) over the Indian sub-continent retrieved from a geostationary Indian National Satellite (INSAT-3D) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The INSAT-3D TCO values are also evaluated against the Dobson spectrophotometer observations at two locations. The inter-comparison results reveal a good correlation of 0.8, the bias of -5 DU, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 15 DU approximately between the TCO retrieved from INSAT-3D and AIRS. The lowest RMSE and highest correlation coefficient were found in the pre-monsoon season. The INSAT-3D and AIRS show reasonable agreement with the RMSE varying between 10 and 30 DU. On the other hand, evaluation of the INSAT-3D TCO with the ground-based observations from Dobson spectrophotometers located at New Delhi and Varanasi showed fair agreement with a maximum monthly mean correlation coefficient of 0.68 and 0.76, respectively, and RMSE varying from 11 to 16 DU for both the stations. The seasonal distribution of TCO and its variation over the Indian region has also been studied using INSAT-3D and AIRS data. The analysis exhibits strong seasonal variations, with higher values in pre-monsoon season and minimum values in winter season. The noticeable seasonal variability of TCO can be attributed to complex combination of photochemical and dynamical processes in the troposphere and stratosphere. The main objectives of the study are to compare the INSAT-3D TCO with two independent ground-based Dobson spectrophotometer observations and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan Kumar
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
| | | | - V K Soni
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari Prasad Dasari
- Kings Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M K Jain
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Arpit Tiwari
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - R K Giri
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jia Zhou
- University of Texas Medical Branch
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12
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Abdelhakam D, Young PR, Jain MK, Nassar A, Copland JA, Tan W. Complete remission with immunotherapy: Case report of a patient with metastatic bladder cancer to the humerus. Urol Case Rep 2020; 30:101130. [PMID: 32123665 PMCID: PMC7036445 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States. Cisplatin combination regimens are first line therapy for patients with metastatic urothelial bladder cancer who are eligible candidates and no treatments have shown to improve outcome compared to chemotherapy for the past 20 years. Significant advances were made in past 2-3 years and the most significant was the introduction of checkpoints inhibitors in bladder cancer treatment. We present a patient diagnosed with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who progressed while on cisplatin/gemcitabine chemotherapy in the form of oligometastasis to the bone. He has achieved a durable complete response with atezolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abdelhakam
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ainshams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - P R Young
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - M K Jain
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - A Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - W Tan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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13
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Mishra S, Chaudhary LB, Jain MK, Kumar V, Behera SK. Interaction of abiotic factor on soil CO 2 efflux in three forest communities in tropical deciduous forest from India. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 191:796. [PMID: 31989356 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors along with soil physico-chemical properties play a significant role on the diurnal trend of soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux in Indian tropical forests is poorly studied. We studied the soil CO2 efflux in a representative tropical deciduous forest at Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS), Uttar Pradesh. The three forest communities namely dry mixed (DMF), Sal mixed (SMF), and Teak plantation (TPF) were selected for measuring soil CO2 efflux in the summer season during April to May 2017 using automated LI-COR 8100 soil CO2 flux system. Soil physico-chemical parameters were also studied in the three abovementioned forest communities. We also measured the different microclimatic variables at forest understorey in all three communities during the summer season. Total day time soil CO2 efflux of 826.70, 1089.24, and 828.94 (μmolCO2 m-2d-1) was observed in TPF, SMF, and DMF respectively. Soil CO2 efflux observed significant differences (P < 0.01) among the three forest communities studied for the summer season in tropical deciduous forest of Terai Himalaya. Average soil CO2 efflux rate (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) of 4.06 ± 0.36, 5.03 ± 0.45, and 4.37 ± 0.79 was observed in TPF, SMF, and DMF, respectively, which is positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) and water holding capacity (WHC) among soil physico-chemical variables. Among microclimatic variables, soil temperature (ST, °C) and air temperature (AT, °C) observed strong positive correlation with day time soil CO2 efflux in all three communities. Significant increase in soil CO2 flux was observed with increasing air and soil temperature (AT and ST) in DMF and SMF. Maximum TOC of 19.23 g Kg-1 was observed in SMF among all communities in the summer season. The result showed that soil CO2 efflux is closely associated with TOC, WHC, AT, and ST for Indian deciduous forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mishra
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - L B Chaudhary
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - M K Jain
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Soumit K Behera
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India.
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14
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Mishra S, Singh K, Sahu N, Singh SN, Manika N, Chaudhary LB, Jain MK, Kumar V, Behera SK. Understanding the relationship between soil properties and litter chemistry in three forest communities in tropical forest ecosystem. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 191:797. [PMID: 31989261 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between soil properties and litter chemistry in three forest communities, i.e., Sal mixed forest (SMF), dry mixed forest (DMF), and teak plantation forest (TPF), in tropical deciduous forest ecosystem in North India. Fresh leaf litter and soil samples were collected at two soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) from all these three forest communities. Litter bag experiment was also conducted to know differences in litter nutrients after its decomposition. The concentrations (mg kg-1) of different nutrients such as sodium (Na) 2.6, potassium (K) 38.5, calcium (Ca) 425, and carbon (C) 45.54% were highest in fresh litter collected from DMF. Total organic carbon (g kg-1) was significantly higher in SMF (19.23) in comparison to DMF (18.41) and TPF (13.61) at 0-15-cm soil depth. Na, K, Ca, available P, total P, available N, and total N were highest in DMF soil. We observed significantly positive correlation between all nutrients of litter and soil. Although soil bulk density (BD) and particle density (PD) showed their significant negative correlation with litter C, total porosity was positively correlated. Similarly, litter Na has its significant negative correlation with BD and positive correlation with PD. The litter chemistry played a significant role in changing soil pH and TOC. All litter nutrients, except total P, have their significant positive correlation with soil pH. Total P, C, and N of litter have their significant positive correlation with total soil organic carbon. This indicates that litter chemistry and soil properties have specific relation among them despite unique species composition in each forest community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mishra
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Indian Institute of Technology-Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
| | - Kripal Singh
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Nayan Sahu
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (IGNTU), Amarkantak, India
| | - Shiv Naresh Singh
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - N Manika
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - L B Chaudhary
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - M K Jain
- Indian Institute of Technology-Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology-Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
| | - Soumit K Behera
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India.
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15
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Felsing DE, Jain MK, Allen JA. Advances in Dopamine D1 Receptor Ligands for Neurotherapeutics. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1365-1380. [PMID: 31553283 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712210903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is essential for neurotransmission in various brain pathways where it modulates key functions including voluntary movement, memory, attention and reward. Not surprisingly, the D1R has been validated as a promising drug target for over 40 years and selective activation of this receptor may provide novel neurotherapeutics for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several pharmacokinetic challenges with previously identified small molecule D1R agonists have been recently overcome with the discovery and advancement of new ligands, including drug-like non-catechol D1R agonists and positive allosteric modulators. From this, several novel molecules and mechanisms have recently entered clinical studies. Here we review the major classes of D1R selective ligands including antagonists, orthosteric agonists, non-catechol biased agonists and positive allosteric modulators, highlighting their structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry. Recent chemistry breakthroughs and innovative approaches to selectively target and activate the D1R also hold promise for creating pharmacotherapy for several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Felsing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-0615, United States
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16
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Jain MK, Nilson AN, Felsing DE, Inoue A, Allen JA. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated Knockout of G Proteins and β‐arrestins Determines Transducer Specific Contributions to Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.827.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish K. Jain
- Center for Addiction Research, Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Ashley N. Nilson
- Center for Addiction Research, Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Daniel E. Felsing
- Center for Addiction Research, Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiMiyagiJapan
| | - John A. Allen
- Center for Addiction Research, Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
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17
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Baker JV, Engen NW, Huppler Hullsiek K, Stephan C, Jain MK, Munderi P, Pett S, Duprez D. Assessment of arterial elasticity among HIV-positive participants with high CD4 cell counts: a substudy of the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. HIV Med 2015; 16 Suppl 1:109-18. [PMID: 25711329 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Assessments of vascular function and structure can be used to study the pathogenesis and progression of CVD, including the effects of ART and other interventions. The objective of this report is to understand methods to assess vascular (dys)function and report our experience in the Arterial Elasticity Substudy in the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. METHODS We review literature and analyze baseline data from the Arterial Elasticity Substudy, which estimated vascular (dys)function through analysis of the diastolic blood pressure (BP) waveform. Linear regression was used to study cross-sectional associations between baseline clinical factors and small or large arterial elasticity. RESULTS Arterial elasticity measurement was chosen for its improved measurement reproducibility over other methodologies and the potential of small arterial elasticity to predict clinical risk. Analysis of baseline data demonstrates that small artery elasticity is impaired (lower) with older age and differs by race and between geographical regions. No HIV-specific factors studied remained significantly associated with arterial elasticity in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal analyses in this substudy will provide essential randomized data with which to study the effects of early ART initiation on the progression of vascular disease among a diverse global population. When combined with future biomarker analyses and clinical outcomes in START, these findings will expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Baker
- Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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18
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Chen EY, North CS, Fatunde O, Bernstein I, Salari S, Day B, Jain MK. Knowledge and attitudes about hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its treatment in HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected adults. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:708-14. [PMID: 24010645 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is rapidly changing but little is known about patients' attitudes and knowledge about HCV. This study used a cross-sectional survey to examine the relationship between HCV knowledge and attitudes towards HCV in patients with HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection. Subsequently, an education intervention was developed with an abridged version of the cross-sectional survey administered before and after the education session to assess changes in knowledge and attitudes. 292 people participated in the cross-sectional survey, and 87 people participated in the education intervention. In the cross-sectional survey, the mean knowledge score regarding HCV was low (<50% of the total possible score). Mono-infected and co-infected individuals shared similar knowledge deficits and attitudes towards HCV despite having distinct demographic differences. Attitudes endorsed by patients included the following: 57% feared the consequences of HCV on their life, 37% felt HCV was not fatal, 27% did not believe they needed HCV medication, 21% felt ashamed of having HCV and 16% felt HCV treatment was not important. Attitudes that reflected indifference and shame towards HCV were associated with lower knowledge scores (HCV knowledge score of 15.1 vs. 17.5, P < 0.01 for indifference and 15.3 vs. 17.2 for shame, P = 0.02). The education intervention improved knowledge scores but did not modify the assessed attitudes. Intervention studies are needed to effectively change attitudes towards HCV infection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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19
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Das M, Lu J, Joseph M, Aggarwal R, Kanji S, McMichael BK, Lee BS, Agarwal S, Ray-Chaudhury A, Iwenofu OH, Kuppusamy P, Pompili VJ, Jain MK, Das H. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates monocyte differentiation and functions in mBSA and IL-1β-induced arthritis. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:113-25. [PMID: 22280353 DOI: 10.2174/156652412798889090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of immune cells, including monocytes. We have previously shown that KLF2 inhibits proinflammatory activation of monocytes. However, the role of KLF2 in arthritis is yet to be investigated. In the current study, we show that recruitment of significantly greater numbers of inflammatory subset of CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C+ monocytes to the inflammatory sites in KLF2 hemizygous mice compared to the wild type littermate controls. In parallel, inflammatory mediators, MCP-1, Cox-2 and PAI-1 were significantly up-regulated in bone marrow-derived monocytes isolated from KLF2 hemizygous mice, in comparison to wild-type controls. Methylated-BSA and IL-1β-induced arthritis was more severe in KLF2 hemizygous mice as compared to the littermate wild type controls. Consistent with this observation, monocytes isolated from KLF2 hemizygous mice showed an increased number of cells matured and differentiated towards osteoclastic lineage, potentially contributing to the severity of cartilage and bone damage in induced arthritic mice. The severity of arthritis was associated with the higher expression of proteins such as HSP60, HSP90 and MMP13 and attenuated levels of pPTEN, p21, p38 and HSP25/27 molecules in bone marrow cells of arthritic KLF2 hemizygous mice compared to littermate wild type controls. The data provide new insights and evidences of KLF2-mediated transcriptional regulation of arthritis via modulation of monocyte differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Das
- Cardiovascular Medicine, The Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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20
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Jain MK, Zeikus JG. Methods for Isolation of Auxotrophic Mutants of Methanobacterium ivanovii and Initial Characterization of Acetate Auxotrophs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 53:1387-90. [PMID: 16347369 PMCID: PMC203876 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.6.1387-1390.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a biochemical genetic approach to understanding cell carbon synthesis or metabolic pathways in methanogens, Methanobacterium ivanovii was selected as a model organism for genetic manipulation studies. The organism displayed a colony size of 3 to 6 mm in less than 2 weeks and had a plating efficiency of about 90%, which made it suitable for replica plating. Mutagenesis and selection techniques were developed for selection of acetate auxotrophs. Chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate, followed by enrichment with bacitracin as a selective agent, resulted in stable acetate auxotrophs. M. ivanovii was very sensitive to UV, but UV-induced acetate auxotrophs were unstable and reverted within two to four transfers. The acetate auxotrophs were analyzed in relation to wild type for carbon monoxide dehydrogenase enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jain
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute and the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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21
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Wu WM, Jain MK, Zeikus JG. Anaerobic degradation of normal- and branched-chain Fatty acids with four or more carbons to methane by a syntrophic methanogenic triculture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:2220-6. [PMID: 16349311 PMCID: PMC201635 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.7.2220-2226.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntrophic degradation of normal- and branched-chain fatty acids with 4 to 9 carbons was investigated with a mesophilic syntrophic isobutyrate-butyrate-degrading triculture consisting of the non-spore-forming, syntrophic, fatty acid-degrading, gram-positive rod-shaped strain IB, Methanobacterium formicicum T1N, and Methanosarcina mazei T18. This triculture converted butyrate and isobutyrate to methane and converted valerate and 2-methylbutyrate to propionate and methane. This triculture also degraded caproate, 4-methylvalerate, heptanoate, 2-methylhexanoate, caprylate, and pelargoate. During the syntrophic conversion of isobutyrate and butyrate, a reversible isomerization between butyrate and isobutyrate occurred; isobutyrate and butyrate were isomerized to the other isomeric form to reach nearly equal concentrations and then their concentrations decreased at the same rates. Butyrate was an intermediate of syntrophic isobutyrate degradation. When butyrate was degraded in the presence of propionate, 2-methylbutyrate was synthesized from propionate and isobutyrate formed from butyrate. During the syntrophic degradation of valerate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate were formed and then degraded. During syntrophic degradation of 2-methylbutyrate, isobutyrate and butyrate were formed and then degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Wu
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing, Michigan 48909
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22
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Abstract
An endospore-forming, butyrate-degrading bacterium (strain BH) was grown on butyrate in monoxenic coculture with a methanogen. The culture formed dense aggregates when Methanobacterium formicicum was the methanogenic partner, but the culture was turbid when Methanospirillum hungatei was the partner. In contrast, a propionate-degrading, lemon-shaped bacterium (strain PT) did not form aggregates with Methanobacterium formicicum unless an acetate-degrading Methanosaeta sp. was also included in the culture. Fatty acid-degrading methanogenic granules were formed in a laboratory-scale upflow reactor at 35(deg)C fed with a medium containing a mixture of acetate, propionate, and butyrate by using defined cultures of Methanobacterium formicicum T1N, Methanosaeta sp. strain M7, Methanosarcina mazei T18, propionate-degrading strain PT, and butyrate-degrading strain BH. The maximum substrate conversion rates of these granules for acetate, propionate, and butyrate were 43, 9, and 17 mmol/g (dry weight)/day, respectively. The average size of the granules was about 1 mm. Electron microscopic observation of the granules revealed that the cells of Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanosaeta sp., butyrate-degrading, and propionate-degrading bacteria were dispersed in the granules. Methanosarcina mazei existed inside the granules as aggregates of its own cells, which were associated with the bulk of the granules. The interaction of different species in aggregate formation and granule formation is discussed in relation to polymer formation of the cell surface.
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Veiga MC, Jain MK, Wu W, Hollingsworth RI, Zeikus JG. Composition and role of extracellular polymers in methanogenic granules. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:403-7. [PMID: 16535504 PMCID: PMC1389510 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.2.403-407.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanobacterium formicicum and Methanosarcina mazeii are two prevalent species isolated from an anaerobic granular consortium grown on a fatty acid mixture. The extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were extracted from Methanobacterium formicicum and Methanosarcina mazeii and from the methanogenic granules to examine their role in granular development. The EPS made up approximately 20 to 14% of the extracellular polymer extracted from the granules, Methanobacterium formicicum, and Methanosarcina mazeii. The EPS produced by Methanobacterium formicicum was composed mainly of rhamnose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and amino sugars, while that produced by Methanosarcina mazeii contained ribose, galactose, glucose, and glucosamine. The same sugars were also present in the EPS produced by the granules. These results indicate that the two methanogens, especially Methanobacterium formicicum, contributed significantly to the production of the extracellular polymer of the anaerobic granules. Growth temperature, substrates (formate and H(inf2)-CO(inf2)), and the key nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate concentrations) affected polymer production by Methanobacterium formicicum.
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Bhatnagar L, Jain MK, Aubert JP, Zeikus JG. Comparison of assimilatory organic nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon sources for growth of methanobacterium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 48:785-90. [PMID: 16346644 PMCID: PMC241614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.4.785-790.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments document the ability of two species of autotrophic methanogens to assimilate and utilize organic substrates as the nutrient sulfur or nitrogen source and as a carbon source during growth on H(2)-CO(2). Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain DeltaH and the mesophilic species Methanobacterium sp. strain Ivanov grew with glutamine as the nitrogen source or cysteine as the sulfur source. M. thermoautotrophicum also utilized urea as the nitrogen source and as a carbon precursor for methane and cell synthesis. Methanobacterium sp. strain Ivanov grew with methionine as the sulfur source. The growth rate of two different Methanobacterium species was lower on an organic N or S source than on ammonium or sulfide. S and C tracer studies demonstrated that amino acid or urea assimilation correlated with time and amount of growth. The rate of [S]cysteine incorporation was similar in strain DeltaH (34 nmol h mg of cells) and strain Ivanov (23 nmol h mg of cells). However, the rate of [C]acetate incorporation was dramatically different (17 versus 208 nmol h mg of cells in strains DeltaH and Ivanov, respectively). [C]acetate accounted for 1.3 and 21.2% of the total cell carbon synthesized by strains DeltaH and Ivanov, respectively. Amino acids and urea were mainly assimilated into the cell protein fraction, but accounted for less than 2.0% of the total cell carbon synthesized. The data suggest that a biochemical-genetic approach to understanding cell carbon synthesis in methanogens is feasible; mutants that are auxotrophic for either acetate, glutamine, cysteine, or methionine are suggested as future targets for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bhatnagar
- Unité de Physiologie Cellulaire, Departement de Biochemie et de la Génétique Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France, and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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25
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Jain MK, Venugopal M, Tripathi CB. Use of proseal LMA (PLMA) for laparoscopic cholecystectomies: An ABG analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.75125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-dechlorinating anaerobic microbial consortium, developed in a granular form, demonstrated extensive dechlorination of PCBs present in Raisin River sediments at room (20 degrees to 22 degrees C) and at a relatively low (12 degrees C) temperature. Highly chlorinated PCB congeners were dechlorinated and less chlorinated compounds were produced. The homolog comparison showed that tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorobiphenyl compounds decreased significantly, and mono- and dichlorobiphenyl compounds increased. After 32 weeks of incubation at 12 degrees C, the predominant less chlorinated products included 2-, 4-, 2-2/26-, 24-, 2-4-, 24-2-, 26-2-, and 26-4-CB. Among these, 24- and 24-2-CB did not accumulate at room temperature, suggesting a further dechlorination of these congeners. Predominantly meta dechlorination (i.e., pattern M) was catalyzed by the microbial consortium in the granules. Dechlorination in the control studies without granules was not extensive. This study is the first demonstration of enhanced reductive dechlorination of sediment PCBs by an exogenous anaerobic microbial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Natarajan
- MBI International, 3900 Collins Road, P.O. Box 27609, Lansing, Michigan 48909, USA
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Jain MK, Mahant S, Mahant PD, Dhanotiy A. VATER association with multiple ribs anomalies. J Assoc Physicians India 2009; 57:332-333. [PMID: 19702039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
VATER association is an exceptionally rare condition; however it is associated with multiple rib anomalies, which is one of its unique presentation. We are reporting a case of VATER associated with rib anomalies in various forms like bifid rib, ribbon rib and rudimentary rib.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jain
- Department of Medicine, Shyam Shah Medical College, Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa
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Jain MK, Aragaki C, Fischbach L, Gibson S, Arora R, May L, Vardhineni K, Lee WM. Hepatitis C is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected persons without traditional risk factors. HIV Med 2008; 8:491-7. [PMID: 17944681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfection has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated the effect of HCV on risk of DM in relation to traditional risk factors such as age, body mass index (BMI) and family history of DM in an HIV-infected population. METHODS This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 1529 HIV-infected out-patients. An adjusted multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of HCV seropositivity on DM stratified by low and high propensity for DM based on age, BMI and family history. RESULTS Race, age, BMI, family history and HCV were associated with DM. Use of protease inhibitors (PIs) was not associated with DM, but HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were less likely to be on PIs than those with HIV infection alone. In a multivariate analysis controlled for race, the association between HCV and DM was stronger in lean, young patients without a family history of DM; the low-risk group. No association between HCV and type 2 DM was seen in patients who were older or overweight or had a family history of DM; the high-risk group. PI use did not affect the association between HCV and DM. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in young, lean, HIV-infected patients. HIV-infected patients with HCV infection, regardless of whether they are on PIs, should be carefully screened for DM even if traditional risk factors for DM are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA.
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Jain MK, Indurkar M, Malviya S, Kastwar V. Aspirin-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:308. [PMID: 17694796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Jain MK, Comanor L, White C, Kipnis P, Elkin C, Leung K, Ocampo A, Attar N, Keiser P, Lee WM. Treatment of hepatitis B with lamivudine and tenofovir in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients: factors associated with response. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14:176-82. [PMID: 17305883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection evolves, optimizing hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment and identifying factors that impact its response in the HIV/HBV-coinfected population is critical. We identified retrospectively 45 HBV/HIV-coinfected patients with detectable HBV DNA by the Bayer VERSANT HBV 3.0 bDNA assay (limit of quantification 2000 copies/mL) at baseline and/or year 1 of therapy. Patients were divided into three groups based on the active HBV agent in their antiretroviral regimen: group 1 (n = 15) received lamivudine; group 2 (n = 10), lamivudine plus tenofovir and group 3 (n = 20), lamivudine followed by lamivudine plus tenofovir. HBV genotypes and resistance profiles were determined by the Bayer Trugene HBV 1.0 assay. More patients in group 2 achieved HBV DNA suppression below 2000 copies/mL (80%), loss of HBe antigen (HBeAg) (40%) and loss of HBeAg and gain of anti-HBe (20%) than did patients in group 1 or 3. More patients with HBV genotype A, achieved HBV DNA suppression <2000 copies/mL than did patients with non-A genotypes [74% (26/35) vs 20% (2/10)], respectively (P = 0.003). Risk for virological nonresponse was significant in those with non-A genotypes [odds ratio (OR) 11.1; 95% CI: 2.0-50], previous HIV therapy (OR 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2-35) and <90% compliance (OR 3.7; 95% CI: 0.99-14.3). Simultaneous therapy with lamivudine/tenofovir suppresses HBV DNA more effectively than lamivudine or tenofovir added to lamivudine. More patients infected with HBV genotype A responded than the non-A patients, regardless of therapeutic regimen, compliance or prior HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Gupta SK, Chakravarty S, Suraj K, Bansal P, Ganguly A, Jain MK, Bhandari B. Structural and functional attributes of zona pellucida glycoproteins. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 2007; 63:203-16. [PMID: 17566274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A translucent matrix termed the zona pellucida (ZP) surrounds the mammalian oocyte. It plays a critical role in fertilization by acting as a "docking site" for binding of spermatozoa followed by induction of the acrosome reaction in the zona bound sperm. Recent analyses of the genes of the human oocyte revealed that the ZP matrix is composed of four glycoproteins, designated as ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4, instead of 3 found in the mouse ZP. Comparison of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the human ZP glycoproteins with those from various species, revealed that these are evolutionarily conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZP1 and ZP4 may be related as these have the highest sequence identity at the aa level within a given species. Each zona protein has a signal sequence driving these proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, a aproximately 260 aa long 'ZP domain' comprising of 8-10 conserved cysteine residues, a C-terminal, hydrophobic transmembrane-like region and a short cytoplasmic tail. In order to understand the structure-function relationship of human ZP glycoproteins, our lab has cloned and expressed ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4 proteins both in E. coli as well as baculovirus expression systems. Simultaneously, our group has been able to amplify the cDNA encoding human ZP1. Employing baculovirus-expressed recombinant ZP glycoproteins; our group has provided evidence for the first time that in human, in addition to ZP3, ZP4 is also able to induce acrosomal exocytosis in the capacitated spermatozoa. ZP3 mediated induction of the acrosome reaction can be inhibited by pertussis toxin suggesting the involvement of G, protein in downstream signaling in contrast to ZP4, which follows a G, protein independent pathway. Hence, elucidation of the role of individual ZP glycoproteins in humans will provide a better insight into the gamete interaction culminating in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Gupta
- Gamete Antigen Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-1 10 067, India.
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Jain MK, Indurkar M, Kastwar V, Malviya S. Myocarditis and multiple cerebral and cerebellar infarction following scorpion sting. J Assoc Physicians India 2006; 54:491-2. [PMID: 16909701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An unusual case of scorpion sting followed by multiple cerebral and cerebellar watershed infarctions is being reported. Myocarditis, hypotension and hypoperfusion infarction is being considered as the possible explanation for this pathology. Hypoperfusion leading to parieto-occipital infarction has been reported earlier, however cerebellar infarction in this context is extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jain
- Department of Medicine, SS Medical College, Rewa
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis depends critically on altered behavior of the intrinsic cells of the artery wall, the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory leukocytes that join them in the arterial intima during the atherogenic process. The homeostatic properties of the normal endothelium contribute importantly to maintenance of aspects of arterial health including the appropriate regulation of blood flow, a basal anti-inflammatory state, promotion of fibrinolysis while opposing blood coagulation, and control of the balance of cellular proliferation and death. Alterations in these endothelial homeostatic mechanisms contribute critically to atherogenesis, the progression of this disease, and ist complications. Recent advances have highlighted novel molecular mechanisms that regulate the atheroprotective functions of normal endothelial cells that go awry during atherogenesis. Therapeutic strategies that alter the course of atherosclerosis may act by combating endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) may pose a clinical and diagnostic dilemma. The patient may remain in a protracted psychotic state with negative symptoms, without overt features of dementia. The condition blends with catatonia, and eventually with akinetic mutism in a patient of AIDS in the absence of clinical evidence of an immunocompromised state. The present case report highlights the need for an in-depth clinical, biochemical and MRI assessment of patients with catatonia and akinetic mutism. Stupor of an 'akinetic mutism' pattern seems an important indication for HIV screening, particularly in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, S.S. Medical College and Associated S.G.M. Hospital, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
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Feinberg MW, Jain MK. Role of transforming growth factor-beta1/Smads in regulating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Panminerva Med 2005; 47:169-86. [PMID: 16462725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the role of inflammation in the development of a variety of chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, transplantation arteriosclerosis, and restenosis after vascular mechanical injury. Thus, identification of mechanisms to control inflammation may provide novel therapeutic targets to limit such disease states. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a pleiotropic growth factor with potent immunomodulating effects on cells important to atherosclerotic lesion formation including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T cells. The mechanisms responsible for the protective, anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta1 have recently become elucidated. This review focuses on the emerging role of the downstream TGF-beta1 signaling mediators, termed Smads, as regulators of vascular inflammation. These findings are beginning to establish a mechanistic scaffold with which to understand the cell-type specific function of Smads in the development of chronic inflammatory vascular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Feinberg
- The Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kumar P, Jain MK. Gabapentin in the management of pentazocine dependence: a potent analgesic--anticraving agent. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51:673-6. [PMID: 14621035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of Gabapentin in the management of Pentazocine dependence for suppressing muscle aching and craving during its withdrawal. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients of Pentazocine dependence were divided in two groups GpA and GpB (n = 10 in each) and were administered Clonidine (P.O.) in first seven days (acute detoxification phase) and later Naltrexone (P.O.) from seventh day onwards (stabilisation-maintenance phase). Gabapentin (1200 mg/day) was additionally added in group B. Muscle pain and craving were rated on 100 mm visual-analogue scale. Psychological dependence was assessed on four step categorical scale. RESULTS Group B (Gabapentin group) scored significantly lower (p < 0.001) than group A on both the parameters. Psychological dependence was significantly low (p < 0.01) in Gabapentin group. CONCLUSION Gabapentin is an important adjuvant to the management of opiate dependence both in acute detoxification as well as stabilisation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Department of Medicine, SS Medical College, Rewa (MP)
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Baghel PK, Ranjan P, Jain MK. Thrombosed basilar artery aneurysm presenting as Weber's syndrome in a young male. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50:615-6. [PMID: 12164433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Shin HS, Zeikus JG, Jain MK. Electrically enhanced ethanol fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 58:476-81. [PMID: 11954794 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-001-0923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2001] [Revised: 11/19/2001] [Accepted: 12/02/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol production by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 35609 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26603 was improved in an electrochemical bioreactor system. It was increased by 61% with Cl. thermocellum and 12% with S. cerevisiae in the presence of -1.5 V of electric potential. These increases were attributed to high production rates due to regeneration and availability of increased reduced equivalents in the presence of electric potential. The electric current caused considerable shift in the metabolite concentrations on a molar basis in Cl. thermocellum fermentation but less in S. cerevisiae fermentation. Increasing electric potential in Cl. thermocellum fermentation resulted in less acetate and more lactate production. Acetate production was also reduced with increased electric potential in S. cerevisiae fermentation. The high electric potential of -5 V adversely affected the Cl. thermocellum fermentation, but not the S. cerevisiae fermentation even at a high electric potential of -10 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shin
- MBI International, Lansing, MI 48909-0609, USA
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Shin HS, Jain MK, Chartrain M, Zeikus JG. Evaluation of an electrochemical bioreactor system in the biotransformation of 6-bromo-2-tetralone to 6-bromo-2-tetralol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 57:506-10. [PMID: 11762596 DOI: 10.1007/s002530100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of 6-bromo-2-tetralone (Br-beta-tetralone) to 6-bromo-2-tetralol (Br-beta-tetralol) by yeast cells of Trichosporon capitatum (ATCC 74312) and its partially purified Br-beta-tetralone reductase was evaluated in an electrochemical bioreactor. The biotransformation rates and final product formation were significantly affected by substrate concentration, biomass and electric potential. At 2 g/l of substrate, the initial reaction rate and final product were increased by 35% and 15%, respectively, with -1.5 V of electric potential compared to without electric potential. Additional substrate (2 g/l) provided by pulse feeding to the reaction mixture at different intervals resulted in 2.1 g/l Br-beta-tetralol compared to a total of 1.2 g/l without feeding. However, the increased production was not proportionate to the amount of additionally fed substrate. Increased substrate availability by the addition of 5% (v/v) ethanol resulted in the highest reaction rate and product formation, but addition of ethanol at a concentration higher than 5% decreased the reaction rate. At low biomass, the initial reaction rates were enhanced significantly when electric potential was high, but a higher biomass was necessary to obtain a similar reaction rate when electric potential was reduced. The highest initial reaction rate (59.2 mg/l per min) was achieved with a two-fold biomass concentration of 15.6 g of dry cell weight/l, substrate at 4 g/l and electric potential at -6 V. The conversion of Br-beta-tetralone to Br-beta-tetralol with partially purified Br-beta-tetralone reductase was slow in the presence of electric potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shin
- MBI International, Lansing, MI 48909, USA
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Maheshwari VD, Jain MK, Karant VN. Intracerebral haemorrhage as a complication of enteric fever. J Assoc Physicians India 2001; 49:1035. [PMID: 11848315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V D Maheshwari
- Department of Medicine, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Raj
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Epstein TM, Yu BZ, Pan YH, Tutton SP, Maliwal BP, Jain MK, Bahnson BJ. The basis for k(cat) impairment in prophospholipase A(2) from the anion-assisted dimer structure. Biochemistry 2001; 40:11411-22. [PMID: 11560489 DOI: 10.1021/bi011228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic results in this paper show that, contrary to earlier reports, pig pancreatic prophospholipase A(2) (proPLA2) does not hydrolyze monodisperse short chain phosphatidylcholine below the critical micelle concentration. ProPLA2 is active on an anionic interface, but at a rate that is decreased by more than 100-fold compared to that of PLA2, the active form. Solution studies show that both proPLA2 and PLA2 bind to an anionic interface and also bind a tetrahedral intermediate mimic at the active site. The 1.5 A resolution crystal structure of the anion-assisted dimer of proPLA2 reported in this paper is compared with the corresponding structure for PLA2 [Pan, Y. H., et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 609-617]. As a mimic for the forms bound to the anionic interface, these structures provide insights into the possible structural basis for the impaired chemical step of the zymogen. The proPLA2 dimer contained within one crystallographic asymmetric unit has one molecule of the inhibitor 1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphomethanol and is bridged by four coplanar sulfate anions. Relative to the structure of PLA2, the subunit contact surface in proPLA2 displays a tilted orientation, an altered mode of inhibitor binding, displacement of a mechanistically significant loop that includes Tyr69, and a critical active site water seen in PLA2 that is not seen in proPLA2. These differences are interpreted to suggest possible origins of the functional differences between the pro and active enzyme at an anionic interface. A structural origin of this difference is discussed in terms of the calcium-coordinated activated water mechanism of the esterolysis reaction. Together, a comparison of the structures of the anion-assisted dimers of PLA2 and proPLA2 not only offers an explanation of why the zymogen form is k(cat)-impaired and binds poorly even to the anionic interface but also supports a mechanism for the activated enzyme that includes a critical second-sphere assisting water bridging His48 and the calcium-coordinated catalytic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Epstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Berg
- Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
This paper presents a wireless, remote query ammonia sensor comprised of a free-standing magnetoelastic thick-film coated with a polymer, poly(acrylic acid-co-isooctylacrylate), that changes mass in response to atmospheric ammonia concentration. The mass of the polymer layer modulates the resonant frequency the ferromagnetic magnetoelastic substrate, hence by monitoring the frequency response of the sensor, atmospheric NH3 concentration can be determined remotely, without the need for physical connections to the sensor or specific alignment requirements. The effect of copolymer composition, polymer film thickness, and relative humidity level (RH) on the sensitivity of the sensor were investigated. The sensor linearly tracks ammonia concentration below 0.8 vol.%, and tracks higher concentrations logarithmically; within the linear calibration range, a 0.02 vol.% change in NH3 concentration can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Cai
- Materials Research Institute and Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Sun J, Kamei CN, Layne MD, Jain MK, Liao JK, Lee ME, Chin MT. Regulation of myogenic terminal differentiation by the hairy-related transcription factor CHF2. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18591-6. [PMID: 11279181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently cloned a novel basic helix-loop-helix factor, CHF2, that functions as a transcriptional repressor. To address its role in the regulation of myogenic terminal differentiation, we analyzed its expression pattern during C2C12 mouse myotube formation. In undifferentiated myoblasts, CHF2 is expressed at high levels. After induction of myotube formation in low serum, CHF2 expression is barely detectable at 3 days after induction. Myogenin expression, in contrast, peaks at 3 days. In transiently transfected 10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts, CHF2 inhibited MyoD-dependent activation of the myogenin promoter in a dose-dependent fashion. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis indicated that CHF2 inhibits the binding of the MyoD.E47 heterodimer to the E-box binding site. CHF2 also inhibited myogenic conversion of 10T1/2 cells by MyoD, as measured by skeletal myosin heavy chain protein expression. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated that CHF2 forms a protein complex with MyoD. Mutational analysis of CHF2 indicated that the repression activity for both transcription and myogenic conversion mapped to a hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal region and did not require either the basic helix-loop-helix or YRPW motifs. Our data indicate that CHF2 functions as a transcriptional repressor of myogenesis by formation of an inactive heterodimeric complex with MyoD and likely plays an important role in muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTS Forty-two patients with Dandy-Walker syndrome who were treated with different surgical modalities over a period of 8 years, from 1988 to 1996, at the Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences were reviewed in the present study. METHODS All the patients presented with hydrocephalus at the time of diagnosis. Association of other CNS anomalies was detected in 9 (22%) patients. Vermian hypoplasia was present in 36 (88%) cases, while cerebellar hypoplasia was documented in 27 (59%) of these patients. The treatment modality for these cases has continued to change in our institution over the years. Initially the ventriculoperitoneal shunt was the treatment of choice and was performed in 28 (66%) patients. Subsequently shunting of the cyst to the peritoneal cavity was performed in 7 (16%) patients. More recently, 3 of our patients were treated by fenestration of the cyst membrane and 4 others (9%), by ventriculocystoperitoneal shunting procedures. In this study the additional insertion of cystoperitoneal shunts was required in 8 (27%) of the 28 patients who had primary ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures, because of either nonresolution or reappearance of a posterior fossa cyst. Six out of the 7 cases of primary cystoperitoneal shunts required additional ventriculoperitoneal shunt diversion because of persistent ventricular dilatation. In the group of 4 patients with primary ventriculocystoperitoneal shunts, only 1 patient required shunt revision. The patients on whom cyst membrane fenestration was performed required no additional procedures, except for 1 who already had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in situ. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, 18 of the total 42 patients could ultimately be made asymptomatic by ventriculocystoperitoneal shunting for one or the other of these reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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Abstract
We report the structures of the crystallographic dimer of porcine pancreatic IB phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) with either five sulfate or phosphate anions bound. In each structure, one molecule of a tetrahedral mimic MJ33 [1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphomethanol] and the five anions are shared between the two subunits of the dimer. The sn-2-phosphate of MJ33 is bound in the active site of one subunit (A), and the alkyl chain extends into the active site slot of the second subunit (B) across the subunit-subunit interface. The two subunits are packed together with a large hydrophobic and desolvated surface buried between them along with the five anions that define a plane. The anions bind by direct contact with two cationic residues (R6 and K10) per subunit and through closer-range H-bonding interactions with other polarizable ligands. These features of the "dimer" suggest that the binding of PLA2 to the anionic groups at the anionic interface may be dominated by coordination through H-bonding with only a partial charge compensation needed. Remarkably, the plane defined by the contact surface is similar to the i-face of the enzyme [Ramirez, F., and Jain, M. K. (1991) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 9, 229-239], which has been proposed to make contact with the substrate interface for the interfacial catalytic turnover. Additionally, these structures not only offer a view of the active PLA2 complexed to an anionic interface but also provide insight into the environment of the tetrahedral intermediate in the rate-limiting chemical step of the turnover cycle. Taken together, our results offer an atomic-resolution structural view of the i-face interactions of the active form of PLA2 associated to an anionic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Quensen JF, Tiedje JM, Jain MK, Mueller SA. Factors controlling the rate of DDE dechlorination to DDMU in Palos Verdes margin sediments under anaerobic conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:286-291. [PMID: 11347599 DOI: 10.1021/es0012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediments off the coast of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in California have been designated a Superfund site primarily because of the presence of DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene]. For decades, it was believed that DDE was not microbially transformed, but anaerobic bacteria in the Palos Verdes sediments reductively dechlorinate DDEto DDMU [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene], which is also found in the sediments. The effects of electron donor to sulfate ratio, available carbon, sampling sites, sediment depth, and temperature on the rate and extent of DDE dechlorination in anaerobic Palos Verdes sediment microcosms were investigated. Dechlorination rates varied, depending on the site and depth from which the sediments were collected, but DDE dechlorination occurred with sediments from all locations studied. Sulfate and low temperatures slowed dechlorination, but in the presence of sulfate and at in situ temperature, the dechlorination rates observed in the microcosms agree well with the observed rate of DDE disappearance from the Palos Verdes margin sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Quensen
- MBI International, Lansing, Michigan 48909-0609, USA.
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Park DH, Shin HS, Jain MK, Laivenieks M, Zeikus JG. Bioelectrosynthesis of organic chemicals and fuels. Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet 2001; 66:129-31. [PMID: 15954572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Werner F, Jain MK, Feinberg MW, Sibinga NE, Pellacani A, Wiesel P, Chin MT, Topper JN, Perrella MA, Lee ME. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibition of macrophage activation is mediated via Smad3. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36653-8. [PMID: 10973958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages are critical cellular participants in inflammatory disease states. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a growth factor with pleiotropic effects including inhibition of immune cell activation. Although the pathway of gene activation by TGF-beta1 via Smad proteins has recently been elucidated, suppression of gene expression by TGF-beta1 remains poorly understood. We found that of Smad1-Smad7, Smad3 alone was able to inhibit expression of markers of macrophage activation (inducible nitric-oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-12) following lipopolysaccharide treatment in gene reporter assays. Transient and constitutive overexpression of a dominant negative Smad3 opposed the inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1. Domain swapping experiments suggest that both the Smad MH-1 and MH-2 domains are required for inhibition. Mutation of a critical amino acid residue required for DNA binding in the MH-1 of Smad3 (R74A) resulted in the loss of inhibition. Transient overexpression of p300, an interactor of the Smad MH-2 domain, partially alleviated the inhibition by TGF-beta1/Smad3, suggesting that inhibition of gene expression may be due to increased competition for limiting amounts of this coactivator. Our results have implications for the understanding of gene suppression by TGF-beta1 and for the regulation of activated macrophages by TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Werner
- Program of Developmental Cardiovascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Gelb MH, Min JH, Jain MK. Do membrane-bound enzymes access their substrates from the membrane or aqueous phase: interfacial versus non-interfacial enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1488:20-7. [PMID: 11080673 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For membrane-bound enzymes that act on substrates that partition between the membrane and aqueous phases, it is possible to imagine two fundamentally different mechanisms. Interfacial enzymes must access their substrate from the membrane phase, in other words substrate in the membrane binds directly to the active site of the enzyme at the membrane without mixing with substrate molecules in the aqueous phase. On the other hand, non-interfacial enzymes, either bound to membranes or present in the aqueous phase, must access their substrates from the aqueous phase, i.e. substrate in the aqueous phase binds directly to the enzyme without mixing with substrates in the membrane phase. An interfacial mechanism for some enzymes including secreted and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and phosphoinositide 3'-hydroxykinase was rigorously proven by demonstrating that these enzymes processively hydrolyze many phospholipids without desorbing from the surface of vesicles (scooting mode). The non-interfacial mechanism is more difficult to establish because it cannot be addressed by steady-state kinetics. Using a pre-steady-state method in which the enzymatic velocity is measured during the time it takes for substrate to exchange between vesicles, a non-interfacial mechanism was proven for vesicle-bound plasma platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase. This enzyme prefers more water-soluble phospholipids such as those with sn-2 acetyl or oxidatively truncated fatty acyl chains, and this is readily explained by the mandatory access of substrate from the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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