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Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, Henley SJ, Naimi TS. Reducing Alcohol Use to Prevent Cancer Deaths: Estimated Effects Among U.S. Adults. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:725-729. [PMID: 38514233 PMCID: PMC10963036 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 recommends non-drinking or no more than 2 drinks for men or 1 drink for women in a day. However, even at lower levels, alcohol use increases the risk for certain cancers. This study estimated mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and the number of cancer deaths that could potentially be prevented if all U.S. adults who drank in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead consumed alcohol to correspond with typical consumption of those who drink within the recommended limits. METHODS Among U.S. residents aged ≥20 years, mean annual alcohol-attributable cancer deaths during 2020-2021 that could have been prevented with hypothetical reductions in alcohol use were estimated. Mean daily alcohol consumption prevalence estimates from the 2020-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, adjusted to per capita alcohol sales to address underreporting of drinking, were applied to relative risks to calculate population-attributable fractions for cancers that can occur from drinking alcohol. Analyses were conducted during February-April 2023. RESULTS In the U.S., an estimated 20,216 cancer deaths were alcohol-attributable/year during 2020-2021 (men: 14,562 [72.0%]; women: 5,654 [28.0%]). Approximately 16,800 deaths (83% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths, 2.8% of all cancer deaths) could have been prevented/year if adults who drank alcohol in excess of the Dietary Guidelines had instead reduced their consumption to ≤2 drinks/day for men or ≤1 drink/day for women. Approximately 650 additional deaths could have been prevented annually if men consumed 1 drink/day, instead of 2. CONCLUSIONS Implementing evidence-based alcohol policies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) to decrease drinking could reduce alcohol-attributable cancers, complementing clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yong Liu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, Naimi TS. Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use - United States, 2016-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:154-161. [PMID: 38421934 PMCID: PMC10907037 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7308a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deaths from causes fully attributable to alcohol use have increased during the past 2 decades in the United States, particularly from 2019 to 2020, concurrent with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, previous studies of trends have not assessed underlying causes of deaths that are partially attributable to alcohol use, such as injuries or certain types of cancer. CDC's Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application was used to estimate the average annual number and age-standardized rate of deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States based on 58 alcohol-related causes of death during three periods (2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021). Average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased 29.3%, from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 178,307 during 2020-2021; age-standardized alcohol-related death rates increased from 38.1 to 47.6 per 100,000 population. During this time, deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased 26.8%, from 94,362 per year to 119,606, and among females increased 34.7%, from 43,565 per year to 58,701. Implementation of evidence-based policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price (e.g., policies that reduce the number and concentration of places selling alcohol and increase alcohol taxes) could reduce excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related deaths.
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Bertin L, Leung G, Bohm MK, LeClercq J, Skillen EL, Esser MB. Estimating the Effects of Hypothetical Alcohol Minimum Unit Pricing Policies on Alcohol Use and Deaths: A State Example. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:120-132. [PMID: 38252451 PMCID: PMC10846602 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol minimum unit pricing (MUP) policies establish a floor price beneath which alcohol cannot be sold. The potential effectiveness of MUP policies for reducing alcohol-attributable deaths in the United States has not been quantitatively assessed. Therefore, this study estimated the effects of two hypothetical distilled spirits MUP policies on alcohol sales, consumption, and alcohol-attributable deaths in one state. METHOD The International Model of Alcohol Harms and Policies tool was used to estimate the effects of two hypothetical MUP per standard drink policies (40-cent and 45-cent) pertaining to distilled spirits products at off-premises alcohol outlets in Michigan during 2020. Prevalence estimates on drinking patterns among Michigan adults were calculated by sex and age group. Prices per standard drink and sales of 9,747 spirits products were analyzed using National Alcohol Beverage Control Association data. Analyses accounted for other alcoholic beverage type sales using cross-price elasticities. RESULTS Increasing the MUP of the 3.5% of spirits with the lowest prices per standard drink to 40 cents could reduce total alcohol per capita consumption in Michigan by 2.6% and prevent 232 (5.3%) alcohol-attributable deaths annually. A 45-cent MUP would affect 8.0% of the spirits and reduce total alcohol per capita consumption by 3.9%, preventing 354 (8.1%) deaths. CONCLUSIONS Modestly increasing the prices of the lowest-priced spirits with an MUP policy in a single state could save hundreds of lives annually. This suggests that alcohol MUP policies could be an effective strategy for improving public health in the United States, consistent with the World Health Organization's recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bertin
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory Leung
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michele K. Bohm
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Policy Analysis and Engagement Office, Office of Policy, Performance, and Evaluation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer LeClercq
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth L. Skillen
- Policy Analysis and Engagement Office, Office of Policy, Performance, and Evaluation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Naimi TS, Sherk A, Esser MB, Zhao J. Estimating alcohol-attributable injury deaths: A comparison of epidemiological methods. Addiction 2023; 118:2466-2476. [PMID: 37466014 PMCID: PMC10926872 DOI: 10.1111/add.16299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Injuries often involve alcohol, but determining the proportion caused by alcohol is difficult. Several approaches have been used to determine the causal role of alcohol, but these methods have not been compared directly with one another. Such a comparison would be useful for understanding the strengths and comparability of different approaches. This study compared estimates of average annual alcohol-attributable deaths in the United States from injuries during 2015-19 using a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) method compared with a population attributable fraction (PAF) approach. METHODS For the BAC method, we used a direct method involving the proportion of decedents with a high blood alcohol concentration (BAC; e.g. ≥ 0.10%). For the PAF approach, we compared the use of unadjusted survey data with average consumption data adjusted using alcohol sales data to account for underreporting and also accounting for the underreporting of binge drinking. Survey data were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and mortality data were from the National Vital Statistics System. RESULTS The number of alcohol-attributable injury deaths using the direct method (48 516 deaths annually) was similar to that using PAF methods (47 879 deaths annually), but only when alcohol use measures were adjusted using alcohol sales data. Furthermore, estimates were similar for cause-specific categories of deaths, including non-motor vehicle unintentional injuries and motor vehicle crashes. Among PAF methods, excessive drinking accounted for 38.3% of injury deaths using unadjusted survey data, but 64.8% of injury deaths using adjusted data. CONCLUSIONS Estimates of alcohol-attributable injury deaths from a direct method and from a population attributable fraction method that adjusts for alcohol use based on alcohol sales data appear to be comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Alcohol Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Bohm MK, Esser MB. Associations Between Parental Drinking and Alcohol Use Among Their Adolescent Children: Findings From a National Survey of United States Parent-Child Dyads. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:961-964. [PMID: 37715766 PMCID: PMC10592189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Underage drinking is common and costly. This study examined associations between parent and child drinking using recent United States national survey data. METHODS We analyzed responses of 740 parent-child dyads from 2020 SummerStyles and YouthStyles surveys. Parents and their adolescent children answered questions about past 30-day alcohol use. We estimated prevalence of adolescent drinking and explored differences by sociodemographics. A multivariable logistic regression model assessed whether parents' drinking behaviors were associated with drinking among their children. RESULTS Overall, 6.6% of adolescents drank alcohol, with no significant differences by sociodemographics. Adolescents whose parents drank frequently (≥5 days/month), or binge drank, had significantly higher odds of drinking than adolescents whose parents did not drink or did not binge drink, respectively. DISCUSSION Parents could drink less to reduce the likelihood of drinking among their children. Implementation of effective population-level strategies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol sales) can reduce excessive drinking among both adults and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele K. Bohm
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
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Hoots BE, Li J, Hertz MF, Esser MB, Rico A, Zavala EY, Jones CM. Alcohol and Other Substance Use Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among High School Students - Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Suppl 2023; 72:84-92. [PMID: 37104552 PMCID: PMC10156154 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.su7201a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical phase of development and is frequently a period of initiating and engaging in risky behaviors, including alcohol and other substance use. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated stressors might have affected adolescent involvement in these behaviors. To examine substance use patterns and understand how substance use among high school students changed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, CDC analyzed data from the nationally representative Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This report presents estimated prevalences among high school students of current (i.e., previous 30 days) alcohol use, marijuana use, binge drinking, and prescription opioid misuse and lifetime alcohol, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, inhalants, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and injection drug use and prescription opioid misuse. Trends during 2009-2021 were assessed using logistic regression and joinpoint regression analyses. Changes in substance use from 2019 to 2021 were assessed using prevalence differences and prevalence ratios, stratified by demographic characteristics. Prevalence of substance use measures by sexual identity and current co-occurring substance use were estimated using 2021 data. Substance use prevalence declined during 2009-2021. From 2019 to 2021, the prevalence of current alcohol use, marijuana use, and binge drinking and lifetime use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine and prescription opioid misuse decreased; lifetime inhalant use increased. In 2021, substance use varied by sex, race and ethnicity, and sexual identity. Approximately one third of students (29%) reported current use of alcohol or marijuana or prescription opioid misuse; among those reporting current substance use, approximately 34% used two or more substances. Widespread implementation of tailored evidence-based policies, programs, and practices likely to reduce risk factors for adolescent substance use and promote protective factors might further decrease substance use among U.S. high school students and is urgently needed in the context of the changing marketplaces for alcohol beverage products and other drugs (e.g., release of high-alcohol beverage products and increased availability of counterfeit pills containing fentanyl).
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alcohol consumption is a leading preventable cause of death in the US, and death rates from fully alcohol-attributable causes (eg, alcoholic liver disease) have increased in the past decade, including among adults aged 20 to 64 years. However, a comprehensive assessment of alcohol-attributable deaths among this population, including from partially alcohol-attributable causes, is lacking. OBJECTIVE To estimate the mean annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use relative to total deaths among adults aged 20 to 64 years overall; by sex, age group, and state; and as a proportion of total deaths. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cross-sectional study of mean annual alcohol-attributable deaths among US residents between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, used population-attributable fractions. Data were analyzed from January 6, 2021, to May 2, 2022. EXPOSURES Mean daily alcohol consumption among the 2 089 287 respondents to the 2015-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was adjusted using national per capita alcohol sales to correct for underreporting. Adjusted mean daily alcohol consumption prevalence estimates were applied to relative risks to generate alcohol-attributable fractions for chronic partially alcohol-attributable conditions. Alcohol-attributable fractions based on blood alcohol concentrations were used to assess acute partially alcohol-attributable deaths. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Alcohol-attributable deaths for 58 causes of death, as defined in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application. Mortality data were from the National Vital Statistics System. RESULTS During the 2015-2019 study period, of 694 660 mean deaths per year among adults aged 20 to 64 years (men: 432 575 [66.3%]; women: 262 085 [37.7%]), an estimated 12.9% (89 697 per year) were attributable to excessive alcohol consumption. This percentage was higher among men (15.0%) than women (9.4%). By state, alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from 9.3% of total deaths in Mississippi to 21.7% in New Mexico. Among adults aged 20 to 49 years, alcohol-attributable deaths (44 981 mean annual deaths) accounted for an estimated 20.3% of total deaths. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that an estimated 1 in 8 total deaths among US adults aged 20 to 64 years were attributable to excessive alcohol use, including 1 in 5 deaths among adults aged 20 to 49 years. The number of premature deaths could be reduced with increased implementation of evidenced-based, population-level alcohol policies, such as increasing alcohol taxes or regulating alcohol outlet density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory Leung
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Michele K. Bohm
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yong Liu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hua Lu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Alpert HR, Slater ME, Yoon YH, Chen CM, Winstanley N, Esser MB. Alcohol Consumption and 15 Causes of Fatal Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:286-300. [PMID: 35581102 PMCID: PMC9347063 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proportion of fatal nontraffic injuries that involve high levels of alcohol use or alcohol intoxication was assessed by cause of injury to generate alcohol-attributable fractions. Updated alcohol-attributable fractions can contribute to improved estimates of the public health impact of excessive alcohol use. METHODS Peer-reviewed and gray literature for 1995-2019 on 15 causes of fatal nontraffic injuries in the U.S., Canada, or Mexico were systematically reviewed, and state data systems were queried for available estimates of fatalities with recorded blood alcohol concentration levels and proportions of decedents with blood alcohol concentrations ≥0.10 g/dL by cause of injury. For each injury cause, alcohol-attributable fractions across studies were synthesized by meta-analysis of single proportions using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS In total, 60 published studies and 40 additional population-level data points from 6 state data systems were included. The meta-analyzed alcohol-attributable fractions by cause of injury are as follows: air-space transport (0.03), aspiration (0.24), child maltreatment (0.09), drowning (0.31), fall injuries (0.37), fire injuries (0.34), firearm injuries (0.24), homicide (0.29), hypothermia (0.29), motor vehicle nontraffic crashes (0.42), occupational and machine injuries (0.08), other road vehicle crashes (railroad trespasser injuries) (0.63), poisoning (not alcohol) (0.20), suicide (0.21), and water transport (0.27), yielding an overall median alcohol-attributable fraction of 0.27. DISCUSSION Excessive alcohol use is associated with substantial proportions of violent and nonviolent injury deaths. These findings can improve the data used for estimating alcohol-attributable injury deaths and inform the planning and implementation of evidence-based strategies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Esser MB, Idaikkadar N, Kite-Powell A, Thomas C, Greenlund KJ. Trends in emergency department visits related to acute alcohol consumption before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, 2018–2020. Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports 2022; 3:100049. [PMID: 35368619 PMCID: PMC8957715 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Excessive drinking accounts for more than 95,000 deaths annually in the United States. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related factors (e.g., social, economic, policy) may have affected alcohol consumption. Emergency department (ED) visits involving acute alcohol consumption (referred to as “alcohol-related”) are a useful indicator for assessing changes in alcohol-related harms. Methods The 2018–2020 National Syndromic Surveillance Program data, which include nonfatal ED visits from facilities in 49 states and Washington, DC, were analyzed. Trends in the number of alcohol-related ED visits among people ≥15 years, and weekly alcohol-related ED visit rates (per 10,000 total visits) overall, by demographic characteristics, and quarter (Q) were assessed. Quarterly rates for 2018 and 2019 were averaged to increase baseline data stability. Results Alcohol-related visits accounted for 1.6% of 60,474,770 total visits (2018), 1.7% of 61,564,380 total visits (2019), and 1.8% of 52,174,507 total visits (2020). The number of alcohol-related ED visits generally increased during the first eight months of 2018 and 2019. However, it sharply declined at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March–mid-April 2020, before resuming pre-pandemic patterns. Alcohol-related ED visits per 10,000 were higher during quarters in 2020 than corresponding quarters in 2018–2019 (Q1: +7.3%, Q2: +23.8%, Q3: +9.7%, Q4: +6.5%). Conclusions Alcohol-related ED visit rates per 10,000 total visits increased during 2020 versus 2018–2019, with the greatest relative difference in the second quarter. Fewer people sought ED care in 2020 than 2018–2019 but alcohol-related visits declined to a lesser extent than total visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Nimi Idaikkadar
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S106-8, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Aaron Kite-Powell
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, National Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2500 Century Blvd NE, MS-V25-3, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Kurt J. Greenlund
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Sherk A, Esser MB, Stockwell T, Naimi TS. Estimating alcohol-attributable liver disease mortality: A comparison of methods. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:1245-1253. [PMID: 35363378 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol is a leading contributor to liver disease, however, estimating the proportion of liver disease deaths attributable to alcohol use can be methodologically challenging. METHODS We compared three approaches for estimating alcohol-attributable liver disease deaths (AALDD), using the USA as an example. One involved summing deaths from alcoholic liver disease and a proportion from unspecified cirrhosis (direct method); two used population attributable fraction (PAF) methodology, including one that adjusted for per capita alcohol sales. For PAFs, the 2011-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and per capita sales from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System were used to derive alcohol consumption prevalence estimates at various levels (excessive alcohol use was defined by medium and high consumption levels). Prevalence estimates were used with relative risks from two meta-analyses, and PAFs were applied to the 2011-2015 average annual number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis and unspecified cirrhosis (using National Vital Statistics System data) to estimate AALDD. RESULTS The number of AALDD was higher using the direct method (28 345 annually) than the PAF methods, but similar when alcohol prevalence was adjusted using per capita sales and all alcohol consumption levels were considered (e.g. 25 145 AALDD). Using the PAF method, disaggregating non-drinkers into lifetime abstainers and former drinkers to incorporate relative risks for former drinkers yielded higher AALDD estimates (e.g. 27 686) than methods with all non-drinkers combined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Using PAF methods that adjust for per capita sales and model risks for former drinkers yield more complete and possibly more valid AALDD estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, Canada
| | - Marissa B Esser
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, Canada
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, Canada
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, Martinez P, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Sacks JJ, Naimi TS. Improving Estimates of Alcohol-Attributable Deaths in the United States: Impact of Adjusting for the Underreporting of Alcohol Consumption. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:134-144. [PMID: 35040769 PMCID: PMC8819896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-reported alcohol consumption in U.S. public health surveys covers only 30%-60% of per capita alcohol sales, based on tax and shipment data. To estimate alcohol-attributable harms using alcohol-attributable fractions, accurate measures of total population consumption and the distribution of this drinking are needed. This study compared methodological approaches of adjusting self-reported survey data on alcohol consumption to better reflect sales and assessed the impact of these adjustments on the distribution of average daily consumption (ADC) levels and the number of alcohol-attributable deaths. METHOD Prevalence estimates of ADC levels (i.e., low, medium, and high) among U.S. adults who responded to the 2011-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS; N = 2,198,089) were estimated using six methods. BRFSS ADC estimates were adjusted using the National Alcohol Survey, per capita alcohol sales data (from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System), or both. Prevalence estimates for the six methods were used to estimate average annual alcohol-attributable deaths, using a population-attributable fraction approach. RESULTS Self-reported ADC in the BRFSS accounted for 31.3% coverage of per capita alcohol sales without adjustments, 36.1% using indexed-BRFSS data, and 44.3% with National Alcohol Survey adjustments. Per capita sales adjustments decreased low ADC prevalence estimates and increased medium and high ADC prevalence estimates. Estimated alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from approximately 91,200 per year (BRFSS unadjusted; Method 1) to 125,200 per year (100% of per capita sales adjustment; Method 6). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting ADC to reflect total U.S. alcohol consumption (e.g., adjusting to 73% of per capita sales) has implications for assessing the impact of excessive drinking on health outcomes, including alcohol-attributable death estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence may be sent to Marissa B. Esser at the Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA 30341. Or via email at:
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California,RTI International—Berkeley Office, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, Martinez P, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Sacks JJ, Naimi TS. Improving Estimates of Alcohol-Attributable Deaths in the United States: Impact of Adjusting for the Underreporting of Alcohol Consumption. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:134-144. [PMID: 35040769 PMCID: PMC8819896 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2022.83.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-reported alcohol consumption in U.S. public health surveys covers only 30%-60% of per capita alcohol sales, based on tax and shipment data. To estimate alcohol-attributable harms using alcohol-attributable fractions, accurate measures of total population consumption and the distribution of this drinking are needed. This study compared methodological approaches of adjusting self-reported survey data on alcohol consumption to better reflect sales and assessed the impact of these adjustments on the distribution of average daily consumption (ADC) levels and the number of alcohol-attributable deaths. METHOD Prevalence estimates of ADC levels (i.e., low, medium, and high) among U.S. adults who responded to the 2011-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS; N = 2,198,089) were estimated using six methods. BRFSS ADC estimates were adjusted using the National Alcohol Survey, per capita alcohol sales data (from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System), or both. Prevalence estimates for the six methods were used to estimate average annual alcohol-attributable deaths, using a population-attributable fraction approach. RESULTS Self-reported ADC in the BRFSS accounted for 31.3% coverage of per capita alcohol sales without adjustments, 36.1% using indexed-BRFSS data, and 44.3% with National Alcohol Survey adjustments. Per capita sales adjustments decreased low ADC prevalence estimates and increased medium and high ADC prevalence estimates. Estimated alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from approximately 91,200 per year (BRFSS unadjusted; Method 1) to 125,200 per year (100% of per capita sales adjustment; Method 6). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting ADC to reflect total U.S. alcohol consumption (e.g., adjusting to 73% of per capita sales) has implications for assessing the impact of excessive drinking on health outcomes, including alcohol-attributable death estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California
- RTI International—Berkeley Office, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Bohm MK, Liu Y, Esser MB, Mesnick JB, Lu H, Pan Y, Greenlund KJ. Binge drinking among adults, by select characteristics and state - United States, 2018. Am J Transplant 2021. [PMID: 34850558 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele K Bohm
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Yong Liu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Jessica B Mesnick
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Hua Lu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Yi Pan
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC
| | - Kurt J Greenlund
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
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LeClercq J, Bernard S, Mucciaccio F, Esser MB. Prospective Analysis of Minimum Pricing Policies to Reduce Excessive Alcohol Use and Related Harms in U.S. States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:710-719. [PMID: 34762030 PMCID: PMC8819621 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing the price of alcohol is an effective strategy for reducing excessive consumption and alcohol-related harms. Limited research is available on how the establishment of a minimum price for alcoholic beverages might be an effective strategy to reduce this health risk behavior and what impact that might have in the United States. This study describes alcohol minimum pricing (MP) policy options for consideration in the United States, assesses implementation feasibility and effectiveness, and discusses implications for implementation. METHOD Three alcohol pricing policy options for reducing excessive drinking were compared in this prospective analysis: alcohol taxation (status quo in states), minimum unit pricing (MUP) by unit of alcohol (e.g., 0.6 oz. [14 g] of pure alcohol), and MP by specified amount of an alcoholic beverage type (e.g., liter of beer). For each policy, five implementation-related domains were analyzed: political feasibility, public acceptability, implementation cost, health equity, and legal feasibility. Effectiveness was also evaluated based on literature. RESULTS Alcohol MP policies, particularly MUP, could be feasible to implement and cost-efficient for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms in the United States. MP policies are likely to have modest public acceptability in the United States. Although the political feasibility of MP policies is uncertain and would likely vary across states, international research suggests that MP might be a feasible pricing strategy that can be used in conjunction with alcohol taxes. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol MP can be part of a comprehensive approach for reducing excessive drinking and related harms; however, factors such as state-level differences in alcohol control regulation may influence policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer LeClercq
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie Bernard
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Francesca Mucciaccio
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Crawford KA, Gardner JA, Meyer EA, Hall KE, Gary DS, Esser MB. Current Marijuana Use and Alcohol Consumption Among Adults Following the Legalization of Nonmedical Retail Marijuana Sales - Colorado, 2015-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1505-1508. [PMID: 34710079 PMCID: PMC8553026 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7043a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bohm MK, Liu Y, Esser MB, Mesnick JB, Lu H, Pan Y, Greenlund KJ. Binge Drinking Among Adults, by Select Characteristics and State - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1441-1446. [PMID: 34648484 PMCID: PMC8631283 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7041a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Frazier EL, Esser MB, McKnight-Eily LR, Zhou W, Chavez PR. Alcohol use among HIV-positive women of childbearing age, United States, 2013-2014. AIDS Care 2021; 33:1024-1036. [PMID: 32808534 PMCID: PMC11000390 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1808161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
More than one-quarter of the adults living with diagnosed HIV infection in the US are women. Binge drinking (i.e., ≥4 alcoholic drinks per occasion for women) is associated with poor HIV treatment compliance, HIV incidence, and unplanned pregnancy. However, little is known about the prevalence of binge drinking among women of childbearing age who are living with HIV (WLWH) and health risk behaviours among those who binge drink. Using the 2013-2014 data cycles of Medical Monitoring Project, we assessed the weighted prevalence of drinking patterns by socio-demographic, clinical and reproductive characteristics of 946 WLWH. Logistic regression was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Overall, 39% of WLWH reported current drinking and 10% reported binge drinking. Compared to non-drinkers, binge drinkers were less likely to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or be virally suppressed. In multivariate analyses, binge drinking among WLWH was associated with smoking, drug use, and reduced ART adherence compared to non-drinkers, increasing the likelihood of negative clinical outcomes. WLWH may benefit from a comprehensive approach to reducing binge drinking including alcohol screening and brief interventions and evidence-based policy strategies that could potentially improve adherence to HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Frazier
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Excessive Alcohol Use Prevention Team, National Center for Chronic Disease and Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease and Prevention
| | - Lela R McKnight-Eily
- Prenatal Alcohol, Opioid, and Substance Exposure Team, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- ICF International, Atlanta
| | - Pollyanna R Chavez
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Centers for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Greene N, Tomedi LE, Cox ME, Mello E, Esser MB. Alcohol testing and alcohol involvement among violent deaths by state, 2014-2016. Prev Med 2021; 148:106527. [PMID: 33745953 PMCID: PMC9159354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing rates vary across states, potentially biasing estimates of alcohol involvement in violent deaths. The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) collects information on violent deaths, including decedents' BACs. This study assessed characteristics of violent deaths by BAC testing status, and the proportion of decedents with a positive BAC or BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL. NVDRS data from 2014 to 2016 (2014: 18 states; 2015: 27 states; 2016: 32 states) were analyzed to assess BAC testing (tested, not tested, unknown/missing) by state, decedent characteristics, and death investigation system (e.g., state medical examiner, coroners), in 2019. The proportion of violent deaths with a BAC > 0.0 or ≥ 0.08 g/dL was also assessed. Among 95,390 violent death decedents, 57.1% had a BAC test (range: 9.5% in Georgia to 95.8% in Utah), 2.3% were not tested, and 40.6% had an unknown/missing BAC testing status (range: 1.3% in Alaska to 78.0% in Georgia). Decedents who were 21-44 years, American Indian/Alaska Native or Hispanic, died by poisoning, died by undetermined intent, or were investigated by a state medical examiner were most likely to receive BAC testing. Among the violent deaths with a reported BAC, 41.1% had a positive BAC and 27.7% had a BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL. About 2 in 5 violent deaths were missing data on alcohol testing. Increased testing and reporting of alcohol among violent deaths could inform the development and use of evidence-based prevention strategies (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes, regulating alcohol outlet density) for reducing violent deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Greene
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura E Tomedi
- The ECHO Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Mexico.
| | - Mary E Cox
- Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Mello
- Bureau of Alcohol and Drug Use Prevention, Care, and Treatment, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, United States; Office of Integrated Surveillance and Informatics Services, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Esser MB, Pickens CM, Guy GP, Evans ME. Binge Drinking, Other Substance Use, and Concurrent Use in the U.S., 2016-2018. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:169-178. [PMID: 33482979 PMCID: PMC8908897 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of multiple substances heightens the risk of overdose. Multiple substances, including alcohol, are commonly found among people who experience overdose-related mortality. However, the associations between alcohol use and the use of a range of other substances are often not assessed. Therefore, this study examines the associations between drinking patterns (e.g., binge drinking) and other substance use in the U.S., the concurrent use of alcohol and prescription drug misuse, and how other substance use varies by binge-drinking frequency. METHODS Past 30-day alcohol and other substance use data from the 2016-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed in 2020 among 169,486 U.S. respondents aged ≥12 years. RESULTS The prevalence of other substance use ranged from 6.0% (nondrinkers) to 24.1% (binge drinkers). Among people who used substances, 22.2% of binge drinkers reported using substances in 2 additional substance categories. Binge drinking was associated with 4.2 (95% CI=3.9, 4.4) greater adjusted odds of other substance use than nondrinking. Binge drinkers were twice as likely to report concurrent prescription drug misuse while drinking as nonbinge drinkers. The prevalence of substance use increased with binge-drinking frequency. CONCLUSIONS Binge drinking was associated with other substance use and concurrent prescription drug misuse while drinking. These findings can guide the implementation of a comprehensive approach to prevent binge drinking, substance misuse, and overdoses. This might include population-level strategies recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force to prevent binge drinking (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes and regulating alcohol outlet density).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Cassandra M Pickens
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gery P Guy
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E Evans
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Greene N, Esser MB, Vesselinov R, Auman KM, Kerns TJ, Lauerman MH. Variability in antemortem and postmortem blood alcohol concentration levels among fatally injured adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2021; 47:84-91. [PMID: 33034526 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1822856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Excessive alcohol use is a risk factor for injury-related deaths. Postmortem blood samples are commonly used to approximate antemortem blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels.Objectives: To assess differences between antemortem and postmortem BACs among fatally injured adults admitted to one shock trauma center (STC).Method: Fifty-two adult decedents (45 male, 7 female) admitted to a STC in Baltimore, Maryland during 2006-2016 were included. STC records were matched with records from Maryland's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME). The antemortem and postmortem BAC distributions were compared. After stratifying by antemortem BACs <0.10 versus ≥0.10 g/dL, differences in postmortem and antemortem BACs were plotted as a function of length of hospital stay.Results: Among the 52 decedents, 22 died from transportation-related injuries, 20 died by homicide or intentional assault, and 10 died from other injuries. The median BAC antemortem was 0.10 g/dL and postmortem was 0.06 g/dL. Thirty-one (59.6%) decedents had antemortem BACs ≥0.08 g/dL versus 22 (42.3%) decedents using postmortem BACs. Postmortem BACs were lower than the antemortem BACs for 42 decedents, by an average of 0.07 g/dL. Postmortem BACs were higher than the antemortem BACs for 10 decedents, by an average of 0.06 g/dL.Conclusion: Postmortem BACs were generally lower than antemortem BACs for the fatally injured decedents in this study, though not consistently. More routine antemortem BAC testing, when possible, would improve the surveillance of alcohol involvement in injuries. The findings emphasize the usefulness of routine testing and recording of BACs in acute care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Greene
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roumen Vesselinov
- National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research-Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly M Auman
- National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research-Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Kerns
- National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research-Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Maryland Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Administration's Highway Safety Office, Glen Burnie, MD, USA
| | - Margaret H Lauerman
- National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research-Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Esser MB, Sacks JJ, Sherk A, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Greenfield TK, Pierannunzi C, Brewer RD. Distribution of Drinks Consumed by U.S. Adults by Average Daily Alcohol Consumption: A Comparison of 2 Nationwide Surveys. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:669-677. [PMID: 32747177 PMCID: PMC7577921 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimates of alcohol consumption in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System are generally lower than those in other surveys of U.S. adults. This study compares the estimates of adults' drinking patterns and the distribution of drinks consumed by average daily alcohol consumption from 2 nationwide telephone surveys. METHODS The 2014-2015 National Alcohol Survey (n=7,067) and the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n=408,069) were used to assess alcohol consumption among adults (≥18 years), analyzed in 2019. The weighted prevalence of binge-level drinking and the distribution of drinks consumed by average daily alcohol consumption (low, medium, high) were assessed for the previous 12 months using the National Alcohol Survey and the previous 30 days using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, stratified by respondents' characteristics. RESULTS The prevalence of binge-level drinking in a day was 26.1% for the National Alcohol Survey; the binge drinking prevalence was 17.4% for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The prevalence of high average daily alcohol consumption among current drinkers was 8.2% for the National Alcohol Survey, accounting for 51.0% of total drinks consumed, and 3.3% for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, accounting for 27.7% of total drinks consumed. CONCLUSIONS National Alcohol Survey yearly prevalence estimates of binge-level drinking in a day and high average daily consumption were consistently greater than Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System monthly binge drinking and high average daily consumption prevalence estimates. When planning and evaluating prevention strategies, the impact of different survey designs and methods on estimates of excessive drinking and related harms is important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Carol Pierannunzi
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert D Brewer
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, Naimi TS, Stockwell T, Stahre M, Kanny D, Landen M, Saitz R, Brewer RD. Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost From Excessive Alcohol Use - United States, 2011-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1428-1433. [PMID: 33001874 PMCID: PMC7537556 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6939a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States (1) and costs associated with it, such as those from losses in workplace productivity, health care expenditures, and criminal justice, were $249 billion in 2010 (2). CDC used the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) application* to estimate national and state average annual alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) during 2011-2015, including deaths from one's own excessive drinking (e.g., liver disease) and from others' drinking (e.g., passengers killed in alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes). This study found an average of 95,158 alcohol-attributable deaths (261 deaths per day) and 2.8 million YPLL (29 years of life lost per death, on average) in the United States each year. Of all alcohol-attributable deaths, 51,078 (53.7%) were caused by chronic conditions, and 52,921 (55.6%) involved adults aged 35-64 years. Age-adjusted alcohol-attributable deaths per 100,000 population ranged from 20.8 in New York to 53.1 in New Mexico. YPLL per 100,000 population ranged from 631.9 in New York to 1,683.5 in New Mexico. Implementation of effective strategies for preventing excessive drinking, including those recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force (e.g., increasing alcohol taxes and regulating the number and concentration of alcohol outlets), could reduce alcohol-attributable deaths and YPLL.†.
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Jones CM, Clayton HB, Deputy NP, Roehler DR, Ko JY, Esser MB, Brookmeyer KA, Hertz MF. Prescription Opioid Misuse and Use of Alcohol and Other Substances Among High School Students - Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 2020; 69:38-46. [PMID: 32817608 PMCID: PMC7440199 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.su6901a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is an important period of risk for substance use initiation and substance use-related adverse outcomes. To examine youth substance use trends and patterns, CDC analyzed data from the 2009-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This report presents estimated prevalence of current (i.e., previous 30-days) marijuana use, prescription opioid misuse, alcohol use, and binge drinking and lifetime prevalence of marijuana, synthetic marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, injection drug use, and prescription opioid misuse among U.S. high school students. Logistic regression and Joinpoint analyses were used to assess 2009-2019 trends. Prevalence of current and lifetime substance use by demographics, frequency of use, and prevalence of co-occurrence of selected substances among students reporting current prescription opioid misuse are estimated using 2019 data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine demographic and substance use correlates of current prescription opioid misuse. Current alcohol, lifetime cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and injection drug use decreased during 2009-2019. Lifetime use of synthetic marijuana (also called synthetic cannabinoids) decreased during 2015-2019. Lifetime marijuana use increased during 2009-2013 and then decreased during 2013-2019. In 2019, 29.2% reported current alcohol use, 21.7% current marijuana use, 13.7% current binge drinking, and 7.2% current prescription opioid misuse. Substance use varied by sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual minority status (lesbian, gay, or bisexual). Use of other substances, particularly current use of alcohol (59.4%) and marijuana (43.5%), was common among students currently misusing prescription opioids. Findings highlight opportunities for expanding evidence-based prevention policies, programs, and practices that aim to reduce risk factors and strengthen protective factors related to youth substance use, in conjunction with ongoing initiatives for combating the opioid crisis.
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, Naimi TS, Stockwell T, Stahre M, Kanny D, Landen M, Saitz R, Brewer RD. Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost From Excessive Alcohol Use - United States, 2011-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:981-987. [PMID: 32730240 PMCID: PMC7392395 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6930a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol use, including binge drinking (i.e., ≥5 drinks (males); ≥4 drinks (females), per occasion during the past 30 days), is associated with work-related injuries, absenteeism, and lost productivity. Binge drinking varies by sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, income). However, information on binge drinking by occupation is limited. Purpose: This study examined binge drinking prevalence, frequency, intensity, and total binge drinks per binge drinker by sociodemographic characteristics and occupation. Methods: Data were analyzed from 358,355 currently employed U.S. adults who resided in the 32 states that administered the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System industry and occupation questions during 2013-2016. Binge drinking was evaluated using weighted and adjusted prevalence models. Results: Among currently employed adults in the 32 states, 20.8% reported binge drinking, with an average of nearly 49 times per year and an average intensity of 7.4 drinks per binge episode, resulting in 478 total binge drinks per binge drinker. The adjusted binge drinking prevalence ranged from 15.9% among community and social services workers to 26.3% among construction and extraction workers. The total annual binge drinks per binge drinker ranged from 207 drinks among community and social services workers to 749 drinks among construction and extraction workers. Conclusions: One in five employed adults binge drink, and binge drinking varied across occupation groups. Widespread use of effective community-based strategies for preventing excessive alcohol use (e.g., regulating alcohol outlet density), as well as interventions tailored to specific occupation groups, and could reduce binge drinking and improve occupational safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Shockey
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Esser MB, Guy GP, Zhang K, Brewer RD. Binge Drinking and Prescription Opioid Misuse in the U.S., 2012-2014. Am J Prev Med 2019; 57:197-208. [PMID: 31200998 PMCID: PMC6642832 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prescription opioids were responsible for approximately 17,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2016. One in five prescription opioid deaths also involve alcohol. Drinkers who misuse prescription opioids (i.e., use without a prescription or use only for the experience or feeling it causes) are at a heightened risk of overdose. However, little is known about the relationship between drinking patterns and prescription opioid misuse. METHODS Data were analyzed from 160,812 individuals (aged ≥12 years) who responded to questions about prescription opioid misuse and alcohol consumption in the 2012, 2013, or 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (analyzed in 2017-2018). The prevalence of self-reported past-30-days prescription opioid misuse was assessed by sociodemographic characteristics, other substance use (i.e., cigarettes, marijuana), and drinking patterns. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to calculate AORs. RESULTS From 2012 to 2014, 1.6% (95% CI=1.5, 1.7) of all individuals aged ≥12 years (estimated 4.2 million) and 3.5% (95% CI=3.3, 3.8) of binge drinkers (estimated 2.2 million) reported prescription opioid misuse. Prescription opioid misuse was more common among binge drinkers than among nondrinkers (AOR=1.7, 95% CI=1.5, 1.9). Overall, the prevalence of prescription opioid misuse increased significantly with binge drinking frequency (p-value<0.001). CONCLUSIONS More than half of the 4.2 million people who misused prescription opioids during 2012-2014 were binge drinkers, and binge drinkers had nearly twice the odds of misusing prescription opioids, compared with nondrinkers. Widespread use of evidence-based strategies for preventing binge drinking might reduce opioid misuse and overdoses involving alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Gery P Guy
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kun Zhang
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert D Brewer
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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Esser MB, Clayton H, Demissie Z, Kanny D, Brewer RD. Current and Binge Drinking Among High School Students - United States, 1991-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:474-478. [PMID: 28493857 PMCID: PMC5657986 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6618a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Esser MB, Gururaj G, Rao GN, Jayarajan D, Sethu L, Murthy P, Jernigan DH, Benegal V. Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 36:682-690. [PMID: 27862473 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS India has a checkered history of alcohol prohibition; however, alcohol use is becoming more prevalent. We assessed the reporting of tangible and intangible harms from strangers' alcohol consumption by respondents' sex and how respondents' drinking and sociodemographic characteristics were associated with the reporting of these alcohol-related harms by strangers. DESIGN AND METHODS We analysed cross-sectional data from household interviews administered in five Indian states from October 2011 to May 2012. We analysed data among 7332 adults who responded to all 12 questions on alcohol-related harms from strangers' drinking and for whom data were available on drinking status and sex. RESULT In this sample, 63.2% reported experiences of one or more harms from strangers' drinking in the past year, with 47.4% reporting at least one tangible harm. Nearly one-fifth reported being physically harmed from strangers' alcohol consumption. Drinking by women did not predict reports of alcohol-related harms from strangers, while drinking by men was associated with at least 1.9 greater odds of reporting these harms compared with non-drinkers. Living in rural areas was associated with reduced odds of reporting psychological harms from strangers' drinking among women but greater odds of reporting physical and sexual harms among men. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In five Indian states, both drinkers and non-drinkers report being harmed by strangers' alcohol consumption. Greater implementation and enhanced enforcement of multilevel interventions may effectively reduce these alcohol-related harms, such as regulating the density of alcohol outlets, screening and brief interventions in health settings and community empowerment initiatives. [Esser MB, Gururaj G, Rao GN, Jayarajan D, Sethu L, Murthy P, Jernigan DH, Benegal V. Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;00:000-000].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Gururaj
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Girish N Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshmanan Sethu
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Esser MB, Waters H, Smart M, Jernigan DH. Impact of Maryland's 2011 alcohol sales tax increase on alcoholic beverage sales. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2016; 42:404-11. [PMID: 27064821 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1150485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing alcohol taxes has proven effective in reducing alcohol consumption, but the effects of alcohol sales taxes on sales of specific alcoholic beverages have received little research attention. Data on sales are generally less subject to reporting biases than self-reported patterns of alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the effects of Maryland's July 1, 2011 three percentage point increase in the alcohol sales tax (6-9%) on beverage-specific and total alcohol sales. METHODS Using county-level data on Maryland's monthly alcohol sales in gallons for 2010-2012, by beverage type, multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models estimated the effects of the tax increase on alcohol sales. We controlled for seasonality, county characteristics, and national unemployment rates in the main analyses. RESULTS In the 18 months after the tax increase, average per capita sales of spirits were 5.1% lower (p < 0.001), beer sales were 3.2% lower (p < 0.001), and wine sales were 2.5% lower (p < 0.01) relative to what would have been expected from sales trends in the 18 months prior to the tax increase. Overall, the alcohol sales tax increase was associated with a 3.8% decline in total alcohol sold relative to what would have been expected based on sales in the prior 18 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that increased alcohol sales taxes may be as effective as excise taxes in reducing alcohol consumption and related problems. Sales taxes also have the added advantages of rising with inflation and taxing the highest priced beverages most heavily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- a Department of Health , Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Hugh Waters
- b Departments of Health Behavior and Society, and Health Policy and Management , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c School of Nursing , University of Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Mieka Smart
- d Department of Mental Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- a Department of Health , Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Esser MB, Rao GN, Gururaj G, Murthy P, Jayarajan D, Sethu L, Jernigan DH, Benegal V. Physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect: Evidence of alcohol-related harm to children in five states of India. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 35:530-8. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore USA
| | - Girish N. Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
| | - Gopalkrishna Gururaj
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
| | - Lakshmanan Sethu
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore USA
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences; Bangalore India
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Esser MB, Bao J, Jernigan DH, Hyder AA. Evaluation of the Evidence Base for the Alcohol Industry's Actions to Reduce Drink Driving Globally. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:707-13. [PMID: 26890181 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.303026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the evidence base for the content of initiatives that the alcohol industry implemented to reduce drink driving from 1982 to May 2015. METHODS We systematically analyzed the content of 266 global initiatives that the alcohol industry has categorized as actions to reduce drink driving. RESULTS Social aspects public relations organizations (i.e., organizations funded by the alcohol industry to handle issues that may be damaging to the business) sponsored the greatest proportion of the actions. Only 0.8% (n = 2) of the sampled industry actions were consistent with public health evidence of effectiveness for reducing drink driving. CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of the alcohol industry's actions to reduce drink driving does not reflect public health evidenced-based recommendations, even though effective drink-driving countermeasures exist, such as a maximum blood alcohol concentration limit of 0.05 grams per deciliter for drivers and widespread use of sobriety checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser, James Bao, and Adnan A. Hyder were with the Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. David H. Jernigan was with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - James Bao
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser, James Bao, and Adnan A. Hyder were with the Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. David H. Jernigan was with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - David H Jernigan
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser, James Bao, and Adnan A. Hyder were with the Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. David H. Jernigan was with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Adnan A Hyder
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser, James Bao, and Adnan A. Hyder were with the Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. David H. Jernigan was with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Esser MB, Wadhwaniya S, Gupta S, Tetali S, Gururaj G, Stevens KA, Hyder AA. Characteristics associated with alcohol consumption among emergency department patients presenting with road traffic injuries in Hyderabad, India. Injury 2016; 47:160-5. [PMID: 26260623 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Each year in India, road traffic crashes lead to more than 200,000 deaths and the country has seen an unprecedented rate of roadway fatalities in recent years. At the same time, alcohol consumption per capita among Indians is rising. Despite these increasing trends of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and alcohol use, alcohol is not routinely assessed as a risk factor for RTIs. This study aims to examine the involvement of alcohol among emergency department patients presenting with RTIs in the Indian city of Hyderabad. PATIENTS AND METHODS As part of a prospective study, data were collected from 3366 patients (88.0% male) presenting with RTIs at an emergency department in Hyderabad, India, from September 2013 to February 2014. Logistic regression models were used to assess individual-level and road traffic crash characteristics associated with suspected or reported alcohol consumption six hours prior to the RTI. RESULTS Alcohol was suspected or reported among 17.9% of the patients with RTIs. Adjusting for confounders, males experienced 9.8 times greater odds of alcohol-related RTIs than females. Compared to 15-24 year-olds, the odds of alcohol consumption was 1.4 times greater among 25-34 year-olds and 1.7 times greater among 35-44 year-olds, adjusting for confounding factors. Patients who were passengers in vehicles other than motorized two-wheelers had 90% reduced odds of an alcohol-related RTI than motorized two-wheeler drivers. Drivers of non-two-wheelers, passengers on two-wheelers, and pedestrians did not have significantly different odds of an alcohol-related RTI compared to two-wheeler drivers. Nighttime crashes were associated with nearly a threefold increase in the odds of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Given that alcohol was suspected or reported in more than one in six injured ED patients with RTIs, it is clear that alcohol is a serious risk factor for RTIs; this evidence can guide prevention efforts. These findings suggest that evidence-based interventions to reduce drink-driving, such as random breath testing (where law enforcement officials stop drivers on the road to test them for alcohol use), could be more widespread in India. Future studies should assess the effectiveness of greater implementation and enforcement of policies to decrease alcohol's availability to reduce RTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe St., 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shirin Wadhwaniya
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe St., 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shivam Gupta
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe St., 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Shailaja Tetali
- Indian Institute of Public Health - Hyderabad, Plot # 1, A.N.V. Arcade, Amar Co-op Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad 500 033, India
| | - Gopalkrishna Gururaj
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 029, India
| | - Kent A Stevens
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe St., 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adnan A Hyder
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 615 N. Wolfe St., 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Alcohol is a risk factor for communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and alcohol consumption is rising steadily in India. The growth of multinational alcohol corporations, such as Diageo, contributes to India's changing alcohol environment. We provide a brief history of India's alcohol regulation for context and examine Diageo's strategies for expansion in India in 2013 and 2014. Diageo is attracted to India's younger generation, women, and emerging middle class for growth opportunities. Components of Diageo's responsibility strategy conflict with evidence-based public health recommendations for reducing harmful alcohol consumption. Diageo's strategies for achieving market dominance in India are at odds with public health evidence. We conclude with recommendations for protecting public health in emerging markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser and David H. Jernigan were with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - David H Jernigan
- At the time of the study, Marissa B. Esser and David H. Jernigan were with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Ferreira-Borges C, Esser MB, Dias S, Babor T, Parry CDH. Response to commentaries. Addiction 2015. [PMID: 26223168 DOI: 10.1111/add.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ferreira-Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Departamento de Saúde Internacional, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Dias
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Departamento de Saúde Internacional, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas Babor
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Charles D H Parry
- Medical Research Council, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research, UnitStellenbosch University, South Africa
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Ferreira-Borges C, Dias S, Babor T, Esser MB, Parry CDH. Alcohol and public health in Africa: can we prevent alcohol-related harm from increasing? Addiction 2015; 110:1373-9. [PMID: 25944026 DOI: 10.1111/add.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the total amount of alcohol consumed in the African region is expected to increase due to the growth of new alcohol consumers, especially young people and women. With the changing alcohol environment, increases in the alcohol-attributable burden of disease are inevitable. To our knowledge, there has not been a comprehensive analysis of the factors that could be driving those increases. The objective of this study was to examine the evidence from peer reviewed literature regarding the factors that could be instrumental in this process, in order to inform strategic policy-related decisions. METHOD A narrative review was conducted using a thematic analysis approach. We searched papers published between January 2000 and July 2014 in PubMed, the WHO's Global Health Library and African Journals Online. RESULTS Our analysis identified seven factors (demographics, rapid urbanization, economic development, increased availability, corporate targeting, weak policy infrastructure and trade agreements) which are potentially tied to changes in alcohol consumption in Africa. Driven largely by globalization, a potential convergence of these various factors is likely to be associated with continued growth in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS To address the emerging risk factors associated with increased alcohol consumption, African governments need to take a more active role in protecting the public's health. In particular, important strategic shifts are needed to increase implementation of intersectoral strategies, community involvement in the policy dialogue, health services re-orientation and better regulation of the alcohol beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ferreira-Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medica Tropical & GHTM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Dias
- Instituto de Higiene e Medica Tropical & GHTM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Babor
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles D H Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Esser MB, Gururaj G, Rao GN, Jernigan DH, Murthy P, Jayarajan D, Lakshmanan S, Benegal V. Harms to Adults from Others' Heavy Drinking in Five Indian States. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:177-85. [PMID: 26884508 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to assess a wide range of alcohol-related harms from known heavy drinkers in Indian respondents' lives, and to assess respondents' characteristics and drinking patterns associated with reporting these harms. METHODS Household interviews were administered in five Indian states from October 2011 to May 2012. For the secondary data analyses in this study, participants were Indians, ages 15-70, who self-reported having a heavy drinker in their lives (n = 5,375). We assessed the proportion of respondents reporting seventeen types of alcohol-related harms from a heavy drinker. RESULTS Approximately 83% of respondents reported at least one alcohol-related harm from a heavy drinker in their lives. Twenty-five percent of respondents reported physical harm, 6% reported sexual harm and 50% reported emotional harm or neglect. Controlling for other factors, being in the upper income quartiles was associated with reporting ≥5 harm types. Among females, being age 25-39 and married/cohabitating predicted reporting ≥5 harm types, while among males, being age 25-39 or age 40-70 and living in a rural area increased the odds. Among females, binge drinkers had 46% lower odds of reporting ≥5 harm types than abstainers; among males, binge drinkers had 54% greater odds. CONCLUSION Regardless of respondents' own drinking pattern, a substantial proportion of respondents reported experiencing a range of harms from a known heavy drinker; interventions are needed to reduce these harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Gururaj
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Girish N Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Lakshmanan
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Ferreira-Borges C, Esser MB, Dias S, Babor T, Parry CDH. Alcohol Control Policies in 46 African Countries: Opportunities for Improvement. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 50:470-6. [PMID: 25882742 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is little information on the extent to which African countries are addressing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm, which suggests that evaluations of national alcohol policies are needed in this region. The aim of this article is to examine the strength of a mix of national alcohol control policies in African countries, as well as the relationship between alcohol policy restrictiveness scores and adult alcohol per capita consumption (APC) among drinkers at the national level. METHODS We examined national alcohol policies of 46 African countries, as of 2012, in four regulatory categories (price, availability, marketing and drink-driving), and analyzed the restrictiveness of national alcohol policies using an adapted Alcohol Policy Index (API). To assess the validity of the policy restrictiveness scores, we conducted correlational analyses between policy restrictiveness scores and APC among drinkers in 40 countries. RESULTS Countries attained a mean score of 44.1 of 100 points possible, ranging from 9.1 (Sao Tomé and Principe) to 75.0 (Algeria), with low scores indicating low policy restrictiveness. Policy restrictiveness scores were negatively correlated with and APC among drinkers (rs = -0.353, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS There is great variation in the strength of alcohol control policies in countries throughout the African region. Tools for comparing the restrictiveness of alcohol policies across countries are available and are an important instrument to monitor alcohol policy developments. The negative correlation between policy restrictiveness and alcohol consumption among drinkers suggests the need for stronger alcohol policies as well as increased training and capacity building at the country level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ferreira-Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical & GHTM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 264 N. Broadway St., Second Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sónia Dias
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical & GHTM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Babor
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1910, USA
| | - Charles D H Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for 88,000 deaths annually and cost the United States $223.5 billion in 2006. It is often assumed that most excessive drinkers are alcohol dependent. However, few studies have examined the prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers. The objective of this study was to update prior estimates of the prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers. METHODS Data were analyzed from the 138,100 adults who responded to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2009, 2010, or 2011. Drinking patterns (ie, past-year drinking, excessive drinking, and binge drinking) were assessed by sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol dependence (assessed through self-reported survey responses and defined as meeting ≥3 of 7 criteria for dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition). RESULTS Excessive drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol dependence were most common among men and those aged 18 to 24. Binge drinking was most common among those with annual family incomes of $75,000 or more, whereas alcohol dependence was most common among those with annual family incomes of less than $25,000. The prevalence of alcohol dependence was 10.2% among excessive drinkers, 10.5% among binge drinkers, and 1.3% among non-binge drinkers. A positive relationship was found between alcohol dependence and binge drinking frequency. CONCLUSION Most excessive drinkers (90%) did not meet the criteria for alcohol dependence. A comprehensive approach to reducing excessive drinking that emphasizes evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services could have an impact on reducing excessive drinking in addition to focusing on the implementation of addiction treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarra L Hedden
- Center for Behavior Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Dafna Kanny
- Alcohol Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-F78, Atlanta, GA 30341. E-mail:
| | - Robert D Brewer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph C Gfroerer
- Center for Behavior Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland
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Esser MB, Siegel M. Alcohol facts labels on Four Loko: will the Federal Trade Commission's order be effective in reducing hazardous drinking among underage youth? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2014; 40:424-7. [PMID: 25265094 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.951122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Underage drinking accounts for 4400 alcohol-attributable deaths in the US each year. After several reports of the deaths of young people due to the consumption of the flavored-alcoholic beverage (FAB) Four Loko, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) examined whether Phusion Projects violated federal law by using deceptive marketing. In 2013, the FTC responded by ordering alcohol facts labels on Four Loko disclosing the number of standard drinks contained in the product. This paper aims to discuss whether the FTC's order for alcohol facts labels on Four Loko cans will effectively reduce the hazardous consumption of FABs among youth. The authors discuss the existing research that relates to the FTC's order, including studies on the effectiveness of serving size labeling for reducing youth drinking, research on the brand-specific consumption of FABs among underage youth, and the associations between youth drinking and exposure to alcohol marketing. After synthesizing the evidence, the authors conclude that simply requiring the disclosure of the number of standard drinks on supersized Four Loko cans is not likely to adequately address the hazardous consumption of this beverage among underage drinkers. Instead, if the FTC addresses the marketing of these products and its potential to encourage the excessive use of alcohol, as the Attorneys General did recently in a settlement with the same company, it is possible that there would be a greater impact on reducing youth alcohol consumption. Additional research is needed to determine the impact of alcohol facts labels in changing underage drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD and
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Abstract
AIMS To develop an approach for monitoring national alcohol marketing policies globally, an area of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Alcohol Strategy. METHODS Data on restrictiveness of alcohol marketing policies came from the 2002 and 2008 WHO Global Surveys on Alcohol and Health. We included four scales in a sensitivity analysis to determine optimal weights to score countries on their marketing policies and applied the selected scale to assess national marketing policy restrictiveness. RESULTS Nearly, 36% of countries had no marketing restrictions. The overall restrictiveness levels were not significantly different between 2002 and 2008. The number of countries with strict marketing regulations did not differ across years. CONCLUSION This method of monitoring alcohol marketing restrictiveness helps track progress towards implementing WHO'S Global Alcohol Strategy. Findings indicate a consistent lack of restrictive policies over time, making this a priority area for national and global action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking (≥ 4 drinks for women; ≥ 5 drinks for men, per occasion) is responsible for more than half of the estimated 80,000 U.S. deaths annually and three-quarters of the $223.5 billion in costs in 2006. Binge drinking prevalence is assessed more commonly than binge drinking intensity (i.e., number of drinks consumed per binge episode). Risk of binge drinking-related harm increases with intensity, and thus it is important to monitor. The largest number of drinks consumed is assessed in health surveys, but its usefulness for assessing binge intensity is unknown. PURPOSE To assess the agreement between two potential measures of binge drinking intensity: the largest number of drinks consumed by binge drinkers (maximum-drinks) and the total number of drinks consumed during their most recent binge episode (drinks-per-binge). METHODS Data were analyzed from 7909 adult binge drinkers from 14 states responding to the 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) binge drinking module. Mean and median drinks-per-binge from that module were compared to mean and median maximum-drinks. Analyses were conducted in 2010-2011. RESULTS Mean (8.2) and median (5.9) maximum-drinks were strongly correlated with mean (7.4) and median (5.4) drinks-per-binge (r=0.57). These measures were also strongly correlated across most sociodemographic and drinking categories overall and within states. CONCLUSIONS The maximum-drinks consumed by binge drinkers is a practical method for assessing binge drinking intensity and thus can be used to plan and evaluate Community Guide-recommended strategies for preventing binge drinking (e.g., increasing the price of alcoholic beverages and regulating alcohol outlet density).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Alcohol Program, Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Baker JC, Esser MB, Larson VL. Pseudorabies in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 181:607. [PMID: 6754670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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