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Graeber D, McCarthy MJ, Shatwell T, Borchardt D, Jeppesen E, Søndergaard M, Lauridsen TL, Davidson TA. Consistent stoichiometric long-term relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll-a across shallow lakes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:809. [PMID: 38280872 PMCID: PMC10821860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are threatened by eutrophication from nutrient pollution. In lakes, eutrophication causes a plethora of deleterious effects, such as harmful algal blooms, fish kills and increased methane emissions. However, lake-specific responses to nutrient changes are highly variable, complicating eutrophication management. These lake-specific responses could result from short-term stochastic drivers overshadowing lake-independent, long-term relationships between phytoplankton and nutrients. Here, we show that strong stoichiometric long-term relationships exist between nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chla) for 5-year simple moving averages (SMA, median R² = 0.87) along a gradient of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN:TP) ratios. These stoichiometric relationships are consistent across 159 shallow lakes (defined as average depth < 6 m) from a cross-continental, open-access database. We calculate 5-year SMA residuals to assess short-term variability and find substantial short-term Chla variation which is weakly related to nutrient concentrations (median R² = 0.12). With shallow lakes representing 89% of the world's lakes, the identified stoichiometric long-term relationships can globally improve quantitative nutrient management in both lakes and their catchments through a nutrient-ratio-based strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Graeber
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Chair of Hydrobiology & Fisheries, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tom Shatwell
- Department Lake Research, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Borchardt
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, and WATEC, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Education and Research Centre, Beijing, China
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
- Institute for Ecological and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Martin Søndergaard
- Department of Ecoscience, and WATEC, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Education and Research Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Ecoscience, and WATEC, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Education and Research Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Ecoscience, and WATEC, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Sikorski EL, Cusentino MA, McCarthy MJ, Tranchida J, Wood MA, Thompson AP. Machine learned interatomic potential for dispersion strengthened plasma facing components. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114101. [PMID: 36948804 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a material of choice for the divertor material due to its high melting temperature, thermal conductivity, and sputtering threshold. However, W has a very high brittle-to-ductile transition temperature, and at fusion reactor temperatures (≥1000 K), it may undergo recrystallization and grain growth. Dispersion-strengthening W with zirconium carbide (ZrC) can improve ductility and limit grain growth, but much of the effects of the dispersoids on microstructural evolution and thermomechanical properties at high temperatures are still unknown. We present a machine learned Spectral Neighbor Analysis Potential for W-ZrC that can now be used to study these materials. In order to construct a potential suitable for large-scale atomistic simulations at fusion reactor temperatures, it is necessary to train on ab initio data generated for a diverse set of structures, chemical environments, and temperatures. Further accuracy and stability tests of the potential were achieved using objective functions for both material properties and high temperature stability. Validation of lattice parameters, surface energies, bulk moduli, and thermal expansion is confirmed on the optimized potential. Tensile tests of W/ZrC bicrystals show that although the W(110)-ZrC(111) C-terminated bicrystal has the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) at room temperature, observed strength decreases with increasing temperature. At 2500 K, the terminating C layer diffuses into the W, resulting in a weaker W-Zr interface. Meanwhile, the W(110)-ZrC(111) Zr-terminated bicrystal has the highest UTS at 2500 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sikorski
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M A Cusentino
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M J McCarthy
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Tranchida
- CEA, DES/IRESNE/DEC, 13018 Saint Paul Lès Durance, France
| | - M A Wood
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A P Thompson
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Cremona F, Öglü B, McCarthy MJ, Newell SE, Nõges P, Nõges T. Nitrate as a predictor of cyanobacteria biomass in eutrophic lakes in a climate change context. Sci Total Environ 2022; 818:151807. [PMID: 34808160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to predict cyanobacteria biomass and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations in Lake Võrtsjärv, a large, shallow, and eutrophic lake in Estonia. We used a model chain based on the succession of a mechanistic (INCA-N) model and an empirical, generalized linear model. INCA-N model calibration and validation was performed with long term climate and catchment parameters. We constructed twelve scenarios as combinations of climate forcing from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 3 scenarios), land conversion (forest to agriculture, 2 scenarios), and fertilizer use (2 scenarios). Models predicted 46% of the variance of cyanobacteria biomass and 65% of that of NO3- concentrations. The model chain simulated that scenarios comprising both forest conversion to agricultural lands and a greater use of fertilizer per surface area unit would cause increases in lacustrine NO3- (up to twice the historical mean) and cyanobacteria biomass (up to a four-fold increase compared to the historical mean). The changes in NO3- concentrations and cyanobacteria biomass were more pronounced in low and moderate warming scenarios than in high warming scenarios because of increased denitrification rates in a warmer climate. Our findings show the importance of reducing anthropogenic pressures on lake catchments in order to reduce harmful pollutant and microalgae proliferation, and highlight the counterintuitive effects of multiple stressor interactions on lake functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Cremona
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Burak Öglü
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 263 Brehm Lab, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 263 Brehm Lab, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Peeter Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Mullen KR, Hammerschmidt CR, Ekberg MP, McCarthy MJ, Newell SE, Agather AM. External Sources Inhibit Benthic Phosphorus Fluxes in the Lower Great Miami River, Southwest Ohio. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:1517-1525. [PMID: 32388887 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have increased nutrient loadings to aquatic ecosystems, especially during the past century. During low river flow in late summer and early fall, elevated concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen are present in the temperate Lower Great Miami River and contribute to its eutrophication. Although wastewater treatment plants are suspected of being major sources of P to the river, riverbed sediment has not been examined as an additional potential source of P. Benthic P fluxes were measured at 11 representative locations along the Lower Great Miami River during 3 sampling campaigns in late summer and early fall of 2015. Benthic fluxes of filtered total P (range, -1.6-12 mg m-2 d-1 ) were related inversely to filtered total P concentrations in river water (p = 0.002, r = -0.60). This relationship suggests that elevated P in river water inhibits mobilization from sediment, likely by minimizing the concentration gradient between porewater and overlying water. To effectively mitigate long-term effects of legacy P stored in Lower Great Miami River sediments, external sources must continue to be managed and discharges reduced to allow legacy P to be mobilized and flushed from the system. Reducing nutrient loading will help protect water quality in the Lower Great Miami River, in other comparable rivers, and in downstream aquatic habitats. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1517-1525. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kortney R Mullen
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad R Hammerschmidt
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Mark J McCarthy
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Alison M Agather
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Hampel JJ, McCarthy MJ, Aalto SL, Newell SE. Hurricane Disturbance Stimulated Nitrification and Altered Ammonia Oxidizer Community Structure in Lake Okeechobee and St. Lucie Estuary (Florida). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1541. [PMID: 32754132 PMCID: PMC7366250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrification is an important biological link between oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen (N). The efficiency of nitrification plays a key role in mitigating excess N in eutrophic systems, including those with cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), since it can be closely coupled with denitrification and removal of excess N. Recent work suggests that competition for ammonium (NH4+) between ammonia oxidizers and cyanoHABs can help determine microbial community structure. Nitrification rates and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) community composition and gene abundances were quantified in Lake Okeechobee and St. Lucie Estuary in southern Florida (United States). We sampled during cyanobacterial (Microcystis) blooms in July 2016 and August 2017 (2 weeks before Hurricane Irma) and 10 days after Hurricane Irma made landfall. Nitrification rates were low during cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Okeechobee and St. Lucie Estuary, while low bloom conditions in St. Lucie Estuary coincided with greater nitrification rates. Nitrification rates in the lake were correlated (R2 = 0.94; p = 0.006) with AOA amoA abundance. Following the hurricane, nitrification rates increased by an order of magnitude, suggesting that nitrifiers outcompeted cyanobacteria for NH4+ under turbid, poor light conditions. After Irma, AOA and AOB abundances increased in St. Lucie Estuary, while only AOB increased in Lake Okeechobee. AOA sequences clustered into three major lineages: Nitrosopumilales (NP), Nitrososphaerales (NS), and Nitrosotaleales (NT). Many of the lake OTUs placed within the uncultured and uncharacterized NS δ and NT β clades, suggesting that these taxa are ecologically important along this eutrophic, lacustrine to estuarine continuum. After the hurricane, the AOA community shifted toward dominance by freshwater clades in St. Lucie Estuary and terrestrial genera in Lake Okeechobee, likely due to high rainfall and subsequent increased turbidity and freshwater loading from the lake into the estuary. AOB community structure was not affected by the disturbance. AOA communities were consistently more diverse than AOB, despite fewer sequences recovered, including new, unclassified, eutrophic ecotypes, suggesting a wider ecological biogeography than the oligotrophic niche originally posited. These results and other recent reports contradict the early hypothesis that AOB dominate ammonia oxidation in high-nutrient or terrestrial-influenced systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Hampel
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, United States.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Hampel JJ, McCarthy MJ, Neudeck M, Bullerjahn GS, McKay RML, Newell SE. Ammonium recycling supports toxic Planktothrix blooms in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie: Evidence from stable isotope and metatranscriptome data. Harmful Algae 2019; 81:42-52. [PMID: 30638497 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, receives high nutrient loadings (nitrogen and phosphorus) from the Sandusky River, which drains an agricultural watershed. Eutrophication and cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) persist throughout summer. Planktothrix agardhii is the dominant bloom-forming species and the main producer of microcystins in Sandusky Bay. Non-N2 fixing cyanobacteria, such as Planktothrix and Microcystis, thrive on chemically reduced forms of nitrogen, such as ammonium (NH4+) and urea. Ammonium regeneration and potential uptake rates and total microbial community demand for NH4+ were quantified in Sandusky Bay. Potential NH4+ uptake rates in the light increased from June to August at all stations. Dark uptake rates also increased seasonally and, by the end of August, were on par with light uptake rates. Regeneration rates followed a similar pattern and were significantly higher in August than June. Ammonium uptake kinetics during a Planktothrix-dominated bloom in Sandusky Bay and a Microcystis-dominated bloom in Maumee Bay were also compared. The highest half saturation constant (Km) in Sandusky Bay was measured in June and decreased throughout the season. In contrast, Km values in Maumee Bay were lowest at the beginning of summer and increased in October. A significant increase in Vmax in Sandusky Bay was observed between July and the end of August, reflective of intense competition for depleted NH4+. Metatranscriptome results from Sandusky Bay show a shift from cyanophycin synthetase (luxury NH4+ uptake; cphA1) expression in early summer to cyanophycinase (intracellular N mobilization; cphB/cphA2) expression in August, supporting the interpretation that the microbial community is nitrogen-starved in late summer. Combined, our results show that, in late summer, when nitrogen concentrations are low, cyanoHABs in Sandusky Bay rely on regenerated NH4+ to support growth and toxin production. Increased dark NH4+ uptake late in summer suggests an important heterotrophic contribution to NH4+ depletion in the phycosphere. Kinetic experiments in the two bays suggest a competitive advantage for Planktothrix over Microcystis in Sandusky Bay due to its higher affinity for NH4+ at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Hampel
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Michelle Neudeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - George S Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Robert Michael L McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Newell SE, Davis TW, Johengen TH, Gossiaux D, Burtner A, Palladino D, McCarthy MJ. Reduced forms of nitrogen are a driver of non-nitrogen-fixing harmful cyanobacterial blooms and toxicity in Lake Erie. Harmful Algae 2019; 81:86-93. [PMID: 30638502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Western Lake Erie (WLE) experiences anthropogenic eutrophication and annual, toxic cyanobacterial blooms of non-nitrogen (N) fixing Microcystis. Numerous studies have shown that bloom biomass is correlated with an increased proportion of soluble reactive phosphorus loading from the Maumee River. Long term monitoring shows that the proportion of the annual Maumee River N load of non-nitrate N, or total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), has also increased significantly (Spearman's ρ = 0.68, p = 0.001) over the last few decades and is also significantly correlated to cyanobacterial bloom biomass (Spearman's ρ = 0.64, p = 0.003). The ratio of chemically reduced N to oxidized N (TKN:NO3) concentrations was also compared to extracted chlorophyll and phycocyanin concentrations from all weekly sampling stations within WLE from 2009 to 2015. Both chlorophyll (Spearman's ρ = 0.657, p < 0.0001) and phycocyanin (Spearman's ρ = 0.714, p < 0.0001) were significantly correlated with TKN:NO3. This correlation between the increasing fraction of chemically reduced N from the Maumee River and increasing bloom biomass demonstrates the urgent need to control N loading, in addition to current P load reductions, to WLE and similar systems impacted by non-N-fixing, toxin-producing cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Newell
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45458, USA.
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA; Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas H Johengen
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA; Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duane Gossiaux
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Ashley Burtner
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Danna Palladino
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45458, USA
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Szota C, McCarthy MJ, Sanders GJ, Farrell C, Fletcher TD, Arndt SK, Livesley SJ. Tree water-use strategies to improve stormwater retention performance of biofiltration systems. Water Res 2018; 144:285-295. [PMID: 30048867 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration systems are highly valued in urban landscapes as they remove pollutants from stormwater runoff whilst contributing to a reduction in runoff volumes. Integrating trees in biofilters may improve their runoff retention performance, as trees have greater transpiration than commonly used sedge or herb species. High transpiration rates will rapidly deplete retained water, creating storage capacity prior to the next runoff event. However, a tree with high transpiration rates in a biofilter system will likely be frequently exposed to drought stress. Selecting appropriate tree species therefore requires an understanding of how different trees use water and how they respond to substrate drying. We selected 20 tree species and quantified evapotranspiration (ET) and drought stress (leaf water potential; Ψ) in relation to substrate water content. To compare species, we developed metrics which describe: (i) maximum rates of ET under well-watered conditions, (ii) the sensitivity of ET and (iii) the response of Ψ to declining substrate water content. Using these three metrics, we classified species into three groups: risky, balanced or conservative. Risky and balanced species showed high maximum ET, whereas conservative species always had low ET. As substrates dried, the balanced species down-regulated ET to delay the onset of drought stress; whereas risky species did not. Therefore, balanced species with high ET are more likely to improve the retention performance of biofiltration systems without introducing significant drought risk. This classification of tree water use strategies can be easily integrated into water balance models and improve tree species selection for biofiltration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Szota
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia.
| | - M J McCarthy
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - G J Sanders
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - C Farrell
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - T D Fletcher
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - S K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - S J Livesley
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
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Paerl HW, Scott JT, McCarthy MJ, Newell SE, Gardner WS, Havens KE, Hoffman DK, Wilhelm SW, Wurtsbaugh WA. It Takes Two to Tango: When and Where Dual Nutrient (N & P) Reductions Are Needed to Protect Lakes and Downstream Ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:10805-10813. [PMID: 27667268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Preventing harmful algal blooms (HABs) is needed to protect lakes and downstream ecosystems. Traditionally, reducing phosphorus (P) inputs was the prescribed solution for lakes, based on the assumption that P universally limits HAB formation. Reduction of P inputs has decreased HABs in many lakes, but was not successful in others. Thus, the "P-only" paradigm is overgeneralized. Whole-lake experiments indicate that HABs are often stimulated more by combined P and nitrogen (N) enrichment rather than N or P alone, indicating that the dynamics of both nutrients are important for HAB control. The changing paradigm from P-only to consideration of dual nutrient control is supported by studies indicating that (1) biological N fixation cannot always meet lake ecosystem N needs, and (2) that anthropogenic N and P loading has increased dramatically in recent decades. Sediment P accumulation supports long-term internal loading, while N may escape via denitrification, leading to perpetual N deficits. Hence, controlling both N and P inputs will help control HABs in some lakes and also reduce N export to downstream N-sensitive ecosystems. Managers should consider whether balanced control of N and P will most effectively reduce HABs along the freshwater-marine continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, United States
| | - J Thad Scott
- Department of Biology, Baylor University , One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Wayne S Gardner
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, United States
| | - Karl E Havens
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, and Florida Sea Grant College Program, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
| | - Daniel K Hoffman
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, United States
| | - Wayne A Wurtsbaugh
- Watershed Sciences Department and the Ecology Center, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322-5210, United States
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Hellweger FL, Fredrick ND, McCarthy MJ, Gardner WS, Wilhelm SW, Paerl HW. Dynamic, mechanistic, molecular-level modelling of cyanobacteria:Anabaenaand nitrogen interaction. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2721-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi L. Hellweger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Neil D. Fredrick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston MA USA
| | - Mark J. McCarthy
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin; Port Aransas TX USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Wright State University; Dayton OH USA
| | - Wayne S. Gardner
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin; Port Aransas TX USA
| | - Steven W. Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Hans W. Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Morehead City NC USA
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Paerl HW, Gardner WS, Havens KE, Joyner AR, McCarthy MJ, Newell SE, Qin B, Scott JT. Mitigating cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems impacted by climate change and anthropogenic nutrients. Harmful Algae 2016; 54:213-222. [PMID: 28073478 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating the global expansion of cyanobacterial harmful blooms (CyanoHABs) is a major challenge facing researchers and resource managers. A variety of traditional (e.g., nutrient load reduction) and experimental (e.g., artificial mixing and flushing, omnivorous fish removal) approaches have been used to reduce bloom occurrences. Managers now face the additional effects of climate change on watershed hydrologic and nutrient loading dynamics, lake and estuary temperature, mixing regime, internal nutrient dynamics, and other factors. Those changes favor CyanoHABs over other phytoplankton and could influence the efficacy of control measures. Virtually all mitigation strategies are influenced by climate changes, which may require setting new nutrient input reduction targets and establishing nutrient-bloom thresholds for impacted waters. Physical-forcing mitigation techniques, such as flushing and artificial mixing, will need adjustments to deal with the ramifications of climate change. Here, we examine the suite of current mitigation strategies and the potential options for adapting and optimizing them in a world facing increasing human population pressure and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
| | - Wayne S Gardner
- The University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Karl E Havens
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Florida Sea Grant College Program, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alan R Joyner
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Wright State University, College of Science and Mathematics, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Silvia E Newell
- Wright State University, College of Science and Mathematics, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Boqiang Qin
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - J Thad Scott
- University of Arkansas, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Cardona MJ, Tozzi EJ, Karuna N, Jeoh T, Powell RL, McCarthy MJ. A process for energy-efficient high-solids fed-batch enzymatic liquefaction of cellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:488-496. [PMID: 26432053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass is a key step in the biochemical production of fuels and chemicals. Economically feasible large-scale implementation of the process requires operation at high solids loadings, i.e., biomass concentrations >15% (w/w). At increasing solids loadings, however, biomass forms a high viscosity slurry that becomes increasingly challenging to mix and severely mass transfer limited, which limits further addition of solids. To overcome these limitations, we developed a fed-batch process controlled by the yield stress and its changes during liquefaction of the reaction mixture. The process control relies on an in-line, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rheometer to monitor real-time evolution of yield stress during liquefaction. Additionally, we demonstrate that timing of enzyme addition relative to biomass addition influences process efficiency, and the upper limit of solids loading is ultimately limited by end-product inhibition as soluble glucose and cellobiose accumulate in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cardona
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - E J Tozzi
- Aspect Imaging, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - N Karuna
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - T Jeoh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - R L Powell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M J McCarthy
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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McCarthy MJ, Tyrka AR. The Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Trainee Advisory Board: education, mentoring, and experience with the editorial process. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:429-30. [PMID: 26372406 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A R Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Paerl HW, Xu H, Hall NS, Zhu G, Qin B, Wu Y, Rossignol KL, Dong L, McCarthy MJ, Joyner AR. Controlling cyanobacterial blooms in hypertrophic Lake Taihu, China: will nitrogen reductions cause replacement of non-N2 fixing by N2 fixing taxa? PLoS One 2014; 9:e113123. [PMID: 25405474 PMCID: PMC4236137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs have caused an alarming increase in harmful cyanobacterial blooms, threatening sustainability of lakes and reservoirs worldwide. Hypertrophic Lake Taihu, China’s third largest freshwater lake, typifies this predicament, with toxic blooms of the non-N2 fixing cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. dominating from spring through fall. Previous studies indicate N and P reductions are needed to reduce bloom magnitude and duration. However, N reductions may encourage replacement of non-N2 fixing with N2 fixing cyanobacteria. This potentially counterproductive scenario was evaluated using replicate, large (1000 L), in-lake mesocosms during summer bloom periods. N+P additions led to maximum phytoplankton production. Phosphorus enrichment, which promoted N limitation, resulted in increases in N2 fixing taxa (Anabaena spp.), but it did not lead to significant replacement of non-N2 fixing with N2 fixing cyanobacteria, and N2 fixation rates remained ecologically insignificant. Furthermore, P enrichment failed to increase phytoplankton production relative to controls, indicating that N was the most limiting nutrient throughout this period. We propose that Microcystis spp. and other non-N2 fixing genera can maintain dominance in this shallow, highly turbid, nutrient-enriched lake by outcompeting N2 fixing taxa for existing sources of N and P stored and cycled in the lake. To bring Taihu and other hypertrophic systems below the bloom threshold, both N and P reductions will be needed until the legacy of high N and P loading and sediment nutrient storage in these systems is depleted. At that point, a more exclusive focus on P reductions may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W. Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Nathan S. Hall
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Karen L. Rossignol
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linghan Dong
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark J. McCarthy
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Joyner
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Newell SE, Eveillard D, McCarthy MJ, Gardner WS, Liu Z, Ward BB. A shift in the archaeal nitrifier community in response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Environ Microbiol Rep 2014; 6:106-12. [PMID: 24596268 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico is affected by hurricanes and suffers seasonal hypoxia. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill impacted every trophic level in the coastal region. Despite their importance in bioremediation and biogeochemical cycles, it is difficult to predict the responses of microbial communities to physical and anthropogenic disturbances. Here, we quantify sediment ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) community diversity, resistance and resilience, and important geochemical factors after major hurricanes and the oil spill. Dominant AOA archetypes correlated with different geochemical factors, suggesting that different AOA are constrained by distinct parameters. Diversity was lowest after the hurricanes, showing weak resistance to physical disturbances. However, diversity was highest during the oil spill and coincided with a community shift, suggesting a new alternative stable state sustained for at least 1 year. The new AOA community was not significantly different from that at the spill site 1 year after the spill. This sustained shift in nitrifier community structure may be a result of oil exposure.
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McCarthy MJ, Wei H, Marnoy Z, Darvish RM, McPhie DL, Cohen BM, Welsh DK. Genetic and clinical factors predict lithium's effects on PER2 gene expression rhythms in cells from bipolar disorder patients. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e318. [PMID: 24150227 PMCID: PMC3818008 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with abnormal circadian rhythms. In treatment responsive BD patients, lithium (Li) stabilizes mood and reduces suicide risk. Li also affects circadian rhythms and expression of 'clock genes' that control them. However, the extent to which BD, Li and the circadian clock share common biological mechanisms is unknown, and there have been few direct measurements of clock gene function in samples from BD patients. Hence, the role of clock genes in BD and Li treatment remains unclear. Skin fibroblasts from BD patients (N=19) or healthy controls (N=19) were transduced with Per2::luc, a rhythmically expressed, bioluminescent circadian clock reporter gene, and rhythms were measured for 5 consecutive days. Rhythm amplitude and period were compared between BD cases and controls with and without Li. Baseline period was longer in BD cases than in controls. Li 1 mM increased amplitude in controls by 36%, but failed to do so in BD cases. Li 10 mM lengthened period in both BD cases and controls. Analysis of clock gene variants revealed that PER3 and RORA genotype predicted period lengthening by Li, whereas GSK3β genotype predicted rhythm effects of Li, specifically among BD cases. Analysis of BD cases by clinical history revealed that cells from past suicide attempters were more likely to show period lengthening with Li 1 mM. Finally, Li enhanced the resynchronization of damped rhythms, suggesting a mechanism by which Li could act therapeutically in BD. Our work suggests that the circadian clock's response to Li may be relevant to molecular pathology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, MC 116A, San Diego, 92161 CA, USA. E-mail:
| | - H Wei
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Z Marnoy
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R M Darvish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D L McPhie
- Harvard McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - B M Cohen
- Harvard McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - D K Welsh
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Davies RSM, Adair W, Bolia A, Fishwick G, Sayers RD, McCarthy MJ. Endovascular Treatment of the Common Femoral Artery for Limb Ischemia. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2013; 47:639-44. [DOI: 10.1177/1538574413500723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the short- and mid-term outcomes of percutaneous endovascular common femoral artery (CFA) revascularization (eCFR) of the CFA. Methods: A review of patients who underwent eCFR for limb ischemia between 2006 and 2012 was performed. Limb salvage, patient survival, survival free from reintervention, and survival free from amputation rates were determined. Median (range) follow-up was 28 (1-71) months. Results: In all, 115 patients underwent 121 eCFR for CFA occlusion (n = 13) or stenosis (n = 108); 109 (90%) were technically successful and 7 (6%) had significant perioperative complications; access site hematoma (n = 2) and thromboembolism (n = 5). Thirty-day mortality and amputation rates were 2.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The 1- and 3-year limb salvage rates were 97% and 97%, respectively. The 1- and 3-year survival free from reintervention rates were 77% and 57%, respectively. The 1- and 3-year survival free from amputation rates were 84% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: These novel data demonstrate that eCFR is a durable treatment for patients with limb ischemia associated with CFA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. M. Davies
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - William Adair
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Amman Bolia
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Guy Fishwick
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert D. Sayers
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark J. McCarthy
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Davies RSM, Rashid SH, Adair W, Bolia A, Fishwick G, McCarthy MJ, Sayers RD. Isolated Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of the Profunda Femoris Artery for Limb Ischemia. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2013; 47:423-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1538574413491636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the outcome of endovascular profunda femoral artery revascularization (ePFR) with ePFR and concurrent endovascular femoropopliteal revascularization (eFPR). Methods: A retrospective review of the consecutive patients with PFA and femoropopliteal vaso-occulsive disease who underwent ePFR or ePFR + eFPR for severe limb ischemia was performed. Results: A total of 18 ePFRs and 26 ePFR + eFPRs were performed; 17 (94%) ePFRs and 22 (85%) ePFR + eFPRs were technically successful. The 12-month survival free from amputation and reintervention rates following isolated ePFR were 78% and 72%, respectively, and following ePFR + eFPR were 96% and 81%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the survival free from amputation ( P = .4) or reintervention ( P = .91) rates between the 2 groups. Conclusion: These contemporary data suggest isolated ePFRs and ePFR + eFPRs are associated with good and comparable early limb salvage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. M. Davies
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sidi H. Rashid
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - William Adair
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Amman Bolia
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Fishwick
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. McCarthy
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Sayers
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
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McCarthy MJ, Nievergelt CM, Shekhtman T, Kripke DF, Welsh DK, Kelsoe JR. Functional genetic variation in the Rev-Erbα pathway and lithium response in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 10:852-61. [PMID: 21781277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by disruptions in circadian rhythms such as sleep and daily activity that often normalize after lithium treatment in responsive patients. As lithium is known to interact with the circadian clock, we hypothesized that variation in circadian 'clock genes' would be associated with lithium response in BD. We determined genotype for 16 variants in seven circadian clock genes and conducted a candidate gene association study of these in 282 Caucasian patients with BD who were previously treated with lithium. We found that a variant in the promoter of NR1D1 encoding Rev-Erbα (rs2071427) and a second variant in CRY1 (rs8192440) were nominally associated with good treatment response. Previous studies have shown that lithium regulates Rev-Erbα protein stability by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). We found that GSK3β genotype was also suggestive of a lithium response association, but not statistically significant. However, when GSK3β and NR1D1 genotypes were considered together, they predicted lithium response robustly and additively in proportion to the number of response-associated alleles. Using lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with BD, we found that both the NR1D1 and GSK3β variants are associated with functional differences in gene expression. Our findings support a role for Rev-Erbα in the therapeutic mechanism of lithium and suggest that the interaction between Rev-Erbα and GSK3β may warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Boyle JR, Thompson MM, Vallabhaneni SR, Bell RE, Brennan JA, Browne TF, Cheshire NJ, Hinchliffe RJ, Jenkins MP, Loftus IM, Macdonald S, McCarthy MJ, McWilliams RG, Morgan RA, Oshin OA, Pemberton RM, Pillay WR, Sayers RD. Pragmatic Minimum Reporting Standards for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. J Endovasc Ther 2011; 18:263-71. [DOI: 10.1583/11-3473.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Paerl HW, Xu H, McCarthy MJ, Zhu G, Qin B, Li Y, Gardner WS. Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a hyper-eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China): the need for a dual nutrient (N & P) management strategy. Water Res 2011; 45:1973-83. [PMID: 20934736 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, reflecting advanced eutrophication, are spreading globally and threaten the sustainability of freshwater ecosystems. Increasingly, non-nitrogen (N(2))-fixing cyanobacteria (e.g., Microcystis) dominate such blooms, indicating that both excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads may be responsible for their proliferation. Traditionally, watershed nutrient management efforts to control these blooms have focused on reducing P inputs. However, N loading has increased dramatically in many watersheds, promoting blooms of non-N(2) fixers, and altering lake nutrient budgets and cycling characteristics. We examined this proliferating water quality problem in Lake Taihu, China's 3rd largest freshwater lake. This shallow, hyper-eutrophic lake has changed from bloom-free to bloom-plagued conditions over the past 3 decades. Toxic Microcystis spp. blooms threaten the use of the lake for drinking water, fisheries and recreational purposes. Nutrient addition bioassays indicated that the lake shifts from P limitation in winter-spring to N limitation in cyanobacteria-dominated summer and fall months. Combined N and P additions led to maximum stimulation of growth. Despite summer N limitation and P availability, non-N(2) fixing blooms prevailed. Nitrogen cycling studies, combined with N input estimates, indicate that Microcystis thrives on both newly supplied and previously-loaded N sources to maintain its dominance. Denitrification did not relieve the lake of excessive N inputs. Results point to the need to reduce both N and P inputs for long-term eutrophication and cyanobacterial bloom control in this hyper-eutrophic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
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Vlachou PA, Karkos CD, Bains S, McCarthy MJ, Fishwick G, Bolia A. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. Eur J Radiol 2009; 77:172-4. [PMID: 19660885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To audit our experience with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. METHODS A retrospective study of 85 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of post-catheterization femoral pseudoaneurysms during the period January 2002 to May 2007. RESULTS Pseudoaneurysms had a mean maximum diameter of 3.3 cm (range 1.0-7.6 cm) and a mean neck width of 3.4mm (range 1.0-7.0mm). No statistically significant correlation existed between maximum diameter and neck width (Kendall's rank correlation tau b=-0.09, p=0.5). The median dose of thrombin injected was 425 U (range 100-1500 U). The procedure resulted in complete sac thrombosis in 81 (95%) patients. Seventy-nine pseudoaneurysms thrombosed immediately after one injection, whereas two required a second thrombin injection. There were no procedural complications. The maximum diameter of the pseudoaneurysm was predictive of procedural success (Wilcoxon's rank sum test, p=0.001) and of the 5 patients with a pseudoaneurysm measuring ≥6 cm, ultrasound-guided thrombin injection was unsuccessful in 4 (4/5 versus 0/80, p<0.0001, Fisher's exact test). Three of these necessitated implantation of a stent-graft, whereas one required repeated thrombin injection and coil placement. In contrast, the pseudoaneurysm neck width did not seem to relate to the success of the procedure. CONCLUSION Percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection of is a quick, effective and safe treatment for iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms. For larger pseudoaneurysms, although it is worth attempting more than one thrombin injection, endovascular repair may eventually be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi A Vlachou
- Department of Radiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Migration of oil from high oil content filling to the chocolate coating can result in undesirable quality changes in filled chocolate confectionery products. The objective of this study was to monitor and model peanut oil migration in a 2-layer chocolate-peanut butter paste model confectionery. Spatial and temporal oil content changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Five formulations of chocolate, which varied in chocolate particle size, milk fat content, and emulsifier level, were assessed at 2 temperatures, 20 and 30 degrees C. The spatial and temporal experimental data were modeled using a Fickian-based diffusion model, fitting for the diffusion coefficient, D, over a time frame of 17 d. Values of the diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.82 to 3.23 x 10(-11) m2/s for the chocolate formulations stored at 30 degrees C. No significant mass transfer took place in the 20 degrees C samples over the experimental time frame. This study describes the dynamic nature of the interface between the chocolate and peanut butter paste layers, quantifies the mass transfer from the peanut butter paste to the chocolate, and reinforces the importance of temperature control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L McCarthy
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Ave., Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Rayt HS, Bown MJ, Lambert KV, Fishwick NG, McCarthy MJ, London NJM, Sayers RD. Buttock Claudication and Erectile Dysfunction After Internal Iliac Artery Embolization in Patients Prior to Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31:728-34. [PMID: 18338212 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H S Rayt
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Vascular Surgery Research Group, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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Sandford RM, Bown MJ, Sayers RD, London JN, Naylor AR, McCarthy MJ. Is Infrainguinal Bypass Grafting Successful Following Failed Angioplasty? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 34:29-34. [PMID: 17408992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angioplasty is often used in the management of lower limb ischaemia and can reduce the need for infrainguinal bypass in some patients. There is an associated failure rate with this technique and bypass surgery is often used in this situation as a secondary limb salvage procedure. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of infrainguinal bypass grafting following failed attempt at angioplasty. METHODS All cases of infrainguinal bypass at a single centre over a seven year period were identified and notes reviewed. Cases were divided into four groups according to their indication for surgery; acute ischaemia, chronic critical ischaemia, failed angioplasty and an 'other' group including aneurysmal disease and claudicants. The failed angioplasty group was compared with the other three groups. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan Meier curves and groups compared in terms of long term patency and survival. RESULTS Primary patency was 61.2% in the failed angioplasty group at 12 months compared with 60.6% in the other groups (P=1.11). There was also no significant difference in primary patency at 60 months (50% vs 40.6%, P=0.26). Survival at 12 months was also comparable between the groups (failed angioplasty group 74.2% compared with 77.3% in the other groups, P=0.662) as was 60 months survival (33.3% and 35.4% respectively, P=0.166). DISCUSSION In this study, outcome of infrainguinal bypass following failed angioplasty was comparable to outcome of surgery performed for another indication. This paper supports the use of distal bypass surgery for limb salvage in cases where minimal access techniques have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Sandford
- Vascular Surgery group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Level 2 RKCSB, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Karkos CD, McMahon G, McCarthy MJ, Dennis MJ, Sayers RD, London NJM, Naylor AR. The value of urgent carotid surgery for crescendo transient ischemic attacks. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:1148-54. [PMID: 17543679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study audited operative risk in patients undergoing urgent carotid surgery for crescendo transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). METHODS Interrogation of the vascular unit database (January 1992 to July 2004) identified 42 patients operated on urgently for crescendo TIAs, which were defined as>or=3 TIAs within the preceding 7 days. Stroke, death, and any major cardiac events were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients underwent conventional endarterectomy, and three underwent interposition vein bypass. Crescendo TIA patients had sustained a median of five TIAs (range, 3 to 20) in the 7 days before surgery. Three patients died or had a stroke after surgery, for a combined stroke/death rate of 7%. This compares with 2.4% in 1000 patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy in this unit during the same time period. The combined stroke/death/major cardiac event rate was 14% (n=6). CONCLUSIONS The combined risk of neurologic and cardiac complications after urgent carotid surgery for crescendo TIA is higher than that expected after elective cases but is still acceptable considering the natural history of patients with unstable neurologic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Karkos
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Dunmore BJ, McCarthy MJ, Naylor AR, Brindle NPJ. Carotid plaque instability and ischemic symptoms are linked to immaturity of microvessels within plaques. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:155-9. [PMID: 17210401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Instability and rupture of carotid atherosclerotic plaques leads to thromboemboli and ischemic symptoms. Angiogenesis occurs within atherosclerotic plaques, and plaque vulnerability and symptomatic carotid disease have been associated with increased numbers of microvessels. In addition to microvessel number, it is possible that the phenotypes of intraplaque vessels could influence plaque stability. To test this, the morphology and maturity of vessels within plaques from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was determined. METHODS Carotid plaques were collected after endarterectomy from a cohort of 13 asymptomatic patients and 30 symptomatic patients. Plaques were sectioned and immunostained for the presence of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Sections were assessed for microvessel morphology, maturity as judged by smooth muscle cell cover, and the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor and macrophages. RESULTS Two types of vascular structure were observed within plaques, microvessels and dilated, highly irregular multilobular vessels. These irregular dysmorphic vessels were found almost exclusively in plaques from symptomatic patients. The dysmorphic vessels lacked smooth muscle cells and were highly immature. Plaques also contained vascular endothelial growth factor, and this was observed adjacent to the dysmorphic vessels. This growth factor was found colocalized with macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic carotid plaques contain abnormal, immature microvessels similar to those found in tumors and healing wounds. Such vessels could contribute to plaque instability by acting as sites of vascular leakage by inflammatory cell recruitment. The immature vessels within plaques may be therapeutic targets for promoting plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dunmore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Karkos CD, Dyer TG, Blanshard KS, Dennis MJ, McCarthy MJ. "Pull and park": an alternative means of achieving hemostasis in percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy of an arteriovenous fistula for dialysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 29:164-5. [PMID: 16283577 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-004-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this centre, angiography is used only in selected cases, whilst duplex ultrasound (DU) is the main imaging method prior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). DU has no associated morbidity and so can be repeated immediately before surgery to detect changes in the carotid plaque or degree of stenosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined our Vascular Surgery Audit database for the last 500 patients admitted for CEA. In each case, the DU scan was repeated immediately before surgery. RESULTS From 500 admissions, repeat DU immediately prior to surgery detected 8 (1.6%) situations where CEA would no longer have been an appropriate intervention. In four cases, the degree of stenosis was found to be less than 70% on the repeat scan - in three cases the internal carotid artery (ICA) had occluded or sub-occluded and in one case there was a dissection of the ICA plaque. CONCLUSIONS DU can be repeated, with no associated morbidity, immediately prior to surgery. Such a practice changes management decisions in 1.6% of admissions for CEA, allowing surgery unjustified by current evidence to be avoided. This policy also serves several other important purposes: it is a method of internal validation, provides a means of improving training of vascular technologists and of achieving quality assurance in DU techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Laurence
- Department of Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Karkos CD, McMahon G, Fishwick G, Lambert K, Bagga A, McCarthy MJ. Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in the Presence of a Kidney Transplant: Therapeutic Considerations. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 29:284-8. [PMID: 16132381 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-005-0043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in the presence of a kidney transplant can be extremely challenging, as it carries significant risks of renal ischemia. Endovascular repair is an attractive option, as it can be performed with little or no impairment of renal arterial flow. We describe the endovascular management of a recurrent AAA in a patient with a functioning renal transplant using a custom-made aorto-uni-iliac device. We discuss the planning and the potential problems of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Karkos
- Department of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
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Clover AJ, McCarthy MJ, Hodgkinson K, Bell PR, Brindle NP. Reply. J Vasc Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lavrentyev PJ, McCarthy MJ, Klarer DM, Jochem F, Gardner WS. Estuarine microbial food web patterns in a Lake Erie coastal wetland. Microb Ecol 2004; 48:567-577. [PMID: 15696390 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-004-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Composition and distribution of planktonic protists were examined relative to microbial food web dynamics (growth, grazing, and nitrogen cycling rates) at the Old Woman Creek (OWC) National Estuarine Research Reserve during an episodic storm event in July 2003. More than 150 protistan taxa were identified based on morphology. Species richness and microbial biomass measured via microscopy and flow cytometry increased along a stream-lake (Lake Erie) transect and peaked at the confluence. Water column ammonium (NH4+) uptake (0.06 to 1.82 microM N h(-1)) and regeneration (0.04 to 0.55 microM N h(-1)) rates, measured using 15NH4+ isotope dilution, followed the same pattern. Large light/dark NH4+ uptake differences were observed in the hypereutrophic OWC interior, but not at the phosphorus-limited Lake Erie site, reflecting the microbial community structural shift from net autotrophic to net heterotrophic. Despite this shift, microbial grazers (mostly choreotrich ciliates, taxon-specific growth rates up to 2.9 d(-1)) controlled nanophytoplankton and bacteria at all sites by consuming 76 to 110% and 56 to 97% of their daily production, respectively, in dilution experiments. Overall, distribution patterns and dynamics of microbial communities in OWC resemble those in marine estuaries, where plankton productivity increases along the river-sea gradient and reaches its maximum at the confluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lavrentyev
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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Gardner WS, Lavrentyev PJ, Cavaletto JF, McCarthy MJ, Eadie BJ, Johengen TH, Cotner JB. Distribution and dynamics of nitrogen and microbial plankton in southern Lake Michigan during spring transition 1999-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jc001588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne S. Gardner
- Marine Science Institute; University of Texas at Austin; Port Aransas Texas USA
| | | | - Joann F. Cavaletto
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Mark J. McCarthy
- Marine Science Institute; University of Texas at Austin; Port Aransas Texas USA
| | - Brian J. Eadie
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Thomas H. Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research (CILER); University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - James B. Cotner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St. Paul Minnesota USA
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Bernot MJ, Dodds WK, Gardner WS, McCarthy MJ, Sobolev D, Tank JL. Comparing denitrification estimates for a Texas estuary by using acetylene inhibition and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:5950-6. [PMID: 14532049 PMCID: PMC201219 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.5950-5956.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing denitrification rates in aquatic ecosystems is essential to understanding how systems may respond to increased nutrient loading. Thus, it is important to ensure the precision and accuracy of the methods employed for measuring denitrification rates. The acetylene (C2H2) inhibition method is a simple technique for estimating denitrification. However, potential problems, such as inhibition of nitrification and incomplete inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction, may influence rate estimates. Recently, membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) has been used to measure denitrification in aquatic systems. Comparable results were obtained with MIMS and C2H2 inhibition methods when chloramphenicol was added to C2H2 inhibition assay mixtures to inhibit new synthesis of denitrifying enzymes. Dissolved-oxygen profiles indicated that surface layers of sediment cores subjected to the MIMS flowthrough incubation remained oxic whereas cores incubated using the C2H2 inhibition methods did not. Analysis of the microbial assemblages before and after incubations indicated significant changes in the sediment surface populations during the long flowthrough incubation for MIMS analysis but not during the shorter incubation used for the C2H2 inhibition method. However, bacterial community changes were also small in MIMS cores at the oxygen transition zone where denitrification occurs. The C2H2 inhibition method with chloramphenicol addition, conducted over short incubation intervals, provides a cost-effective method for estimating denitrification, and rate estimates are comparable to those obtained by the MIMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody J Bernot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Clover AJ, McCarthy MJ, Hodgkinson K, Bell PRF, Brindle NPJ. Noninvasive augmentation of microvessel number in patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 2004; 38:1309-12. [PMID: 14681633 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic angiogenesis has great potential for the treatment of ischemic diseases. One possible route for noninvasive induction of microvessels has recently been suggested by the finding that subcontractile electrical stimulation induces increased vascularization in animals. The present study tests the ability of such stimulation to augment microvessel number in patients with peripheral vascular disease. DESIGN OF STUDY Overall, 36 patients were randomly assigned to control (n = 12) and treatment (n = 24) groups. Patients in the treatment group received localized subcontractile electrical stimulation on the feet of their ischemic limbs for three 60-minute periods each day over a 6-week period. Microvessel density was determined by capillary microscopy before treatment, at 3 and 6 weeks during treatment, and 4 weeks after completion. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was also determined at this site. RESULTS Microvessel density determined by capillary microscopy was significantly increased (1.25-fold, P <.005) during and after treatment in patients receiving electrical stimulation. Transcutaneous oxygen tension was similarly increased in the treated patients (1.24-fold, P <.05). No changes were observed in these parameters in untreated patients examined in parallel. CONCLUSION Localized subcontractile electrical stimulation can increase microvessel density and tissue perfusion in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Clover
- Department of Surgery, University of Lescester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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Clover AJP, McCarthy MJ. Developing strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor alone may not be the answer. Br J Plast Surg 2003; 56:314. [PMID: 12859941 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1226(03)00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Clover AJP, McCarthy MJ. Developing strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor alone may not be the answer. Br J Plast Surg 2003; 56:77. [PMID: 12706170 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1226(03)00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION the rate of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has been shown to have a seasonal variation with more ruptures occurring during the winter months. One of the main meterological changes between the seasons is a change in atmospheric pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was any relationship between atmospheric pressure and the incidence of AAA rupture. METHODS all cases of ruptured AAA admitted to a single hospital over a ten year period were identified from hospital records. Daily atmospheric pressure readings from the nearest weather recording station to the hospital were obtained for the same period. Cases were only included if rupture could be confirmed by reviewing the patients case-notes. RESULTS admission rates for ruptured AAA showed a monthly variation with the highest rate in December and the lowest in August. There was a statistically significant correlation between the number of cases admitted in any particular month and the mean atmospheric pressure for the previous month. Neither daily minimum, maximum or mean pressure, weekly mean pressure or daily pressure variability were significantly different between those days when a ruptured AAA was admitted and those when no ruptured AAA was admitted. CONCLUSIONS low atmospheric pressure is associated with increased rate of AAA rupture. The method by which this change in pressure precipitates rupture cannot be determined from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bown
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Marron MB, Hughes DP, McCarthy MJ, Beaumont ER, Brindle NP. Tie-1 receptor tyrosine kinase endodomain interaction with SHP2: potential signalling mechanisms and roles in angiogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 476:35-46. [PMID: 10949653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4221-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase plays an essential role in vascular development where it is thought to be required for vessel maturation and stabilization. The ligands responsible for activating Tie-1, its signalling pathways and specific cellular functions are however not known. As with some other receptor tyrosine kinases, Tie-1 is subject to extracellular proteolytic cleavage generating a membrane bound receptor fragment comprising the intracellular and transmembrane domains. Here we examine the signalling potential of this Tie-1 endodomain. We show that the Tie-1 endodomain has poor ability to induce tyrosine phosphorylation. However, on formation the endodomain physically associates with a number of tyrosine phosphorylated signalling intermediates including the tyrosine phosphatase and adaptor protein SHP2. The assembly of this multimolecular complex is consistent with the endodomain having a ligand-independent signalling role in the endothelial cell. The potential roles of ectodomain cleavage and cleavage activated signalling in regulating microvessel stability in angiogenesis, vessel remodelling and regression are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Marron
- University of Leicester Cardiovascular Research Institute, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate systemic diseases associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion. METHODS We investigated prospectively in 1090 consecutive patients with retinal vein occlusion, almost all Caucasian (consistent with the racial pattern here), the prevalence of associated systemic disorders before or at the onset of various types of retinal vein occlusion. The patients were categorized into six types of retinal vein occlusion based on defined criteria: nonischemic and ischemic central retinal vein occlusion, nonischemic and ischemic hemi-central retinal vein occlusion, and major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion. The patients had a detailed ophthalmic and systemic evaluation according to our protocol. For data analysis, patients were divided into three age groups: young (younger than 45 years), middle-aged (45 to 64 years), and elderly (65 years or older). The observed prevalence rates of major systemic diseases were compared among central retinal vein occlusion, hemi-central retinal vein occlusion, and branch retinal vein occlusion using a polytomous logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender and age. Logistic regression adjusting for age and gender was also used to compare the observed prevalence of systemic disease between nonischemic and ischemic in central retinal vein occlusion and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion and between major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion. These observed prevalence rates were also compared with those expected in a gender-matched and age-matched control population from estimates from the US National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS There was a significantly higher prevalence of arterial hypertension in branch retinal vein occlusion compared with central retinal vein occlusion (P < .0001) and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion (P = .028). Branch retinal vein occlusion also had a significantly higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (P = .0002), venous disease (P = .011), peptic ulcer (P = .031), and other gastrointestinal disease (P < .0001) compared with central retinal vein occlusion. The proportion of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion with cerebrovascular disease was also significantly (P = .049) greater than that of the combined group of patients with central retinal vein occlusion and patients with hemi-central retinal vein occlusion. There was no significant difference in prevalence of any systemic disease between central retinal vein occlusion and hemi-central retinal vein occlusion. A significantly greater prevalence of arterial hypertension (P = .025) and diabetes mellitus (P = .011) was present in the ischemic central retinal vein occlusion compared with the nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Similarly, arterial hypertension (P = .0002) and ischemic heart disease (P = .048) were more prevalent in major branch retinal vein occlusion than in macular branch retinal vein occlusion. Relative to the US white control population, the combined group of patients with central retinal vein occlusion and patients with hemi-central retinal vein occlusion had a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < .0001), peptic ulcer (P < .0001), diabetes mellitus (in ischemic type only, P < .0001), and thyroid disorder (P < .0001). The patients with branch retinal vein occlusion showed a greater prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < or = .005), cerebrovascular disease (P = .007), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .012), peptic ulcer (P < .0001), diabetes (in young only, P = .0005), and thyroid disorder (P = .003) compared with the US white control population. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study revealed that a variety of systemic disorders may be present in association with different types of retinal vein occlusion and in different age groups, and that their relative prevalence differs significantly, so that the common practice of generalizing about these disorders for the entire group of patients with retinal vein occlusion can be misleading. The presence of a particular associated systemic disease does not necessarily imply a cause-and-effect relationship with that type of retinal vein occlusion; the particular disease may or may not be one of the risk factors in a multifactorial scenario predisposing an eye to develop a particular type of retinal vein occlusion. Based on our study, we think that apart from a routine medical evaluation, an extensive and expensive workup for systemic diseases is unwarranted in the vast majority of patients with retinal vein occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayreh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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McCarthy MJ, Naylor AR. Intermittent groin swelling following a polytetrafluoroethylene iliofemoral graft. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20:196-7. [PMID: 10942693 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2000.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, RKCSB, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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Munro M, Gallant M, MacKinnon M, Dell G, Herbert R, MacNutt G, McCarthy MJ, Murnaghan D, Robertson K. The Prince Edward Island Conceptual Model for Nursing: a nursing perspective of primary health care. Can J Nurs Res 2000; 32:39-55. [PMID: 11141814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The philosophy of primary health care (PHC) recognizes that health is a product of individual, social, economic, and political factors and that people have a right and a duty, individually and collectively, to participate in the course of their own health. The majority of nursing models cast the client in a dependent role and do not conceptualize health in a social, economic, and political context. The Prince Edward Island Conceptual Model for Nursing is congruent with the international move towards PHC. It guides the nurse in practising in the social and political environment in which nursing and health care take place. This model features a nurse/client partnership, the goal being to encourage clients to act on their own behalf. The conceptualization of the environment as the collective influence of the determinants of health gives both nurse and client a prominent position in the sociopolitical arena of health and health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munro
- School of Nursing, University of Prince Edward Island
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McCarthy MJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM, Jones L, London NJ, Bell PR, Naylor AR, Brindle NP. Angiogenesis and the atherosclerotic carotid plaque: an association between symptomatology and plaque morphology. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30:261-8. [PMID: 10436445 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(99)70136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Symptomatic carotid disease resulting from generation of thromboemboli has been associated with plaque instability and intraplaque hemorrhage. These features of the lesion could be influenced by the fragility and position of neovessels within the plaque. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any association exists between neovessel density, position, morphology, and thromboembolic sequelae. METHODS Carotid endarterectomy samples were collected from 15 asymptomatic patients with greater than 80% stenoses and from 13 highly symptomatic patients who had suffered ipsilateral carotid stenotic events within 1 month of surgery. Both groups were matched for gender, age, risk factors, degree of carotid artery stenosis, and plaque size. Samples were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and van Geison. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using an endothelial specific antibody to CD31. Plaques were assessed for histologic characteristics, and neovessels were counted and characterized by size, site, and shape. RESULTS There were significantly more neovessels in plaques (P <.00001) and fibrous caps (P <.0001) in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic plaques. Neovessels in symptomatic plaques were larger (P <.004) and more irregular. There was a significant increase in plaque necrosis and rupture in symptomatic plaques. Plaque hemorrhage and rupture were associated with more neovessels within the plaque (P <.017, P <.001) and within the fibrous cap (P <.046, P <.004). Patients with preoperative and intraoperative embolization had significantly more plaque and fibrous cap neovessels (P <.025, P <.001). CONCLUSION Symptomatic carotid disease is associated with increased neovascularization within the atherosclerotic plaque and fibrous cap. These vessels are larger and more irregular and may contribute to plaque instability and the onset of thromboembolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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McCarthy MJ, Burrows R, Bell SC, Christie G, Bell PR, Brindle NP. Potential roles of metalloprotease mediated ectodomain cleavage in signaling by the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase Tie-1. J Transl Med 1999; 79:889-95. [PMID: 10418829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan receptor tyrosine kinase Tie-1 is expressed predominantly in endothelial cells. Expression of this receptor is increased in physiologic angiogenesis and pathologic situations including tumor growth and arteriovenous malformations. Tie-1 is essential for vascular development where it acts in later stages of angiogenesis to suppress endothelial activation and stabilize the newly formed vessel. Stimulation of protein kinase C in endothelial cells results in endoproteolytic cleavage of Tie-1, releasing the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the receptor. We show that this is mediated by a metalloprotease. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of lysates prepared from human placentas confirm that Tie-1 truncation occurs in vivo. We propose cleavage of this receptor may be a mechanism for inducing vessel destabilization by preventing ligand-activated signaling through Tie-1. Using an antibody that recognizes the carboxy terminus of the intracellular domain, we show that the Tie-1 endodomain formed on cleavage persists as a cell-associated fragment for several hours. Subcellular fractionation reveals this tyrosine kinase containing receptor fragment to be localized in the membrane fraction of the cell. Immunoprecipitation with antibodies recognizing phosphotyrosine demonstrates that cleavage of Tie-1 stimulates association of newly generated endodomain with cellular phosphoproteins. Furthermore, there was a marked induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins after PMA-induced endodomain generation. These data indicate that ectodomain cleavage may be a mechanism for down-regulating ligand-induced signaling through Tie-1 while activating an alternative ligand-independent signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Ectodomain cleavage occurs in some other receptor tyrosine kinases. We suggest that rather than solely being a means of down-regulating receptor activity, ectodomain cleavage may be a novel way for a receptor to switch between two alternative signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Humans
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, TIE-1
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, TIE
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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Brindle NP, McCarthy MJ, Bell PR. Angiogenic revascularisation in ischaemic disease. Molecular techniques hold promise, though they are still some way off. BMJ 1999; 318:1500-1. [PMID: 10355982 PMCID: PMC1115881 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7197.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Two designs (one rectangular, one elliptical) are proposed as efficient alternatives to noncylindrical birdcage RF coils. These designs are based on the slotted-tube resonator and their performance relies on the natural current distribution in the conductors due to the eddy current effects at high frequencies. A Finite element method program, solving the full set of Maxwell's equations, has been employed to accurately characterize and optimize the field homogeneity of the proposed noncylindrical coils. The optimum configuration of each design is presented, taking into account the effect of the RF shield. The proposed designs are compared to several configurations presented in the literature. Two coils (one rectangular, one elliptical) have been constructed and tested in a 0.6 T imaging system. A rectangular coil has been built to operate at 300 MHz. MR images substantiate the usefulness of these coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bobroff
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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McCarthy MJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM, Jones L, London NJ, Bell PR, Naylor AR, Brindle NP. Vascular surgical society of great britain and ireland: angiogenesis and the atherosclerotic carotid plaque: association between symptomatology and plaque morphology. Br J Surg 1999; 86:707-8. [PMID: 10361346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1999.0707c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Symptomatic carotid disease due to thromboembolism has been associated with acute plaque instability and intraplaque haemorrhage. These features may be influenced by the fragility and position of plaque neovessels. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether any association existed between neovessel density, position, morphology and thromboembolic sequelae. METHODS: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) samples were collected from 15 asymptomatic patients with greater than 80 per cent stenosis and from 13 patients with greater than 80 per cent stenosis and symptoms within 30 days of CEA. Groups were matched for sex, age, risk factors and plaque size. Samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and Van Gieson stains. An endothelial-specific antibody to CD31 was used for immunohistochemistry. Plaques were assessed for histological characteristics while neovessels were counted and characterized by size, site and shape. RESULTS: There were more neovessels in plaques (P < 0.00001) and fibrous caps (P < 0.0001) from symptomatic than asymptomatic patients. Symptomatic plaque neovessels were larger in size (P < 0.004) and more irregular in shape. There was a significant increase in plaque necrosis and rupture in symptomatic plaques. Plaque haemorrhage and rupture were associated with more neovessels within the plaque (P < 0.02, P < 0. 001) and fibrous cap (P < 0.05, P < 0.004). Patients with preoperative or intraoperative embolization had more plaque and fibrous cap neovessels (P < 0.03, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic carotid disease is associated with increased neovascularization within the atherosclerotic plaque and fibrous cap; these vessels appear larger in size, more irregular in shape and may contribute to plaque instability and onset of thromboembolic events.
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McCarthy MJ, Varty K, London NJ, Bell PR. Experience of supraclavicular exploration and decompression for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 1999; 13:268-74. [PMID: 10347259 DOI: 10.1007/s100169900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the symptomatic outcome of patients with thoracic outlet syndrome who underwent decompression of the thoracic outlet. In our unit we prefer the supraclavicular approach, performing anterior scalenectomy with excision of fibrous bands or cervical ribs if present. Operative details were gained by theater logbook and case note review. Over a 6-year period, 31 patients (37 limbs) underwent thoracic outlet decompression. Of the 37 affected limbs, the indications for surgery were a combination of both neurological and vascular symptoms in 24 patients (65%), neurological symptoms in 24 (65%), and 4 patients (11%) had vascular symptoms alone. All patients were assessed for postoperative outcome either at out-patient clinics or by personal contact. From the results of this study we concluded that supraclavicular scalenectomy and cervical rib excision with selective first rib excision is a safe and effective procedure for most patients with thoracic outlet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumstantial evidence suggests that arterial aneurysms have a different cause than atherosclerosis and may form part of a generalized dilating diathesis. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of spontaneous aneurysm formation in vein grafts performed either for popliteal aneurysms or for occlusive disease. The hypothesis was that if arterial aneurysms form a part of a systemic process, then the rates of vein graft aneurysms should be higher for patients with popliteal aneurysms than for patients with lower limb ischemia caused by atherosclerosis. METHODS Infrainguinal vein grafting procedures performed from 1990 to 1995 were entered into a prospective audit and graft surveillance program. Aneurysmal change was defined as a focal increase in the graft diameter of 1.5 cm or greater, excluding false aneurysms and dilatations after graft angioplasty. RESULTS During the study period, 221 grafting procedures were performed in 200 patients with occlusive disease and 24 grafting procedures were performed in 21 patients with popliteal aneurysms. Graft surveillance revealed spontaneous aneurysm formation in 10 of the 24 bypass grafts (42%) for popliteal aneurysms but in only 4 of the 221 grafting procedures (2%) that were performed for chronic lower limb ischemia. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence that aneurysmal disease is a systemic process, and this finding has clinical implications for the treatment of popliteal aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Loftus
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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