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Ng D, Kerwin EM, White MV, Miller SD, Haughie S, Ward JK, Allan R. Clinical Bioequivalence of Wixela Inhub and Advair Diskus in Adults With Asthma. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 33:99-107. [PMID: 31634023 PMCID: PMC7133441 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Wixela® Inhub® is a dry powder inhaler approved as a generic equivalent to Advair® Diskus® (fluticasone propionate [FP]/salmeterol fixed-dose combination) for patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed at confirming the local (lung) therapeutic equivalence of both the FP and salmeterol components of Wixela Inhub (test [T]) to Advair Diskus (reference [R]) after inhalation. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in patients ≥18 years with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma compared the local therapeutic equivalence (using forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]) of FP/salmeterol (100/50 μg) after inhaled delivery via T and R. Results: Randomized patients (N = 1127) received T (n = 512), R (n = 512), or placebo (n = 103). T and R significantly increased day 1 FEV1 area under the effect curve over 12 hours of the change from baseline (AUC[0-12]) and day 29 trough FEV1 over placebo, indicating that these endpoints were sufficiently sensitive for evaluation of bioequivalence. On day 1, T and R each increased FEV1 AUC(0-12) over placebo (3.134 L•h [T], 2.677 L•h [R]; each p < 0.0001). Following twice-daily dosing for 28 days, T and R also each increased trough FEV1 (measured on day 29) over placebo (235 mL [T], 215 mL [R]; each p < 0.0001). Least-squares mean T/R ratios (90% confidence intervals) for day 1 FEV1 AUC(0-12) and day 29 trough FEV1 were 1.120 (1.016-1.237) and 1.069 (0.938-1.220), respectively, indicating that T and R were bioequivalent for both co-primary endpoints. FP/salmeterol was well tolerated when administered via either T or R. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the therapeutic effects of Wixela Inhub are bioequivalent to Advair Diskus in the lung. Wixela Inhub represents a therapeutically equivalent new FP/salmeterol treatment option for use in the treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik Ng
- Mylan Pharma UK Ltd., Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - S. David Miller
- Northeast Medical Research Associates, Inc., North Dartmouth, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Haughie
- Mylan Pharma UK Ltd., Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Allan
- Mylan Pharma UK Ltd., Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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Hogue SL, Muniz R, Herrem C, Silvia S, White MV. Barriers to the Administration of Epinephrine in Schools. J Sch Health 2018; 88:396-404. [PMID: 29609214 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaphylaxis is a serious and growing concern in the school setting as the prevalence of food allergies and food-induced severe allergic reactions continues to increase. METHODS A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted regarding anaphylactic events that occurred during the 2014-2015 school year. Eligible schools were enrolled in the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS® program (Mylan Specialty L.P., Canonsburg, PA), which provides free epinephrine auto-injectors to qualifying US schools. Participating schools completed a 29-item survey on anaphylactic event occurrence and treatment, epinephrine stock, school policies regarding anaphylaxis, school staff training, and school nursing coverage. RESULTS Responses were provided by 12,275 schools. Epinephrine was administered on school property for 63.7% of reported anaphylactic events (1272/1998). In 38.5% (235/610) of events for which epinephrine was not used, antihistamines were cited as the reason. Only 59.4% of schools cited epinephrine as their standard first-line therapy for anaphylaxis. School nurses were most likely to be trained in anaphylaxis recognition and permitted to administer epinephrine; however, just 53.6% of schools had a full-time nurse on staff. CONCLUSIONS Process-related barriers to the appropriate use of epinephrine go beyond access to medication. Widespread staff training and review of school policies are needed to ensure that anaphylaxis is appropriately managed in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hogue
- Value Insights and Access Strategy, RTI Health Solutions, 200 Park Offices Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Rafael Muniz
- Mylan Specialty L.P, 1000 Mylan Boulevard, Canonsburg, PA 15317
| | | | - Suyapa Silvia
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Martha V White
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, 11002 Veirs Mill Road, #414, Wheaton, MD 20902
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Without securing a child properly, injuries can happen with the use of pediatric epinephrine autoinjectors (EAI), and lacerations and embedded needles have been reported. Health care providers should ensure that instruction is provided to parents on how to hold a child during an injection with an EAI. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the compassionate restraint of small children during an allergic emergency to ensure the safe use of an EAI. METHODS A patient was used to illustrate a compassionate restraint technique during a mock injection with an EAI. RESULTS One possible technique was illustrated here to reinforce the need for complete, yet compassionate restraint of small children during the use of an EAI. The exact position intended to be used by parents or caregivers will need to be practiced with their children to ensure a safe injection in the event of an allergic emergency. CONCLUSION Reinforcement of proper EAI use and visual guidance that illustrate compassionate restraint can potentially prevent EAI-related injuries.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention and management of anaphylaxis in schools is an area of active interest as allergy and asthma rates in children continue to increase. A greater understanding of the prevalence and characteristics of anaphylaxis can help guide preventive and management strategies both within and outside of the school setting, with the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to elucidate the epidemiology of and management strategies for anaphylaxis in the school setting. METHODS A cross-sectional, Web-based survey was administered to schools that participated in an initiative that provides stock epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs) to qualifying U.S. schools. Representatives from participating schools completed a questionnaire regarding anaphylactic reactions that occurred during the 2014-2015 school year. Weighted analyses were performed to account for differential responses between schools that completed the survey and those that did not. RESULTS A total of 12,275 of the 45,819 invited schools responded to the survey. The occurrence of one or more anaphylactic events was reported by 1358 schools. Most events (89.8% [1803/2008]) occurred in students. High school students accounted for the largest proportion of anaphylactic reactions among students (40.1% [723/1802]). Food was the most commonly identified anaphylaxis trigger across grade levels, seasons, and geographic regions. The trigger was unknown to the individual who experienced anaphylaxis in 21.8% of the events (436/1998). No known history of allergy or asthma was present in 24.5% (491/2001) and 51.3% (1026/2000) of affected individuals, respectively. Transportation to the hospital or clinic for further treatment and/or management was reported for 72.6% of the individuals with anaphylactic events (1450/1997). Results from the weighted analyses were similar to those of the unweighted analyses. CONCLUSION Anaphylaxis occurred across grade levels and in individuals with or without known risk factors, which reinforced the need for school preparedness in both management of anaphylaxis and stocking of EAIs.
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Hogue S, Silvia S, Muniz R, Herrem C, White MV. Locations of Anaphylactic Events in Schools As Observed in the 2014-2015 EPIPEN4SCHOOLS® Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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White MV, Hogue SL, Odom D, Cooney D, Bartsch J, Goss D, Hollis K, Herrem C, Silvia S. Anaphylaxis in Schools: Results of the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS Survey Combined Analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2016; 29:149-154. [PMID: 28265481 PMCID: PMC5314730 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2016.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pilot survey described the characteristics of anaphylactic events occurring in an initial set of participating U.S. schools during the 2013-2014 school year. This survey was subsequently readministered to large school districts, which were underrepresented in initial results. A cross-sectional survey was administered to the U.S. schools that were participating in the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS® program (Mylan Specialty L.P., Canonsburg, PA) to assess characteristics of anaphylactic events. Data from large school districts were added to initial findings in this comprehensive combined analysis. A total of 1,140 anaphylactic events were reported among 6,574 responding schools. Of 1,063 anaphylactic events with data on who experienced the event, it was observed that it occurred mostly in students (89.5%, 951/1,063). For students, anaphylactic events were reported across all grades, with 44.9% (400/891) occurring in high school students, 18.9% (168/891) in middle school students, and 32.5% (290/891) in elementary school students. Food was identified as the most common trigger (60.1%, 622/1,035). A majority of schools (55.0%, 3,332/6,053) permitted only the school nurse and select staff to administer epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis. The unpredictability of anaphylaxis is emphasized by its high occurrence in individuals with no known allergies (25.0%). A majority of schools permitted only the school nurse and select staff to treat anaphylaxis. Thus, individuals experiencing an anaphylactic event may frequently encounter staff members not being permitted to administer potentially life-saving epinephrine. Epinephrine auto-injectors provided by the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS program were used to treat 38.0% of events. Anaphylaxis can occur in children with no previously known allergies, illustrating the importance of public access to epinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L. Hogue
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dawn Odom
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darryl Cooney
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Diana Goss
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kelly Hollis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Suyapa Silvia
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Hogue SL, Goss D, Hollis K, Silvia S, White MV. Training and administration of epinephrine auto-injectors for anaphylaxis treatment in US schools: results from the EpiPen4Schools(®) pilot survey. J Asthma Allergy 2016; 9:109-15. [PMID: 27382317 PMCID: PMC4918892 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s106567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaphylaxis is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. Adequate preparation for anaphylaxis management is imperative for school personnel. This descriptive pilot study assessed preparedness of US schools to manage anaphylactic reactions. METHODS An exploratory, cross-sectional, web-based, pilot survey assessed the occurrence and characteristics of anaphylactic events, as well as training provided to school personnel for the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis. Eligible US schools were participants in the EpiPen4Schools(®) program during the 2013-2014 school year. EpiPen4Schools provides EpiPen(®) (epinephrine injection) Auto-Injectors and training materials to qualifying US schools. Survey data were parsed by US Census Bureau region and state and were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Schools from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in the survey (N=6,019). Among schools that provided information on anaphylactic events, 11% (607/5,683) reported the occurrence of one or more events, with significant variability in incidence across census regions and among states. A total of 5,613 schools provided information regarding which staff members were trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Thirty-six percent of schools (2,022/5,613) indicated that only the school nurse and select staff were trained in anaphylaxis recognition. The proportion of schools in which most or all school staff received such training differed by region/state (range, 13%-100%). A total of 5,578 schools provided information on which staff were permitted to administer epinephrine. The majority of schools (54%; 3,024/5,578) permitted only the school nurse and select staff to administer epinephrine, although percentages varied by region/state (range, 4%-100%). CONCLUSION Schools differed substantially in their preparedness to manage anaphylaxis, with significant disparities in staff training and permission to treat. Given the ramifications of delayed treatment, removing barriers to the recognition and treatment of anaphylactic events in schools is an important public health goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hogue
- Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Diana Goss
- Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Hollis
- Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suyapa Silvia
- Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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White MV, Goss D, Hollis K, Millar K, Silvia S, Siegel PH, Bennett ME, Wooddell MJ, Hogue SL. Anaphylaxis Triggers and Treatments by Grade Level and Staff Training: Findings from the EPIPEN4SCHOOLS Pilot Survey. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology 2016; 29:80-85. [DOI: 10.1089/ped.2015.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Goss
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kelly Hollis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kimrey Millar
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Suyapa Silvia
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Susan L. Hogue
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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White MV, Silvia S, Hollis K, Wooddell MJ, Goss D, Odom D, Bartsch J, Hogue SL. EPIPEN4SCHOOLS® Survey Combined Analysis: Prevalence and Triggers of Anaphylactic Events. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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White MV, Hogue SL, Bennett ME, Goss D, Millar K, Hollis K, Siegel PH, Wolf RA, Wooddell MJ, Silvia S. EpiPen4Schools pilot survey: Occurrence of anaphylaxis, triggers, and epinephrine administration in a U.S. school setting. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015; 36:306-12. [PMID: 25898241 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2015.36.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epinephrine is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis, it remains underused. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to describe anaphylactic events and epinephrine autoinjector (EAI) use in U.S. schools enrolled in the EpiPen4Schools program. METHODS This exploratory, cross-sectional, Web-based survey of 6019 schools that participated in the EpiPen4Schools program assessed anaphylactic events and EAI use at responding schools during the 2013-2014 school year. RESULTS A total of 919 anaphylactic events were reported in 607 schools. Of the 852 anaphylactic events with data on those who experienced an event, most 88.8% (n = 757) occurred in students, and 21.9% of events (n = 187) occurred in individuals with no known allergies. Of the 851 events with data on EAI use, 74.7% (n = 636) were treated with EAIs and 8.5% (n = 54) received a second epinephrine injection. Of the 204 individuals not treated with an EAI, 77.0% (n = 157) received antihistamines, 12.7% (n = 26) received another treatment, and 8.3% (n = 17) received no treatment. Of the 850 events with data on hospital transport, 79.6% of individuals (n = 677) were transported to the hospital. Common triggers varied seasonally, with food listed most frequently overall (62.5%). CONCLUSION More than one in ten schools that participated in the EpiPen4Schools survey reported an anaphylactic event. Approximately 25% of individuals with anaphylactic events were not treated with EAIs, and 20.4% of patients were not taken to the hospital after an anaphylactic event. Analysis of these data supports the value of stocking EAIs and of providing continuing education regarding the recognition and proper treatment of anaphylaxis for school personnel.
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Hogue S, Bennett ME, Goss D, Hollis K, Millar K, Silvia S, Siegel P, Wolf RA, Wooddell M, White MV. Occurrence of Anaphylaxis By School Grade Level and Staff Training: Findings from the EpiPen4Schools Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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White MV, Goss D, Hollis K, Millar K, Silvia S, Siegel P, Bennett ME, Wolf RA, Wooddell M, Hogue S. EpiPen4Schools Survey: Characteristics of Anaphylaxis and Common Triggers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wooddell M, Goss D, Hollis K, Millar K, Silvia S, Siegel P, Bennett ME, Wolf RA, Hogue S, White MV. Epinephrine Administration for Cases of Anaphylaxis in a US School Setting: Results from the EpiPen4Schools Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ryckman KK, Rillamas-Sun E, Spracklen CN, Wallace RB, Garcia L, Tylavsky FA, Howard BV, Liu S, Song Y, LeBlanc ES, White MV, Parikh NI, Robinson JG. Ethnic differences in the relationship between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Metab 2014; 40:379-85. [PMID: 24751988 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between self-reported birth weight and the adult occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a large multi-ethnic population of women. METHODS Baseline data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study [n=75,993] was used to examine the association between participant birth weight category and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index and other pertinent risk factors. Sub-analyses were performed stratifying by ethnicity. RESULTS There was a strong inverse association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus with a birth weight of <6 pounds (lbs) (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33) significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a birth weight of ≥10 lbs (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.92) associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to women who reported their birth weight between 7 and 8 lbs 15 ounces (oz). Stratifying by ethnicity, the inverse association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus was only apparent in White women, but not Black, Hispanic or Asian women. CONCLUSION Lower birth weight was associated with increased T2D risk in American White and Black post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - E Rillamas-Sun
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - C N Spracklen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - R B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, United States
| | - L Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Med Sci 1C, Davis, CA, United States
| | - F A Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 600 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - B V Howard
- Medstar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 6525 Belcrest Road #700, Hyattsville, MD, United States
| | - S Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Box 951740, 27-138 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Y Song
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Box 951740, 27-138 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - E S LeBlanc
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227, United States
| | - M V White
- Department of Family, Community and Rural Health, The Commonwealth Medical College, Medical Sciences Building, Room 1013, 525 Pine Street, Scranton, PA 18509, United States
| | - N I Parikh
- John A. Burns School of Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, University of Hawaii, The Queens Medical Center, 1301 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - J G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, S400 CPHB, Iowa City, United States
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Bernstein JA, Manning ME, Li H, White MV, Baker J, Lumry WR, Davis-Lorton MA, Jacobson KW, Gower RG, Broom C, Fitts D, Schranz J. Escalating doses of C1 esterase inhibitor (CINRYZE) for prophylaxis in patients with hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013; 2:77-84. [PMID: 24565773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanofiltered C1 inhibitor (human) is approved in the United States for routine prophylaxis of angioedema attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema, a rare disease caused by a deficiency of functional C1 inhibitor. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety of escalating doses of nanofiltered C1 inhibitor (human) in patients who were not adequately controlled on the indicated dose (1000 U every 3 or 4 days). METHODS Eligible patients had >1 attack/month over the 3 months before the trial. Doses were escalated to 1500 U every 3 or 4 days for 12 weeks, at which point, the patients were evaluated. If treatment was successful (≤1 attack/mo) or at the investigator's discretion, the patients entered a 3-month follow-up period. The patients with an average of >1 attack/month were eligible for further escalation to 2000 U and then 2500 U. RESULTS Twenty patients started at 1500 U; 13 were escalated to 2000 U, and 12 were escalated to 2500 U. Eighteen patients reported adverse events. Two patients reported 4 serious adverse events (cerebral cystic hygroma, laryngeal angioedema attack, anemia, and bile duct stone) that were considered by investigators to be unrelated to treatment. Notably, there were no systemic thrombotic events or discontinuations due to adverse events. Fourteen patients were treated successfully (70%), continued to the follow-up period at the investigator's discretion, or experienced a reduction in attacks of >1.0/month. CONCLUSIONS Dose escalation of nanofiltered C1 inhibitor (human) up to 2500 U was well tolerated and reduced attack frequency in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | | | - Henry Li
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Chevy Chase, Md
| | | | - James Baker
- Allergy Asthma & Dermatology Associates, Lake Oswego, Ore
| | | | - Mark A Davis-Lorton
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY
| | | | | | - Colin Broom
- Clinical Research for Broom and Schranz and Biostatistics for Fitts, ViroPharma Incorporated, Exton, Pa
| | - David Fitts
- Clinical Research for Broom and Schranz and Biostatistics for Fitts, ViroPharma Incorporated, Exton, Pa
| | - Jennifer Schranz
- Clinical Research for Broom and Schranz and Biostatistics for Fitts, ViroPharma Incorporated, Exton, Pa
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Abstract
Since anaphylaxis is unpredictable, rapid in onset, and potentially life threatening, it is critical for school staff to recognize and respond to its symptoms quickly. The symptoms of anaphylaxis can be challenging to differentiate, particularly in school-age children who may have trouble explaining what they are experiencing. School staff must understand the distinctive ways in which children describe and manifest anaphylactic symptoms, and the school nurse has a key leadership role in providing this training. The school nurse should create and coordinate individualized emergency care/action plans for students with known allergies, as well as a comprehensive care plan for all students, to ensure a safe environment and a rapid response to any life-threatening allergic reaction. This should include having epinephrine stocked and readily accessible so that it can be given promptly in the case of an anaphylactic emergency.
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Grant JA, White MV, Li HH, Fitts D, Kalfus IN, Uknis ME, Lumry WR. Preprocedural administration of nanofiltered C1 esterase inhibitor to prevent hereditary angioedema attacks. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33:348-53. [PMID: 22856635 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2012.33.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) may have attacks triggered by dental, medical, or surgical procedures. This analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of preprocedural administration of nanofiltered C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH-nf; human) for the prevention of HAE attacks during and after dental, medical, or surgical procedures. Data were reviewed retrospectively from two acute treatment trials in which at least 1000 U of C1 INH-nf was administered i.v. within 24 hours before an emergency or noncosmetic medical, surgical, or dental procedure. Dosing data, HAE attacks reported within 72 hours, and adverse events (AEs) reported within 7 days after a preprocedural dose of C1 INH-nf were analyzed to assess efficacy and safety. Forty-one unique subjects (8 children and 33 adults) received C1 INH-nf for 91 procedures (40 in children and 51 in adults). The majority of procedures (56%) involved dental work and 44% involved a variety of surgical or medical procedures. A single 1000-U dose of C1 INH-nf was administered for 96% of procedures. An HAE attack did not occur within 72 hours after C1 INH-nf dosing for 98% (89/91) of procedures. Two HAE attacks were reported after the procedure, and both were treated with C1 INH-nf and achieved relief. None of the reported AEs were judged to be related to C1 INH-nf or were associated with an HAE attack. This analysis supports the efficacy and safety of preprocedural administration of C1 INH-nf for the prevention of HAE attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Andrew Grant
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Weinstein SF, Murphy KR, Corren J, Nolte H, White MV. Efficacy and safety of medium and high doses of mometasone furoate/formoterol (MF/F) combination treatment in subjects with severe persistent asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010. [PMCID: PMC3374189 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-6-s2-p34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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White MV, Nolte H, Meltzer EO, Nathan RA. Mometasone Furoate/Formoterol Improves Asthma Control in Subjects With Uncontrolled Persistent Asthma. Chest 2010. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Vernon MK, Rentz AM, Wyrwich KW, White MV, Grienenberger A. Psychometric validation of two patient-reported outcome measures to assess symptom severity and changes in symptoms in hereditary angioedema. Qual Life Res 2009; 18:929-39. [PMID: 19597964 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-009-9509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder characterized by highly variable, acute attacks of swelling at various anatomical locations. Clinical measures do not adequately assess the diversity of symptoms characteristic of an attack. Two disease-specific, patient-reported outcome measures were developed to comprehensively capture symptom severity and change: the Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) and the Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) score. METHODS This study comprised a secondary analysis of pooled data from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, and minimally important difference (MID) of the TOS and MSCS score. RESULTS HAE patients (n = 73) had a mean age of 33 years, and 60% were female. Test-retest evaluation demonstrated moderate to substantial agreement (ICCs = 0.53 for TOS; 0.62 for MSCS score). The TOS and change in MSCS score were moderately to highly correlated with a Global Improvement Measure at 4 h (TOS: r = 0.90; MSCS: r = -0.59). Anchor- and distribution-based analyses suggested that conservative estimates for MID are 30 points for TOS and -0.30 points for 4-h change in MSCS score. CONCLUSIONS The psychometric tests performed here provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the TOS and MSCS for evaluating symptom severity and change in HAE patients. The TOS and MSCS score provide an example of measurement methodology that may be used to precisely capture symptom severity and change in a disease characterized by acute attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Vernon
- United BioSource Corporation, Center for Health Outcomes Research, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Scarupa MD, Economides A, White MV, Kaliner MA. Rhinitis and rhinologic headaches. Allergy Asthma Proc 2004; 25:101-5. [PMID: 15176494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhinologic headache, a headache of nasal origin, generally has been attributed to past facial trauma causing nasal mucosa-septal contact points. Patients who have not knowingly experienced nasal trauma may have contact points caused by mucosal inflammation or anatomic abnormalities (septal spurs, septal deviation, and enlarged turbinates) and can develop rhinologic headaches. A population of 66 such patients was studied to classify the type of patient susceptible to such headaches and to examine the type of underlying inflammation or anatomic abnormality responsible for creating their mucosal contact points. Most patients were women with a mean age at the time of initial presentation of 40 years. VMR was the most frequent cause of nasal inflammation, either alone or in combination with allergic rhinitis. Generally, headache symptoms improved with treatment of the underlying nasal inflammation in the majority of patients.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of azelastine nasal spray, desloratadine, and the combination of azelastine nasal spray plus loratadine compared with placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis who had an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. METHODS This was a 2-week, multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study in patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Following a 1-week, open-label lead-in period, during which the patients received loratadine 10 mg daily, those patients who met the symptom qualification criteria (<25% to 33% improvement taking loratadine) were randomized to treatment with azelastine nasal spray 2 sprays per nostril, twice daily, azelastine nasal spray 2 sprays per nostril, twice daily, plus loratadine 10 mg daily, desloratadine 5 mg daily plus placebo (saline) nasal spray, or placebo (saline) nasal spray/placebo capsules. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline to day 14 in the total nasal symptom score, consisting of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestion symptom scores recorded twice daily (AM and PM) in patient diary cards. RESULTS A total of 428 patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine completed the double-blind treatment period. After 2 weeks of treatment, azelastine nasal spray (P < 0.001), azelastine nasal spray plus loratadine (P < 0.001), and desloratadine (P = 0.039) significantly improved the total nasal symptom score compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Azelastine nasal spray is an effective treatment for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis who do not respond to loratadine and is an alternative to switching to another oral antihistamine or to using multiple antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Berger
- Southern California Research Center, Mission Viejo, California 92691, USA.
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White MV. R068: Efficacy of Astelin Nasal Spray in Patients with an Unsatisfactory Response to Claritin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59980301033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kaliner MA, White MV, Economides A, Crisalida T, Hale M, Liao Y, Christian CD, Georges GC, Woodworth TH, Meeves SG. Relative potency of fexofenadine HCl 180 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo using a skin test model of wheal-and-flare suppression. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90:629-34. [PMID: 12839321 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H1-receptor antagonists differ in their ability to produce peripheral H1-blockade. Suppression of histamine-induced flares and wheals is a useful objective test for measuring these differences. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative potency of fexofenadine HCI 180 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo (PBO) in suppressing histamine-induced flares and wheals and compare the onset, duration, and maximum suppression of histamine achieved with each agent. METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover study. Flares and wheals induced by skin-prick testing with histamine 1.8 mg/mL were measured before treatment, every 20 minutes during the first hour after dosing, and thereafter hourly between 2 and 12 hours and between 23 and 25 hours postdose. RESULTS Fexofenadine was significantly more effective than loratadine in suppressing the histamine-induced flare response at hours 2 through 7 and 10 through 12 and produced greater flare suppression than did PBO at hours 2 through 25. Onset of flare suppression occurred 2 hours after dosing with fexofenadine and 4 hours after dosing with loratadine. Likewise, fexofenadine was superior to loratadine in suppressing the wheal response from hours 1 through 12 and was more effective than PBO at hours 1 through 12, 24, and 25. Throughout the 25-hour measurement interval, the magnitude of difference in both wheal and flare suppression consistently favored fexofenadine over loratadine. CONCLUSIONS In a skin test model of wheal-and-flare suppression, fexofenadine showed rapid distribution into the skin compartment with faster onset of action and greater potency vs loratadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kaliner
- The Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA.
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Pearlman DS, White MV, Lieberman AK, Pepsin PJ, Kalberg C, Emmett A, Bowers B, Rickard KA, Dorinsky P. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination compared with montelukast for the treatment of persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88:227-35. [PMID: 11868930 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Medications that are able to effectively treat both components are advantageous. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-agonist combination product with a leukotriene antagonist for initial maintenance therapy in patients who were symptomatic while receiving short-acting beta2-agonists alone. METHODS A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter study was conducted in 432 patients 15 years of age and older with persistent asthma who were symptomatic on short-acting beta2-agonists alone. Fluticasone propionate 100 microg and salmeterol 50 microg combination product (FSC) twice daily or montelukast 10 mg once daily was administered. RESULTS At endpoint, compared with montelukast, FSC significantly increased morning predose forced expiratory volume in 1 second (0.61 +/- 0.03 L vs 0.32 +/- 0.03 L), morning peak expiratory flow rate (peak expiratory flow rate; 81.4 +/- 5.9 L/minute vs 41.9 +/- 4.8 L/minute), evening peak expiratory flow rate (64.6 +/- 5.3 L/minute vs 38.8 +/- 4.7 L/minute), the percentage of symptom-free days (40.3 +/- 2.9% vs 27.0 +/- 2.7%), the percentage of rescue-free days (53.4 +/- 2.8% vs 26.7 +/- 2.5%), and the percentage of nights with no awakenings (29.8 +/- 2.5% vs 19.6 +/- 2.1%) (P < or = 0.011, all comparisons). At endpoint, FSC significantly reduced asthma symptom scores (-1.0 +/- 0.1 vs -0.7 +/- 0.1) and rescue albuterol use (-3.6 +/- 0.2 puffs/day vs -2.2 +/- 0.2 puffs/day) compared with montelukast (P < 0.001). At endpoint, patients treated with FSC also had a significantly greater improvement in quality of life scores and were more satisfied with their treatment compared with montelukast-treated patients (P < or = 0.001). Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Initial maintenance therapy with FSC provides greater improvement in asthma control and patient satisfaction than montelukast.
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Shapiro G, Lumry W, Wolfe J, Given J, White MV, Woodring A, Baitinger L, House K, Prillaman B, Shah T. Combined salmeterol 50 microg and fluticasone propionate 250 microg in the diskus device for the treatment of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:527-34. [PMID: 10673196 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9905091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three hundred forty-nine patients with asthma previously treated with medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids during a 2-wk, single-blind, run-in period were randomized to treatment with salmeterol 50 microg combined with fluticasone propionate (FP) 250 microg, salmeterol 50 microg, FP 250 microg, or placebo, each given twice daily through a Diskus device for 12 wk. Mean change in FEV(1) at endpoint was significantly (p </= 0.001) greater with the salmeterol/FP combination product (0.48 L) than with placebo (-0.11 L), salmeterol (0.05 L), or FP (0.25 L). The combination product significantly increased the area under the 12-h serial FEV(1) curve relative to baseline over that with placebo, salmeterol, or FP at Day 1, Week 1, and Week 12 (p </= 0.025). Patients in the combination-product group had a significantly greater probability of remaining in the study without being withdrawn because of worsening asthma than did patients in the placebo, salmeterol, or FP groups (p </= 0.002). The combination product significantly increased (p < 0. 001) morning PEF at endpoint (53.5 L/min) as compared with placebo (-14 L/min), salmeterol (-11.6 L/min), or FP (15.2 L/min). The combination product significantly (p </= 0.011) reduced asthma symptom scores and supplemental albuterol use, and significantly increased the percentage of nights with no awakenings as compared with placebo, salmeterol, and FP (p </= 0.016). Combination treatment with salmeterol 50 microg and FP 250 microg given twice daily from the Diskus device provided better asthma control and greater improvement in pulmonary function than did the individual agents, and may simplify the management of asthma in patients who need both classes of drugs for optimal control of their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shapiro
- A.S.T.H.M.A., Inc., Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The published literature is lacking in data on the frequency and severity of medication side effects in the general asthma population. METHODS Questionnaires regarding asthma severity, treatment, and medication side effects were answered by 1230 and 604 pediatric and adult asthmatics, respectively, 70% to 75% of whom were consulting a specialist. RESULTS Most respondents (58%-79%) reported unwanted side effects from their bronchodilators, most of which had been racemic albuterol prescribed in either generic or name brand form. Side effects were most common in nebulizer users of all ages and in pediatric patients using oral medications. The most common troublesome side effects were jitteriness (58%), restlessness (57%), tachycardia (56%) and cough (56%) in the pediatric patients and tachycardia (64%), jitteriness (60%), shaky hands (43%), and restlessness (42%) in the adult respondents. Most patients had spoken to their physicians about their side effects, and the most common response was to change brands within the same class of medication, adjust the dose, or advise the patients to tolerate the side effects because the medications were necessary and side effects were to be expected. Fewer than 4% of all respondents viewed their physicians as "caring/sympathetic/willing to listen/discuss their bronchodilator side effects." Twenty-five to thirty percent of patients had reduced their bronchodilator dose on their own, and 14% to 24% had skipped doses to avoid unwanted side effects. Hospitalizations were infrequent and were most commonly seen in the nebulizer users, who were also rated by their physicians as more likely to have severe asthma. Other markers of asthma control (such as emergency room visits, unscheduled doctor visits, and being sent home from school/work for asthma symptoms) were not only common in the nebulizer user group but also in children who used oral medications. This group was more likely to have been classified by their physicians as having mild asthma, suggesting perhaps a need for more intensive asthma education in this group. CONCLUSION Medication side effects are common in individuals with asthma and are most often ascribed by the patients to their bronchodilators. There is a need for new, rapid-acting bronchodilators with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Institute for Asthma & Allergy, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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White MV, Cruz-Rivera M, Walton-Bowen K. The efficacy and safety of budesonide inhalation suspension: a nebulizable corticosteroid for persistent asthma in infants and young children. Fam Med 1999; 31:337-45. [PMID: 10407712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of four dosing regimens of budesonide inhalation suspension in children ages 6 months to 8 years with moderate persistent asthma. METHODS This 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study involved 481 children at 38 centers throughout the United States. Active treatment groups were budesonide inhalation suspension .25 mg once daily (QD), .25-mg two times daily (BID), .5-mg BID, or 1-mg QD. Efficacy was assessed by recording nighttime and daytime asthma symptoms, use of rescue medication, and discontinuation from the study because of worsening asthma and/or a requirement for systemic steroids. Objective measures of pulmonary function were assessed in children who were capable of consistently performing pulmonary function tests; peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements were recorded twice daily on diary cards, and spirometry was recorded at clinic visits. RESULTS Baseline patient demographics, nighttime and daytime symptom scores, and pulmonary function data were similar across placebo and budesonide treatment groups. The majority of patients were male (64%) with a mean age of 55.0 +/- 26.3 months. The mean duration of asthma was 34.2 +/- 22.9 months, and mean baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 79.8% of predicted, with 29.1% reversibility. Significant improvements in nighttime and daytime asthma symptoms scores were observed in budesonide treatment groups, compared with placebo. The mean change from baseline to week 0-12 for nighttime and daytime asthma symptom scores was significantly greater for the .25-mg BID, .5-mg BID, and 1-mg QD budesonide treatment groups, compared with placebo; significant clinical improvement was observed by the second week of treatment. The lowest budesonide dose used (.25 mg QD) resulted in numerical improvements in symptom scores that were not statistically significant when compared to placebo. Significant improvements in morning PEF were observed in all budesonide treatment groups, except for the .25-mg QD group, compared with placebo. All treatment groups showed numerical improvement in FEV1, but only the .5-mg BID dose was significantly different from placebo. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that budesonide inhalation suspension is effective and well tolerated for infants and young children with moderate persistent asthma. Budesonide inhalation suspension is an important therapeutic option for young children who are not able to use other available delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
Sinusitis affects up to 14% of Americans. Traditionally, most patients with sinusitis are evaluated and treated by either primary care physicians or otolaryngologists. In order to gain information regarding the characteristics at presentation and the outcome of treatment of sinusitis by an allergist, the records of 200 consecutive patients seen at the Institute for Asthma and Allergy at the Washington Hospital Center for chronic sinusitis were reviewed. The most common presenting symptoms were nasal congestion, postnasal drip, purulent rhinorrhea, headache, cough, facial pressure, anosmia or hyposmia, hypogeusia, and throat clearing. Initial abnormal physical exam findings included abnormal transillumination, purulent secretions, nasal mucosal swelling, nasal polyps, and nasal crusting. Treatment included 4 weeks of oral antibiotics, nasal corticosteroids, nasal lavage, and topical decongestants. All of the presenting symptoms (23-75% of the patients) and signs (50-84% of patients) improved with medical management. Patients have been followed for 1 to 27 months, with a mean of 6 months, and 6% have required surgery, with one complication of cerebrospinal fluid leak. These findings indicate that medical management of chronic sinusitis in an allergist's office is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A McNally
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C. 20010, USA
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ZuWallack RL, Rosen JP, Cohen L, Rachelefsky GS, Gong H, Goldsobel AB, Kaliner MA, White MV, Bronsky EA, Chervinsky P, Lotner GZ, Corren J, Bodenheimer S. The effectiveness of once-daily dosing of inhaled flunisolide in maintaining asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:278-85. [PMID: 9058681 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of switching to once-daily (qd) administration of flunisolide in patients with asthma that was controlled by twice-daily (bid) dosing of this inhaled steroid. METHODS Three hundred sixty-six adults and children with bronchial asthma that was controlled with inhaled steroids were recruited for this prospective, double-blind, parallel-group study. After a 4-week, stable baseline period of flunisolide administration, 2 inhalations (500 microg) twice daily, each patient was randomized into one of four 12-week flunisolide treatment groups: group 1, 2 inhalations (500 microg) bid; group 2, 4 inhalations (1000 microg) qd in the morning; group 3, 4 inhalations (1000 microg) qd in the evening; or group 4, 2 inhalations (500 microg) qd in the morning. Outcome measures included morning and evening asthma symptoms (scale of 0 to 3), daytime and nighttime albuterol use, morning and evening peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), FEV1, and methacholine PC20. In addition, a subset of patients in each group had 24-hour urinary cortisol levels measured before and after randomization. RESULTS Outcome measures in the four groups were not significantly different at baseline before randomization. The three groups that received maintenance therapy with flunisolide, 1000 microg daily, did not show significant changes from baseline values and remained comparable in all outcome areas. Asthma control in the group randomized to flunisolide 500 microg qd, however, deteriorated significantly: morning symptoms increased by 0.21 units (48%), evening symptoms increased by 0.15 units (31%), daytime albuterol use increased by 0.42 inhalations per day (37%), nighttime albuterol use increased by 0.48 inhalations per night (91%), morning PEFR decreased by 17.1 L/min (4%), and evening PEFR decreased by 12.6 L/min (3%). There were no significant changes in PC20 or 24-hour urinary cortisol levels in any group. CONCLUSIONS For patients with asthma that was stabilized by 2 inhalations of flunisolide (500 microg) bid, switching to 4 inhalations (1000 microg) qd in either the morning or evening is effective in maintaining asthma control. Reducing the dose to 2 inhalations (500 microg) qd in the morning, however, leads to a deterioration in asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L ZuWallack
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA
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Abstract
Muscarinic receptors play a double role in airway disorders, mediating an increase in mucus secretion, as well as constriction of smooth muscle. Cholinergic activity of the lung is more pronounced in large than in peripheral airways; in the nose parasympathetic stimulation leads to hypersecretion and vasodilation. This article reviews the differences in muscarinic subreceptors in the upper and lower airways and discusses the effectiveness of anticholinergic agents in blocking parasympathetic stimulation at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Igarashi Y, Goldrich MS, Kaliner MA, Irani AM, Schwartz LB, White MV. Quantitation of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis and normal subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95:716-25. [PMID: 7897155 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of inflammatory cells at the local site of allergic inflammation in the nose is unclear. METHODS Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis and 10 normal subjects. Freeze-dried paraffin-embedded sections were stained for mononuclear cells and eosinophils. Tissues in Carnoy's fixative were stained for mast cells. RESULTS T cells were much more plentiful than B cells or macrophages, and no significant differences were found between the two groups in the number of T cells, T-cell subsets, B cells, and macrophages. However, the number of CD25+ cells (lymphocyte activation markers) and the number of eosinophils were significantly higher in the allergic group than in the control group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the total mast cell number. However, mucosal type mast cells were slightly increased, and a higher ratio of mast cells were costained for IgE in the allergic group. IgE+ cells mostly constained for mast cell tryptase and did not costain for J chain. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that unlike granulocytes, in some mononuclear cells qualitative, not quantitative, changes may be important in allergic rhinitis and that IgE may not be locally produced in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Igarashi
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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Fischer AR, Rosenberg MA, Lilly CM, Callery JC, Rubin P, Cohn J, White MV, Igarashi Y, Kaliner MA, Drazen JM. Direct evidence for a role of the mast cell in the nasal response to aspirin in aspirin-sensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94:1046-56. [PMID: 7798537 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients with asthma experience adverse nasoocular reactions after ingestion of aspirin or agents that inhibit cyclooxygenase. Recent evidence has implicated the leukotrienes in the nasoocular reaction, but the cellular sources and mechanism of activation are unknown. We used nasal lavage with and without a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton, to define the role of leukotrienes and to profile nasal cellular activation during this reaction. METHODS A group of eight patients with asthma shown to have adverse reactions to aspirin documented by a 15% or greater decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, accompanied by an elevation in urinary leukotriene E4 after ingestion of aspirin, received aspirin or placebo in a study with a crossover design. Nasal symptoms and nasal tryptase, histamine, leukotriene, and eosinophil cationic protein levels were evaluated. Serum tryptase and urinary histamine levels were also assessed. Subjects were then randomized to receive a week of treatment with zileuton or placebo, according to a double-blind, crossover design followed by aspirin challenge and measurement of the same mediators. RESULTS Aspirin ingestion produced a marked increase in nasal symptoms from a baseline symptom score of 2.1 +/- 0.7 to a maximum of 8.4 +/- 1.2 (p < 0.0007). Aspirin ingestion produced a mean maximal increase in nasal tryptase of 3.5 +/- 2.6 ng/ml, whereas placebo ingestion produced a mean maximal increase of 0.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (p < 0.05, aspirin vs placebo). Mean maximal nasal histamine increased 1.73 +/- 1.16 ng/ml versus 0.08 +/- 0.08 ng/ml from baseline (p < 0.05, aspirin vs placebo). Aspirin produced a mean maximal increase in nasal leukotriene value of 152 pg/ml versus a 16 pg/ml decrease after placebo ingestion (p < 0.05). Zileuton treatment blocked the increase in nasal symptoms after aspirin ingestion (maximum nasal symptom score of 1.6 +/- 0.6 with zileuton vs 5.5 +/- 0.9 with placebo [p < 0.0053]). It also blocked the rise in nasal tryptase (p = 0.011) and nasal leukotriene (p < 0.05) levels after aspirin ingestion. Zileuton treatment had no significant effect on the recovery of nasal histamine. CONCLUSION The increase in nasal symptoms in aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma after aspirin ingestion is associated with increases in nasal tryptase, histamine, and cysteinyl leukotriene levels. This mediator profile is consistent with mast cell activation during the nasal response to aspirin and suggests that 5-lipoxygenase products are essential for the nasal response to aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fischer
- Combined Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA
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Igarashi Y, Skoner DP, Doyle WJ, White MV, Fireman P, Kaliner MA. Analysis of nasal secretions during experimental rhinovirus upper respiratory infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92:722-31. [PMID: 8227864 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the underlying mechanisms for rhinovirus-induced nasal secretions, nasal lavage fluids were analyzed during experimental rhinovirus infections. METHODS Twenty patients with allergic rhinitis and 18 nonallergic control subjects were inoculated with rhinovirus type 39. Nasal lavage was performed before and on days 2 through 7 after viral inoculation, and the lavage fluids were assayed for proteins and mast cell mediators. RESULTS The secretion of total protein and both plasma proteins (albumin and IgG) and glandular proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory IgA) increased after rhinovirus inoculation. Analysis of the specific protein constituents revealed that nasal secretions during the initial response to the rhinovirus infection were predominantly due to increased vascular permeability. Allergic subjects tended to have fewer symptoms and more vascular permeability than control subjects, and increased histamine secretion after rhinovirus inoculation was more frequently seen in the allergy group. CONCLUSION Nasal secretions found early in the course of a viral upper respiratory infection are due to increased vascular permeability, whereas glandular secretions predominate later in the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Igarashi
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The luminal surface of respiratory mucous membranes is lined with an epithelial lining fluid (ELF) layer. Previous attempts to determine ELF volumes in airways have used dyes or freely diffusible molecules such as urea, yet have not led to a universally accepted method. The nasal mucous membrane provides an accessible area to examine whether urea is an appropriate marker of respiratory ELF volume. METHODS AND RESULTS Collection of undiluted nasal secretions after either glandular stimulation or induction of vascular permeability confirmed that plasma urea and nasal urea concentrations are equivalent. Baseline ELF volume was calculated as 800 microliters/nostril. The calculated molar concentrations of urea in ELF did not vary with either methacholine or histamine challenge. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the plasma, interstitial, glandular, and ELF urea concentrations are equivalent and, therefore, that urea is a useful marker of ELF volume in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Kaulbach
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic individuals have previously been shown to have an autonomic imbalance consisting of heightened cholinergic responsiveness in the lung, skin, and eyes, and beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in the lungs, eyes, and vasculature. This array of abnormalities is often accompanied by nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, as well as alpha-adrenergic hyperresponsiveness in individuals with asthma. METHODS To determine whether atopic individuals have intrinsic nasal airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, 21 nonatopic subjects and 37 subjects with allergic rhinitis were studied. All subjects were studied out of their allergy seasons, and all allergy-related medications were discontinued before the study began. Subjects underwent nasal challenge with methacholine (1 to 25 mg), and lavaged nasal secretions were analyzed for total protein, the plasma marker albumin, and the glandular marker lactoferrin. RESULTS Atopic subjects demonstrated increased glandular responsiveness to methacholine as evidenced by an increase in the secretion of lactoferrin in response to individual doses of methacholine. Although the maximal lactoferrin secretion did not increase, glandular sensitivity to methacholine was heightened because the dose of methacholine required to induce lactoferrin secretion achievable by 60% of the study population was significantly lower in the atopic group. The volume of lavaged secretions recovered and congestion scores were also higher in the atopic group as compared with the normal control group. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that atopic individuals have intrinsic nasal glandular hyperresponsiveness to cholinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
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38
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Mosimann BL, White MV, Hohman RJ, Goldrich MS, Kaulbach HC, Kaliner MA. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide increase in nasal secretions after allergen challenge in atopic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92:95-104. [PMID: 7687608 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90043-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is suggestive evidence that neuropeptides participate in allergic reactions. Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are released by sensory nerves, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is released mainly by parasympathetic nerves. Both sets of nerves are thought to be stimulated by allergic inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess nasal secretions to determine whether SP, CGRP, and VIP were increased after allergen challenge. METHODS Eight patients with allergic rhinitis were challenged nasally with 1 mg histamine or increasing doses of allergen. Nasal lavages were collected into a cocktail of protease inhibitors in order to restrict neuropeptide degradation. Radioimmunoassay for SP, CGRP, and VIP were performed on each sample. RESULTS All patients had immediate clinical reactions to both histamine and allergen challenges, and seven patients experienced a later allergic reaction. After histamine challenge, SP and CGRP did not increase significantly above baseline in the nasal lavages, whereas VIP did (p < 0.02). In contrast, SP, CGRP, and VIP all significantly increased immediately after allergen challenge and returned to baseline within 2 hours. At the clinical peak of the late allergic reaction, SP, but not CGRP or VIP, was increased slightly but significantly (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Thus SP, CGRP, and VIP are found in nasal secretions after allergen challenge, which confirms that neuropeptides are released in human beings during allergic reactions. The selective stimulation of VIP secretion by histamine challenge suggests that histamine-induced cholinergic reflexes induce the release of VIP. These data support the suggestion that neuropeptides may be partly responsible for some of the nasal symptoms of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mosimann
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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39
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Igarashi Y, Kaliner MA, Hausfeld JN, Irani AA, Schwartz LB, White MV. Quantification of resident inflammatory cells in the human nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91:1082-93. [PMID: 8491941 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To define the normal resident inflammatory cell population in the nasal mucosa, surgical specimens of human nasal turbinates were immunohistologically stained for various cell markers. METHODS Freeze-dried paraffin-embedded sections were stained for lymphocyte cell-surface markers, and Carnoy's fixed sections were stained for mast cells and immunoglobulins. The numbers of stained cells were microscopically counted. RESULTS T cells (CD3+ cells) were abundant in the lamina propria, and the number of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells accounted for two thirds and one third of CD3+ cell number, respectively. Cells that stained for the alpha-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (activated cells, CD25+) were limited and accounted for only 0.6% of CD3+ cell number. B cells (CD22+ cells) and monocytes and macrophages (CD14+ cells) were observed less frequently than T cells. Many immunoglobulin-producing cells were found in close proximity to the submucosal glands, and those cells were predominantly IgA+. Mast cells were widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, and about one third of these cells were stained for IgE molecules. Nonmast cells bearing IgE were rarely observed. CONCLUSION Thus the dominant cell in the nasal mucosa is a CD3+, CD4+, CD25-lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Igarashi
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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40
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Mullol J, Chowdhury BA, White MV, Ohkubo K, Rieves RD, Baraniuk J, Hausfeld JN, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA. Endothelin in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8:393-402. [PMID: 8476633 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/8.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET), a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor peptide synthesized by endothelial and epithelial cells, was examined for its potential functions in human inferior turbinate nasal mucosal tissue by four techniques: (1) immunoreactive ET was localized in the mucosa by immunohistochemistry; (2) receptors for ET were identified by autoradiography employing [125I]ET; (3) ET-1 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization; and (4) the secretory functions of ET were examined by the release of mucous and serous cell products after the addition of ET to human nasal turbinates in short-term cultures. Specific ET-1-immunoreactive material was found most extensively in small muscular arteries and in serous cells in submucosal glands. ET-1 was also found to a lower extent in the walls of venous sinusoids. [125I]ET-1 binding sites were localized by autoradiography to submucosal glands and to venous sinusoids and small muscular arterioles. mRNA for ET-1 was found most extensively in the venous sinusoids and to a lesser extent in small muscular arteries. In mucosal explant cultures, ET-1 and ET-2 stimulated lactoferrin and mucous glycoprotein release from serous and mucous cells, but ET-3 was inactive. The observations indicate that in the human nasal mucosa, ET is present in the vascular endothelium and the serous cells in submucosal glands and acts on glandular ET receptors to induce both serous and mucous cell secretion. It is also likely that ET plays a role in the regulation of vasomotor tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mullol
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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41
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Lee CH, Igarashi Y, Hohman RJ, Kaulbach H, White MV, Kaliner MA. Distribution of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor in the human nasal airway. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:710-6. [PMID: 8095126 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) is a secreted glandular protein thought to regulate elastase activity and, more recently, to inhibit both mast cell chymase activity and histamine release from mast cells. To begin to examine the possible role of SLPI in humans, we determined the distribution of SLPI in the human nasal mucosa and quantitated the functional activity of SLPI in nasal lavage fluid. Immunochemical staining of the nasal mucosa revealed intense, selective immunoreactivity in the serous cells of the submucosal glands. The level of SLPI in nasal secretions was measured by enzyme immunoassay. In control subjects (n = 8), the level of SLPI in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) after saline challenge (baseline level) was 2.5 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, accounting for 3.3 +/- 0.6% of total protein in nasal secretions. After methacholine (MCh) and histamine (HIST) challenge, the level of SLPI increased to 7.0 +/- 1.4 and 6.1 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml, respectively (both p < 0.05). In atopic patients (n = 8), the level of SLPI after MCh and HIST challenge increased from a baseline level of 7.6 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml to 22.1 +/- 6.4 and 25.2 +/- 10.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. After allergen challenge, the concentration of SLPI increased significantly in atopic patients, whereas there was no increase in the level of SLPI in control subjects. Western blot analysis of MCh-induced nasal secretions revealed a single band with a molecular weight of 12 kD, the same as recombinant SLPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lee
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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42
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Igarashi Y, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA, White MV. Effects of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on serotonin release from rat basophilic leukemia cells. Immunopharmacology 1993; 25:131-44. [PMID: 8500985 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(93)90016-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells can release arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites as well as preformed mediators with IgE mediated stimulation, and these mediators are considered to play an important role in allergic reactions. The coincident release of preformed mediators and AA metabolites suggests that AA metabolism is related to mast cell degranulation. To clarify the relationship between mast cell degranulation and AA metabolism, the effects of various A cascade inhibitors on rat basophilic leukemia cell (RBL) mediator release induced by either anti-IgE or A23187 were examined. 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) inhibited both PGD2 and LTC4/D4 generation, and partially inhibited serotonin release. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) caused complete inhibition of LTC4/D4 generation, and partial inhibition of PGD2 generation and serotonin release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, and the specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, L-651,392 completely inhibited PGD2 and LTC4/D4 generation, respectively, without affecting release of other mediators. Both PGD2 and LTC4/D4 generation were abolished by the combination of indomethacin and L-651,392, however, serotonin release remained intact. HPLC analysis showed that no shift to other AA metabolites occurred after the treatment with these inhibitors. Mepacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, completely inhibited PGD2 and LTC4/D4 generation, as well as AA release itself, without affecting serotonin release. Therefore, neither AA metabolism nor AA release is necessary for RBL degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Igarashi
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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43
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Kowalski ML, Sliwinska-Kowalska M, Igarashi Y, White MV, Wojciechowska B, Brayton P, Kaulbach H, Rozniecki J, Kaliner MA. Nasal secretions in response to acetylsalicylic acid. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91:580-98. [PMID: 8436774 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90264-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) induces rhinorrhea in a subset of patients with asthma or chronic rhinosinusitis or both and nasal polyps. The underlying mechanism of the reaction is obscure. METHODS To assess the nasal response to ASA challenge, four groups of patients were challenged orally with ASA: group A (10 ASA-sensitive patients); group B (nine patients with nasal polyps and histories of tolerance to ASA); group C (nine ASA-tolerant patients with chronic allergic rhinitis); and group D (eight healthy nonatopic subjects). RESULTS Nasal lavages obtained before and after ASA challenge were assayed for proteins (total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme, albumin) and inflammatory mediators (histamine, prostaglandin D2, and leukotriene C4). ASA challenges induced severe rhinorrhea and congestion and significant increases in mean concentrations of all measured nasal proteins in group A. Histamine and prostaglandin D2 rose, but not significantly. In the two control groups with chronic rhinitis, ASA induced increases in the concentration of proteins and histamine. Leukotriene C4 concentrations were significantly elevated in nasal lavages after ASA challenge in groups A and C only. In group D no symptoms or changes in nasal proteins were observed after aspirin challenge. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that production of lipoxygenase products of arachidonate may induce glandular secretions that may participate in the clinical changes associated with ASA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kowalski
- Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lodz, Poland
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44
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 causes the dose limiting sensation of nasal congestion when administered systematically at doses of 3 micrograms/kg or higher thrice daily to humans. This side effect was observed in a group of patients treated as part of an immunotherapy protocol for cancer management. To determine the source of this congestion, nasal secretions were collected prospectively in a group of patients at baseline and after provocation with normal saline, methacholine (which stimulates glandular secretion), and histamine (which causes increased vascular permeability). Nasal lavages obtained at baseline and after provocation were analyzed for the presence of these glandular and vascular proteins and inflammatory mediators. Washings and provocations were performed before IL-4 administration, after 24 hours of IL-4 treatment, and after 3 days of treatment, at a time when nasal congestion was maximal. Compared with histamine challenge before IL-4 treatment, the secretion of the plasma proteins albumin and IgG were significantly decreased after 3 days of IL-4 treatment. IL-4 treatment had no apparent effect on methacholine-induced responses. Thus systemically administered IL-4 causes the subjective sensation of nasal congestion, increased histamine in nasal lavages, and the development of vascular unresponsiveness to histamine, without affecting parasympathetic responses to histamine. The relationships among increases in nasal lavage histamine, vascular unresponsiveness to histamine, and the sensation of nasal congestion are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Emery
- Louisiana State University, Department of Otolaryngology, Shreveport
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45
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Abstract
Although histamine is the principal mediator of the immediate allergic reaction, other inflammatory mediators as well as neuropeptides also contribute to rhinorrhea and nasal congestion. Within minutes of exposure to allergen, mast cells produce histamine, leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin D2. A concomitant increase occurs in neuropeptides and bradykinin. In vitro mast cell activation also leads to the release of tumor necrosis factor--alpha, several interleukins, and granulocyte-macrophage colony--stimulating factor. Because all these various mediators and neuropeptides may play a role in producing rhinorrhea and congestion, antihistamines alone cannot control all of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. However, the combination of antihistamines with topical corticosteroids can inhibit the generation, release, and activity of most if not all of the mediators potentially involved in the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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46
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Igarashi Y, Lundgren JD, Doerfler ME, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA, White MV. Human neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity (HRA-N) causes the release of serotonin but not arachidonic acid metabolites from rat basophilic leukemia cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89:1085-97. [PMID: 1376734 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90292-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity (HRA-N) on arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is unknown. Human basophils exposed to HRA-N released 25% of total histamine but no leukotriene C4 (LTC4). To confirm this phenomenon, rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells were exposed to HRA-N as well as anti-IgE, or calcium ionophore A23187. RBL cells incubated with A23187 released 44% of available serotonin and 59 and 124 pmol/10(6) cells of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and LTC4, respectively. Anti-IgE stimulation resulted in 34% serotonin release and the generation of 34 pmol PGD2 per 10(6) cells and 72 pmol LTC4 per 10(6) cells. In contrast, HRA-N (2 U/ml) induced 20% serotonin release, 4 pmol PGD2 per 10(6) cells, and 0.6 pmol LTC4 per 10(6) cells. Neither increasing the dose nor the incubation time of HRA-N enhanced the generation of AA metabolite. Additionally, the spectrum of AA metabolites generated by RBL cells in response to those agents was examined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RBL cells stimulated with A23187 released PGD2, LTB4, and its isomers, LTC4, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. In contrast, HRA-N stimulation resulted in only minimal PGD2 generation and no other discernable AA metabolites. Thus, HRA-N causes selective release of serotonin without inducing AA metabolites. These data suggest that HRA-N activates mast cells through a unique pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Arachidonic Acid/analysis
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Basophils/chemistry
- Basophils/drug effects
- Basophils/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Calcimycin/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Histamine Release/drug effects
- Histamine Release/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/metabolism
- Lymphokines/analysis
- Lymphokines/isolation & purification
- Lymphokines/pharmacology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Radioimmunoassay
- Rats
- Serotonin/analysis
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Igarashi
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892
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47
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White MV, Igarashi Y, Emery BE, Lotze MT, Kaliner MA. Effects of in vivo administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4, alone and in combination, on ex vivo human basophil histamine release. Blood 1992; 79:1491-5. [PMID: 1372188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human basophils possess receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. The effect of 3 days of intravenous administration of IL-2 and/or IL-4 on basophil histamine release was examined in three groups of patients receiving IL-2, IL-4, or the combination of agents as part of a protocol to treat malignant melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Because all patients received ranitidine for control of side effects, a control group of patients receiving ranitidine for Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome was also studied. IL-4 significantly inhibited IgE-mediated histamine release, while there was a trend for enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release by IL-2. Administration of the combination of IL-2 and IL-4 did not alter IgE-mediated basophil histamine release. Both IL-2 and IL-4, alone and in combination, enhanced basophil histamine release induced by histamine releasing factors in human nasal washings. The effect of IL-2 alone was significantly greater than that of IL-4 alone or the combination of IL-2 plus IL-4. Taken together, the data suggest that when coadministered, IL-4 may inhibit the effects of IL-2 on basophils. Neither cytokine exerted any effect on basophil histamine release induced by the calcium ionophore A23187, nor did ranitidine cause any effects on histamine release induced by any of the stimulants. Thus, human basophil reactivity can be affected by IL-2 and by IL-4. The role that these two cytokines play in basophil function in vivo is likely to be complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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48
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Abstract
Sixteen patients with allergic rhinitis were recruited into a double-blind crossover protocol studying the immediate effect of nedocromil sodium (NS) on the pattern of nasal symptoms and secretions after allergen challenge. After pretreatment with placebo or NS, allergen challenge resulted in pruritus, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and/or sneezing within 10 minutes in 12 of 16 subjects. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a marker of mast cell degranulation, increased proportionately with symptom scores, remaining above the 95% confidence interval for 120 minutes after both pretreatments. No difference in PGD2 between the NS-treatment and placebo-treatment days was observed. Protein markers extravasated through the vasculature (albumin and IgG) or secreted by mucosal glands (lactoferrin) were assayed. Total protein, albumin, IgG, and lactoferrin all remained greater than 95% confidence interval for 100 minutes after allergen challenge in the placebo-pretreated group and 120 minutes in the NS-pretreated group. Although there appeared to be a trend for lower secretion of PGD2, albumin, and IgG in the NS-treated group, the overall differences did not achieve statistical significance. This protocol revealed that two topical 130 microliter doses of a 1% solution of NS failed to significantly reduce allergen-induced symptoms, PGD2 generation, or secretion of albumin, IgG, or lactoferrin when NS was compared with placebo. The anti-inflammatory and mast cell-stabilizing effects of NS may require more prolonged pretreatment before provocation to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Kaulbach
- Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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49
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White MV, Igarashi Y, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer J, Kaliner M. Hydrocortisone inhibits rat basophilic leukemia cell mediator release induced by neutrophil-derived histamine releasing activity as well as by anti-IgE. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We determined the ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit rat basophilic leukemia cell mediator release induced by anti-IgE and by neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity (HRA-N). Serotonin release induced by HRA-N and anti-IgE was inhibited by 78 +/- 5 and 70 +/- 4%, respectively (IC50 7.5 x 10(-7)M) by hydrocortisone (10(-5)M). HRA-N does not cause arachidonic acid metabolism, however, anti-IgE induced the generation of PGD2 and leukotriene (LT)C4, and the generation of both mediators was inhibited by 10(-5)M hydrocortisone (IC50 = 4.8 x 10(-7)M, and 3.6 x 10(-9)M, respectively). Inhibition required at least 5 to 6 h of hydrocortisone exposure and was maximal after 22 h. The observed effects of hydrocortisone could be reproduced by human recombinant lipocortin-I (5 x 10(-7)M). Hydrocortisone, 10(-5)M, was a less potent inhibitor of calcium ionophore A23187-mediated serotonin release and PGD2 and LTC4 generation (inhibition of 20 +/- 2, 17 +/- 10, and 37 +/- 10%, respectively). Inasmuch as A23187-induced stimulation is not dependent on receptor coupling, the enhanced ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit IgE- and HRA-N-mediated events as compared with A23187 suggests that one possible site of action of hydrocortisone may be interruption of receptor-effector signals. In the presence of arachidonic acid, hydrocortisone-treated cells released as much LTB4 and PGD2 as control cells, however, serotonin release and LTC4 generation were inhibited 50 and 55%, respectively. Thus, these data suggest that hydrocortisone has three possible sites of action: 1) inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity, 2) inhibition of glutathione-s-transferase, and 3) inhibition of serotonin release by a third mechanism, possibly by interrupting the coupling of receptor and effector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Y Igarashi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J D Lundgren
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J Shelhamer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M Kaliner
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
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50
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White MV, Igarashi Y, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer J, Kaliner M. Hydrocortisone inhibits rat basophilic leukemia cell mediator release induced by neutrophil-derived histamine releasing activity as well as by anti-IgE. J Immunol 1991; 147:667-73. [PMID: 1712816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit rat basophilic leukemia cell mediator release induced by anti-IgE and by neutrophil-derived histamine-releasing activity (HRA-N). Serotonin release induced by HRA-N and anti-IgE was inhibited by 78 +/- 5 and 70 +/- 4%, respectively (IC50 7.5 x 10(-7)M) by hydrocortisone (10(-5)M). HRA-N does not cause arachidonic acid metabolism, however, anti-IgE induced the generation of PGD2 and leukotriene (LT)C4, and the generation of both mediators was inhibited by 10(-5)M hydrocortisone (IC50 = 4.8 x 10(-7)M, and 3.6 x 10(-9)M, respectively). Inhibition required at least 5 to 6 h of hydrocortisone exposure and was maximal after 22 h. The observed effects of hydrocortisone could be reproduced by human recombinant lipocortin-I (5 x 10(-7)M). Hydrocortisone, 10(-5)M, was a less potent inhibitor of calcium ionophore A23187-mediated serotonin release and PGD2 and LTC4 generation (inhibition of 20 +/- 2, 17 +/- 10, and 37 +/- 10%, respectively). Inasmuch as A23187-induced stimulation is not dependent on receptor coupling, the enhanced ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit IgE- and HRA-N-mediated events as compared with A23187 suggests that one possible site of action of hydrocortisone may be interruption of receptor-effector signals. In the presence of arachidonic acid, hydrocortisone-treated cells released as much LTB4 and PGD2 as control cells, however, serotonin release and LTC4 generation were inhibited 50 and 55%, respectively. Thus, these data suggest that hydrocortisone has three possible sites of action: 1) inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity, 2) inhibition of glutathione-s-transferase, and 3) inhibition of serotonin release by a third mechanism, possibly by interrupting the coupling of receptor and effector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V White
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Allergic Diseases Section, Bethesda, MD 20892
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