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Smith ML, Gelaye B, Tsai AC, Gradus JL. Mediation of the association between depression and coronary heart disease by metabolic syndrome components. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 92:1-7. [PMID: 38341050 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) via a pathway that may be causal, but the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. We assessed the extent to which metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components (i.e., elevated waist circumference, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting plasma glucose) may mediate this association. METHODS Data were Framingham Heart Study Research Materials obtained from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) representing the total effect (aHRTE) of probable depression, measured via the Centers for Epidemiological Studies - Depression scale, on incident CHD over approximately 18 years. Using inverse odds ratio weighting, we decomposed this estimate into natural direct effects (aHRNDE) and natural indirect effects (aHRNIE) through potential mediators (measured approximately three years after depression). RESULTS Probable depression was associated with incident CHD (aHRTE=1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93, 2.25), and elevated waist circumference partially mediated this association (aHRNDE=1.34, 95% CI: 0.76-2.32; aHRNIE=1.08, 95% CI: 0.63-1.91). We did not find evidence of additional mediation by additional MetS components. CONCLUSIONS Elevated waist circumference appears to play a role in the association between depression and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, United States.
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Harvard Medical School, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Global Health and Mongan Institute, United States
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, United States; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
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van Wyngaardt WM, Bowan AHH, Clark EL, Keevers CMB, Smith ML, Zarifi M, Stopic A. Cross-validation of standardisation techniques at ANSTO using cobalt-60 and learnings from the presence and identification of non-gamma-ray emitting impurities. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 201:111027. [PMID: 37748217 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
To fulfil the technical requirements for accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025, the end-to-end validation of all processes associated with standardising 60Co, including gravimetric source dispensing, primary standardisation by the 4π(LS)β-γ coincidence and live-timed anti-coincidence extrapolation techniques, and impurity determination were performed and documented. Pure-beta-emitting impurities in a 60Co stock solution were identified. The impact of such impurities on measurement by liquid scintillation counting and comparison in the ESIR are discussed. A fresh 60Co source was produced, standardised, and compared using the SIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M van Wyngaardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia.
| | - A H H Bowan
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - E L Clark
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - C M B Keevers
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - M L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - M Zarifi
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - A Stopic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
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3
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Smith ML, Sergi Z, Mignogna KM, Rodriguez NE, Tatom Z, MacLeod L, Choi KB, Philip V, Miles MF. Identification of Genetic and Genomic Influences on Progressive Ethanol Consumption in Diversity Outbred Mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.15.554349. [PMID: 37745421 PMCID: PMC10515943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.554349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using 3-bottle choice intermittent access ethanol (IEA), we have employed the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse panel as a model of alcohol use disorder in a genetically diverse population. Through use of gene expression network analysis techniques, in combination with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, we have completed an extensive analysis of the influence of genetic background on gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This approach revealed that, in DO mice, genes whose expression was significantly disrupted by intermittent ethanol in the PFC also tended to be those whose expression correlated to intake. This finding is in contrast to previous studies of both mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, these analyses identified genes involved in myelination in the PFC as significantly disrupted by IEA, correlated to ethanol intake, and having significant eQTLs. Genes that code for canonical components of the myelin sheath, such as Mbp, also emerged as key drivers of the gene expression response to intermittent ethanol drinking. Several regulators of myelination were also key drivers of gene expression, and had significant QTLs, indicating that genetic background may play an important role in regulation of brain myelination. These findings underscore the importance of disruption of normal myelination in the PFC in response to prolonged ethanol exposure, that genetic variation plays an important role in this response, and that this interaction between genetics and myelin disruption in the presence of ethanol may underlie previously observed behavioral changes under intermittent access ethanol drinking such as escalation of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Mignogna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - N E Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Tatom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - L MacLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K B Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - V Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Matthay EC, Smith ML, Glymour MM, White JS, Gradus JL. Opportunities and challenges in using instrumental variables to study causal effects in nonrandomized stress and trauma research. Psychol Trauma 2023; 15:917-929. [PMID: 36227293 PMCID: PMC10097832 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers are often interested in assessing the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome when randomization is not ethical or feasible. Estimating causal effects by controlling for confounders can be unconvincing because important potential confounders remain unmeasured. Study designs leveraging instrumental variables (IVs) offer alternatives to confounder-control methods but are rarely used in stress and trauma research. METHOD We review the conceptual foundations and implementation of IV methods. We discuss strengths and limitations of IV approaches, contrasting with confounder-control methods, and illustrate the relevance of IVs for stress and trauma research. RESULTS IV approaches leverage an external or exogenous source of variation in the exposure. Instruments are variables that meet three conditions: relevance (variation in the IV is associated with variation in the chance of exposure), exclusion (the IV only affects the outcome through the exposure), and exchangeability (no unmeasured confounding of the IV-outcome relationship). Interpreting estimates from IV analyses requires an additional assumption, such as monotonicity (the instrument does not change the chance of exposure in different directions for any two individuals). Valid IVs circumvent the need to correctly identify, measure, and control for all confounders of the exposure-outcome relationship. The primary challenge is identifying a valid instrument. CONCLUSIONS IV approaches have strengths and weaknesses compared with confounder-control approaches. IVs offers a promising complementary study design to improve evidence about the causal effects of exposures on outcomes relevant to stress and trauma. Collaboration with scientists who are experienced with identifying and analyzing IVs will support this work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellicott C Matthay
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Justin S White
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
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Smith ML, Seegulam V, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Galea S, Lash TL, Rosellini AJ, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL. Risk of psychopathology following traumatic events among immigrants and native-born persons in Denmark. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1305-1316. [PMID: 36449069 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immigrants may have increased risk of mental disorders compared with native-born persons. We aimed to expand the limited research on immigrants' posttraumatic psychopathology related to traumatic experiences in their country of resettlement. METHODS We obtained data from a cohort of Danish residents with ≥ 1 traumatic event recorded in health and administrative national registries during 1994-2016. We calculated risks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance use disorders (SUD) within 5 years post-trauma among native-born Danes and immigrants who had been in Denmark for ≥ 10 years at the time of their index trauma (including immigrants overall and immigrants from specific regions). Risks were compared via age- and sex-standardized risk ratios (SRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We restricted to persons with no record of the disorder under investigation in the 10 years pre-trauma, and stratified by non-interpersonal (e.g., transport accidents) versus interpersonal trauma (e.g., assaults). RESULTS Following non-interpersonal trauma, immigrants were more likely than native-born Danes to be diagnosed with PTSD (SRR = 5.2, 95% CI 4.6, 5.9), about as likely to be diagnosed with depression (SRR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.92, 1.1), and less likely to be diagnosed with SUD (SRR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.82, 0.95). Results were similar following interpersonal trauma, except the SRR for PTSD was reduced in magnitude (SRR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.7, 5.4). There were differences by region of birth. CONCLUSION Immigrants to Denmark have higher risk of PTSD following traumatic experiences than do native-born Danes, possibly due to the combined influence of adverse pre-, peri-, and/or post-migration experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijaya Seegulam
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony J Rosellini
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- National Center for PTSD Executive Division, White River Junction, VT, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Elser H, Horváth-Puhó E, Gradus JL, Smith ML, Lash TL, Glymour MM, Sørensen HT, Henderson VW. Association of Early-, Middle-, and Late-Life Depression With Incident Dementia in a Danish Cohort. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:949-958. [PMID: 37486689 PMCID: PMC10366950 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance Late-life depressive symptoms are associated with subsequent dementia diagnosis and may be an early symptom or response to preclinical disease. Evaluating associations with early- and middle-life depression will help clarify whether depression influences dementia risk. Objective To examine associations of early-, middle-, and late-life depression with incident dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a nationwide, population-based, cohort study conducted from April 2020 to March 2023. Participants included Danish citizens from the general population with depression diagnoses who were matched by sex and birth year to individuals with no depression diagnosis. Participants were followed up from 1977 to 2018. Excluded from analyses were individuals followed for less than 1 year, those younger than 18 years, or those with baseline dementia. Exposure Depression was defined using diagnostic codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) within the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) and Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR). Main Outcomes and Measure Incident dementia was defined using ICD diagnostic codes within the DPCRR and DNPR. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine associations between depression and dementia adjusting for education, income, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, anxiety disorders, stress disorders, substance use disorders, and bipolar disorder. Analyses were stratified by age at depression diagnosis, years since index date, and sex. Results There were 246 499 individuals (median [IQR] age, 50.8 [34.7-70.7] years; 159 421 women [64.7%]) with diagnosed depression and 1 190 302 individuals (median [IQR] age, 50.4 [34.6-70.0] years; 768 876 women [64.6%]) without depression. Approximately two-thirds of those diagnosed with depression were diagnosed before the age of 60 years (684 974 [67.7%]). The hazard of dementia among those diagnosed with depression was 2.41 times that of the comparison cohort (95% CI, 2.35-2.47). This association persisted when the time elapsed from the index date was longer than 20 to 39 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% CI, 1.58-2.04) and among those diagnosed with depression in early, middle, or late life (18-44 years: HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.64-3.58; 45-59 years: HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.75-3.17; ≥60 years: HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 2.25-2.38). The overall HR was greater for men (HR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.84-3.12) than for women (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 2.15-2.27). Conclusions and Relevance Results suggest that the risk of dementia was more than doubled for both men and women with diagnosed depression. The persistent association between dementia and depression diagnosed in early and middle life suggests that depression may increase dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Elser
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L. Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M. Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Victor W. Henderson
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Gradus JL, Smith ML, Szentkúti P, Rosellini AJ, Horváth-Puhó E, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sumner JA, Sørensen HT. Antihypertensive Medications and PTSD Incidence in a Trauma Cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:22m14767. [PMID: 37530605 PMCID: PMC10545136 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.22m14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Antihypertensive medications have been examined as agents for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevention in trauma-exposed individuals, given well-documented associations between PTSD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and purported trauma-relevant mechanisms of action for these medications. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of such drugs for this purpose remains mixed. Methods: We conducted a national population-based cohort study using data from Danish national registries to assess whether 4 classes of antihypertensive drugs (beta-adrenoceptor blockers [beta blockers], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers) were associated with a decreased incidence of PTSD (diagnosed according to ICD-10) over a 22-year study period. Data for this study originated from a population-based cohort of over 1.4 million persons who experienced a traumatic event between 1994 and 2016 in Denmark. We calculated the incidence rate of PTSD per 100,000 person-years among persons who filled a prescription for each class of drug in the 60 days prior to a traumatic event and for corresponding unexposed comparison groups. We then used Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the rate of PTSD among persons who filled an antihypertensive medication prescription within 60 days before their trauma to the rate among persons who did not. Results: We found evidence that calcium channel blockers were associated with a decreased incidence of PTSD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34, 1.2); all other antihypertensive medication classes had null or near null associations. Conclusions: These findings lay a foundation for additional research focusing on antihypertensive medications that appear most effective in reducing PTSD incidence following trauma and for additional replication work aimed at continuing to clarify the disparate findings reported in the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
- Corresponding Author: Jaimie L. Gradus, DMSc, DSc, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St T317E, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J Rosellini
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | | | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Smith ML, Heeren TC, Ranker LR, Fredman L. Associations of spousal and non-spousal caregiving with six-year trajectories of depressive symptoms among older women in the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures study. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1533-1540. [PMID: 34353186 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1950611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:Caregiving and becoming widowed are risk factors for depression in older adults, but few studies have examined their combined effect on depressive symptom trajectories. In a cohort of older women (mean age = 80.7 years) from the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, we used latent class growth curve modeling to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms over approximately six years.Method:We used multinomial logistic regression to assess the relative odds of four depressive symptom trajectories (consistently low, consistently moderate, moderate/increasing, and consistently high), among three groups: spousal caregivers (n = 149), non-spousal caregivers (n = 157), and non-caregivers (n = 422). We also repeated this analysis with combined caregiving status and widowhood as the exposure.Results:Compared to non-caregivers, spousal caregivers had greater relative odds of consistently high versus consistently low depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9, 6.5). Non-spousal caregivers did not differ from non-caregivers in depressive trajectories. Compared to non-caregivers who did not become widowed, both widowed and non-widowed spousal caregivers had greater relative odds of consistently high versus consistently low depressive symptoms (aOR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.9, 12.7 and aOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 6.0, respectively). Non-widowed spousal caregivers, but not widowed spousal caregivers, had a non-statistically-significant trend toward increased relative odds of moderate/increasing depressive symptoms (aOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7, 3.4).Conclusion:Spousal caregiving and widowhood, but not non-spousal caregiving, are associated with trajectories reflecting greater depressive symptoms over time. Informal caregiving is common among older women, and women caring for spouses should be monitored for depression, both during caregiving and after spousal loss.Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1950611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynsie R Ranker
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Fredman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Gradus JL, Rosellini AJ, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Smith ML, Galatzer-Levy I, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT. Using Danish national registry data to understand psychopathology following potentially traumatic experiences. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:619-630. [PMID: 35084778 PMCID: PMC9035023 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on posttraumatic psychopathology has focused primarily on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); other posttraumatic psychiatric diagnoses are less well documented. The present study aimed to (a) develop a methodology to derive a cohort of individuals who experienced potentially traumatic events (PTEs) from registry-based data and (b) examine the risk of psychopathology within 5 years of experiencing a PTE. Using data from Danish national registries, we created a cohort of individuals with no age restrictions (range: 0-108 years) who experienced at least one of eight possible PTEs between 1994 and 2016 (N = 1,406,637). We calculated the 5-year incidence of nine categories of ICD-10 psychiatric disorders among this cohort and examined standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) comparing the incidence of psychopathology in this group to the incidence in a nontraumatic stressor cohort (i.e., nonsuicide death of a relative; n = 423,270). Stress disorders (2.5%), substance use disorders (4.1%), and depressive disorders (3.0%) were the most common diagnoses following PTEs. Overall, the SMRs for the associations between any PTE and psychopathology varied from 1.9, 95% CI [1.9, 2.0], for stress disorders to 5.2, 95% CI [5.1. 5.3], for personality disorders. All PTEs except pregnancy-related trauma were associated with all forms of psychopathology. Associations were consistent regardless of whether a stress disorder was present. Traumatic experiences have a broad impact on psychiatric health. The present findings demonstrate one approach to capturing trauma exposure in medical record registry data. Increased traumatic experience characterization across studies will help improve the field's understanding of posttraumatic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L. Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J. Rosellini
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Meghan L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac Galatzer-Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula P. Schnurr
- National Center for PTSD Executive Division, White River Junction, Vermont, USA,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Henrik T. Sørensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Gradus JL, Rosellini AJ, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Smith ML, Galatzer-Levy I, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT. Pre-trauma predictors of severe psychiatric comorbidity 5 years following traumatic experiences. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:1593-1603. [PMID: 35179599 PMCID: PMC9799210 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minority of persons who have traumatic experiences go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), leading to interest in who is at risk for psychopathology after these experiences. Complicating this effort is the observation that post-traumatic psychopathology is heterogeneous. The goal of this nested case-control study was to identify pre-trauma predictors of severe post-traumatic psychiatric comorbidity, using data from Danish registries. METHODS The source population for this study was the population of Denmark from 1994 through 2016. Cases had received three or more psychiatric diagnoses (across all ICD-10 categories) within 5 years of a traumatic experience (n = 20 361); controls were sampled from the parent cohort using risk-set sampling (n = 81 444). Analyses were repeated in samples stratified by pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses. We used machine learning methods (classification and regression trees and random forest) to determine the important predictors of severe post-trauma psychiatric comorbidity from among hundreds of pre-trauma predictor variables spanning demographic and social variables, psychiatric and somatic diagnoses and filled medication prescriptions. RESULTS In the full sample, pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses (e.g. stress disorders, alcohol-related disorders, personality disorders) were the most important predictors of severe post-trauma psychiatric comorbidity. Among persons with no pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses, demographic and social variables (e.g. marital status), type of trauma, medications used primarily to treat psychiatric symptomatology, anti-inflammatory medications and gastrointestinal distress were important to prediction. Results among persons with pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses were consistent with the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS This study builds on the understanding of pre-trauma factors that predict psychopathology following traumatic experiences, by examining a broad range of predictors of post-trauma psychopathology and comorbidity beyond PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L Gradus
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, T318E, Boston, MA 02118, USA. E-mail:
| | - Anthony J Rosellini
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Galatzer-Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, VT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Jiang T, Smith ML, Street AE, Seegulam VL, Sampson L, Murray EJ, Fox MP, Gradus JL. A comorbid mental disorder paradox: Using causal diagrams to understand associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide. Psychol Trauma 2021; 13:725-729. [PMID: 34723565 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although some studies document that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases suicide risk, other studies have produced the paradoxical finding that PTSD decreases suicide risk. We sought to understand methodologic biases that may explain these paradoxical findings through the use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). METHOD DAGs are causal diagrams that visually encode a researcher's assumptions about data generating mechanisms and assumed causal relations among variables. DAGs can connect theories to data and guide statistical choices made in study design and analysis. In this article, we describe DAGs and explain how they can be used to identify biases that may arise from inappropriate analytic decisions and data limitations. RESULTS We define a particular form of bias, collider bias, that is a likely explanation for why studies have found a supposedly protective association of PTSD with suicide. This protective association is interpreted by some researchers as evidence that PTSD reduces the risk of suicide. Collider bias may occur through inappropriate adjustment for a psychiatric comorbidity, such as adjustment for variables that are affected by PTSD and share common causes with suicide. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that researchers collect longitudinal measurements of psychiatric comorbidities, which would help establish the temporal ordering of variables and avoid the biases discussed in this article. Furthermore, researchers could use DAGs to explore how results may be impacted by design and analytic decisions prior to execution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Amy E Street
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Vijaya L Seegulam
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Eleanor J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Matthew P Fox
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
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12
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Heranudin, Smith ML, van Wyngaardt WM, Guatelli S, Li E, Rosenfeld A. Characterisation of a well-type NaI(Tl) detector by means of a Monte Carlo simulation for radionuclide metrology application. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109889. [PMID: 34375816 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A well-type NaI(Tl) detector was modelled and characterised by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, as part of a project to develop a 4πβ (Plastic Scintillator)-4πγ instrument to be used for the primary standardisation of radionuclides at ANSTO. The simulation based on GEANT4 was used to characterise the 4πγ detector in terms of potential dead layer/inactive materials, full energy peak efficiency, coincidence-summing correction, and energy resolution. An excellent agreement was obtained between the simulation results and the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heranudin
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia; National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, Tangerang, Indonesia.
| | - M L Smith
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia
| | - W M van Wyngaardt
- Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia
| | - S Guatelli
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - E Li
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - A Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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13
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Harlow AF, Willis SK, Smith ML, Rothman EF. Bystander Prevention for Sexual Violence: #HowIWillChange and Gaps in Twitter Discourse. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP5753-NP5771. [PMID: 30379107 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518808854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Twitter has rapidly gained popularity as a space for the public to discuss sexual violence (SV) prevention due to a number of high-profile SV cases. This study aimed to examine Twitter discourse on SV prevention through the hashtag #HowIWillChange, which encouraged Twitter users to come forward and report plans to engage in bystander prevention. We analyzed 1,493 #HowIWillChange tweets from October 2017 through a directed content analysis approach rooted in an evidence-based framework for the continuum of bystander intervention. We assessed emergent themes around how Twitter users discuss SV to identify gaps and misinformation in public Twitter discourse. Although Twitter users discussed a range of prevention strategies, misinformation was also spread, including perpetuation of the myth that only strangers commit rape, that only male children need lessons on consent, and that SV prevention vilifies men. These results can inform health promotion programs aiming to educate the public on bystander prevention.
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14
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Rosellini AJ, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Smith ML, Galatzer-Levy I, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL. Latent classes of posttraumatic psychiatric comorbidity in the general population. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:334-342. [PMID: 33636689 PMCID: PMC8485142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some narrow patterns of posttraumatic psychiatric comorbidity are well-established (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use). However, broad multi-diagnosis profiles of posttraumatic comorbidity are poorly characterized. The goal of the current study was to use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify profiles of posttraumatic psychopathology from 11 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic categories (e.g., stress, substance, depressive, psychosis, personality). Danish national registries were used to identify 166,539 individuals (median age = 41 years, range = <1 to >100) who experienced a traumatic event between 1994 and 2016 and were diagnosed with one or more mental disorders within 5 years. Two through 14-class LCA solutions were evaluated. A 13-class solution (a) provided the best fit, with the Bayes and Akaike Information Criteria reaching a minimum, (b) was broadly consistent with prior LCA studies, and (c) included several novel classes reflecting differential patterns of posttraumatic psychopathology. Three classes were characterized by high comorbidity: broad high comorbidity (M # diagnoses = 4.3), depression with stress/substance use/personality/neurotic disorders (M# diagnoses = 3.8), and substance use with personality/stress/psychotic disorders (M # diagnoses = 3.1). The other 10 classes were characterized by distinct patterns of mild comorbidity or negligible comorbidity. Compared to the mild and negligible comorbidity classes, individuals in high comorbidity classes were younger, had lower income, and had more pre-event psychiatric disorders. Results suggest that several different comorbidity patterns should be assessed when studying and treating posttraumatic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rosellini
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- National Center for PTSD Executive Division, White River Junction, VT, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Smith ML, Farkas DK, Sumner JA, Valdimarsdóttir U, Lash TL, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL. Unspecified stress disorders and risk of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease in the Danish population. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:712-716. [PMID: 33445098 PMCID: PMC7889626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whether non-specific stress-related psychopathology also increases risk is less well known. METHODS In a cohort of adult Danish-born residents of Denmark with an incident diagnosis of unspecified reaction to severe stress ("unspecified stress reaction") between 1995 and 2011 (N = 24,534), we assessed incidence of seven arterial and venous cardiovascular events/conditions between 1996 and 2013. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) comparing incidence of each outcome among the cohort to expected incidence based on sex-, age-, and calendar-time-specific national rates. We conducted stratified analyses by demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and length of follow-up time. RESULTS Incidence over the study period ranged from 1.1% for provoked VTE to 5.7% for stroke, adjusting for competing risk of death. Unspecified stress reaction was associated with all outcomes (SIRs ranging from 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.4 for atrial fibrillation/flutter to 1.9, 95% CI: 1.7-2.2 for unprovoked VTE and 1.9, 95% CI: 1.6-2.3 for provoked VTE). Associations persisted, but were attenuated, when restricting to persons without alcohol use disorder and to persons without physical health comorbidities. LIMITATIONS Unspecified stress reaction has less precise criteria than other stress-related diagnoses, and we could not adjust for some potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Our results augment literature on stress disorders and cardiovascular disease by highlighting the additional importance of unspecified stress disorders. Further research on this diagnostic category, which may represent subsyndromal psychopathology, is warranted. These findings support considering persons with non-specific stress-related psychopathology in treatment and tertiary prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L. Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Kung L, Savage RM, da Silva EB, Polukis SA, Smith ML, Johnson ACB, Miller MA. The effects of air stress during storage and low packing density on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4206-4222. [PMID: 33612226 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We determined if a microbial inoculant could improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage subjected to various challenges during storage that included an air stress challenge and low packing density. In Experiment 1, whole-plant corn was untreated (CTR) or treated (INO, Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 12455. Five individually replicated 7.5-L silos, at a density of 240 kg of dry matter (DM)/m3, for each treatment were kept sealed (NAS) for 19 wk, air stressed early (ES, 3 h/wk for wk 1-9), or air stressed late during storage (LS, 3 h/wk for wk 10-19). Inoculation increased the number of agar-culturable lactic acid bacteria regardless of air stress status, but it did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Early, but not late air stress, resulted in silages with a higher relative abundance of Acetobacter when compared with NAS. Silages treated with INO had greater concentrations of acetic acid than CTR. Numbers of yeasts were lowest for INO regardless of air stress and CTR-LS had the most yeasts among all treatments. Silages that were not air stressed had a higher relative abundance of Candida tropicalis than air stressed silages. Monascus purpureus was detected in ES and LS but not in NAS, and its relative abundance was numerically higher in CTR-ES than in INO-ES and statistically higher in CTR-LS compared with INO-LS. Early air stress numerically reduced aerobic stability compared with NAS, and there was a statistical tendency for lower stability in LS compared with NAS. Inoculation improved aerobic stability regardless of when the air stress occurred. In Experiment 2, corn silage was prepared with the same primary treatments of CTR and INO but was packed at a low (LD; 180 kg of DM/m3) or a normal (ND; 240 kg of DM/m3) density and sealed (NAS) or air stressed (AS; 24 h on d 28, 42, and 89) for 92 d of storage. The concentration of acetic acid was greater in INO compared with CTR and in AS compared with NAS. Numbers of yeasts were lower in NAS compared with AS regardless of inoculation and they were lower in INO-AS compared with CTR-AS. Treatment with INO improved aerobic stability but the improvement was better in NAS versus AS and better in ND versus LD. Overall, our experiments corroborate past findings showing that INO markedly improves the aerobic stability of corn silage but they are the first to show that improvement can be sustained even when the silage was exposed to regular air stresses and when packed at a low density.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
| | - R M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - E B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - S A Polukis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - A C B Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - M A Miller
- Phaseolus Consulting, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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17
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Bergeron CD, John JM, Sribhashyam M, Odonkor G, Oloruntoba O, Merianos AL, Horel S, Smith ML. County-Level Characteristics Driving Malnutrition Death Rates among Older Adults in Texas. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:862-868. [PMID: 34409963 PMCID: PMC8013203 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify older adult malnutrition in Texas, examine county-level characteristics associated with crude malnutrition death rates, and describe assets and opportunities available to address and improve malnutrition among the older population. DESIGN Secondary data analysis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's WONDER online database, the U.S. Census 2014-2018 American Community Survey, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Access Research Atlas data. SETTING All 254 counties in the state of Texas. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 65 years and older. MEASUREMENT The dependent variable was the proportion of county-level malnutrition crude death rates. Independent variables included Health Provider Shortage Area designations, rurality, poverty status, food access, age, race, ethnicity, and education. RESULTS The overall malnutrition crude death rate in Texas was 65.6 deaths per 100,000 older Texans, ranging from 0 to 414.46 deaths per 100,000 depending on the county. Higher malnutrition crude death rates were associated with non-metropolitan counties (P=0.018), lower education (P=0.047), greater household poverty (P=0.010), and low food access (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Socioeconomic disadvantages at the county-level appear to be one of the root causes of malnutrition crude death rates in Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bergeron
- Matthew Lee Smith, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA,
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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19
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da Silva EB, Smith ML, Savage RM, Polukis SA, Drouin P, Kung L. Effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 4785 and Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the bacterial community, fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1481-1493. [PMID: 33040472 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on modifying the bacterial community and improving fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC). METHODS AND RESULTS High-moisture corn was untreated (CTR), treated with L. hilgardii (LH) or L. buchneri (LB) at 600 000 CFU per gram fresh weight, or with L. hilgardii and L. buchneri at 300 000 CFU per gram fresh weight each (LHLB), and stored for 10, 30 or 92 days. Compared to CTR, inoculated silages had higher Lactobacillaceae relative abundance, lower yeasts numbers and higher aerobic stability. Treatment with LHLB resulted in a higher acetic acid concentration than LH and higher 1,2 propanediol concentration than LB, such differences were numerically greater at 10 and 30 days but statistically greater at 92 days. At 10 days, all inoculated silages were more stable than CTR, but LHLB was even more stable than LB or LH. CONCLUSIONS The combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri had a synergistic effect on yeast inhibition, leading to greater improvements in aerobic stability as early as 10 days after ensiling. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus hilgardii, especially in combination with L. buchneri, can improve the aerobic stability of HMC after a very short period of ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S A Polukis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Specialties Inc, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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20
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Fredman L, Ranker LR, Strunin L, Smith ML, Applebaum KM. Caregiving Intensity and Mortality in Older Women, Accounting for Time-Varying and Lagged Caregiver Status: The Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Study. Gerontologist 2020; 59:e461-e469. [PMID: 30649308 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Caregiving is associated with reduced mortality in recent studies. Investigations of caregiving intensity may reveal an underlying mechanism. However, studies of caregiving intensity and mortality have mixed results, perhaps due to imprecise measurement of caregiving intensity, not accounting for healthier persons likely having greater caregiving involvement, or temporal changes in intensity. We examined the relationship between caregiving intensity (based on tasks performed) and mortality, treating intensity and health status as time-varying, and lagging exposure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Caregiving tasks among 1,069 women in the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures study (35% caregivers) were assessed at 5 interviews conducted between 1999 and 2009. Caregivers were categorized as high intensity if they assisted a person with dressing, transferring, bathing, or toileting; or as low intensity if they assisted with other instrumental or basic activities of daily living (I/ADLs). Alternatively, high intensity was defined as assisting with more than the median number of I/ADL tasks (median-based measure). Mortality was assessed through 2011. Cox proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals based on concurrent intensity, and lagging exposure 2 years. RESULTS High-intensity caregivers had significantly lower mortality using the median-based measure after lagging exposure (aHR = 0.55, 0.34-0.89). Similar, but not statistically significant associations were observed in non-lagged analyses (aHR = 0.54, 0.29-1.04) and task-specific intensity (aHRs were 0.61 and 0.51). Low-intensity caregivers had similar mortality rates to noncaregivers in all analyses. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Among older women, high-intensity caregivers had lower mortality rates than noncaregivers. Whether this association extends to other populations merits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fredman
- Departments of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Lynsie R Ranker
- Departments of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Lee Strunin
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan L Smith
- Departments of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Katie M Applebaum
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington
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21
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Smith ML, Kakuhikire B, Baguma C, Rasmussen JD, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC. Do household asset wealth measurements depend on who is surveyed? Asset reporting concordance within multi-adult households in rural Uganda. J Glob Health 2020; 10:010412. [PMID: 32373331 PMCID: PMC7183212 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In resource-limited settings, the Filmer & Pritchett asset index is frequently used to measure household economic status. Little is known about how its validity is affected by differential reporting or recall within households. METHODS As part of a whole-population survey in a rural region of southwestern Uganda, we elicited household asset information from married dyads (404 men and 404 matched women) residing within the same households. We assessed the extent to which the asset index yielded differing measures of relative household wealth, depending on whether the husband's or wife's survey data were used in its calculation. To estimate agreement, we used Cohen's κ for binary and categorical variables, and Cronbach's α for continuous variables. We also assessed the extent to which asset wealth quintiles assigned based on husbands' vs wives' reporting were concordant, and whether discordance was related to demographic characteristics. RESULTS For most individual assets, agreement ranged from moderate to very good. Asset index scores based on husbands' vs wives' reporting were positively correlated (Pearson r = 0.85). Corresponding wealth quintiles were moderately concordant (weighted κ = 0.65); 171 households (43%) differed by one or more quintiles when the husbands' vs wives' reporting was used, and 43 (11%) differed by two or more quintiles. Concordance in asset wealth quintile could not be explained by joint educational attainment, age, or age difference. CONCLUSIONS There is significant intra-household variability in household asset reporting that can materially affect how households are classified on a widely used measure of relative household asset wealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Charles Baguma
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - David R Bangsberg
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Smith ML, Farkas DK, Sumner JA, Jiang T, Lash TL, Galea S, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL. Associations between adjustment disorder and hospital-based infections in the Danish population. J Psychosom Res 2020; 132:109976. [PMID: 32142971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is some evidence that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased risk of infections, and it is unknown whether adjustment disorder is as well. We assessed the association between adjustment disorder and subsequent infections, and assessed additive interaction with sex. METHODS The study population included a nationwide cohort of all Danish-born residents of Denmark diagnosed with adjustment disorder between 1995 and 2011, and an age- and sex-matched general population comparison cohort. We compared rates of infections requiring inpatient or outpatient hospitalization in the two cohorts. We fit Cox proportional hazards models to compute adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for the associations between adjustment disorder and 32 types of infections, and calculated interaction contrasts to assess interaction between adjustment disorder and sex. RESULTS Adjustment disorder was associated with increased rates of infections overall (n = 19,838 infections, aHR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.8. 1.9), and increased rates of each individual infection type (aHRs for 30 infections ranged from 1.5 to 2.3), adjusting for baseline psychiatric and somatic comorbidities and marital status. For many infection types (e.g., skin infections, pneumonia), interaction contrasts indicated rate differences were greater among men than women, while for two (urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections), rate differences were greater for women. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with studies examining the relationship between psychological stress and infections, and between PTSD and infections. They may be explained by a combination of the triggering of unhealthy behaviors as well as immune responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tammy Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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van Wyngaardt WM, Tobin SM, Lee S, Smith ML, Jackson TW, Ilter J, Howe B, Sarbutt A. Primary standardisation of technetium-99m by liquid scintillation coincidence counting. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 156:108935. [PMID: 31675614 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-99m was standardised by the 4π(LS)ce-γ coincidence extrapolation method. Sensitivity of the 4π(LS) channel to two types of radiation, namely conversion electrons and γ-rays, resulted in incorrect activity values being obtained when this was not adequately accounted for. Measurements were more robust when the LS detection efficiency was optimised, and when a γ-window setting was used that monitored the combined LS efficiency for conversion electrons and γ-rays. The primary standard was internationally compared through participation in the BIPM.RI(II)-K4.Tc99m key comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M van Wyngaardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia.
| | - S M Tobin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - S Lee
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - M L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - T W Jackson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - J Ilter
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - B Howe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - A Sarbutt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
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24
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Smith ML, Heeren TC, Ranker LR, Fredman L. Assessing the Role of Selection Bias in the Protective Relationship Between Caregiving and Mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1961-1969. [PMID: 31429867 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caregivers have lower mortality rates than noncaregivers in population-based studies, which contradicts the caregiver-stress model and raises speculation about selection bias influencing these findings. We examined possible selection bias due to 1) sampling decisions and 2) selective participation among women (baseline mean age = 79 years) in the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (Caregiver-SOF) (1999-2009), an ancillary study to the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). Caregiver-SOF includes 1,069 SOF participants (35% caregivers) from 4 US geographical areas (Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania; and Portland, Oregon). Participants were identified by screening all SOF participants for caregiver status (1997-1999; n = 4,036; 23% caregivers) and rescreening a subset of caregivers and noncaregivers matched on sociodemographic factors 1-2 years later. Adjusted hazard ratios related caregiving to 10-year mortality in all women initially screened, subsamples representing key points in constructing Caregiver-SOF, and Caregiver-SOF. Caregivers had better functioning than noncaregivers at each screening. The association between caregiving and mortality among women invited to participate in Caregiver-SOF (41% died; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61, 0.88) was slightly more protective than that in all initially screened women (37% died; aHR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.95), indicating little evidence of selection bias due to sampling decisions, and was similar to that in Caregiver-SOF (39% died; aHR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.89), indicating no participation bias. These results add to a body of evidence that informal caregiving may impart health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynsie R Ranker
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Fredman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Smith ML, Kakuhikire B, Baguma C, Rasmussen JD, Perkins JM, Cooper-Vince C, Venkataramani AS, Ashaba S, Bangsberg DR, Tsai AC. Relative wealth, subjective social status, and their associations with depression: Cross-sectional, population-based study in rural Uganda. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100448. [PMID: 31338411 PMCID: PMC6626875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and has been found to be a consistent correlate of socioeconomic status (SES). The relative deprivation hypothesis proposes that one mechanism linking SES to health involves social comparisons, suggesting that relative SES rather than absolute SES is of primary importance in determining health status. Using data from a whole-population sample of 1,620 participants residing in rural southwestern Uganda, we estimated the independent associations between objective and subjective relative wealth and probable depression, as measured by the depression subscale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCLD). Objective relative wealth was measured by an asset index based on information about housing characteristics and household possessions, which was used to rank study participants into quintiles (within each village) of relative household asset wealth. Subjective relative wealth was measured by a single question asking participants to rate their wealth, on a 5-point Likert scale, relative to others in their village. Within the population, 460 study participants (28.4%) screened positive for probable depression. Using Poisson regression with cluster-robust error variance, we found that subjective relative wealth was associated with probable depression, adjusting for objective relative wealth and other covariates (adjusted relative risk [aRR] comparing lowest vs. highest level of subjective relative wealth = 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18, 3.06). Objective relative wealth was not associated with probable depression (aRR comparing lowest vs. highest quintile of objective relative wealth = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.55). These results suggest that, in this context, subjective relative wealth is a stronger correlate of mental health status compared with objective relative wealth. Our findings are potentially consistent with the relative deprivation hypothesis, but more research is needed to explain how relative differences in wealth are (accurately or inaccurately) perceived and to elucidate the implications of these perceptions for health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Charles Baguma
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David R. Bangsberg
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Nawani H, Smith ML, Wheeler AL, Widjaja E. Functional Connectivity Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Focal Epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1213-1220. [PMID: 31221633 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although functional connectivity has been linked to cognitive function in epilepsy, its relationship with physical, psychological, or social dysfunction is unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationship between network architecture from resting-state fMRI and health-related quality of life in children with medically intractable focal epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-seven children with nonlesional focal epilepsy were included; 22 had frontal lobe epilepsy and 15 had temporal lobe epilepsy. We computed graph metrics of functional connectivity, including network segregation (clustering coefficient and modularity) and integration (characteristic path length and participation coefficient). Health-related quality of life was measured using the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy questionnaire. We examined the associations between graph metrics and the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy total and domains scores, with age, sex, age at seizure onset, fMRI motion, and network density as covariates. RESULTS There was a negative relationship between the clustering coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(40) = -2.0; P = .04] and social function [t(40) = -2.9; P = .005]. There was a positive association between the mean participation coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(40) = 2.2; P = .03] and cognition [t(40) = 3.8; P = .0004]. In temporal lobe epilepsy, there was a negative relationship between the clustering coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(8) = -2.8; P = .02] and social function [t(8) = -3.6; P = .0075] and between modularity and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(8) = -2.5; P = .04] and social function [t(8) = -4.4; P = .0021]. In frontal lobe epilepsy, there was no association between network segregation and integration and Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy total or domain scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that there are other higher order brain functions beyond cognition, which may be linked with functional connectivity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nawani
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.)
| | - M L Smith
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.).,Departments of Psychology (M.L.S.)
| | - A L Wheeler
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.) .,Physiology (A.L.W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Widjaja
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.).,Diagnostic Imaging (E.W.).,Division of Neurology (E.W.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Vollmer Dahlke DJ, Smith ML, Han G, Ory MG, Cohen E. Abstract P6-14-03: Metastatic breast cancer alliance's patient education and access to trials: Perceptions and actions. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p6-14-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Those living with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have distinct and shifting concerns in regard to education and decision making in considering clinical trials as a treatment option. Clinical trials designs, are becoming increasingly complex, and many patients have concerns for biomarker requirements Aims/Research Questions
· What is the status of MBCA advocacy members' and partners' digital information, education and access to metastatic breast cancer trials?
· What plans do MBCA members/partners have for the next 6-18 months to educate and inform their constituents for the 2018 rollout of BreastCancerTrials.org's (BCT)Metastatic Trial Search (MTS) and Metastatic Trial Talk (MTT) and other trial matching systems?
· What are the top 5 barriers regarding trial enrollment?
· What are best practices for MBC trial education?
Research Methodology and Design
A comprehensive analysis was conducted comprising both secondary and primary research to inform these specific aims. Secondary research was conducted using previous capture of MBCA online digital resources and strengthened to include additional research on MBCA members and partners online resources including pages specifically devoted to clinical trials and metastatic clinical trials.
Mixed methods approaches include:
1) An assessment of MBCA members' and partners' digital media presence regarding MBC trials using a standardized form and rating system, and an analysis of MBCA members 2017 use of MTS using BCT secondary data;
2) Structured, recorded interviews with selected MBCA members/ partners, sharing the results of the assessments and querying them regarding their future plans and perceived barriers; and
3) Mixed methods analyses of the interview recordings using DeDoose to assess and articulate key trends and perceptions.
Statistical Methods
Simple frequency percentages and means were used in the assessment rankings of the MBCA members. DeDoose was used to provide mixed method analyses of the MBCA member and partner interviews. Results
Analysis of the MBCA members and partners websites and digital media showed that, increasingly, both groups use the full variety of digital media to educate their constituents regarding MBC clinical trials. The 13 MBCA advocacy members providing online access to BreastCancerTrials' MTS in 2017 provided 97% of the traffic to the MTS trial matching service. System types accessing the MTS widget were 57.3% desktops, 28.6% mobile devices and 14% tablets. Table 1 shows assessment totals of 5 categories of the 13 MBCA advocacy group members' websites using MTS as compared to the 19 MBCA members not using the widget. Table 2 shows the 2017 usage of BCT's MTS with 97% of the page views coming from MBCA members.
Table 1.Assessment Ratings of MBCA Advocacy Partners on Metastatic Trial Education/AccessAwareness of Trials (e.g. explains trial Phases)Knowledge SharingInterest in Metastatic Breast CancerAction Potential for clinical trial access or enrollmentTotal (0-100)13 MBCA Advocate Members with MTS widget22.1523.0024.3124.1593.6219 MBCA Members without MTS widget13.2113.9513.5311.9552.16
Table 2.2017 Use Of Metastatic Trial SearchBCT's Metastatic Trial Search (MTS) Results2017Annual Page views33,360Unique Sessions14,295Show Trials8,100Show Trials by month675Average Time on Site (minutes)3:34Total Engagement Events5,006
Citation Format: Vollmer Dahlke DJ, Smith ML, Han G, Ory MG, Cohen E. Metastatic breast cancer alliance's patient education and access to trials: Perceptions and actions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- DJ Vollmer Dahlke
- TX A&M University's Center for Population Health and Aging, College Station, TX; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - ML Smith
- TX A&M University's Center for Population Health and Aging, College Station, TX; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - G Han
- TX A&M University's Center for Population Health and Aging, College Station, TX; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - MG Ory
- TX A&M University's Center for Population Health and Aging, College Station, TX; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - E Cohen
- TX A&M University's Center for Population Health and Aging, College Station, TX; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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28
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Washington TR, Hilliard TS, Mingo CA, Hall RK, Smith ML, Lea JI. ORGANIZATIONAL READINESS TO IMPLEMENT HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS IN HEALTHCARE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - T S Hilliard
- American Institutes for Research, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C A Mingo
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - R K Hall
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M L Smith
- Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, Texas
| | - J I Lea
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Law N, Smith ML, Widjaja E. Thalamocortical Connections and Executive Function in Pediatric Temporal and Frontal Lobe Epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:1523-1529. [PMID: 29880477 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Largely accepted in the literature is the role the interconnections between the thalamus and cortex play in generalized epilepsy. However, thalamocortical involvement is less understood in focal epilepsy in terms of the effect of seizures on thalamocortical circuitry in the developing brain and subsequent cognitive outcome. We investigated thalamocortical pathway microstructure in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy and examined the associations between pathway microstructure and measures of executive function. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined thalamocortical connections in 24 children with frontal lobe epilepsy, 17 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, and 25 healthy children using DTI. We investigated several executive function measures in patients and controls, which were distilled into latent executive function components to compare among groups, and the associations between measures of thalamocortical microstructure and executive function. RESULTS We found no differences in thalamocortical pathway microstructure between the groups, but aspects of executive function (mental flexibility/inhibition/shifting) were impaired in the frontal lobe epilepsy group compared with controls. In patients with frontal lobe epilepsy, younger age at seizure onset and a greater number of antiepileptic drugs were associated with DTI indices indicative of damaged/less developed thalamocortical pathways. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, poorer performance on all measures of executive function was associated with DTI indices reflective of damaged/less developed pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results give insight into vulnerable neural networks in pediatric focal epilepsy and suggest thalamocortical pathway damage as a potential mechanism of executive function impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy but not frontal lobe epilepsy. Identifying structure-function relations can help inform how we measure functional and cognitive/behavioral outcomes in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Law
- From the Department of Psychology (N.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology (N.L., M.L.S.).,Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health (N.L., M.L.S.)
| | - M L Smith
- From the Department of Psychology (N.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology (N.L., M.L.S.).,Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health (N.L., M.L.S.)
| | - E Widjaja
- Diagnostic Imaging (E.W.) .,Division of Neurology (E.W.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Hansen MF, Smith ML, Smith LN, Abdul Jabbar K, Forbes D. Automated monitoring of dairy cow body condition, mobility and weight using a single 3D video capture device. COMPUT IND 2018; 98:14-22. [PMID: 29997403 PMCID: PMC6034442 DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we propose a low-cost automated system for the unobtrusive and continuous welfare monitoring of dairy cattle on the farm. We argue that effective and regular monitoring of multiple condition traits is not currently practicable and go on to propose 3D imaging technology able to acquire differing forms of related animal condition data (body condition, lameness and weight), concurrently using a single device. Results obtained under farm conditions in continuous operation are shown to be comparable or better than manual scoring of the herd. We also consider inherent limitations of using scoring and argue that sensitivity to relative change over successive observations offers greater benefit than the use of what may be considered abstract and arbitrary scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Hansen
- Centre for Machine Vision, BRL, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | - M L Smith
- Centre for Machine Vision, BRL, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | - L N Smith
- Centre for Machine Vision, BRL, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | | | - D Forbes
- Kingshay Farming & Conservation Ltd, Glastonbury, Somerset, UK
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31
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van Wyngaardt WM, Smith ML, Jackson TW, Howe B, Tobin SM, Reinhard MI. Development of the Australian Standard for Germanium-68 by two Liquid Scintillation Counting methods. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 134:79-84. [PMID: 29102160 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to the increasing application of 68Ge/68Ga and 68Ga in nuclear medicine, an international comparison of activity measurement of 68Ge in equilibrium with 68Ga was organised. ANSTO standardised the comparison solution by the 4π(LS)β+-γ coincidence extrapolation and TDCR efficiency calculation methods, with excellent agreement between the two results. The primary standard was transferred to the ANSTO Secondary Standard Ionisation Chamber. Internationally traceable Australian Certified Reference Materials (ACRMs) of 68Ge/68Ga can now be prepared in various measurement geometries applied in nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M van Wyngaardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia.
| | - M L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - T W Jackson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - B Howe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - S M Tobin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - M I Reinhard
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
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32
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Frank ES, Basila D, Collyar D, Pinto D, Smith ML, Geirisch J, Lynch T, Hwang S. Abstract P5-17-04: Changing the DCIS conversation: Development of an alternative discourse by patient stakeholders in the COMET study. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p5-17-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The conversation about ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is structured and influenced by traditional oncology values and beliefs, resulting in current standards of guideline concordant care (GCC). It is now widely known that DCIS is a heterogeneous condition requiring a tailored treatment approach based on characteristics of the specific lesion. Further, “low-risk” DCIS—defined as low grade, hormone-receptor positive condition—may be a subset with lower likelihood of progression to invasive breast cancer. Yet, most women diagnosed with any type of DCIS are encouraged to undergo the same immediate, aggressive treatments that women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer receive. Emerging evidence suggests that surgery may not increase overall survival compared to no surgery in many women diagnosed with low-risk DCIS.
The COMET (Comparison of Operative to Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy) study is a new randomized, prospective clinical trial funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute that aims to determine whether active surveillance is a safe and reasonable alternative to GCC for patients with low-risk DCIS. COMET also seeks to change the way patients, providers, and other key stakeholders view DCIS management options. Thus, COMET governance integrates patient collaborators into every aspect of planning and development via a Patient Leadership Team (PLT) and an independent external multi-stakeholder advisory board (SAB). The PLT is a fully integrated, yet autonomous part of the COMET study governance and is comprised of 4 patient advocates who meet independently and with COMET Principal Investigators (PIs). The SAB is a fully external and independent body of clinicians, content experts, payers, patients and patient advocates, and policymaker advisors.
To facilitate the cultural shift, the PLT developed communication materials with language and terminology that aims to communicate a diagnosis of DCIS without increasing unnecessary fear and anxiety that often accompanies a diagnosis of invasive cancer. In collaboration with study team PI's and the SAB, PLT also has developed content for a newly established website (www.DCISoptions.org), which includes patient-centered materials that aim to help newly diagnosed patients understand that a majority of DCIS is low-risk and that they have time to make informed decisions about their care.
The PLT contends that managing DCIS is as much a cultural phenomenon as a scientific one. As such, changing the conversation about DCIS between medical providers and patients is essential for generating a cultural shift in understanding the condition, correcting risk perception, and enabling improvement in patient experience. The novel approach of a stand-alone PLT that is also integrated throughout the trial's stakeholder structure ensures patient-centered involvement across all aspects of the study. The unique talents of each stakeholder group are leveraged in a unified effort to educate the DCIS community about low-risk DCIS, with the overarching goal of enabling a patient to choose the treatment approach that best reflects her risk profile and personal preferences, thus minimizing potential physical, emotional, and financial harms.
Citation Format: Frank ES, Basila D, Collyar D, Pinto D, Smith ML, Geirisch J, Lynch T, Hwang S. Changing the DCIS conversation: Development of an alternative discourse by patient stakeholders in the COMET study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- ES Frank
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - D Basila
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - D Collyar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - D Pinto
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - ML Smith
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - J Geirisch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - T Lynch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - S Hwang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Patient Advocates in Research, Danville, CA; Research Advocacy Network, Plano, TX; Duke University, Durham, NC
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Smith ML, Akinyemi AA, Stanley JL, Mitchell CS. Violent Death Reporting in Maryland: Demographic Variability in Data Completeness. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:1621-1623. [PMID: 28817327 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the completeness of precipitating circumstance information recorded in the Maryland Violent Death Reporting System and identify limitations that could affect the system's utility. METHODS We reviewed all violent deaths among Maryland residents for the years 2003 through 2014 (n = 19 161). We assessed the presence of precipitating circumstance data (abstracted from medical examiner and police reports) by manner of death and demographic characteristics. We further evaluated homicide records with multivariable regression. RESULTS Demographic variation in circumstance reporting was most pronounced for homicide. Circumstances were known for 53.2% of homicide cases, and this percentage was lower among non-Latino Blacks (48.2%), males (50.7%), those aged 18 to 25 years (47.9%), those residing in jurisdictions with higher-than-average homicide rates (46.1%), and those who died outside in a public place (43.4%) or in a correctional facility (48.9%). With the exception of male gender, these factors were significantly associated with circumstance reporting when we controlled for demographic and situational variables. CONCLUSIONS Circumstance reporting was least likely among groups most at risk for homicide in Maryland. Collection of circumstance data for the most affected groups should be strengthened to help develop better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Smith
- Meghan L. Smith, Adebola A. Akinyemi, Jennifer L. Stanley, and Clifford S. Mitchell are with the Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Prevention & Health Promotion Administration, Environmental Health Bureau, Baltimore. Meghan L. Smith is also with the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Atlanta, GA
| | - Adebola A Akinyemi
- Meghan L. Smith, Adebola A. Akinyemi, Jennifer L. Stanley, and Clifford S. Mitchell are with the Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Prevention & Health Promotion Administration, Environmental Health Bureau, Baltimore. Meghan L. Smith is also with the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer L Stanley
- Meghan L. Smith, Adebola A. Akinyemi, Jennifer L. Stanley, and Clifford S. Mitchell are with the Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Prevention & Health Promotion Administration, Environmental Health Bureau, Baltimore. Meghan L. Smith is also with the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Atlanta, GA
| | - Clifford S Mitchell
- Meghan L. Smith, Adebola A. Akinyemi, Jennifer L. Stanley, and Clifford S. Mitchell are with the Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, Prevention & Health Promotion Administration, Environmental Health Bureau, Baltimore. Meghan L. Smith is also with the Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Atlanta, GA
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Su CP, de Perio MA, Fagan K, Smith ML, Salehi E, Levine S, Gruszynski K, Luckhaupt SE. Occupational Distribution of Campylobacteriosis and Salmonellosis Cases - Maryland, Ohio, and Virginia, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:850-853. [PMID: 28817554 PMCID: PMC5657664 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6632a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter and Salmonella are leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and are estimated to cause >1 million episodes of domestically acquired illness annually (1). Campylobacter and Salmonella are primarily transmitted through contaminated food, but animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission can also occur (2,3). Although occupationally acquired infections have been reported, occupational risk factors have rarely been studied. In 2015, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) identified 63 suspected or confirmed cases of Campylobacter infection over 3.5 years at a poultry-processing plant (Kathleen Fagan, OSHA, personal communication, December 2015); most involved new workers handling chickens in the "live hang" area where bacterial contamination is likely to be the highest. These findings were similar to those of a previous study of Campylobacter infections among workers at another poultry-processing plant (4). The investigation led to discussions among OSHA, state health departments, and CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); and a surveillance study was initiated to further explore the disease incidence in poultry-processing plant workers and identify any additional occupations at increased risk for common enteric infections. Deidentified reports of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis among Maryland, Ohio, and Virginia residents aged ≥16 years were obtained and reviewed. Each employed patient was classified into one of 23 major occupational groups using the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system.* Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between each occupational group and each disease were calculated to identify occupations potentially at increased risk, contrasting each group with all other occupations. In 2014, a total of 2,977 campylobacteriosis and 2,259 salmonellosis cases were reported. Among the 1,772 (60%) campylobacteriosis and 1,516 (67%) salmonellosis cases in patients for whom occupational information was available, 1,064 (60%) and 847 (56%), respectively, were employed. Persons in farming, fishing, and forestry as well as health care and technical occupations were at significantly increased risk for both campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis compared with all other occupations. Targeting education and prevention strategies could help reduce disease, and improving the systematic collection of occupational information in disease surveillance systems could provide a better understanding of the extent of occupationally acquired diseases.
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Patel AB, Mangold AR, Costello CM, Nagel TH, Smith ML, Hayden RE, Sekulic A. Frequent loss of inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:e36-e37. [PMID: 28696004 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - A R Mangold
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - C M Costello
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T H Nagel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - R E Hayden
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - A Sekulic
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Background The growing prevalence of chronic conditions in the ageing workforce has been shown to have a negative impact in terms of optimal work performance and quality of life. It is therefore important to understand the factors associated with sickness absence due to health problems. Aims To examine the socio-demographics, health status indicators, barriers to self-care and social support associated with working adults missing work because of chronic conditions. Methods We analysed data from working adults in the USA with one or more chronic conditions who completed the National Council on Aging (NCOA) Chronic Care Survey. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 22; independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare sample characteristics and logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with missed work as a dichotomous outcome variable. Results Among the 250 study subjects, employees who reported poorer general health status [odd ratio (OR) = 1.62, P < 0.05], more physician visits (OR = 1.45, P < 0.01), not having enough money for their health (OR = 3.69, P < 0.01) and a higher reliance on their co-workers (OR = 1.71, P < 0.05) were significantly more likely to report sickness absence due to their chronic conditions. Conclusions To reduce absences among employees with chronic conditions, employers need to understand the importance of factors such as employee income, resources and knowledge of disease self-care. US employers should explore opportunities for employees to offset health care costs, apply appropriate time-flexible work policies and encourage employees' participation in health knowledge enhancing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meng
- Workplace Health Group, Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, 346 Wright Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - K T Robinson
- Workplace Health Group, Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, 346 Wright Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, #101 Hudson Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for Population Health and Aging, Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, TAMU 1266, College Station, TX 77842, USA
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Smith ML, McGuinness J, O'Reilly MK, Nolke L, Murray JG, Jones JFX. The role of 3D printing in preoperative planning for heart transplantation in complex congenital heart disease. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:753-756. [PMID: 28124282 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a structural cardiac defect in the setting of dextrocardia is extremely rare. Graspable models allow enhanced appreciation of aberrant structures and vascular relations, particularly in rare and complex cases. This is the first case report of the use of a replica of a patients' anatomy to plan the surgical strategy in the setting of dextrocardia. AIMS We intend to demonstrate the benefit of three-dimensional printing to enhance preoperative planning in complex congenital heart disease undergoing heart transplantation. The anomalous structures encountered include situs inversus dextrocardia, transposition of the great vessels, a single atrium and a dilated double-outlet single right ventricle. METHODS Computed Tomography acquisition was performed with the use of ECG multiphase gating technology and contrast enhancement. The structures of interest were segmented and the generated 3D mesh was exported as a stereolithographic (STL) file. The model was printed on a Z-Corp 250 binder jetting printer. Post processing techniques were used to enhance model strength. RESULTS Pre-operative 3D visualisation of the patients' anatomy allowed for a more comprehensive surgical strategy to be planned, thus reducing the intra-operative duration and cross-clamp time which are recognised to correlate with reduced patient morbidity. CONCLUSION The ongoing advances in medical image procurement and 3D processing software and printing technology will continue to enhance preoperative planning and thereby improve patient care. We demonstrate the pivotal role played by such technologies in advancing spatial comprehension of complex aberrant anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Discipline of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - J McGuinness
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M K O'Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Nolke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J G Murray
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J F X Jones
- Discipline of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Giardino WJ, Rodriguez ED, Smith ML, Ford MM, Galili D, Mitchell SH, Chen A, Ryabinin AE. Control of chronic excessive alcohol drinking by genetic manipulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus urocortin-1 neuropeptide system. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1021. [PMID: 28140406 PMCID: PMC5299395 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain neurons of the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) are activated by alcohol, and enriched with stress-responsive neuropeptide modulators (including the paralog of corticotropin-releasing factor, urocortin-1). Evidence suggests that EWcp neurons promote behavioral processes for alcohol-seeking and consumption, but a definitive role for these cells remains elusive. Here we combined targeted viral manipulations and gene array profiling of EWcp neurons with mass behavioral phenotyping in C57BL/6 J mice to directly define the links between EWcp-specific urocortin-1 expression and voluntary binge alcohol intake, demonstrating a specific importance for EWcp urocortin-1 activity in escalation of alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Giardino
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E D Rodriguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M M Ford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D Galili
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA. E-mail:
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Heilman RL, Mathur A, Smith ML, Kaplan B, Reddy KS. Increasing the Use of Kidneys From Unconventional and High-Risk Deceased Donors. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3086-3092. [PMID: 27172238 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have reviewed the literature and report on kidney donors that are currently used at relatively low rates. Kidneys from donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) seem to have outcomes equivalent to those from donors without AKI, provided one can rule out significant cortical necrosis. Kidneys from donors with preexisting diabetes or hypertension may have marginally lower aggregate survival but still provide patients with a significant benefit over remaining on the wait list. The Kidney Donor Profile Index derives only an aggregate association with survival with a very modest C statistic; therefore, the data indicated that this index should not be the sole reason to discard a kidney, except perhaps in patients with extremely low estimated posttransplant survival scores. It is important to note that the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients models of risk adjustment should allay concerns regarding regulatory issues for observed outcomes falling below expectations. The successful utilization of kidneys from donation after cardiac death over the past decade shows how expanding our thinking can translate into more patients benefiting from transplantation. Given the growing number of patients on the wait list, broadening our approach to kidney acceptance could have an important impact on the population with end-stage renal disease. Many lives could be prolonged by carefully considering use of kidneys that are often discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Heilman
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ.
| | - A Mathur
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - M L Smith
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - B Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - K S Reddy
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
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Demetris AJ, Bellamy C, Hübscher SG, O'Leary J, Randhawa PS, Feng S, Neil D, Colvin RB, McCaughan G, Fung JJ, Del Bello A, Reinholt FP, Haga H, Adeyi O, Czaja AJ, Schiano T, Fiel MI, Smith ML, Sebagh M, Tanigawa RY, Yilmaz F, Alexander G, Baiocchi L, Balasubramanian M, Batal I, Bhan AK, Bucuvalas J, Cerski CTS, Charlotte F, de Vera ME, ElMonayeri M, Fontes P, Furth EE, Gouw ASH, Hafezi-Bakhtiari S, Hart J, Honsova E, Ismail W, Itoh T, Jhala NC, Khettry U, Klintmalm GB, Knechtle S, Koshiba T, Kozlowski T, Lassman CR, Lerut J, Levitsky J, Licini L, Liotta R, Mazariegos G, Minervini MI, Misdraji J, Mohanakumar T, Mölne J, Nasser I, Neuberger J, O'Neil M, Pappo O, Petrovic L, Ruiz P, Sağol Ö, Sanchez Fueyo A, Sasatomi E, Shaked A, Shiller M, Shimizu T, Sis B, Sonzogni A, Stevenson HL, Thung SN, Tisone G, Tsamandas AC, Wernerson A, Wu T, Zeevi A, Zen Y. 2016 Comprehensive Update of the Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology: Introduction of Antibody-Mediated Rejection. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2816-2835. [PMID: 27273869 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology reviewed and discussed literature evidence regarding antibody-mediated liver allograft rejection at the 11th (Paris, France, June 5-10, 2011), 12th (Comandatuba, Brazil, August 19-23, 2013), and 13th (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 5-10, 2015) meetings of the Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology. Discussion continued online. The primary goal was to introduce guidelines and consensus criteria for the diagnosis of liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection and provide a comprehensive update of all Banff Schema recommendations. Included are new recommendations for complement component 4d tissue staining and interpretation, staging liver allograft fibrosis, and findings related to immunosuppression minimization. In an effort to create a single reference document, previous unchanged criteria are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Demetris
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C Bellamy
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - J O'Leary
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - P S Randhawa
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S Feng
- University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - D Neil
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R B Colvin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G McCaughan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - F P Reinholt
- Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Haga
- Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - O Adeyi
- University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J Czaja
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - T Schiano
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - M I Fiel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M L Smith
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - M Sebagh
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Paris, France
| | - R Y Tanigawa
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Yilmaz
- University of Ege, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - L Baiocchi
- Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - I Batal
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - A K Bhan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Bucuvalas
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - C T S Cerski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - M ElMonayeri
- Ain Shams University, Wady El-Neel Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - P Fontes
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - E E Furth
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A S H Gouw
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - J Hart
- University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL
| | - E Honsova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - W Ismail
- Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - T Itoh
- Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - U Khettry
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA
| | | | - S Knechtle
- Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - T Koshiba
- Soma Central Hospital, Soma, Fukushima, Japan
| | - T Kozlowski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C R Lassman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J Lerut
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Levitsky
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - L Licini
- Pope John XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - R Liotta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Mazariegos
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M I Minervini
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - J Misdraji
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - T Mohanakumar
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Norton Thoracic Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - J Mölne
- University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Nasser
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - J Neuberger
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M O'Neil
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - O Pappo
- Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Petrovic
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - P Ruiz
- University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ö Sağol
- School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - E Sasatomi
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - A Shaked
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Shiller
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - T Shimizu
- Toda Chuo General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - B Sis
- University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A Sonzogni
- Pope John XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - S N Thung
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - G Tisone
- University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - A Wernerson
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Wu
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - A Zeevi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Y Zen
- Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Sargazi M, Smith ML, Worth RC, Roberts NB. A rare ganglioneuroblastoma secreting dopamine and the value of its measurement in diagnosis and prognosis. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 43:73-6. [PMID: 16390613 DOI: 10.1258/000456306775141704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A case is described of a patient with a ganglioneuroblastoma, initially located in the right adrenal, which produced an excess of dopamine (7646 and 7959 nmol/24 h), approximately two and a half times the upper limit of the normal daily urine output. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and methylated derivatives was always within the normal reference ranges. The patient was generally well, with normal blood pressure and only mild flushes. Two years after surgical resection, recurrence was indicated by an increase in urinary dopamine (8507 nmol/24 h); it was located in the tumour bed and left side of the neck by CT and 123I MIBG scans. The patient was treated with a high dose of 131I MIBG, with subsequent reduction in dopamine production. This was repeated on four other occasions, the latest being in January 2005. The output of dopamine was thus used as a marker of tumour diagnosis and progression and it is recommended that the assay of dopamine be included in the screening of catecholamine-secreting tumours to avoid possible misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sargazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, UK
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Smith LN, Farooq AR, Smith ML, Ivanov IE, Orlando A. Realistic and interactive high-resolution 4D environments for real-time surgeon and patient interaction. Int J Med Robot 2016; 13. [PMID: 27439562 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote consultations that are realistic enough to be useful medically offer considerable clinical, logistical and cost benefits. Despite advances in virtual reality and vision hardware and software, these benefits are currently often unrealised. METHOD The proposed approach combines high spatial and temporal resolution 3D and 2D machine vision with virtual reality techniques, in order to develop new environments and instruments that will enable realistic remote consultations and the generation of new types of useful clinical data. RESULTS New types of clinical data have been generated for skin analysis and respiration measurement; and the combination of 3D with 2D data was found to offer potential for the generation of realistic virtual consultations. CONCLUSION An innovative combination of high resolution machine vision data and virtual reality online methods, promises to provide advanced functionality and significant medical benefits, particularly in regions where populations are dispersed or access to clinicians is limited. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Smith
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - A R Farooq
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - I E Ivanov
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - A Orlando
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Batra RK, Heilman RL, Smith ML, Thomas LF, Khamash HA, Katariya NN, Hewitt WR, Singer AL, Mathur AK, Huskey J, Chakkera HA, Moss A, Reddy KS. Rapid Resolution of Donor-Derived Glomerular Fibrin Thrombi After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1015-20. [PMID: 26689853 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and histologic outcomes related to transplanting kidneys from deceased donors with glomerular fibrin thrombi (GFT). We included all cases transplanted between October 2003 and October 2014 that had either a preimplantation biopsy or an immediate postreperfusion biopsy showing GFT. The study cohort included 61 recipients (9.9%) with GFT and 557 in the control group without GFT. Delayed graft function occurred in 49% of the GFT group and 39% in the control group (p = 0.14). Serum creatinine at 1, 4, and 12 months and estimated GFR at 12 months were similar in the two groups. Estimated 1-year graft survival was 93.2% in the GFT group and 95.1% in the control group (p = 0.22 by log-rank). Fifty-two of the 61 patients in the GFT group (85%) had a 1-month protocol biopsy, and only two biopsies (4%) showed residual focal glomerular thrombi. At the 1-year protocol biopsy, the prevalence of moderate to severe interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy was 24% in the GFT group and 30% in the control group (p = 0.42). We concluded that GFT resolves rapidly after transplantation and that transplanting selected kidneys from deceased donors with GFT is a safe practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Batra
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - R L Heilman
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - M L Smith
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - L F Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - H A Khamash
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - W R Hewitt
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - A L Singer
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - A K Mathur
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - J Huskey
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - H A Chakkera
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - A Moss
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - K S Reddy
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
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Smith ML, Li J, Cote DM, Ryabinin AE. Effects of isoflurane and ethanol administration on c-Fos immunoreactivity in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 316:337-43. [PMID: 26742790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive functional imaging holds great promise for the future of translational research, due to the ability to directly compare between preclinical and clinical models of psychiatric disorders. Despite this potential, concerns have been raised regarding the necessity to anesthetize rodent and monkey subjects during these procedures, because anesthetics may alter neuronal activity. For example, in studies on drugs of abuse and alcohol, it is not clear to what extent anesthesia can interfere with drug-induced neural activity. Therefore, the current study investigated whole-brain c-Fos activation following isoflurane anesthesia as well as ethanol-induced activation of c-Fos in anesthetized mice. In the first experiment, we examined effects of one or three sessions of gaseous isoflurane on c-Fos activation across the brain in male C57BL/6J mice. Isoflurane administration led to c-Fos activation in several areas, including the piriform cortex and lateral septum. Lower or similar levels of activation in these areas were detected after three sessions of isoflurane, suggesting that multiple exposures may eliminate some of the enhanced neuronal activation caused by acute isoflurane. In the second experiment, we investigated the ability of ethanol injection (1.5 or 2.5g/kgi.p.) to induce c-Fos activation under anesthesia. Following three sessions of isoflurane, 1.5g/kg of ethanol induced c-Fos in the central nucleus of amygdala and the centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp). This induction was lower after 2.5g/kg of ethanol. These results demonstrate that ethanol-induced neural activation can be detected in the presence of isoflurane anesthesia. They also suggest, that while habituation to isoflurane helps reduce neuronal activation, interaction between effects of anesthesia and alcohol can occur. Studies using fMRI imaging could benefit from using habituated animals and dose-response analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L470, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L470, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - D M Cote
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L470, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - A E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L470, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Portland Alcohol Research Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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Vogan VM, Morgan BR, Powell TL, Smith ML, Taylor MJ. The neurodevelopmental differences of increasing verbal working memory demand in children and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 17:19-27. [PMID: 26615571 PMCID: PMC6990091 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) – temporary storage and manipulation of information in the mind – is a key component of cognitive maturation, and structural brain changes throughout development are associated with refinements in WM. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have shown that there is greater activation in prefrontal and parietal brain regions with increasing age, with adults showing more refined, localized patterns of activations. However, few studies have investigated the neural basis of verbal WM development, as the majority of reports examine visuo-spatial WM. We used fMRI and a 1-back verbal WM task with six levels of difficulty to examine the neurodevelopmental changes in WM function in 40 participants, twenty-four children (ages 9–15 yr) and sixteen young adults (ages 20–25 yr). Children and adults both demonstrated an opposing system of cognitive processes with increasing cognitive demand, where areas related to WM (frontal and parietal regions) increased in activity, and areas associated with the default mode network decreased in activity. Although there were many similarities in the neural activation patterns associated with increasing verbal WM capacity in children and adults, significant changes in the fMRI responses were seen with age. Adults showed greater load-dependent changes than children in WM in the bilateral superior parietal gyri, inferior frontal and left middle frontal gyri and right cerebellum. Compared to children, adults also showed greater decreasing activation across WM load in the bilateral anterior cingulate, anterior medial prefrontal gyrus, right superior lateral temporal gyrus and left posterior cingulate. These results demonstrate that while children and adults activate similar neural networks in response to verbal WM tasks, the extent to which they rely on these areas in response to increasing cognitive load evolves between childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vogan
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - B R Morgan
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T L Powell
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M L Smith
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M J Taylor
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dearden JC, Hewitt M, Roberts DW, Enoch SJ, Rowe PH, Przybylak KR, Vaughan-Williams GD, Smith ML, Pillai GG, Katritzky AR. Mechanism-Based QSAR Modeling of Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1975-86. [PMID: 26382665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many chemicals can induce skin sensitization, and there is a pressing need for non-animal methods to give a quantitative indication of potency. Using two large published data sets of skin sensitizers, we have allocated each sensitizing chemical to one of 10 mechanistic categories and then developed good QSAR models for the seven categories that have a sufficient number of chemicals to allow modeling. Both internal and external validation checks showed that each model had good predictivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dearden
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - M Hewitt
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton , Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - D W Roberts
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - P H Rowe
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - K R Przybylak
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - G D Vaughan-Williams
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - M L Smith
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - G G Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainsville, Florida 32611-7200, United States.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu , 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - A R Katritzky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainsville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Heilman RL, Smith ML, Reddy KS. Utilization of Kidneys With Acute Kidney Injury in the Extended Criteria Donor Setting. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2783. [PMID: 26211677 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pohlmann-Eden B, Aldenkamp A, Baker GA, Brandt C, Cendes F, Coras R, Crocker CE, Helmstaedter C, Jones-Gotman M, Kanner AM, Mazarati A, Mula M, Smith ML, Omisade A, Tellez-Zenteno J, Hermann BP. The relevance of neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive problems in new-onset epilepsy - Current knowledge and understanding. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:199-209. [PMID: 26291774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral and cognition problems are highly prevalent in epilepsy, but most research studies to date have not adequately addressed the precise nature of the relationship between these comorbidities and seizures. To address this complex issue and to facilitate collaborative, innovative research in the rising field of neurobehavioral comorbidities and cognition disturbances in new-onset epilepsy, international epilepsy experts met at the 3rd Halifax International Epilepsy Conference & Retreat at White Point, South Shore, Nova Scotia, Canada from September 18 to 20, 2014. This Conference Proceedings provides a summary of the conference proceedings. Specifically, the following topics are discussed: (i) role of comorbidities in epilepsy diagnosis and management, (ii) role of antiepileptic medications in understanding the relationship between epilepsy and neurobehavioral and cognition problems, and (iii) animal data and diagnostic approaches. Evidence to date, though limited, strongly suggests a bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities. In fact, it is likely that seizures and neurobehavioral problems represent different symptoms of a common etiology or network-wide disturbance. As a reflection of this shared network, psychiatric comorbidities and/or cognition problems may actually precede the seizure occurrence and likely get often missed if not screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pohlmann-Eden
- Division of Neurology, Dalhousie University of Halifax, Canada; Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University of Halifax, Canada.
| | - A Aldenkamp
- Epilepsiecentrum Kempenhaeghe, The Netherlands
| | - G A Baker
- Division of Neurosciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Brandt
- Bethel Epilepsy Center, Mara Hospital, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - F Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Erlangen, Germany
| | - C E Crocker
- Division of Neurology, Dalhousie University of Halifax, Canada
| | | | - M Jones-Gotman
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - A M Kanner
- Epilepsy Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - A Mazarati
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, D. Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M Mula
- Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - A Omisade
- Division of Neurology, Dalhousie University of Halifax, Canada
| | | | - B P Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
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Heilman RL, Smith ML, Kurian SM, Huskey J, Batra RK, Chakkera HA, Katariya NN, Khamash H, Moss A, Salomon DR, Reddy KS. Transplanting Kidneys from Deceased Donors With Severe Acute Kidney Injury. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2143-51. [PMID: 25808278 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine outcomes with transplanting kidneys from deceased donors with acute kidney injury, defined as a donor with terminal serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dL, or a donor requiring acute renal replacement therapy. We included all patients who received deceased donor kidney transplant from June 2004 to October 2013. There were 162 AKI donor transplant recipients (21% of deceased donor transplants): 139 in the standard criteria donor (SCD) and 23 in the expanded criteria donor (ECD) cohort. 71% of the AKI donors had stage 3 (severe AKI), based on acute kidney injury network (AKIN) staging. Protocol biopsies were done at 1, 4, and 12 months posttransplant. One and four month formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from 48 patients (24 AKI donors, 24 non-AKI) underwent global gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays (96 arrays). DGF was more common in the AKI group but eGFR, graft survival at 1 year and proportion with IF/TA>2 at 1 year were similar for the two groups. At 1 month, there were 898 differentially expressed genes in the AKI group (p-value <0.005; FDR <10%), but by 4 months there were no differences. Transplanting selected kidneys from deceased donors with AKI is safe and has excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Heilman
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - M L Smith
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - S M Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Huskey
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - R K Batra
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - H A Chakkera
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - H Khamash
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - A Moss
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - D R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - K S Reddy
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
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Widjaja E, Zamyadi M, Raybaud C, Snead OC, Doesburg SM, Smith ML. Disrupted Global and Regional Structural Networks and Subnetworks in Children with Localization-Related Epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:1362-8. [PMID: 25742984 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Structural connectivity has been thought to be a less sensitive measure of network changes relative to functional connectivity in children with localization-related epilepsy. The aims of this study were to investigate the structural networks in children with localization-related epilepsy and to assess the relation among structural connectivity, intelligence quotient, and clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five children with nonlesional localization-related epilepsy and 28 healthy controls underwent DTI. Global network (network strength, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, global efficiency, and small-world parameters), regional network (nodal efficiency), and the network-based statistic were compared between patients and controls and correlated with intelligence quotient and clinical parameters. RESULTS Patients showed disrupted global network connectivity relative to controls, including reduced network strength, increased characteristic path length and reduced global efficiency, and reduced nodal efficiency in the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Connectivity in multiple subnetworks was reduced in patients, including the frontal-temporal, insula-temporal, temporal-temporal, frontal-occipital, and temporal-occipital lobes. The frontal lobe epilepsy subgroup demonstrated more areas with reduced nodal efficiency and more impaired subnetworks than the temporal lobe epilepsy subgroup. Network parameters were not significantly associated with intelligence quotient, age at seizure onset, or duration of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS We found disruption in global and regional networks and subnetworks in children with localization-related epilepsy. Regional efficiency and subnetworks were more impaired in frontal lobe epilepsy than in temporal lobe epilepsy. Future studies are needed to evaluate the implications of disrupted networks for surgical resection and outcomes for specific epileptogenic zones and the relation of disrupted networks to more complex cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Widjaja
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (E.W., M.Z., C.R., S.M.D.) Division of Neurology (E.W., O.C.S.)
| | - M Zamyadi
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (E.W., M.Z., C.R., S.M.D.)
| | - C Raybaud
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (E.W., M.Z., C.R., S.M.D.)
| | - O C Snead
- Division of Neurology (E.W., O.C.S.)
| | - S M Doesburg
- From the Department of Diagnostic Imaging (E.W., M.Z., C.R., S.M.D.) Neuroscience and Mental Health at Research Institute (S.M.D.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Psychology (M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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