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Weinger JG, Greenberg ML, Matheu MP, Parker I, Walsh CM, Lane TE, Cahalan MD. Two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25742043 DOI: 10.3791/52580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Weinger
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Melanie P Matheu
- University of California San Francisco Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ian Parker
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine
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Matheu MP, Othy S, Greenberg ML, Dong TX, Schuijs M, Deswarte K, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Parker I, Cahalan MD. Imaging regulatory T cell dynamics and CTLA4-mediated suppression of T cell priming. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6219. [PMID: 25653051 PMCID: PMC4347855 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homoeostasis through mechanisms that remain incompletely defined. Here by two-photon (2P) imaging, we examine the cellular dynamics of endogenous Tregs. Tregs are identified as two non-overlapping populations in the T-zone and follicular regions of the lymph node (LN). In the T-zone, Tregs migrate more rapidly than conventional T cells (Tconv), extend longer processes and interact with resident dendritic cells (DC) and Tconv. Tregs intercept immigrant DCs and interact with antigen-induced DC:Tconv clusters, while continuing to form contacts with activated Tconv. During antigen-specific responses, blocking CTLA4-B7 interactions reduces Treg-Tconv interaction times, increases the volume of DC:Tconv clusters and enhances subsequent Tconv proliferation in vivo. Our results demonstrate a role for altered cellular choreography of Tregs through CTLA4-based interactions to limit T-cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P. Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Milton L. Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tobias X. Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martijn Schuijs
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Michael D. Cahalan ()
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Matheu MP, Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, Greenberg ML, Marsolais D, Parker I, Rosen H, Oldstone MBA, Cahalan MD. Three phases of CD8 T cell response in the lung following H1N1 influenza infection and sphingosine 1 phosphate agonist therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58033. [PMID: 23533579 PMCID: PMC3606384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-induced lung edema and inflammation are exacerbated by a positive feedback loop of cytokine and chemokine production termed a 'cytokine storm', a hallmark of increased influenza-related morbidity and mortality. Upon infection, an immune response is rapidly initiated in the lungs and draining lymph node, leading to expansion of virus-specific effector cells. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged the dynamics of dendritic cells (DC) and virus-specific eGFP(+)CD8(+) T cells in the lungs and draining mediastinal lymph nodes during the first two weeks following influenza infection. Three distinct phases of T cell and CD11c(+) DC behavior were revealed: 1) Priming, facilitated by the arrival of lung DCs in the lymph node and characterized by antigen recognition and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells; asymmetric T cell division in contact with DCs was frequently observed. 2) Clearance, during which DCs re-populate the lung and T cells leave the draining lymph node and re-enter the lung tissue where enlarged, motile T cells come into contact with DCs and form long-lived interactions. 3) Maintenance, characterized by T-cell scanning of the lung tissue and dissociation from local antigen presenting cells; the T cells spend less time in association with DCs and migrate rapidly on collagen. A single dose of a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist, AAL-R, sufficient to suppress influenza-induced cytokine-storm, altered T cell and DC behavior during influenza clearance, delaying T cell division, cellular infiltration in the lung, and suppressing T-DC interactions in the lung. Our results provide a detailed description of T cell and DC choreography and dynamics in the lymph node and the lung during influenza infection. In addition, we suggest that phase lags in T cell and DC dynamics induced by targeting S1P receptors in vivo may attenuate the intensity of the immune response and can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P. Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Walsh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Milton L. Greenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David Marsolais
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University; IUCPQ Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Manolopoulou I, Matheu MP, Cahalan MD, West M, Kepler TB. Rejoinder. J Am Stat Assoc 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2012.714715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie P. Matheu
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics School of Medicine , University of California , Irvine , CA , 92697
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- a Department of Statistical Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , 27708
| | - Mike West
- a Department of Statistical Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , 27708
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- c Department of Microbiology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , 02118
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Manolopoulou I, Matheu MP, Cahalan MD, West M, Kepler TB. Bayesian Spatio-Dynamic Modeling in Cell Motility Studies: Learning Nonlinear Taxic Fields Guiding the Immune Response. J Am Stat Assoc 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2012.655995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie P. Matheu
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine , University of California , Irvine , CA , 92697
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine , University of California , Irvine , CA , 92697
| | - Mike West
- a Department of Statistical Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , 27708
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- c Department of Microbiology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , 02118
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Matheu MP, Cahalan MD, Parker I. General approach to adoptive transfer and cell labeling for immunoimaging. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011. [PMID: 21285265 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5565.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONImaging the single-cell dynamics of the immune system within an intact environment requires the ability to look deep inside tissues and organisms with spatial and temporal resolutions adequate to track cell morphology, motility, and signaling processes, all while minimizing perturbation of the system under study. Fluorescence techniques are highly suited for this purpose, permitting both labeling of specific cells, organelles, or proteins and functional readout of physiological events, and two-photon microscopy allows these processes to be visualized within native tissue environments. Adoptive transfer, as described here, is the generally preferred method for introducing labeled cells of interest into a host animal for immunoimaging. Cells are derived from a donor animal with a genetic background identical to that of the host and can either be endogenously fluorescent (e.g., isolated from a transgenic mouse expressing the fluorescent protein) or can be labeled before transfer. Typically, transferring 2-6 × 106 labeled cells of a given type results in an appropriate cell density for two-photon imaging.
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Matheu MP, Cahalan MD, Parker I. Induction of an immune response for imaging antigen-presenting cell/T-cell interactions. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.prot5566. [PMID: 21285266 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONActivated dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system. This protocol describes three different methods to activate antigen-specific CD4+ T cells using (i) bone-marrow-derived DCs, (ii) endogenous dermal DCs that drain to the local lymph node (LN), and (iii) tissue-resident APCs in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONCells of the immune system explore a wider territory than any other cells in the body. Responses to a pathogen typically require long-range migration of cells, short-range communication by local chemical signaling, and direct cell-cell contact. Two-photon microscopy allows these processes to be visualized within native tissue environments. Immunoimaging is rapidly developing from a merely descriptive technique into a set of methods and analytical tools that can be used to quantify and to characterize an immune response at the cellular level. This article outlines the hardware required for immunoimaging and discusses methods for quantitative analysis of multidimensional image stacks.
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Matheu MP, Beeton C, Garcia A, Chi V, Rangaraju S, Safrina O, Monaghan K, Uemura MI, Li D, Pal S, de la Maza LM, Monuki E, Flügel A, Pennington MW, Parker I, Chandy KG, Cahalan MD. Imaging of effector memory T cells during a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and suppression by Kv1.3 channel block. Immunity 2008; 29:602-14. [PMID: 18835197 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Effector memory T (Tem) cells are essential mediators of autoimmune disease and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), a convenient model for two-photon imaging of Tem cell participation in an inflammatory response. Shortly (3 hr) after entry into antigen-primed ear tissue, Tem cells stably attached to antigen-bearing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). After 24 hr, enlarged Tem cells were highly motile along collagen fibers and continued to migrate rapidly for 18 hr. Tem cells rely on voltage-gated Kv1.3 potassium channels to regulate calcium signaling. ShK-186, a specific Kv1.3 blocker, inhibited DTH and suppressed Tem cell enlargement and motility in inflamed tissue but had no effect on homing to or motility in lymph nodes of naive and central memory T (Tcm) cells. ShK-186 effectively treated disease in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. These results demonstrate a requirement for Kv1.3 channels in Tem cells during an inflammatory immune response in peripheral tissues. Targeting Kv1.3 allows for effector memory responses to be suppressed while central memory responses remain intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA
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Matheu MP, Beeton C, Parker I, Chandy KG, D Cahalan M. Imaging effector memory T cells in the ear after induction of adoptive DTH. J Vis Exp 2008:907. [PMID: 19066497 DOI: 10.3791/907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7(-) effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7(-) effector / memory T cell response. An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7(-) effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells. We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbondtrade mark, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Abstract
Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% CD11c high dendritic cells in culture that home to the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection and present antigen to antigen specific T cells (see video). Additionally, we use Essen Instruments Incucyte to track dendritic cell maturation, where, at day 10, the morphology of the cultured cells is typical of a mature dendritic cell and <85% of cells are CD11chigh. The study of antigen presentation in peripheral lymph nodes by 2-photon imaging revealed that there are three distinct phases of dendritic cell and T cell interaction. Phase I consists of brief serial contacts between highly motile antigen specific T cells and antigen carrying dendritic cells. Phase two is marked by prolonged contacts between antigen-specific T cell and antigen bearing dendritic cells. Finally, phase III is characterized by T cells detaching from dendritic cells, regaining motility and beginning to divide. This is one example of the type of antigen-specific interactions that can be analyzed by two-photon imaging of antigen-loaded cell tracker dye-labeled dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Abstract
Isolation of cells from the primary source is a necessary step in many more complex protocols. Miltenyi offers kits to isolate cells from several organisms including humans, non-human primates, rat and, as we describe here, mice. Magnetic bead-based cell separation allows for either positive selection (or cell depletion) as well as negative selection. Here, we demonstrate negative selection of untouched or na ve CD4+ helper T cells. Using this standard protocol we typically purify cells that are > or = 96% pure CD4+/CD3+. This protocol is used in conjunction with the protocol Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice published in issue 7 of JoVE, for purification of T cells and other cell types to adoptively transfer for imaging purposes. Although we did not demonstrate FACS analysis in this protocol video, it is highly recommended to check the overall purity of isolated cells using the appropriate antibodies via FACS. In addition, we demonstrate the non-sterile method of T cell isolation. If sterile cells are needed for your particular end-user application, be sure to do all of the demonstrated procedures in the tissue culture hood under standard sterile conditions. Thank you for watching and good luck with your own experiments!
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Matheu MP, Deane JA, Parker I, Fruman DA, Cahalan MD. Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase modulates basal lymphocyte motility in the lymph node. J Immunol 2007; 179:2261-9. [PMID: 17675487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of PI3K to the cell membrane is an indispensable step in normal lymphocyte proliferation and activation. In this study we identify PI3K as an important signaling molecule for maintaining basal T and B lymphocyte motility and homing in the intact lymph node. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K catalytic isoforms exerted broad effects on basal lymphocyte motility, including changes in homing kinetics, localization of B cells within the lymph node, and reduced cell velocities. Lymphocytes deficient in either or both of the class IA PI3K regulatory subunits p85alpha and p85beta also exhibited reduced velocities, with the magnitude of reduction depending upon both cell type and isoform specificity. B cells deficient in p85alpha exhibited gross morphological abnormalities that were not evident in cells treated with a PI3K inhibitor. Our results show, for the first time, that class IA PI3Ks play an important role in regulating basal lymphocyte motility and that p85alpha regulatory subunit expression is required to maintain B cell morphology in a manner independent of PI3K catalytic function. Moreover, we demonstrate distinct roles for catalytic domain function and class IA PI3K regulatory domain activity in lymphocyte motility, homing, and homeostatic localization of mature resting B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Abstract
Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the initiation of an immune response 1. Here, we present methods for adoptive transfer of labeled T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node as first described in 2002 2. Two-photon imaging of immune cells requires that the cells are fluorescently labeled, either by staining with a cell tracker dye or by expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate the adoptive transfer procedure of injecting cells derived from donor mice into the tail vein of a recipient animal, where they home to lymphoid organs within approximately 15-30 min. We illustrate the isolation of a lymph node and describe methods to ensure proper mounting of the excised lymph node. Other considerations such as proper oxygenation of perfused media, temperature, and laser power are discussed. Finally, we present 3D video images of naive CD4+ T cells exhibiting steady state motility at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Matheu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Beeton C, Matheu MP, Uemura M, Pennington MW, Fluegel A, Parker I, Cahalan MD, Chandy KG. Live imaging of effector memory T cells at a site of inflammation –a Kv1.3 blocker suppresses T cell motility. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a770-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beeton
- Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine hallIrvineCA92697
| | - Melanie P. Matheu
- Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine hallIrvineCA92697
| | - Marc Uemura
- Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine hallIrvineCA92697
| | | | - Alexander Fluegel
- NeuroimmunologyMax‐Planck Institute of NeurobiologyMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ian Parker
- Neurobiology & BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, McGaugh HallIrvineCA92697
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine hallIrvineCA92697
| | - K. George Chandy
- Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine hallIrvineCA92697
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Sanna MG, Wang SK, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Don A, Marsolais D, Matheu MP, Wei SH, Parker I, Jo E, Cheng WC, Cahalan MD, Wong CH, Rosen H. Enhancement of capillary leakage and restoration of lymphocyte egress by a chiral S1P1 antagonist in vivo. Nat Chem Biol 2006; 2:434-41. [PMID: 16829954 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P, 1) regulates vascular barrier and lymphoid development, as well as lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, by activating high-affinity S1P1 receptors. We used reversible chemical probes (i) to gain mechanistic insights into S1P systems organization not accessible through genetic manipulations and (ii) to investigate their potential for therapeutic modulation. Vascular (but not airway) administration of the preferred R enantiomer of an in vivo-active chiral S1P1 receptor antagonist induced loss of capillary integrity in mouse skin and lung. In contrast, the antagonist did not affect the number of constitutive blood lymphocytes. Instead, alteration of lymphocyte trafficking and phenotype required supraphysiological elevation of S1P1 tone and was reversed by the antagonist. In vivo two-photon imaging of lymph nodes confirmed requirements for obligate agonism, and the data were consistent with the presence of a stromal barrier mechanism for gating lymphocyte egress. Thus, chemical modulation reveals differences in S1P-S1P1 'set points' among tissues and highlights both mechanistic advantages (lymphocyte sequestration) and risks (pulmonary edema) of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Germana Sanna
- Department of Immunology and The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Wei SH, Rosen H, Matheu MP, Sanna MG, Wang SK, Jo E, Wong CH, Parker I, Cahalan MD. Sphingosine 1-phosphate type 1 receptor agonism inhibits transendothelial migration of medullary T cells to lymphatic sinuses. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:1228-35. [PMID: 16273098 DOI: 10.1038/ni1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate type 1 (S1P(1)) receptor agonists cause sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs by a mechanism that is not well understood. One hypothesis proposes that agonists act as 'functional antagonists' by binding and internalizing S1P(1) receptors on lymphocytes; a second hypothesis proposes instead that S1P(1) agonists act on endothelial cells to prevent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. Here, two-photon imaging of living T cells in explanted lymph nodes after treatment with S1P(1) agonists or antagonists has provided insight into the mechanism by which S1P(1) agonists function. The selective S1P(1) agonist SEW2871 caused reversible slowing and 'log-jamming' of T cells between filled medullary cords and empty sinuses, whereas motility was unaltered in diffuse cortex. Removal or antagonist competition of SEW2871 permitted recovery of T cell motility in the parenchyma of the medulla and resumption of migration across the stromal endothelial barrier, leading to refilling of sinuses. Our results provide visualization of transendothelial migration of T cells into lymphatic sinuses and suggest that S1P(1) agonists act mainly on endothelial cell S1P(1) receptors to inhibit lymphocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy H Wei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4561, USA
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