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Conklin JR, Verkuil YI, Battley PF, Hassell CJ, Ten Horn J, Johnson JA, Tomkovich PS, Baker AJ, Piersma T, Fontaine MC. Global flyway evolution in red knots Calidris canutus and genetic evidence for a Nearctic refugium. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2124-2139. [PMID: 35106871 PMCID: PMC9545425 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Present‐day ecology and population structure are the legacies of past climate and habitat perturbations, and this is particularly true for species that are widely distributed at high latitudes. The red knot, Calidris canutus, is an arctic‐breeding, long‐distance migratory shorebird with six recognized subspecies defined by differences in morphology, migration behavior, and annual cycle phenology, in a global distribution thought to have arisen just since the last glacial maximum (LGM). We used nextRAD sequencing of 10,881 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess the neutral genetic structure and phylogeographic history of 172 red knots representing all known global breeding populations. Using population genetics approaches, including model‐based scenario‐testing in an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, we infer that red knots derive from two main lineages that diverged ca. 34,000 years ago, and thus most probably persisted at the LGM in both Palearctic and Nearctic refugia, followed by at least two instances of secondary contact and admixture. Within two Beringian subspecies (C. c. roselaari and rogersi), we detected previously unknown genetic structure among sub‐populations sharing a migratory flyway, reflecting additional complexity in the phylogeographic history of the region. Conversely, we found very weak genetic differentiation between two Nearctic populations (rufa and islandica) with clearly divergent migratory phenotypes and little or no apparent contact throughout the annual cycle. Together, these results suggest that relative gene flow among migratory populations reflects a complex interplay of historical, geographical, and ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Conklin
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne I Verkuil
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Phil F Battley
- Wildlife and Ecology Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Chris J Hassell
- Global Flyway Network, PO Box 3089, Broome, WA, 6725, Australia
| | - Job Ten Horn
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - James A Johnson
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 E. Tudor Road, MS 201, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503, USA
| | - Pavel S Tomkovich
- Zoological Museum, Moscow MV Lomonosov State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str. 6, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - Allan J Baker
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Theunis Piersma
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Michaël C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.,MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier Ecology and Evolution of Diseases Network (MEEDiN), Montpellier, France
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Pirog A, Ravigné V, Fontaine MC, Rieux A, Gilabert A, Cliff G, Clua E, Daly R, Heithaus MR, Kiszka JJ, Matich P, Nevill JEG, Smoothey AF, Temple AJ, Berggren P, Jaquemet S, Magalon H. Population structure, connectivity, and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12980-13000. [PMID: 31871624 PMCID: PMC6912899 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of population structure, connectivity, and effective population size remains limited for many marine apex predators, including the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This large-bodied coastal shark is distributed worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and uses estuaries and rivers as nurseries. As an apex predator, the bull shark likely plays a vital ecological role within marine food webs, but is at risk due to inshore habitat degradation and various fishing pressures. We investigated the bull shark's global population structure and demographic history by analyzing the genetic diversity of 370 individuals from 11 different locations using 25 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR, nd4, and cytb). Both types of markers revealed clustering between sharks from the Western Atlantic and those from the Western Pacific and the Western Indian Ocean, with no contemporary gene flow. Microsatellite data suggested low differentiation between the Western Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, but substantial differentiation was found using mitochondrial DNA. Integrating information from both types of markers and using Bayesian computation with a random forest procedure (ABC-RF), this discordance was found to be due to a complete lack of contemporary gene flow. High genetic connectivity was found both within the Western Indian Ocean and within the Western Pacific. In conclusion, these results suggest important structuring of bull shark populations globally with important gene flow occurring along coastlines, highlighting the need for management and conservation plans on regional scales rather than oceanic basin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Pirog
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS)Université de La RéunionSaint DenisFrance
| | | | - Michaël C. Fontaine
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier UMR CNRS 5290, IRD 229)Centre IRD de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geremy Cliff
- KwaZulu‐Natal Sharks BoardUmhlanga RocksSouth Africa
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Eric Clua
- EPHECNRS UPVDUSR 3278 CRIOBEPSL Research UniversityPerpignanFrance
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAILPerpignanFrance
| | - Ryan Daly
- Oceanographic Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic BiodiversityGrahamstownSouth Africa
| | - Michael R. Heithaus
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityNorth MiamiFLUSA
| | - Jeremy J. Kiszka
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityNorth MiamiFLUSA
| | - Philip Matich
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityNorth MiamiFLUSA
| | | | - Amy F. Smoothey
- NSW Department of Primary IndustriesSydney Institute of Marine ScienceMosmanNSWAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Temple
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Per Berggren
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Sébastien Jaquemet
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS)Université de La RéunionSaint DenisFrance
| | - Hélène Magalon
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS)Université de La RéunionSaint DenisFrance
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAILPerpignanFrance
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Fontaine MC, Thatcher O, Ray N, Piry S, Brownlow A, Davison NJ, Jepson P, Deaville R, Goodman SJ. Mixing of porpoise ecotypes in southwestern UK waters revealed by genetic profiling. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160992. [PMID: 28405389 PMCID: PMC5383846 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact zones between ecotypes are windows for understanding how species may react to climate changes. Here, we analysed the fine-scale genetic and morphological variation in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around the UK by genotyping 591 stranded animals at nine microsatellite loci. The data were integrated with a prior study to map at high resolution the contact zone between two previously identified ecotypes meeting in the northern Bay of Biscay. Clustering and spatial analyses revealed that UK porpoises are derived from two genetic pools with porpoises from the southwestern UK being genetically differentiated, and having larger body sizes compared to those of other UK areas. Southwestern UK porpoises showed admixed ancestry between southern and northern ecotypes with a contact zone extending from the northern Bay of Biscay to the Celtic Sea and Channel. Around the UK, ancestry blends from one genetic group to the other along a southwest--northeast axis, correlating with body size variation, consistent with previously reported morphological differences between the two ecotypes. We also detected isolation by distance among juveniles but not in adults, suggesting that stranded juveniles display reduced intergenerational dispersal. The fine-scale structure of this admixture zone raises the question of how it will respond to future climate change and provides a reference point for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C. Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Oliver Thatcher
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nicolas Ray
- EnviroSPACE Laboratory, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Carouge, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Piry
- INRA, UMR CBGP, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France
| | - Andrew Brownlow
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SRUC Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness IV2 4JZ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SRUC Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness IV2 4JZ, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall TR4 9AD, UK
| | - Paul Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Rob Deaville
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Simon J. Goodman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
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Damseaux F, Kiszka JJ, Heithaus MR, Scholl G, Eppe G, Thomé JP, Lewis J, Hao W, Fontaine MC, Das K. Spatial variation in the accumulation of POPs and mercury in bottlenose dolphins of the Lower Florida Keys and the coastal Everglades (South Florida). Environ Pollut 2017; 220:577-587. [PMID: 27742439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is an upper trophic level predator and the most common cetacean species found in nearshore waters of southern Florida, including the Lower Florida Keys (LFK) and the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE). The objective of this study was to assess contamination levels of total mercury (T-Hg) in skin and persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, PBDEs, DDXs, HCHs, HCB, Σ PCDD/Fs and Σ DL-PCBs) in blubber samples of bottlenose dolphins from LFK (n = 27) and FCE (n = 24). PCBs were the major class of compounds found in bottlenose dolphin blubber and were higher in individuals from LFK (Σ 6 PCBs LFK males: 13,421 ± 7730 ng g-1 lipids, Σ 6 PCBs LFK females: 9683 ± 19,007 ng g-1 lipids) than from FCE (Σ 6 PCBs FCE males: 5638 ng g-1 ± 3627 lipids, Σ 6 PCBs FCE females: 1427 ± 908 ng g-1 lipids). These levels were lower than previously published data from the southeastern USA. The Σ DL-PCBs were the most prevalent pollutants of dioxin and dioxin like compounds (Σ DL-PCBs LFK: 739 ng g-1 lipids, Σ DL-PCBs FCE: 183 ng g-1 lipids) since PCDD/F concentrations were low for both locations (mean 0.1 ng g-1 lipids for LFK and FCE dolphins). The toxicity equivalences of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs expressed as TEQ in LFK and FCE dolphins is mainly expressed by DL-PCBs (81% LFK - 65% FCE). T-Hg concentrations in skin were significantly higher in FCE (FCE median 9314 ng g-1 dw) compared to LFK dolphins (LFK median 2941 ng g-1 dw). These concentrations are the highest recorded in bottlenose dolphins in the southeastern USA, and may be explained, at least partially, by the biogeochemistry of the Everglades and mangrove sedimentary habitats that create favourable conditions for the retention of mercury and make it available at high concentrations for aquatic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Damseaux
- Laboratory of Oceanology-MARE, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology-CART, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, North Miami, FL33181, USA
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, North Miami, FL33181, USA
| | - George Scholl
- CART, University of Liège, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, University of Liège, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology-CART, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Wensi Hao
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michaël C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratory of Oceanology-MARE, B6c, Allée du 6 Août, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Fontaine MC. Harbour Porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, in the Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Regions: Biogeographic Relicts of the Last Glacial Period. Adv Mar Biol 2016; 75:333-358. [PMID: 27770989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, is one of the best studied cetacean species owing to its common distribution along the coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere. In European waters, strandings are common and bycatch mortalities in commercial fisheries reach alarming numbers. Lethal interactions resulting from human activities together with ongoing environmental changes raise serious concerns about population viability throughout the species' range. These concerns foster the need to fill critical gaps in knowledge of harbour porpoise biology, including population structure, feeding ecology, habitat preference and evolutionary history, that are critical information for planning effective management and conservation efforts. While the species is distributed fairly continuously in the North Atlantic Ocean, it becomes fragmented in the south-eastern part with isolated populations occurring along the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, Northwest Africa and the Black Sea. The latter population is separated from Atlantic populations by the Mediterranean Sea, where the species is almost entirely absent. Understanding the evolutionary history of these populations occurring in marginal habitats holds the potential to reveal fundamental aspects of the species' biology such as the factors determining its distribution, ecological niche, and how past and recent environmental variation have shaped the current population structure. This information can be critical for understanding the future evolution of the species in consideration of ongoing environmental changes. This chapter summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge regarding the populations bordering the Mediterranean Sea with a special emphasis on their ecological and evolutionary history, which has recently been reconstructed from genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Delannoy CMJ, Zadoks RN, Crumlish M, Rodgers D, Lainson FA, Ferguson HW, Turnbull J, Fontaine MC. Genomic comparison of virulent and non-virulent Streptococcus agalactiae in fish. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:13-29. [PMID: 25399660 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae infections in fish are predominantly caused by beta-haemolytic strains of clonal complex (CC) 7, notably its namesake sequence type (ST) 7, or by non-haemolytic strains of CC552, including the globally distributed ST260. In contrast, CC23, including its namesake ST23, has been associated with a wide homeothermic and poikilothermic host range, but never with fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether ST23 is virulent in fish and to identify genomic markers of fish adaptation of S. agalactiae. Intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), showed that ST260 is lethal at doses down to 10(2) cfu per fish, whereas ST23 does not cause disease at 10(7) cfu per fish. Comparison of the genome sequence of ST260 and ST23 with those of strains derived from fish, cattle and humans revealed the presence of genomic elements that are unique to subpopulations of S. agalactiae that have the ability to infect fish (CC7 and CC552). These loci occurred in clusters exhibiting typical signatures of mobile genetic elements. PCR-based screening of a collection of isolates from multiple host species confirmed the association of selected genes with fish-derived strains. Several fish-associated genes encode proteins that potentially provide fitness in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M J Delannoy
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Crumlish
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - D Rodgers
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - F A Lainson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - H W Ferguson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - J Turnbull
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - M C Fontaine
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
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Botta F, Eriksen C, Fontaine MC, Guillot G. Enhanced computational methods for quantifying the effect of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic differentiation. Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Botta
- Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Department Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
- Now at Centre for Macro‐Ecology Copenhagen University Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Casper Eriksen
- Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Department Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michaël C. Fontaine
- Marine Evolution and Conservation Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gilles Guillot
- Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Department Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
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Fontaine MC, Roland K, Calves I, Austerlitz F, Palstra FP, Tolley KA, Ryan S, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona A, Öztürk B, Öztürk AA, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Siebert U, Vikingsson GA, Borrell A, Michaux JR, Aguilar A. Postglacial climate changes and rise of three ecotypes of harbour porpoises,Phocoena phocoena, in western Palearctic waters. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3306-21. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C. Fontaine
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Université Paris-Sud; F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
- AgroParisTech; F-91405 Orsay France
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Kathleen Roland
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE); Narilis (Namur Research Institute for Lifesciences); University of Namur (FUNDP); Rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Isabelle Calves
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
- Laboratoire LEMAR (UMR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer 6539); Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer; Technopôle Brest-Iroise; Rue Dumont d'Urville 29280 Plouzané France
| | - Frederic Austerlitz
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Friso P. Palstra
- Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie; UMR 7206 CNRS; MNHN; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; F-75005 Paris France
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- Applied Biodiversity Research; South African National Biodiversity Institute; Private Bag X7 Claremont 7735 Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Botany & Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Sean Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Marisa Ferreira
- Departmento de Biologia; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem & Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA); Universidade de Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-047 Braga Portugal
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology; University of Liège; Sart Tilman B43 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Angela Llavona
- C.E.M.MA. Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mamíferos MAriños; Apartado 15 36380 Nigrán Pontevedra Spain
| | - Bayram Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries; Istanbul University; Ordu Cad. No.200 34320 Laleli-Istanbul Turkey
- Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) PK 10; 34820 Beykoz-Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ayaka A. Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries; Istanbul University; Ordu Cad. No.200 34320 Laleli-Istanbul Turkey
- Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) PK 10; 34820 Beykoz-Istanbul Turkey
| | - Vincent Ridoux
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés; UMR 7266; Université de La Rochelle/CNRS; F-17000 La Rochelle France
- Observatoire PELAGIS - Systèmes d'Observation pour la Conservation des Mammifères et des Oiseaux Marins; UMS 3462 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS; F-17000 La Rochelle France
| | - Emer Rogan
- School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Marina Sequeira
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas; Rua de Santa Marta 55 1169-230 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Werftstr. 6 25761 Büsum Germany
| | | | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Animal Biology and IRBio; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Diagonal 643 08071 Barcelona Spain
| | - Johan R. Michaux
- INRA; UMR 1064 CBGP; Campus international de Baillarguet CS30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Alex Aguilar
- Department of Animal Biology and IRBio; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Diagonal 643 08071 Barcelona Spain
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Tassi R, McNeilly TN, Fitzpatrick JL, Fontaine MC, Reddick D, Ramage C, Lutton M, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Strain-specific pathogenicity of putative host-adapted and nonadapted strains of Streptococcus uberis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5129-45. [PMID: 23769372 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an important cause of intramammary infection in dairy cattle. Strains of Strep. uberis appear to differ in their ability to cause disease based on previous epidemiological studies. We explored the pathogenicity of 2 strains of Strep. uberis, where one strain represented a putatively host-adapted type based on its ability to cause persistent infection and to spread from cow to cow in a lactating herd. This type was part of a clonal complex that is commonly associated with bovine mastitis. The other strain, which was isolated from a transient infection in a single animal in the same herd and did not belong to any known clonal complex, was selected as putatively nonadapted type. Cows (6 per strain) were experimentally challenged in a single hind quarter and the adjacent hind quarter was used as mock challenged control quarter. Both strains showed an equal ability to grow in the milk of challenge animals in vitro. All cows that were challenged with the putatively host-adapted strain developed clinical signs of mastitis, including fever and milk yield depression as well as elevated somatic cell count due to influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The cytokine response followed a specific order, with an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels at the time of first SCC elevation, followed by an increase in IL-10, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels approximately 6h later. In 4 of 6 animals, IL-17A was detected in milk between 57 and 168 h postchallenge. The increase in IL-17A levels coincided with inversion of the prechallenge CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio, which was observed from 96 h postchallenge. This was followed by normalization of the CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) ratio due to continued increase of the CD8(+) concentration up to 312 h postchallenge. Spontaneous resolution of infection was observed in 5 animals and coincided with a measurable IL-17A response in 4 animals, suggesting that IL-17 may be involved in the resolution of intramammary infection. With the exception of minor elevation of IL-8 levels, no clinical, cytological, or immunological response was detected in quarters challenged with the nonadapted strain. The observed strain-specific pathogenicity was consistent across animals, implying that it is determined by pathogen factors rather than host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tassi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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10
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Sá-Pinto A, Branco MS, Alexandrino PB, Fontaine MC, Baird SJE. Barriers to gene flow in the marine environment: insights from two common intertidal limpet species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50330. [PMID: 23239977 PMCID: PMC3519802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the scale of dispersal and the mechanisms governing gene flow in marine environments remains fragmentary despite being essential for understanding evolution of marine biota and to design management plans. We use the limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella rustica as models for identifying factors affecting gene flow in marine organisms across the North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. A set of allozyme loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome C oxidase subunit I were screened for genetic variation through starch gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, respectively. An approach combining clustering algorithms with clinal analyses was used to test for the existence of barriers to gene flow and estimate their geographic location and abruptness. Sharp breaks in the genetic composition of individuals were observed in the transitions between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and across southern Italian shores. An additional break within the Atlantic cluster separates samples from the Alboran Sea and Atlantic African shores from those of the Iberian Atlantic shores. The geographic congruence of the genetic breaks detected in these two limpet species strongly supports the existence of transpecific barriers to gene flow in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeastern Atlantic. This leads to testable hypotheses regarding factors restricting gene flow across the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sá-Pinto
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ASP); (MCF)
| | - Madalena S. Branco
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Paulo B. Alexandrino
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Zoologia-Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ASP); (MCF)
| | - Michaël C. Fontaine
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- CNRS, Orsay, France
- Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology UMR 5145 CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris 7 Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Stuart J. E. Baird
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO/UP), Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (CBGP), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, Montpelier/Lez, France
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11
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Dussert Y, Remigereau MS, Fontaine MC, Snirc A, Lakis G, Stoeckel S, Langin T, Sarr A, Robert T. Polymorphism pattern at a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element locus downstream of the domestication gene Teosinte-branched1 in wild and domesticated pearl millet. Mol Ecol 2012. [PMID: 23205613 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the mechanisms involved in adaptation to understand plant morphological evolution is a challenging goal. For crop species, identification of molecular causal polymorphisms involved in domestication traits is central to this issue. Pearl millet, a domesticated grass mostly found in semi-arid areas of Africa and India, is an interesting model to address this topic: the domesticated form shares common derived phenotypes with some other cereals such as a decreased ability to develop basal and axillary branches in comparison with the wild phenotype. Two recent studies have shown that the orthologue of the maize gene Teosinte-Branched1 in pearl millet (PgTb1) was probably involved in branching evolution during domestication and that a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) of the Tuareg family was inserted in the 3' untranslated region of PgTb1. For a set of 35 wild and domesticated populations, we compared the polymorphism patterns at this MITE and at microsatellite loci. The Tuareg insertion was nearly absent in the wild populations, whereas a strong longitudinal frequency cline was observed in the domesticated populations. The geographical pattern revealed by neutral microsatellite loci clearly demonstrated that isolation by distance does not account for the existence of this cline. However, comparison of population differentiation at the microsatellite and the MITE loci and analyses of the nucleotide polymorphism pattern in the downstream region of PgTb1 did not show evidence that the cline at the MITE locus has been shaped by selection, suggesting the implication of a neutral process. Alternative hypotheses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dussert
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR 8079 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France.
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12
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Abstract
Microbial biogeography studies expend much effort in determining whether environmental selection or stochastic processes related to dispersal are more important in shaping community composition. While both types of factors are possibly influential, it is tacitly assumed that protists, or microbial eukaryotes in general, behave biogeographically as prokaryotes because of their small physical size. However, direct evidence for this in exactly the same environment and at the same phylogenetic depth is lacking. In this study, we compared the structure of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic components of microbial communities forming biofilms on mineral substrates in different geographic locations at the level of small-subunit (SSU) rRNA-based operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These microbial communities are subjected to strong environmental selection and contain significant proportions of extremophilic microorganisms adapted to desiccation and UV radiation. We find that the nature of the substrate as well as climatic variables and geography influences microbial community structure. However, constrained correspondence analyses and distance-decay curves showed that, whereas the substrate type was the most significant factor structuring bacterial communities, geographic location was the most influential factor for microbial eukaryote communities. Biological explanations implying a higher dispersal success for bacteria combined with more mobile lifestyles for predatory protists may underlie these different prokaryote versus microbial eukaryote biogeographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ragon
- Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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13
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Charpentier MJE, Fontaine MC, Cherel E, Renoult JP, Jenkins T, Benoit L, Barthès N, Alberts SC, Tung J. Genetic structure in a dynamic baboon hybrid zone corroborates behavioural observations in a hybrid population. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:715-31. [PMID: 21988698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Behaviour and genetic structure are intimately related: mating patterns and patterns of movement between groups or populations influence the movement of genetic variation across the landscape and from one generation to the next. In hybrid zones, the behaviour of the hybridizing taxa can also impact the incidence and outcome of hybridization events. Hybridization between yellow baboons and anubis baboons has been well documented in the Amboseli basin of Kenya, where more anubis-like individuals tend to experience maturational and reproductive advantages. However, it is unknown whether these advantages are reflected in the genetic structure of populations surrounding this area. Here, we used microsatellite genotype data to evaluate the structure and composition of baboon populations in southern Kenya. Our results indicate that, unlike for mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite-based measures of genetic structure concord with phenotypically based taxonomic distinctions and that the currently active hybrid zone is relatively narrow. Isolation with migration analysis revealed asymmetric gene flow in this region from anubis populations into yellow populations, in support of the anubis-biased phenotypic advantages observed in Amboseli. Populations that are primarily yellow but that receive anubis gene flow exhibit higher levels of genetic diversity than yellow populations far from the introgression front. Our results support previous work that indicates a long history of hybridization and introgression among East African baboons. Specifically, it suggests that anubis baboons are in the process of gradual range expansion into the range of yellow baboons, a pattern potentially explained by behavioural and life history advantages that correlate with anubis ancestry.
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14
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Schukken YH, Günther J, Fitzpatrick J, Fontaine MC, Goetze L, Holst O, Leigh J, Petzl W, Schuberth HJ, Sipka A, Smith DGE, Quesnell R, Watts J, Yancey R, Zerbe H, Gurjar A, Zadoks RN, Seyfert HM. Host-response patterns of intramammary infections in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:270-89. [PMID: 21955443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many different bacterial species have the ability to cause an infection of the bovine mammary gland and the host response to these infections is what we recognize as mastitis. In this review we evaluate the pathogen specific response to the three main bacterial species causing bovine mastitis: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus. In this paper we will review the bacterial growth patterns, host immune response and clinical response that results from the intramammary infections. Clear differences in bacterial growth pattern are shown between bacterial species. The dominant pattern in E. coli infections is a short duration high bacteria count infection, in S. aureus this is more commonly a persistent infection with relative low bacteria counts and in S. uberis a long duration high bacteria count infection is often observed. The host immune response differs significantly depending on the invading bacterial species. The underlying reasons for the differences and the resulting host response are described. Finally we discuss the clinical response pattern for each of the three bacterial species. The largest contrast is between E. coli and S. aureus where a larger proportion of E. coli infections cause potentially severe clinical symptoms, whereas the majority of S. aureus infections go clinically unnoticed. The relevance of fully understanding the bovine host response to intramammary infection is discussed, some major gaps in our knowledge are highlighted and directions for future research are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynte H Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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15
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Remigereau MS, Lakis G, Rekima S, Leveugle M, Fontaine MC, Langin T, Sarr A, Robert T. Cereal domestication and evolution of branching: evidence for soft selection in the Tb1 orthologue of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22404. [PMID: 21799845 PMCID: PMC3142148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Neolithic revolution, early farmers altered plant development to domesticate crops. Similar traits were often selected independently in different wild species; yet the genetic basis of this parallel phenotypic evolution remains elusive. Plant architecture ranks among these target traits composing the domestication syndrome. We focused on the reduction of branching which occurred in several cereals, an adaptation known to rely on the major gene Teosinte-branched1 (Tb1) in maize. We investigate the role of the Tb1 orthologue (Pgtb1) in the domestication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an African outcrossing cereal. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gene cloning, expression profiling, QTL mapping and molecular evolution analysis were combined in a comparative approach between pearl millet and maize. Our results in pearl millet support a role for PgTb1 in domestication despite important differences in the genetic basis of branching adaptation in that species compared to maize (e.g. weaker effects of PgTb1). Genetic maps suggest this pattern to be consistent in other cereals with reduced branching (e.g. sorghum, foxtail millet). Moreover, although the adaptive sites underlying domestication were not formerly identified, signatures of selection pointed to putative regulatory regions upstream of both Tb1 orthologues in maize and pearl millet. However, the signature of human selection in the pearl millet Tb1 is much weaker in pearl millet than in maize. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that some level of parallel evolution involved at least regions directly upstream of Tb1 for the domestication of pearl millet and maize. This was unanticipated given the multigenic basis of domestication traits and the divergence of wild progenitor species for over 30 million years prior to human selection. We also hypothesized that regular introgression of domestic pearl millet phenotypes by genes from the wild gene pool could explain why the selective sweep in pearl millet is softer than in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stanislas Remigereau
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Ghayas Lakis
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Samah Rekima
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Magalie Leveugle
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Michaël C. Fontaine
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Aboubakry Sarr
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Robert
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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16
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Fontaine MC, Tolley KA, Michaux JR, Birkun A, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona A, Oztürk B, Oztürk AA, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Bouquegneau JM, Baird SJE. Genetic and historic evidence for climate-driven population fragmentation in a top cetacean predator: the harbour porpoises in European water. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2829-37. [PMID: 20444724 PMCID: PMC2981983 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent climate change has triggered profound reorganization in northeast Atlantic ecosystems, with substantial impact on the distribution of marine assemblages from plankton to fishes. However, assessing the repercussions on apex marine predators remains a challenging issue, especially for pelagic species. In this study, we use Bayesian coalescent modelling of microsatellite variation to track the population demographic history of one of the smallest temperate cetaceans, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in European waters. Combining genetic inferences with palaeo-oceanographic and historical records provides strong evidence that populations of harbour porpoises have responded markedly to the recent climate-driven reorganization in the eastern North Atlantic food web. This response includes the isolation of porpoises in Iberian waters from those further north only approximately 300 years ago with a predominant northward migration, contemporaneous with the warming trend underway since the ‘Little Ice Age’ period and with the ongoing retreat of cold-water fishes from the Bay of Biscay. The extinction or exodus of harbour porpoises from the Mediterranean Sea (leaving an isolated relict population in the Black Sea) has lacked a coherent explanation. The present results suggest that the fragmentation of harbour distribution range in the Mediterranean Sea was triggered during the warm ‘Mid-Holocene Optimum’ period (approx. 5000 years ago), by the end of the post-glacial nutrient-rich ‘Sapropel’ conditions that prevailed before that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C Fontaine
- MARE Centre-Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, , 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Aguileta G, Lengelle J, Marthey S, Chiapello H, Rodolphe F, Gendrault A, Yockteng R, Vercken E, Devier B, Fontaine MC, Wincker P, Dossat C, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Giraud T. Finding candidate genes under positive selection in Non-model species: examples of genes involved in host specialization in pathogens. Mol Ecol 2009; 19:292-306. [PMID: 20041992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genes in diverse organisms have been shown to be under positive selection, especially genes involved in reproduction, adaptation to contrasting environments, hybrid inviability, and host-pathogen interactions. Looking for genes under positive selection in pathogens has been a priority in efforts to investigate coevolution dynamics and to develop vaccines or drugs. To elucidate the functions involved in host specialization, here we aimed at identifying candidate sequences that could have evolved under positive selection among closely related pathogens specialized on different hosts. For this goal, we sequenced c. 17,000-32,000 ESTs from each of four Microbotryum species, which are fungal pathogens responsible for anther smut disease on host plants in the Caryophyllaceae. Forty-two of the 372 predicted orthologous genes showed significant signal of positive selection, which represents a good number of candidate genes for further investigation. Sequencing 16 of these genes in 9 additional Microbotryum species confirmed that they have indeed been rapidly evolving in the pathogen species specialized on different hosts. The genes showing significant signals of positive selection were putatively involved in nutrient uptake from the host, secondary metabolite synthesis and secretion, respiration under stressful conditions and stress response, hyphal growth and differentiation, and regulation of expression by other genes. Many of these genes had transmembrane domains and may therefore also be involved in pathogen recognition by the host. Our approach thus revealed fruitful and should be feasible for many non-model organisms for which candidate genes for diversifying selection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aguileta
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
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18
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Deffontaine V, Ledevin R, Fontaine MC, Quéré JP, Renaud S, Libois R, Michaux JR. A relict bank vole lineage highlights the biogeographic history of the Pyrenean region in Europe. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2489-502. [PMID: 19389172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pyrenean region exhibits high levels of endemism suggesting a major contribution to the phylogeography of European species. But, to date, the role of the Pyrenees and surrounding areas as a glacial refugium for temperate species remains poorly explored. In the current study, we investigated the biogeographic role of the Pyrenean region through the analyses of genetic polymorphism and morphology of a typical forest-dwelling small mammal, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the third upper molar (M(3)) show a complex phylogeographic structure in the Pyrenean region with at least three distinct lineages: the Western European, Spanish and Basque lineages. The Basque lineage in the northwestern (NW) Pyrenees was identified as a new clearly differentiated and geographically localized bank vole lineage in Europe. The average M(3) shape of Basque bank voles suggests morphological differentiation but also restricted genetic exchanges with other populations. Our genetic and morphological results as well as palaeo-environmental and fossils records support the hypothesis of a new glacial refugium in Europe situated in the NW Pyrenees. The permissive microclimatic conditions that prevailed for a long time in this region may have allowed the survival of temperate species, including humans. Moreover, local differentiation around the Pyrenees is favoured by the opportunity for populations to track the shift of the vegetation belt in altitude rather than in latitude. The finding of the Basque lineage is in agreement with the high level of endemic taxa reported in the NW Pyrenees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Deffontaine
- Unité de recherches zoogéographiques, University of Liège, Bât. B22, Boulevard du Rectorat, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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19
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Baird GJ, Fontaine MC. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:179-210. [PMID: 17826790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) of sheep, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, has been a significant disease in the majority of sheep-rearing regions for over a century. Because of the chronic and often sub-clinical nature of the infection, it has proved difficult to control and prevalence is high in many parts of the world, which in turn leads to significant economic losses for farmers. This review describes the important characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis and examines the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection in sheep. The review also discusses the immune response to infection and describes the methods that have been developed to control CLA, with particular emphasis on the use of vaccination and serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Baird
- Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services, 5 Bertha Park View, Perth PH1 3FZ.
| | - M C Fontaine
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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Fontaine MC, Baird SJE, Piry S, Ray N, Tolley KA, Duke S, Birkun A, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona Á, Öztürk B, A Öztürk A, Ridoux V, Rogan E, Sequeira M, Siebert U, Vikingsson GA, Bouquegneau JM, Michaux JR. Rise of oceanographic barriers in continuous populations of a cetacean: the genetic structure of harbour porpoises in Old World waters. BMC Biol 2007; 5:30. [PMID: 17651495 PMCID: PMC1971045 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the role of seascape in shaping genetic and demographic population structure is highly challenging for marine pelagic species such as cetaceans for which there is generally little evidence of what could effectively restrict their dispersal. In the present work, we applied a combination of recent individual-based landscape genetic approaches to investigate the population genetic structure of a highly mobile extensive range cetacean, the harbour porpoise in the eastern North Atlantic, with regards to oceanographic characteristics that could constrain its dispersal. RESULTS Analyses of 10 microsatellite loci for 752 individuals revealed that most of the sampled range in the eastern North Atlantic behaves as a 'continuous' population that widely extends over thousands of kilometres with significant isolation by distance (IBD). However, strong barriers to gene flow were detected in the south-eastern part of the range. These barriers coincided with profound changes in environmental characteristics and isolated, on a relatively small scale, porpoises from Iberian waters and on a larger scale porpoises from the Black Sea. CONCLUSION The presence of these barriers to gene flow that coincide with profound changes in oceanographic features, together with the spatial variation in IBD strength, provide for the first time strong evidence that physical processes have a major impact on the demographic and genetic structure of a cetacean. This genetic pattern further suggests habitat-related fragmentation of the porpoise range that is likely to intensify with predicted surface ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C Fontaine
- MARE – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, Bat B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman) 4000, Belgium
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Stuart JE Baird
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Piry
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Ray
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- Marine Mammal Division, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Duke
- Department of Zoology, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexei Birkun
- Laboratory of Biotechnological Research in Ecology, Medicine and Aquaculture (BREMA), Simferopol, Ukraine
| | - Marisa Ferreira
- Portuguese Wildlife Society Estação de Campo de Quiaios. Apt 16 EC Quiaios. 3081-101 Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Thierry Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Sart Tilman B43, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ángela Llavona
- Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mamiferos MAriños, CEMMA, Gondomar, Spain
| | - Bayram Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. 200, Laleli-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayaka A Öztürk
- Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. 200, Laleli-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vincent Ridoux
- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, Institut de la Mer et du Littoral, Avenue du Lazaret, Port des Minimes, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Emer Rogan
- Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marina Sequeira
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Rua de Santa Marta, 55, 1150-999 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Forschungs- und Technologie Zentrum, Westküste, Universität Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Gísli A Vikingsson
- Marine Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, P.O. Box 1390, 121 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jean-Marie Bouquegneau
- MARE – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, Bat B6c, Liège (Sart Tilman) 4000, Belgium
| | - Johan R Michaux
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
- Génétique des Microorganismes, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Botanique B22, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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21
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Fontaine MC, Tolley KA, Siebert U, Gobert S, Lepoint G, Bouquegneau JM, Das K. Long-term feeding ecology and habitat use in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from Scandinavian waters inferred from trace elements and stable isotopes. BMC Ecol 2007; 7:1. [PMID: 17229317 PMCID: PMC1781931 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the feeding ecology and habitat use of 32 harbour porpoises by-caught in 4 localities along the Scandinavian coast from the North Sea to the Barents Sea using time-integrative markers: stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, total Hg and Cd), in relation to habitat characteristics (bathymetry) and geographic position (latitude). Results Among the trace elements analysed, only Cd, with an oceanic specific food origin, was found to be useful as an ecological tracer. All other trace elements studied were not useful, most likely because of physiological regulation and/or few specific sources in the food web. The δ13C, δ15N signatures and Cd levels were highly correlated with each other, as well as with local bathymetry and geographic position (latitude). Variation in the isotopic ratios indicated a shift in harbour porpoise's feeding habits from pelagic prey species in deep northern waters to more coastal and/or demersal prey in the relatively shallow North Sea and Skagerrak waters. This result is consistent with stomach content analyses found in the literature. This shift was associated with a northward Cd-enrichment which provides further support to the Cd 'anomaly' previously reported in polar waters and suggests that porpoises in deep northern waters include Cd-contaminated prey in their diet, such as oceanic cephalopods. Conclusion As stable isotopes and Cd provide information in the medium and the long term respectively, the spatial variation found, shows that harbour porpoises experience different ecological regimes during the year along the Scandinavian coasts, adapting their feeding habits to local oceanographic conditions, without performing extensive migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël C Fontaine
- MARE Centre – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, Liège Sart Tilman B-4000, Belgium
- CBGP-INRA (Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations). Campus international de Baillarguet CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Program, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5024, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Forschungs- und Technologie Zentrum Westküste, Universität Kiel, Werfstraße 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Sylvie Gobert
- MARE Centre – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, Liège Sart Tilman B-4000, Belgium
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- MARE Centre – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, Liège Sart Tilman B-4000, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Bouquegneau
- MARE Centre – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, Liège Sart Tilman B-4000, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- MARE Centre – Laboratory for Oceanology, University of Liège, B6c, Liège Sart Tilman B-4000, Belgium
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Degnan BA, Fontaine MC, Doebereiner AH, Lee JJ, Mastroeni P, Dougan G, Goodacre JA, Kehoe MA. Characterization of an isogenic mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo lacking the ability to make streptococcal acid glycoprotein. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2441-8. [PMID: 10768929 PMCID: PMC97444 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2441-2448.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An isogenic mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo that lacks the ability to make streptococcal acid glycoprotein (SAGP) has been constructed by inserting a deletion in the sagp gene using the method of allelic exchange. An assay of cell extracts (CE) prepared from the wild-type and mutant Manfredo strains for the enzyme arginine deiminase (AD) showed that significant activity was present in wild-type CE but none could be detected in mutant CE. These findings confirm our earlier conclusion that SAGP has AD activity (B. A. Degnan, J. M. Palmer, T. Robson, C. E. D. Jones, M. Fischer, M. Glanville, G. D. Mellor, A. G. Diamond, M. A. Kehoe, and J. A. Goodacre, Infect. Immun. 66:3050-3058, 1998). Wild-type CE but not mutant CE potently inhibited human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin, and this inhibition was overcome by the addition of L-arginine to proliferation assay mixtures. Invasion assays showed that the isogenic mutant organisms lacking SAGP, and thus AD activity, were between three and five times less able to enter epithelial cells (Hep-2C and A549) than were the wild-type streptococci. Both wild-type and mutant S. pyogenes bacteria were extremely sensitive to low pH. However, L-arginine (1 mM or above) significantly increased the viability of the wild type but not the isogenic mutant organisms under acidic conditions. The difference in acid susceptibility between wild-type and mutant bacteria may explain the reduced capacity of the isogenic mutant bacteria to invade and survive intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Degnan
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences (Rheumatology), Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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